DOCSLIB.ORG

CPY Document

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CPY Document L ,4N.A-;TtR . Robert J. Naiman Robert E. Bilby Editors River Ecology and Management Lessons from the Pacific Coastal Ecoregion Sylvia Kantor Associate and Managing Editor With 202 Ilustrations Springer Robert J. Naiman Robert E. Bilby School of Fisheries Weyerhaeuser Company University of Washington Tacoma. W A 98477 Seattle, W A 98195 USA USA Cover: Queets River, Olympic National Park. Washington (Photo by Tim Hyatt) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data River ecology and management: lessons from the Pacific coastal ecoregion (edited-by) Robert J. Naiman, Robert E. Bilby. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-387-98323-6 (hc: alk. paper) 1. Stream ecology-Pacic Coast Region (North America) 2. Stream conservation-Pacific Coast Region (North America) I. Naiman. Robert J. II. Bilby, Robert E. QHI04.5.P32R57 1998 577.6' 4' 0979-dc21 97-44766 Prted on acid-free paper. 1998 Springer-Verlag New York. Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.. 175 Fifth A venue, New York. NY 10010, USA). except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software. or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is. forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names. trademarks, etc.. in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act. may accrdingly be used freely by anyone. Production coordinated by Chernow Editorial Services, Inc.. and managed by Terr V. Kornak; manufacturing supervised by Joe Quatela. Typeset by Best-set Typesetter Ltd.. Hong Kong. Prted and bound by Braun-Brumfield, Inc.. Ann Arbor, MI. Prted in the United States of America. 987654321 ISBN 0-387-98323-6 Spriger-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg SPIN 10523806 :';.' , , . Dynamic Landscape Systems Lee E. Benda, Daniel J. Miler, Thomas Dunne, Gordon H. Reeves and James K. Agee Overview prises a population of diverse hilopes that creates spatial varabilty in the sediment and Dynamc landscape processes inuence wood supplied to chanels; (3) chanel net- the supply, storage and transport of water, works, which govern how sediment and wood sediment, and wood, thereby shaping many are routed through a population of lied aspects of riparan and aquatic habitats. These stream reaches and unevenly reditrbuted in processes comprise the disturbance regime of a time and space; and (4) basin history, which watershed. effects the volume of sediment and wood stored The study of natural disturbance (and cu- on hiUslopes and in stream chanels, and which mulative effects) in riverie and riparian areas inuences how sediment and woody debri are . "requires a fundamental shif in focus from redistributed durng storm, fies, wid, and individual landscape elements (such as a forest floods, )3. hislope, and a stream reach) over short . The study of landscapes as systems, focus- ing on the collective behavior of populations of tiescales (year) to populations of landscape e1ements over long time scales (decades to cen- landscape elements over tie, provides the Wres). The study of landscapes as a system necessar framework for investigating natural ands the focus from predictions about exact disturbance and cumulative effects. The field futue states to predictions about the relation- application of thi framework provides inights lbps between large-scale properties of land- into how chanel and riparan morphologies l1pes (i. , cliate, topography, and channel are related to the recent environmental history Detworks) and the long-term behavior of of a watershed. i'quatic systems. Temporal patterns of landscape behavior best described by frequency distributions Introduction :ch estimate the probability of a specific nt occurng. Likewise, describing spatial Powerfl climatic and geomorphic processes ems amongst a population of landscape el- shape the landscape of the Pacifc coastal in any year requires proportionig their ecoregion. Cliatic conditions produce wild- cteristics amongst the range of aUpossible fires and windstorm that modif large tracts 9nmental conditions, and this also is best of forests, enabling new species to contribute to bed by frequency distributions. a diversity of forest ages and structures. Fires Characteristics of landscapes that var in paricular, controlled the age distribution ,.y over time can be described by four of natural forests prior to fie suppression 9nents: (1) climate, which drives environ- throughout most of the mid- and southern pars r., varabilty; (2) topography, which com of the Pacifc coastal ecoregion (Teensma 1987 261 ', ;; L.E. Benda et al. 262 1990), wind (Borman Morrison and Swanson 1990. Agee 1993). Fires Morrison and Swanson and storms trigger geomorphic processes such et al. 1995). snow avalanches (Hemstrom and rockfalls (Oliver 1981). as bank erosion, surface erosion and gullying, Franklin 1982), and and shallow and deep landslides; processes Although some of the disturbances influencing aquatic systems have been recognized, they which control the supply of sediment and wood quantified (Everest and to streams (Dietrich and Dunne 1978, Swanson have not been well 1981. Sedell and Swanson 1984 1981. Swanston 1991). Once in stream channels, Meehan , Frissell et al. 1986, Resh et sediment and wood are transported episodi- Minshall et al. 1985 cally and redistributed unevenly through the al. 1988. Naiman et al. 1992). As a consequence channel network by floods. descriptions of streams in the context of their spatial deter- Collectively, these climatic and geomorphic watersheds have emphasized minism (which include classification systems processes comprise the disturbance regime of stream biota) a watershed. The term disturbance refers to a of channel morphology and environment that leads to a (Vannote et al. 1980, F rissell et al. 1986. Rosgen disruption in an 1997. Chap- biological response (Pickett and White 1985). 1995, Montgomery and Buffington Fully understanding the role of disturbance ters 2 and 5). Given the importance of distur- in shaping aquatic ecosystems requires estimat- bance in aquatic systems. why has disturbance ing its regime frequencies. magnitudes. and been difficult to define? spatial distributions of landscape processes. Most quantitative theories of landscape pro- Likewise. cumulative effects (because they in- cesses. and their derivative predictive models volve a history of human activities dispersed address the behavior of a single landscape pro- in time and space) can beviewed as a modi- cess (such as fire. flooding, sediment transport, fication of a regime-a shift in frequency. and slope stabilty). or a single landscape magnitude and spa tical distribution of element (such as an individual forest stand hilslope, or stream reach). over short time processes. fire, Disturbance is embodied in the temporal be- scales; for example, responses to a single havior of a single (or set of interacting) land- storm, or flood. Disturbance regimes (and cu- scape element(s). such as forests, hilsides. and mulative effects which can be viewed as an al- streams over decades to centuries. However teration of a regime) in aquatic systems remain in any year. the history of a dynamic climate unquantified largely because theories and mod- els designed to predict numerical solutions or the history of disturbance is represented by processes at the environmental condition of a population about exact future states of single , a few years) are inappropriate of landscape elements (e.g.. hundreds to thou- small scales (e. stream for understanding behavior of populations of sands of forest stands. hilsides. or g.. de- reaches). Therefore, the study of disturbance processes occurring at larger scales (e. I:: cades to centuries). Limitations in data and II' fundamentally involves changes over time and populations of landscape elements. computing power. and the unpredictabilty of the weather. further confound applications I . 11 Natural disturbance is of great interest to resource managers of data-intensive, small-scale theories and . t researchers and natural term because dynamic (temporal) aspects of land- models to the problem of predicting long- ecosystem behavior. scapes are an inherent characteristic of ecosys- distur- t'5 ; :i: . tems in the region (Swanson et al. 1988), and Understanding the consequences of because natural disturbance can be contrasted bance (or cumulative effects) in aquatic sys- reveal tems requires a fundamental shift in focus from with human impacts or disturbances to . ele- the long-term consequences of resource man- individuals to populations (of landscape time scales. For agement. The study of disturbance in land- ments) and from short- to long- scapes of the Pacific coastal ecoregion has example, the behavior of a population of land- sources of focused primarily on processes in terrestrial en- scape elements (such as all point watershed), and the vironments such as revegetation following vol- sediment and wood in a canism (Franklin 1990), fires (Teensma 1987. interaction of that population with other popu- , ; L.E. Bendel et al. 11. Dynamic Landscape Systems 263 I, wine: (Borman lations (such as a set of linked stream reaches A new system-scale framework is described us- (Hemstrom and comprising a whole network) involves routing ing
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Land and Resource Management Plan
    United States Department of Land and Resource Agriculture Forest Service Management Plan Pacific Northwest Region 1990 Olympic National Forest I,,; ;\'0:/' "\l . -'. \.. \:~JK~~'.,;"> .. ,. :~i;/i- t~:.(~#;~.. ,':!.\ ," "'~.' , .~, " ,.. LAND AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN for the OLYMPIC NATIONAL FOREST PACIFIC NORTHWEST REGION PREFACE Preparation of a Land and Resource Management Plan (Forest Plan) for the Olympic National Forest is required by the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act (RPA) as amended by the National Forest Management Act (NFMA). Regulations developed under the RPA establish a process for developing, adopting, and revising land and resource Plans for the National Forest System (36 CFR 219). The Plan has also been developed in accordance with regulations (40 CFR 1500) for implementing the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA). Because this Plan is considered a major Federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment, a detailed statement (environmental impact statement) has been prepared as required by NEPA. The Forest Plan represents the implementation of the Preferred Alternative as identified in the Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) for the Forest Plan. If any particular provision of this Forest Plan, or application of the action to any person or circumstances is found to be invalid, the remainder of this Forest Plan and the application of that provision to other persons or circumstances shall not be affected. Information concerning this plan can be obtained
    [Show full text]
  • A Forest Kingdom Unlike Any Other
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Undergraduate Honors Capstone Projects Honors Program 1979 A Forest Kingdom Unlike Any Other Kurt F. Ruppel Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/honors Part of the Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons Recommended Citation Ruppel, Kurt F., "A Forest Kingdom Unlike Any Other" (1979). Undergraduate Honors Capstone Projects. 222. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/honors/222 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors Program at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Capstone Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A FOREST KINGDOMUNLIKE ANY OTHER by Kurt F. Ruppel A senior thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOROF SCIENCE Wildlife Sci~nce (Honors) Approved by: UTAHSTATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 1979 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people were instrumental in the formation and completion of this study. I would specifically like to thank Dr. Bernard Shanks and Dr. Douglas D. Alder for their guidance, counsel, and patience during the course of this research. My gratitude also to the USU librarians who guided me through the maze of government publications on this subject. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii LIST OF MAPS iii CHRONOLOGY . iv I. INTRODUCTION 1 Uniqueness Survival II. COMING OF THE WHITE MAN 5 Exploration Early Federal Control: Confusion Monument Status: More Confusion III. ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL PARK. 12 Impetus for a Park Wallgren's Bills Issues and Adversaries Compromise and Resolution IV.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Plan Visions, Actions, and Priorities for Voluntary Land Conservation in Jefferson County Jefferson Land Trust Conservation Plan
    CONSERVATION PLAN Visions, Actions, and Priorities for Voluntary Land Conservation in Jefferson County JEFFERSON LAND TRUST conserVation Plan Table of Contents INTRODUCTION Page 3 HABITAT Page 12 FORESTRY Page 20 AGRICULTURE Page 28 RECREATION & TOURISM Page 38 All historic photos courtesy of Jefferson County Historical Society. All other photos Jefferson Land Trust, unless credited. Conservation Plan production date June, 2010 Preface Back in 2005, when Jefferson Land Trust began the conservation planning process, we rec- ognized the immense and vital nature of the work ahead of us. Increasing population, ris- ing development pressures, and climate change promise to change the landscape around us. We now occupy a small – and ever-shrinking – window of opportunity to help determine the nature of those changes and to shape the future landscape for our children, and our grandchildren’s children. The buildout analysis map (page 10-11) is a stark illustration of the potential development we could see in Jefferson County. If we don’t take the chance we have now to determine how we want our home to look in a hundred years, and take the steps to make it happen, we will lose the unprotected open land that includes much diverse habitat, rich agricultural land, scenic vistas, open shorelines, and the deep forests that make this place like no other, that draw us here, enchant us, and make this the place we choose to call our home. This conservation plan identifies our conservation priorities, and sets forth the bold actions we must take to be most effective at preserving the best land we have left, -be fore the open spaces and landscapes we enjoy today are erased.
    [Show full text]
  • Wild Olympics Wilderness and Wild and Scenic Rivers Act
    116TH CONGRESS REPORT " ! 2d Session HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 116–388 WILD OLYMPICS WILDERNESS AND WILD AND SCENIC RIVERS ACT FEBRUARY 4, 2020.—Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union and ordered to be printed Mr. GRIJALVA, from the Committee on Natural Resources, submitted the following R E P O R T together with DISSENTING VIEWS [To accompany H.R. 2642] [Including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office] The Committee on Natural Resources, to whom was referred the bill (H.R. 2642) to designate and expand wilderness areas in Olym- pic National Forest in the State of Washington, and to designate certain rivers in Olympic National Forest and Olympic National Park as wild and scenic rivers, and for other purposes, having con- sidered the same, report favorably thereon with an amendment and recommend that the bill as amended do pass. The amendment is as follows: Strike all after the enacting clause and insert the following: SEC. 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Wild Olympics Wilderness and Wild and Scenic Riv- ers Act’’. SEC. 2. DESIGNATION OF OLYMPIC NATIONAL FOREST WILDERNESS AREAS. (a) IN GENERAL.—In furtherance of the Wilderness Act (16 U.S.C. 1131 et seq.), the following Federal land in the Olympic National Forest in the State of Wash- ington comprising approximately 126,554 acres, as generally depicted on the map entitled ‘‘Proposed Wild Olympics Wilderness and Wild and Scenic Rivers Act’’ and dated April 8, 2019 (referred to in this section as the ‘‘map’’), is designated as wil- derness and as components of the National Wilderness Preservation System: (1) LOST CREEK WILDERNESS.—Certain Federal land managed by the Forest Service, comprising approximately 7,159 acres, as generally depicted on the map, which shall be known as the ‘‘Lost Creek Wilderness’’.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ozette Prairies of Olympic National Park: Their Former Indigenous Uses and Management
    The Ozette Prairies of Olympic National Park: Their Former Indigenous Uses and Management Final Report to Olympic National Park Port Angeles, Washington Winter 2009 M. Kat Anderson, Ph.D. National Plant Data Center, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Department of Plant Sciences 1035 Wickson Hall One Shields Ave. University of California Davis, California 95616 [email protected] Title Page Photo Caption Bog Cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos) Berries for food Makah women picking bog cranberries, circa 1936 (location unknown) Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration, Sandpoint. Seattle, Washington photographer unknown Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................................. ii List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................................................... v Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................1 Methods ........................................................................................................................................................................4 Ecological Features
    [Show full text]
  • Two Injured After Man Drives Car Into Port Hadlock
    December 26, 2018 Issue 52 /Vol. 129 IN DEPTH • IN TOUCH • INDEPENDENT • SINCE 1889 $1.50 WESTERN FLYER UNDER CONSTRUCTION A5 • CHRISTMAS CAKES A15 • CONCERT ORGANIZER TO RETIRE B1 Historical Dunbar out path to as PUD GM BRIAN MCLEAN new jetty? [email protected] The Jefferson County PUD Board Port looks at of Commissioners placed the utility’s general manager on paid adminis- preservation trative leave Dec. 19, citing many challenges that need to be addressed. LILY HAIGHT Larry Dunbar, who was hired as [email protected] the PUD’s general manager in April, When sailmaker Carol Hasse was unanimously heard of the port’s plans to replace placed on leave the Point Hudson jetty with a steel during a special combi-wall jetty, she dove into meeting last week. research. The commissioners Built around 1934, the timber pile held an executive and rock jetty has protected boats in session Dec. 11 to Dunbar the marina next to Hasse’s sail loft discuss Dunbar’s for 80 years. But with damaged, performance. Kevin eroding piles and sinking armoring Streett, the former assistant GM rock, the jetty is in critical condition. who retired in November, has “There’s no doubt that this jetty returned to take the same position. needs to be repaired or replaced,” Waves splash over Thomas Mullholland of Madison, Wisconsin, as he Streett will run the PUD until com- Hasse said. walks on the docks by the Northwest Maritime Center on Dec. 20. For missioners determine how they will The port’s plan to replace it with Walk the line more photos of the storm, see page A17.
    [Show full text]
  • 1970 and 1971
    The Mountaineer THE MOUNTAINEER for 1970 and 1971 Published June, 1972 Cover Photo: Flowers Near Paradise, Mount Rainier T. M. Green 2 The Mountaineer EDITO RIAL STA FF Stella Degenhardt, Herb Belander, Mary Cox, Margaret Fickeisen, Joan Firey, Robert Latz, Hester Page, George Sainsbury, Loretta Slater. Entered as second-class matter, April 8, 1922, at Post Office, Seattle, Wash­ ington, under the Act of March 3, 1879. Published monthly and semi-monthly during June and July by The Mountaineers, P.O. Box 122, Seattle, Washington 98111. Clubroom is at 719 Pike Street, Seattle. Subscription price, monthly bulletin and annual, $5.00 per year. Material and photographs should be submitted to The Mountaineers, at above address, before January 15, 1973 for consideration. Photographs should be black and white glossy prints, at least 5 x 7 inches, with caption and photog­ rapher's name on back. Manuscripts should be typed doublespaced and Include writer's name, address and phone number. Manuscripts cannot be returned. Properly identified photos will be returned about June. Printed on recycled paper. 3 THE MOUNTAINEERS PURPOSES To explore and study the mountains, forests, and water­ courses of the Northwest; To gather into permanent form the history and traditions of this region; To preserve by the encouragement of protective legislation or otherwise the natural beauty of Northwest America; To make expeditions into these regions in fulfillment of the above purposes; To encourage a spirit of good fellowship among all lovers of outdoor life. RECOGNIZED CHARTER MEMBERS 1 - Florence E. Curtis (Mrs. Asahel) Nursing Home, Honolulu, Hawaii 2 - L. D.
    [Show full text]
  • Olympic Assessment Olympic National Park
    NATIONAL PARKS CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION Protecting Parks for Future Generations® 1300 19th Street, N.W., Suite 300 Washington, DC 20036 p/ 202.223.6722 f/ 202.659.0650 www.npca.org PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER ® may 2004 may OLYMPIC NATIONAL PARK A Resource Assessment NATIONAL PARKS CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION ® STATE OF THE PARKS® Program More than a century ago, Congress established Yellowstone as the world’s first national park. That single act was the beginning of a remarkable and ongoing effort to protect this nation’s natural, historical, and cultural heritage. Today, Americans are learning that national park designation alone CONTENTS cannot provide full resource protection. Many parks are compromised by development of adjacent lands, air and water pollution, invasive plants and REPORT SUMMARY 1 animals, and rapid increases in motorized recreation. Park officials often lack adequate information on the status of and trends in conditions of criti- cal resources. Only 10 percent of the National Park Service’s (NPS) budget TO P TEN KEY is earmarked for natural resources management, and less than 6 percent RECOMMENDATIONS 5 is targeted for cultural resources management. In most years, only about 7 percent of permanent park employees work in jobs directly related to park resource preservation. One consequence of the funding challenges: I. IMPRESSIVE NATURAL two-thirds of historic structures across the National Park System are in seri- RESOURCES AND A ous need of repair and maintenance. RICH HUMAN HISTORY 7 The National Parks Conservation Association initiated the State of the Parks® program in 2000 to assess the condition of natural and cultural resources in the parks, and determine how well equipped the National Park II.
    [Show full text]