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Haitalliset Aineet Suomen Vesissä Tilanne Ja Seurannan Suuntaviivat

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Haitalliset Aineet Suomen Vesissä Tilanne Ja Seurannan Suuntaviivat SUOMEN YMPÄRISTÖKESKUKSEN RAPORTTEJA 8 | 2019 Haitalliset aineet Suomen vesissä Tilanne ja seurannan suuntaviivat Katri Siimes, Emmi Vähä, Ville Junttila, Kari K. Lehtonen, Jaakko Mannio (toim.) Suomen ympäristökeskus SUOMEN YMPÄRISTÖKESKUKSEN RAPORTTEJA 8 | 2019 Haitalliset aineet Suomen vesissä Tilanne ja seurannan suuntaviivat Katri Siimes, Emmi Vähä, Ville Junttila, Kari K. Lehtonen, Jaakko Mannio (toim.) Helsinki 2019 SUOMEN YMPÄRISTÖKESKUS SUOMEN YMPÄRISTÖKESKUKSEN RAPORTTEJA 8 | 2019 Suomen ympäristökeskus Haitalliset aineet Suomen vesissä: tilanne ja seurannan suuntaviivat Kirjoittajat: Heidi Ahkola1, Maria Holmberg1, Lasse Järvenpää1, Ville Junttila1, Harri Kankaanpää1, Tanja Kinnunen1, Markku Korhonen1, Kari K. Lehtonen1, Katri Lautala1, Anu Lastumäki1, Matti Leppänen1, Jaakko Mannio1, Jukka Mehtonen1, Jari Nuutinen1, Noora Perkola1, Antti Räike1, Katri Salonen1, Katri Siimes1, Timo Sara-aho1, Jussi Vuorenmaa1, Emmi Vähä1, Panu Oulasvirta2, Anssi Teppo3, Anri Aallonen4, Riikka Airaksinen5, Päivi Ruokojärvi5 ja Janne Suomela6 Suomen ympäristökeskus1 Alleco Ltd.2 Etelä-Pohjanmaan elinkeino-, liikenne- ja ympäristökeskus3 Eurofins Environment Testing Finland Oy4 Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos5 Varsinais-Suomen elinkeino-, liikenne- ja ympäristökeskus6 Vastaava erikoistoimittaja: Ari Nissinen Rahoittaja/toimeksiantaja: Ympäristöministeriö Julkaisija ja kustantaja: Suomen ympäristökeskus (SYKE) Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, puh. 0295 251 000, syke.fi Taitto: Mainostoimisto SST Oy Kannen kuva: Rodeo.fi Julkaisu on saatavana veloituksetta internetistä: www.syke.fi/julkaisut | helda.helsinki.fi/syke sekä ostettavissa painettuna SYKEn verkkokaupasta: syke.juvenesprint.fi ISBN 978-952-11-4837-8 (nid.) ISBN 978-952-11-4838-5 (PDF) ISSN 1796-1718 (pain.) ISSN 1796-1726 (verkkoj.) Julkaisuvuosi: 2019 TIIVISTELMÄ Haitalliset aineet Suomen vesissä: tilanne ja seurannan suuntaviivat Euroopan unionin vesilainsäädäntö edellyttää haitallisten aineiden pitoisuuksien seuraamista vesiympäristössä. Suomessa kyseiset velvoitteet on pääosin tuotu kansalliseen lainsäädäntöön vesienhoidon ja merenhoidon järjestämisestä annetulla lailla (1299/2004) sekä sen nojalla anne- tuilla valtioneuvoston asetuksilla. Vesiympäristölle haitallisten aineiden ympäristölaatunormeja koskevaa EU-lainsäädäntöä tarkistettiin vuonna 2013, jolloin tarkkailtavien prioriteettiaineiden määrä kasvoi ja aineiden seurantamatriiseja muutettiin. Uusien prioriteettiaineiden tilanteen selvittämiseksi aloitettiin vuonna 2016 hanke ”UuPri - Vesien ja merenhoidon uudet prioriteet- t ia i ne e t ”. Hankkeessa mitattiin haitallisten aineiden pitoisuuksia ahvenista, silakoista, simpukoista ja pintavesistä, ja koottiin aiempi tieto prioriteettiaineista ympäristöhallinnon tietojärjestelmistä. Hankkeessa tehtiin kuormitusinventaario uusille prioriteettiaineille, arvioitiin raskasmetal- lien biosaatavuutta pintavesissä sekä selvitettiin passiivikeräimien käyttömahdollisuuksia hai- tallisten aineiden seurannassa. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin biomarkkerien soveltuvuutta seurantaan rinnakkain aineiden kudospitoisuuksien kanssa. Tähän raporttiin on koottu myös kuvaukset haitallisten aineiden seurannassa käytetyistä menetelmistä. Tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, että useimmista uusista prioriteettiaineista ei tällä hetkel- lä näytä Suomessa olevan vesiympäristölle vaaraa. Tälläisiä vähäisinä pitoisuuksina esiintyviä uusia prioriteettiaineita ovat useat torjunta-aineet sekä palonestoaineena käytetty HBCDD. Myöskään dioksiinit ja dioksiinin kaltaiset yhdisteet eivät ylitä ympäristönlaatunormeja tutki- tuilla alueilla. Uusista aineista huolta aiheuttaa kuitenkin perfluorattu yhdiste PFOS, jonka pitoisuus ylittää ympäristönlaatunormin paikoitellen. Vanhoista aineista elohopean pitoisuus kalassa ylittää ym- päristönlaatunormin noin puolessa vesistöistä ja PBDE-palonestoaineiden ympäristönlaatunormi ylittyy kalassa kaikkialla Suomessa. Simpukoista havaittiin vain satunnaisesti monirenkaisten PAH-yhdisteiden indikaattoriainetta bentso[a]pyreeniä, vaikka muita PAH-yhdisteitä havaittiin laajemmin. Vesifaasissa vain ajoittain, hyvin vaihtelevina, määritysrajan tuntumassa tai sen alittavina pitoisuuksina esiintyvien aineiden seurannassa olisi mielekästä käyttää passiivikeräimiä joko vesinäytteiden sijasta tai niiden rinnalla. Passiivikeräimet osoittautuivat lupaavaksi menetel- mäksi torjunta-aineiden ja PAH-yhdisteiden havaitsemisessa. Biomarkkerituloksista nähdään, että merieliöt altistuvat aineille eri tavoin eri alueilla ja ku- doksista mitattujen haitta-aineiden pitoisuuksilla on usein yhteys biologisiin vasteisiin. Hankkeessa on tehty haitallisten ja vaarallisten aineiden seurantaehdotus, joka koostuu kym- menen mereen laskevan joen vesiseurannasta, ahventen haitta-ainepitoisuuksien seurannasta 15 sisävesi- ja kymmenellä rannikkopaikalla sekä silakan haitta-aineseurannasta viidellä avome- ripaikalla. Tällä hetkellä ympäristönlaatunormit on asetettu 45 aineelle, mutta lukumäärä voi tulevaisuudessa muuttua prioriteettiaineluettelon päivitysten yhteydessä. Seurattavien aineiden ja vesimuodostumien suuresta lukumäärästä johtuen kustannustehokkaasti toteutettavan seu- rannan on perustuttava riskiperusteiseen priorisointiin, kartoitusten käyttöön sekä ainekohtai- sesti räätälöityihin näytematriiseihin (vesi, eliöstö, sedimentti). Asiasanat: haitalliset aineet, vaaralliset aineet, POP-yhdisteet, Vesipolitiikan puitedirektiivi, Meristrategiadirektiivi, ympäristönlaatunormi, EQS, pintavesi, merialueet, silakka, ahven, simpukka, passiivikeräimet, biomarkkerit Suomen ympäristökeskuksen raportteja 8 | 2019 3 ABSTRACT Hazardous substances in the Finnish aquatic environment: current status and future plans for monitoring International agreements such as the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD; 2000/60/EC) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directives (MSFD, 2008/56/EC) and the national legislation based on them require monitoring of hazardous substances in the aquatic environment. The Directive on Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) (2008/105/EC), a daughter directive of the WFD, was updated in 2013, adding 12 new priority substances. The aim of this project, funded by the Finnish Ministry of Environment, was to gather information on the so-called priority substances in the aquatic environment of Finland. The project consisted of monitoring and screening activities, including determination of PFAS and pesticides in river waters, PAHs in the tissues of freshwater and marine mussels, and bioaccumulative contaminants in fish. In addition to these screenings, data on hazardous substances from years 2010-2017 were collected from different databases. The applicability of the passive sampling approach in monitoring was also evaluated, and the bioavailability of nickel and lead in typical surface waters was assessed. In addition, emissions of the new priority substances were estimated. The first data on biomarkers in the monitoring of biolog- ical effects of contaminants in Finnish marine areas are reported here. This report includes a plan for future monitoring of hazardous substances in Finland and describes monitoring methods in detail. Based on source information, environmental data, and further expert judgements it can be concluded that many of the new priority substances (e.g., HBCDD and most of the pesti- cides) currently pose no significant harm to the aquatic environment in Finland. However, a few substances exceed their EQS values, e.g., PFOS locally, and PBDE everywhere in fish. Mercury remains to be a problematic priority substance in the Finnish aquatic environment; using the nationally defined background concentration ca. half of the waterbodies exceed the EQS values. The methods currently available are not sufficient to evaluate the possible exceeding of the EQS of cypermethrin in the surface waters. Screening of PAH concentrations in marine and freshwater mussels revealed that many PAHs are found in their tissues but the occurrence of the high molecular weight PAH indicator substance benzo[a]pyrene was rare. If the concentrations in water phase fluctuate or are below the detection limit, pas- sive sampling can be used to replace or complete grab sampling. In this study passive sampling was observed to be suitable to study pesticides and PAH compounds. The application of biomarkers show that biological effects and levels of contaminants often corre- late and the health of aquatic biota is affected by contaminants differently in different areas. The national monitoring plan for priority substances is suggested to include 10 river mouths draining to the Baltic Sea. Monitoring of perch includes 15 inland and 10 coastal sites and the open sea monitoring of herring five areas with a 1- to 3-year sampling interval. Cur- rently the EQS is set for 45 substances and the number of substances can further be changed in the future. Due to high number of substances and water bodies, cost-effective monitoring of these substances should be based on risk assessments and national surveys, and the best matrices should be used for each substance (biota, water or sediment). Keywords: hazardous substances, contaminants, persistent organic pollutants, POP, Water Framework Directive, Marine Strategy Framework Directive, environmental quality standards, EQS, surface water, fish, mussels, passive sampling, biomarkers 4 Suomen ympäristökeskuksen raportteja 8 | 2019 SAMMANDRAG Farliga ämnen i Finlands akvatiska miljö: nuvarande läge och plan för miljöövervakning EU:s vattenramdirektiv och ramdirektivet för en marin
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