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POLITICAL ECONOMY IN AFGHANISTAN
DISTRICT PROFILES
A REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME AFGHANISTAN 2 MARCH -- 10 MAY 1997
RESEARCH TEAM: HAMIDA ANWARI SYED MUZAFARUDDIN HASHIMI ABDUL GHAFFAR MASSOOM ABDUL SHUKOOR SATARZAI MULKI KHAN SHINWARI WORLD BANK CONSULTANT: ZAREEN NAQVI TEAM LEADER: PAULA R. NEWBERG
Established 1989 POLITICAL ECONOMY IN AFGHANISTAN DISTRICT PROFILES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
01 A. BACKGROUND 02 B. FIELD TEAM 03 C. METHODOLOGY 05 D. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS
11 E. MAP: SELECTED DISTRICTS
F. TABLES 12 SELECTION CRITERIA CURRENT PRICES ($ /KG) 13 CURRENT PRICES (RS /KG) 13 CURRENT PRICE OF FLOUR (AFG /KG) 14 CURRENT PRICE OF FLOUR ($ /KG) 15 EXCHANGE RATE OF AFGHANI ($) 16 EXCHANGE RATES IN HERAT 17
G. DISTRICT PROFILES
BALKH PROVINCE BALKH DISTRICT DEHDADI DISTRICT NAHR1 SHAHI DISTRICT HERAT PROVINCE ENJIL DISTRICT GUZARA DISTRICT KUSHK DISTRICT ZINDA JAN DISTRICT KANDAHAR PROVINCE ARGHANDAB DISTRICT DAND DISTRICT SHIGA DISTRICT LAGHMAN PROVINCE QARGHAIE DISTRICT NANGARHAR PROVINCE MOMANDARA DISTRICT SHINWAR DISTRICT SAMANGAN PROVINCE KHULM DISTRICT
Established 1889 POLITICAL ECONOMY IN AFGHANISTAN
A. BACKGROUND
Few studies of contemporary Afghanistan are available today. Prior to 1992, when a central government was in place, a number of studies were undertaken of different economic sectors, including a range of documents analyzing agricultural production and trade.In 1993, UNDP organized a major study of the national economy, resulting in a seven -volume description of the country's physical and institutional needs. This study was completed with the hope that Afghanistan would soon be in a position to rebuild its economy. Once war erupted again, however, it was not possible to implement the recommendations of that study. With intermittent war and no central government for several years, the conditions described in that report have further deteriorated; at best, therefore, it offers a baseline analysis that, under conducive circumstances, could be extended and updated.
Nevertheless, many areas of Afghanistan have been relatively peaceful for the past few years, although the country still does not have a recognized central government in place. National reconstruction and development programs have yet to be implemented; moreover, national data on which to design such programs has not been gathered. To plan external assistance -- most of which has, until now, been the accumulation of emergency relief and humanitarian aid -- anecdotal information has substituted for systematic knowledge. Some emergency and humanitarian assistance has helped to rebuild local infrastructure and small scale, community - based income generation projects, but these have been specific, local and limited. As a result, assistance providers confront two related problems: first, the successes and limitations of past and current programs have not been evaluated according to nationally -based data and standards; and second, planning for more ambitious, nationally -based programs cannot succeed without a portrait o f the governance and political economy of Afghanistan's different regions.
As the United Nations system in Afghanistan began to prepare its 1997 -1999 PEACE program, it became clear that programmatic success would require a broader and deeper understanding of current conditions in Afghanistan. As a prelude to the implementation of the PEACE program, UNDP, with the participation of the World Bank, organized a short -term study of the political economy of several districts where the PEACE program will be executed. With the assistance of five Afghan social scientists -- all with field work experience and prior associations with assistance organizations and nongovernmental organizations -- a small number of districts were surveyed in four regions of Afghanistan -- eastern region (Jalalabad), southern region (Kandahar), western region (Herat), and northern region (Mazar- i- Sharif).[The eastern region is not included in the PEACE program, but was the early recipient of considerable external assistance, and was thus studied for the purposes of balance.]In addition, one researcher undertook a preliminary, rough analysis of the capacities of the government of the northern region and of the Taliban authorities based in Kabul.
The study focused on three limited goals:
(a)to develop profiles of the basic elements of local economies and governance through observation and interviews; these could then provide a model for future qualitative, baseline studies in the PEACE -designated districts;
(b) to contribute to an ongoing discussion among United Nations agencies, nongovernmental agencies and international donors about conditions in Afghanistan and the best ways to assess economic and political change; (c) to raise questions about the future directions of external assistance.
This report is therefore not comprehensive, even for the geographical areas included in its purview, but instead offers information that can help to assess Afghanistan's problems and potentials, in the short- and medium term.
FIELD TEAM
The field team was comprised of seven members: Ms. Hamida Anwari, Mr. Sayed Muzafaruddin Hashimi, Mr. Abdul Ghafar Massoom, Dr. Abdul Shukoor Satarzai, and Mr. Mulki Khan Shinwari. Dr. Zareen Naqvi represented the World Bank in the preparation and analysis phases of the project; Dr. Paula Newberg, consultant to UNDP, was team leader.
The field team was divided into sub -groups to cover the following districts:
Eastern region: Anwari and Massoom: Qarghai, Momandara Hashimi and Shinwari: Shinwar, Momandara Satarzai: Jalalabad city
Northern region: Anwari and Massoom: Dehdadi, Kholm Hashimi and Shinwari: Balkh, Nahri Shahi Satarzai: Regional government offices
Western region:Hashimi and Shinwari: Engil, Guzara, Kushk, Zindajan
Southern region: Anwari and Massoom: Arghandab, Dand, Shega
Kabul:Satarzai: Taliban authorities and government offices.
The choice of districts was based in part on accessibility: given the limited time within which the study was conducted, the teams had to be able to work relatively close to major transport centers, and to be able to return to them easily. The criteria indicated in the appended selection chart indicates the other factors that were used to choose the districts, towns, villages and neighborhoods that the team surveyed.
The work included in this report is based on the village surveys undertaken by Ms. Anwari and Mr. Hashimi, Mr. Shinwari and Mr. Massoom. Mr. Satarzai's interviews with regional leadership in Mazar -i- Sharif and Kabul form the background for further work with these offices by the United Nations and the World Bank.
Travel to Jalalabad and its environs was undertaken by private vehicle from Peshawar; to the northern and western regions and to Kabul by United Nations aircraft; and to the southern region by commercial air carrier and road transport.The team used locally available transport and were accommodated in local housing. Although the United Nations team leaders and other UN agency heads in each region provided orientation and advice, the field team did not use United Nations facilities or travel with UN staff members. This distancing was purposeful: the field team's instructions were to make clear to the communities they visited that they were not the harbingers of new funds or projects, but were trying to understand more clearly the conditions in which Afghans are living. Their reception was quite positive: individuals opened their homes -- particularly to Ms. Anwari, most of whose interviews took place in family settings -- and quickly offered their time and hospitality. The reception of local authorities varied across regions, particularly with regard to the team's access to government offices and records: no local authorities interfered with the access that the team had to members of the communities they visited, but some did prevent visits with government officials.
Indeed, on the whole, local authorities were obliging and occasionally quite helpful.In the northern region, no obstacles were presented to those team members who visited government offices or local authorities.In the eastern region, Taliban authorities provided a letter assuring safe passage for the team in the entire area, which not only made it easy for local communities to welcome the researchers but also helped them gain access to government offices.In Kandahar, the authorities made it possible for work to continue, although some minimal disturbances occurred during their travels.In Herat, however, Taliban authorities not only refused to provide assistance, but also refused permission for the team to visit with municipal or regional offices, citing local policy differences with United Nations agencies (about the location and priority of projects) for their refusal
As general practice, the two- member sub -teams would meet with authorities in the regional capitals to secure permission for their work before approaching specific districts and villages; they also met with district authorities when appropriate or necessary. At no time were the researchers to engage in discussions about politics with anyone. With the exception of the Herat authorities, they authorities neither obstructed nor interfered with the teams' work; in a few instances, the authorities themselves were included in interviews, but for the most part, it was non -official villagers who formed the bulk of interviews conversations. Ms. Anwari generally visited schools and clinics with local women, and spent a considerable amount of time in home - based conversations with the women of the district. The rest of the team talked with farmers, shopkeepers, money- changers and manufacturers; they counted truck traffic at customs posts and when possible, talked with tariff collecters and toll operators. The information that is included in the profiles, therefore, represents a microcosm of Afghanistan's districts, rather than a census or official data base. As such, it reflects the perceptions of villagers about their rising or declining populations, incomes and fortunes.
Because this study concentrated on the conditions faced by communities, it was particularly important that both women and men be included in the survey. However, undertaking field work in Afghanistan just now can be particularly uneasy for a woman. To assure Ms. Anwari's participation, special arrangements were required to accommodate her presence in all Taliban- controlled areas: her brother traveled with her to ensure compliance with local regulations, separate transport was arranged whenever local authorities deemed it necessary, separate housing was arranged to avoid any suggestion by local officials of impropriety and because female Afghan nationals are discouraged from traveling in United Nations transport, Ms. Anwari and Mr. Massoom (and Ms. Anwari's brother) traveled between Quetta and Kandahar by road in a private vehicle.In general, Ms. Anwari was able to complete her work in Taliban- controlled areas without significant difficulties, but this required considerable care (and even more good humor) on the part of the entire team, and in particular, Mr. Massoom and Ms. Anwari herself.In Herat, Mr. Hashimi and Shinwari were joined by Ms Farida, a field staff member of DACAAR who, working separately, undertook a parallel surveys in Herat (and her work is included in their reports here).Although the entire team was able to meet with women in the northern region, only Ms. Anwari and Ms. Farida met with women in Taliban- controlled areas.
METHODOLOGY
Without a central government, central records have not been maintained, and other government records are scarce, restricted in scope and often inaccurate. Although some data that was collected in the past is relevant to an analysis of conditions in Afghanistan today, most can be used in only limited ways. This study therefore concentrated on qualitative analysis, supplemented with quantitative data where it could be collected or established. 4
The first results of the study are included in this report: fourteen district profiles were completed on the basis of interviews in selected rural villages and urban neighbors. The profiles appear in the form of charts, tables and graphs -- all of which may offer an impression of quantitative accuracy that may be slightly misleading. These profiles are distinctly subjective and qualitative in orientation and preparation, and should be read as such. As a result, any correlations that can be derived from these profiles must also be understood to be tentative and partial.
Further uses of the data collected during this study will be undertaken by the World Bank; in particular, the information collected in the government offices of the Northern Region and in the central government offices located in Kabul will be analyzed separately after additional interviews are completed.It is hoped that base line studies initiated as part of the UNDP- organized PEACE initiative will also expand the work included here.
The study concentrated on two related sectors -- governance and local economies -- in order to draw a broad set of observations about the functioning of communities in several regions of Afghanistan.
Economy:
local demography, including, to the extent possible, changes in population profile;
" * local terrain, including the condition of irrigation, land quality and agricultural production, resource availability, and where relevant, the extent and impact of and mines and demining;
` * economic production, current and future needs, deficiencies in current economic activity, constraints on future expansion, nature of investment, attributes of the labor market;
` consumer prices, exchange rate fluctuations, wages, credit facilities and availability;
trade patterns, within and among regions, and between Afghanistan and its neighbors;
the nature, and if possible, impact of external assistance, where relevant.
Governance:
kinds of local governance structures, both formal and informal, and their relationships to one another and to the local citizenry;
ir the nature of decision- making authority, the nature of law (or rule) enforcement, and kinds of accountability;
kinds of services provided by government or presumptive authority, and the kinds of personnel involved in these activities, and the kinds of beneficiaries of these services,
differences in the forms of governance among the several regions;
In general, it was easier to collect information about the economy than about governance in most sections of the country -- not because interviewees were reluctant to talk about governance, but because the texture of governance across the country is still somewhat opaque to those affected by it; in many instances. governance styles, personalities and policies remain quite fluid.These characteristics are equally valid in the southern regions where the Taliban are the presumptive authorities, and in the northern regions where the role of commanders is still paramount.
As the attached table summarizing selection criteria indicates, the districts included in the study were chosen on the basis of their differentiation along several distinct criteria: location, population density, number of returnees and displaced persons, ethnicity /tribal affiliation, nature of current external assistance, trade patterns, prevalence of landmines, pervasiveness of narcotics, and the degree of poverty. Within each district, each field team visited several villages or in the case of urban areas, neighborhoods; the characteristics detailed on the accompanying table represent the mean among these characteristics.In addition, the districts chosen by the field teams are those not previously included in other surveys; they are all (with the exception of the eastern region) included in the United Nations' PEACE program plans.
Although the same general questions were pursued in all parts of the country, this study was not intended to provide rigorously comparative data (although comparisons are of course almost inevitable). The profiles of the districts included here provide a baseline for future work of this kind, and offer the most current, and generally systematic, picture of Afghan communities available since 1990. At the same time, they provide a bird's eye view of local governance at a time when many communities are adjusting to new conditions, under new or changing leadership. For this reason, comparative tables are included to summarize price fluctuations across the country, differences in the use of currencies, and changing demographies. In some instances, local variations were based on particular events -- a wheat /atta shortage in Pakistan in early April, affected Afghanistan as well and is reflected in dramatic variations in the price of flour
D. PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS
It can be risky to generalize from a study as limited as this one is. However, several trends seem to be apparent from the data that was collected by the field team. We offer the following conclusions with all appropriate provisos, and in the hope that further research will be able to validate or contradict these conclusions.
1 Economic conditions in Afghanistan remain extremely difficult.
The table describing selection criteria notes that some districts are experiencing economic improvement while others are deteriorating. Even in this context, however, the team could only employ terms to describe economic well -being that indicate degrees of poverty, and almost never encountered approximations of general prosperity, even where some improvement can be noted. At best. Afghanistan as a whole can only be described as a subsistence economy. Its population is still seized by war -- even in those areas that have been relatively peaceful -- and by the immense costs that war preparations impose and the extraordinary destruction that war has wrought.
Among the most important factors contributing to improved economic prospects in any given area are those related to relative certainty (given conditions of war), and local control of community interests:
a. Demining: wherever demining has been completed, agricultural production can be planned, and pursued with occasional vigor; this is the case regardless of the crops that are planted or the size of the markets involved. 6
b. Availability of water for irrigation: where water supply is fairly constant, cultivation can be planned; where supply is uncertain, cultivation declines precipitously.
c. Enforcement of property rights and security: where commanders have seized land, cultivation has declined (due to their inattention to agricultural production); where they have seized livestock as a form of tax, this production has also declined (because the informal tax is a disincentive to greater production). Other rent -seeking behavior on the part of commanders simply adds to the war coffers or personal profit rather than to economic stability. Where property rights are enforced, however -- regardless of the mechanism that is used to do so -- cultivation and transport proceed with greater confidence.
The principle of certainty applies to other sectors as well:the teams heard few complaints about the amount of taxation or quantity of duties imposed on production, wealth or transport, but heard many complaints in areas where these seemed to be levied indiscriminately or personalistically.
Prevailing uncertainty is reflected in the extremely limited amount of local investment across the country, and in the scarcity of jobs, which is reflected in the continuing flow of labor to Pakistan and Iran. These two characteristics apply equally to areas engaged in fighting and those that have been free of fighting for as long as thirty months.
2. The size of Afghanistan's economy remains very small indeed.
Based on local reports of customs, tariffs and other revenues, it is hard to see how the economy of the southern region can exceed $75 million per year: the highest (and perhaps inflated) estimate of customs duties on transit and other trade is $50 million, and other sources may reach as much as half that amount again.(It was not possible to estimate the size of the northern region's revenues.) The economy is not diverse -- trade is mostly in basic commodities, production and cultivation are still quite limited, and the manufacturing sector is infinitesimal. Moreover, no money has been printed in Afghanistan since the fall of the Rabbani government; all notes used in the south date from either the Rabbani or the Najibullah governments.
Three primary conclusions can be drawn from this general observation:
a. As a small, open economy, Afghanistan is vulnerable to almost every change in the economies of neighboring countries. When commodities are in short supply in the region, Afghanistan suffers; when currencies are devalued (as the Pakistani rupee has been several times in recent years), Afghans feel this change immediately. These vulnerabilities add to uncertainty, and contribute to the absence of local investment across the country.
Some regional policy changes may have redounded to the benefit of the Taliban, however. The closure of the Afghan Transit Trade facility, which was major source of smuggling into Pakistan, means that transit trade /smuggling has shifted routes, primarily via Iran through Herat to Pakistan, or via air from Dubai to Jalalabad and then into Pakistan. This change may have provided additional customs revenue to the Taliban, since both entry points are in territory it now controls.
The structure of the poppy economy -- in particular, who determines prices and profits -- differs somewhat from the structure of the rest of the economy.
b. Annual revenues cannot support the country and also support a war: Virtually all revenue collection is centralized: all monies are sent to Kabul, and a small portion is then 7
redistributed to provinces and districts.It assumed by most Afghans that most funds are used to prepare for, or prosecute, the war. Only limited infrastructural reconstruction is being funded by authorities in the southern region: dams and power supply receive some attention, but little else does.
c. External donors are the sole funders of social sector rehabilitation. This sector, and local infrastructure repair, remain the almost exclusive domain of external assistance and nongovernmental organizations funded by foreign aid.The limited budget of the country's two regions is still devoted almost entirely to war preparations.
Although it is very difficult to correlate levels of economic improvement directly with levels of external assistance, it is clear from the data collected here that little social sector activity take places in the absence of foreign- funded projects.
The ties that bind Afghanistan's regions economically are currently weaker than those that bind its regions to neighboring countries.
The Afghan economy is now quite international and at the same time, very local. The nature of economic interactions within and toward Afghanistan have changed since the war began: one consequences of poverty within Afghanistan is that not only its refugee population but its trade and business now crosses borders, regularly and frequently. However limited economic life in Afghanistan is today, it takes place within the broad regional politics and economies of west, central and south Asia: exchange rates, prices, commodities, labor patterns and trading routes are all determined by conditions in surrounding countries far more than conditions within Afghanistan. As examples: wheat shortages in Pakistan have an immediate impact on Afghanistan; political instability in Iran automatically affect western Afghanistan; the devaluation of the Pakistani rupee changes monetary dealings in most of Afghanistan.
a. International: trading patterns -- to and from Afghanistan -- are tied to west, south and central Asia. Much of the movement of imports is unlikely to change in the near future: Afghanistan's capacity to produce enough to substitute for these imports -- even of basic foodstuffs -- is at best a long -term hope.
The labor market is mobile. Although internal displacement is relatively limited now, residents in the eastern and southern regions of the country still see Iran and Pakistan as logical venues for work. When the economy is tight and work is scarce in the eastern region, remigration to Pakistan is seen as a clear and accessible alternative.In the south, seasonal work in Iran is a regular habit, particularly for small -plot farmers whose incomes remain small. Moreover, many families in the eastern region retain family in Peshawar, and those in Kandahar retain members in Quetta -- both for additional cash and to ease the prospect of return if and when conditions in eastern and southern regions become more difficult.In the eastern region, the Pakistani rupee remains the currency of choice for even local trading.
b. Domestic: The economy is dominated by agriculture and trade, and almost any new investment (which is still quite limited) is directed to these sectors. The small industrial sector has contracted since the war began, and public sector activities -- social sector or infrastructure -- are extremely limited.
Moreover, intra- regional trade within Afghanistan has been limited by shifting war lines, which means that limited production -- particularly in foodstuffs -- is likely to be consumed locally, or sold in neighboring countries for a better return (in a more stable currency). At the same time, currency limitations affect intra- regional trade: notes printed 8
by the Dostum government are not used in the southern region, and theexchange rate of Dostum notes to Rabbani and Najibullah era notes is 2.5:1.
c. State sector revenue collection and expenditure is centralized in the south, and is a mixed bag in the northern region. These activities are at odds with other Taliban behavior, which emphasizes control at the local level. The result is a state structure geared toward war that may not easily translate into peacetime modes of behavior and policy.
Economic change is now perceptible.
Our field teams reported more economic variation -- within the microcosms of village life -- than they had expected, with two notable trends: (a) conditions in rural communities of the northern region seem to be declining, or remain at a particularly low level; (b) conditions in the eastern, western and southern regions, while still quite poor, seem to be improving, however hesitantly.
Nonetheless, some trends remain constant:
a. Markets: seem to be fairly well connected to supplies, although there are supply constraints in the northern region. For most agricultural products, price and supply are determined by season and other local constraints (availability of water, quality of soil, availability of credit).
b. Scarcity of employment: is a serious problem across the country. Although the accompanying data suggests that wages have increased in the past year, this is probably in response to spiraling costs; real wages have declined in most of the communities surveyed here. Government employees are hardest hit in both the northern and southern regions: their salaries have not increased at all, and salary payment is generally three to four months delayed; most government servants have other jobs to make ends meet. Those female employees in the southern region who have been forced to remain at home continue to receive salaries, but at the same delayed rate.
c. Banking:is virtually nonexistent, although some banks continue to collect taxes and bills. The informal credit system functions minimally at best: political and economic uncertainty, population movement and a unwelcoming investment climate keep credit quite low. Only the interlocking system of credit, harvest and payment in poppy -growing regions seems to function regularly and profitably, which serves to underscore the importance and place of poppy in these regions.
d. Currency markets: are extremely active. From region to region, Pakistan rupees, US dollars and Irani turnan are the currencies of choice, and their value variations in the international market are reflected almost immediately in Afghanistan's exchange rates. Large foreign currency markets exist in Kabul, Herat, Kandahar, Jalalabad, Mazar- i- Sharif and Miran Shah, and many smaller markets operate elsewhere, with information transmitted by telephone, wireless and fax from major markets in central, west and south Asia.Local exchange rates are determined by military developments, the rising and falling fortunes of political factions, and trade -related developments. These, in turn, affect the prices of imported items, included many staple food items. Additionally, the internal Afghani market -- comprised of currencies printed by the Dostum, Najibullah and Rabbani governments, as well as some small counterfeit operators -- is controlled by traders, who decide which currencies to accept and at which rates. This causes uncertainty and inevitable losses for consumers. 9
Communities have responded to changes in localauthority in different ways.
The field teams reported considerable variation in the waysthat communities now living under Taliban rule are responding to stricturesimposed by Taliban authorities; they also reported occasional, unexpected flexibility in the administration ofthese policies by some Taliban authorities in certain areas of the country. Such flexibilityshould not be interpreted as a new pattern of liberalism, but it does suggest thatconditions across the country must be interpreted locally.
The limited evidence collected during this study suggests afew trends:
appointed head, who often a. Local administrative offices generally have a Taliban- is not professionally equipped for the job; at the sametime, the Taliban- appointee often does not interfere in the limited work that is carried out inthe offices, leaving bureaucrats to function as before. The absence of change in this arenahas been noted with some relief by local residents, and may, as in other arenas, help toexplain the absence of dissent. schooling by working b. Some communities have responded to limitations on girls' with local elders to find ways to teach girls withoutnecessarily doing so in formal schooling environments; this seems to be possible wherethere is agreement among the community, the village elders and the local ulema.These activities seem to take place with the acquiescence of local Taliban authorities.
authorities: their re- c. Local elders have been re- enfranchised by local Taliban enhanced role seems to be accepted by their communities,although the nature of their relationships with the Taliban is not fully clear to outside observers.
6. Poppy remains an extremely important element in theeconomies of the eastern and southern regions.
It is quite hard to correlate the degree of poverty with thepervasiveness of poppy production, as some have done before, and equally hard to drawfirm policy guidelines about poppy -related programs from the limited dataderived from this study. However, field team observations underscore the many ways in which poppy cultivationis tied not only to agricultural production and trade, but also to the underlying credit system in the areaswhere poppy cultivation prevails -- in terms of this study, in districts in the eastern and southernregions. These observations suggest that significant investments to replace the systemof credit and finance that maintains the poppy economy are required if this cycle is to be broken.The appropriate timings of such interventions is a conclusion that is beyond the scope of thisstudy; the importance of the entire local economy -- not just the profits of refining and trading in poppyitself -- in making this determination is nonetheless a conclusion that can be drawn.
7. War dominates the polity, economy and society at all levels, andin all corners of the country.
Even where relative peace has reigned for some time, the environmentof each locality is dominated by a political, economic and social structure that is still gearedto the imperatives of war. In the northern region, this kind of preparednessis clear to the distant observer; in the southern region, its effects initially seem hidden, but they are neverthelesspervasive. The entire budget of the southern region is geared toward, and for the most partdevoted to, war -related 10
activities -- which leaves little room for economic development.It is indeed possible that the Taliban are running a frugal war: even if all reported and transparentannual revenues were spent on the military, this would still be a relatively small sum.
FUTURE WORK
The primary purpose of this study was to gain a sense of the state of theAfghan economy and the nature of governance relationships. To take informed policy decisionsabout basic rehabilitation and reconstruction in Afghanistan, additional work is needed.
In particular:
a. the kind of surveys undertaken here can easily be extended to cover all the districts included in the PEACE program.If external assistance agencies are serious about tailoring their work to local conditions -- and equally important, understandingthe impact of their work in these localities -- then base line surveys of this sort areessential before new programs are initiated;
b. preparatory research was undertaken in Kabul and Mazar- i- Sharif as part ofthis study, to determine the structure of government operations in the northern andsouther regions. On the basis of this research, it is clear that the authorities in both regions are willing to cooperate with formal investigations of this sort, and they should beconducted as soon as possible;
c. in order to take considered policy judgments about the nature and scope of other external assistance, it is critical to understand several other economic trends,including:
(1) the impact of the macroeconomic environment of neighboring states on Afghanistan,
(2) the structure of the poppy economy,
(3) the structure of the war economy.
This work is necessary not only to design assistance from international agencies and financial institutions, but also to design and harmonize the policies of regional actors -- tariffs and trade, in particular -- with international programs. LOCATION OF THE PROVINCES AND THE DISTRICTS AFGHANISTAN I)oI Uudiliull:h', Muzor Lily Nuhuto,hohi Khulrn Kubul City Mur,wnclai (knrlhui Shinwttrlttlulul,ud ICGCND ArghonduhShttguI)ond politicalDislricisresearch /economy learn covered by 12
SELECTION CRITERIA
REFUGEES ETHNICITY/ INTERNATIONALALTRADE POVERTY REGION !LOCATION MINES ¡POPULATIONTRIBE !POPPYIN EASTERN REGION
High Poor! No High Shinwar Rural - - Medium Pukhtoon Very Low Improving Returnees Distant Important High Less poor! No High Momandara Rural - - High Pukhtoon Medium Medium Improving Returnees Close No High Medium Less poor/ No High Qarghai Rural -- High 90% Pukhtoon Improving Returnees Close 10% Tajik/ Pashai High Poor/ No Medium Jatalabad Urban High 60% Pukhtoon No Medium Improving Returnees & City 30% Tajik 10% Pashai/ IDPs Hindu NORTHERN REGION
Poor /Not No High IDPs Dehdadi Semi -urban High 90% Tajik No Low Low 10% Hazara. improving Turkman/ Pukhtoon Not No High Nahrishahi Semi -urban High 60% Tajik No Medium Low 35 % Uzbak/ improving Returnees 5 %Hazara Low Poor/ No High Khulm Rural -- Low 90% Tajik No Low 10% Pukhtoon/(Hashish) Declining Returnees Turkman/ Low IDPs Poor/ No High Balkh Semi -urban Low 60% Pukhtoon No Low Low 20% Uzbek (Hashish) Improving Returnees 15% Hazara Low IDPs 5% Turkman No No Returnees Mazar City Urban High 40% Uzbek No Medium /High Medium Poor/ 30% Tajik Declining High IDPs 20% Hazara 10% Others WESTERN REGION
Poor / No High Enjil Medium 90% Tajik No Low Low Returnees Semi -urban 10% Pukhtoon/ Improving Hazara Low IDPs Poor/ No High Guzara Rural Low 90% Tjik No Low None 10% Others Improving Returnees Low IDPs Poor/ No High Kushk Rural Low 65% Tajik No Low Medium Returnees Close 25% Pukhtoon Improving 10% Other Low IDPs Low Poor/ MediumHigh Zindajan Rural -- Medium 60% Tjik No Low Returnees Close 25% Mauri Improving 15% Pukhtoon! No IDPs Hazara SOUTHERN REGION
No High Arghandab Rural High Pukhtoon Medium Low Low Less poor/ Improving Returnees No IDPs Very poor MediumLow Dand Semi -urban Medium 90% Pukhtoon Medium /LowLow Low 10% Kizilbash Improving Returnees Very poor! No High Shiga Rural Low Pukhtoon No Low High Improving Returnees No IDPs MarDateCurrent -9 97 Prices in $ per KG 'KabulLocality city : WheaUAtt Rice0.482456' 0.710526 Sugar 0.552632 Tea 3.565789' ;Eggsa NA Meat(Beef NA Kerosene 0.315789 Cementc NA Lentils Dal Fire Wood 0 75' NA Mar -3-12-11Mar10 97 97 NargarharMomand97 1Shinwar Dara ,Jalalabad City 1 0.26696810.272095'0.302714,0_295238! 0.4081430.6802860.4524890.571429 0.2262440.6122380 571429 0.64619 2.714932!3.09523812.857143. 2.47619i 0.1357470.0714290.085714 0.15511.1428570.0010481.333333 13 0.3809521-0.40476210 428571 0.35191 0.533937.6 666667 00 580952323213 NA'NA 0.571429.0.857143' 0.0193670 047619 0 04081 0.034 Apr-4Apr -7-9 97 jKushkrEngilGuzara 0.274262:0.316456i0.295359 0.52742640.316456 0.263713 0.4219410.4641350.506329 4.219409,3.375527' 1 0.050633'0.063291A0.063291 1.0548521.265823 0.3375530.3164564.294Ò9 NA 3.375527;5.063291 0.548523: 0.052743 -, i 0.4219410.506329 0.0316460.063291 Apr -9-11 97 97 .Zinderjan 1Arghandab i 0.252101;0.2320681 0.6902520.580169 0.6722690.548523 4.219409}5.0420173.375527 0.0630250.042194 1.7647061.054852 0.5042020.369198 NA.NA' 0.421941 NA, 0.063291 0.03 MApr-7Apr-8 7 9797 pP ,Deh DadiDand /Kandahar ci g a city 0.2032070.252101 0.591138 :- 0.630252 NA 0.630252 0.4310340.588235 1.6379313.9915971 0.0344830.084034 L 1.2068971.8907561. 806 0.3103450.378151 .4 0168 _-- 4.621849'11.8103451 0 29.4__118 0.344828. 0.036948 NA 1 NA 0 039034 NA Mar 24-2430 97 9797' 1BalkhNahnshahia_r -29_97 0_2216721 0.24631 1 ' 0.61575900.738914 615759 0.60.34480.5172410.465517 1.72413811.7241381.8965521 00.051724 0517241 1.2068971.724138 1.37931 0.275862100.258621 344828 4.3103451.724138! 0.344828 NA{ 1.8965521 0.024621- 0.29 55691 0.049276 0.029552 CurrentNotes-Mar -23 The97 Prices ; Mazarprices in ciofPak ty commodities Rs. per KG have 0.236667'been 0.583333 converted into the US$ rate 0.5 of the1.3333331 area. 0.05 2 0.216667 2.51 NA' MarDate -9 97 (Locality VVheat/Att 'Rice Sugar Tea (Eggsa NA Meat(Beef NA Kerosene 12.857141 Cementc NA ;Lentils¡ Dal Fire Wood NA M a1- 3 97 1`;KabulJalalabad city Ci 1111.1913419._6.42.86: - 2128.92857 66065 1 60 - 21.66065- 225 108.3032145.17861 0- 3.249097 249 50.54152 - _ 16.24549 - 252- _ 707.61 22.0.216.6 30.535711 1.805054 Mar 11 97Mar10 4Momand 97 Shinwar Dara - City 10.31408' 15.47112 47473', 25.787 23.2075W-793.862821-2.70758124.49458 117.3285! 2.707581 0.039711 14.44043'15.34296 NA 32.490977-21.660652 49097 . 7- 1.288809 1 546931 Apr-7AprMar -9-12 97 97 INargarhar 1EngilGuzara r 12.99827,12.13172.10.96654 18.5873621.6637810.83189 20.7972319.064129.29368 .4- 173.3102138.6482111.5242 2.5996535.576208 51.9930751.993076.37174714.455391-43.3213+ 13.864.82112.998271 20721.933091173.31021 97231 17.33102113.27695, 20.797231 0.7955391.299827 2.599653 ir Apr-11Apr -4 97 97 ¡Zinderjan Kushk 11.26516' 12.99827 22.5303317.33102 138.6482173.3102 2.0797231.733102 43.32756 15.16464 NA 138 6482 NA 1 17.33102-22.53033' 22.599653 166378 Apr -9 97 1Arghandab 10.61947,9.532062 29.0761123.83016 28.31858' 212.3894 2.654867 74.33628 21.23894 NA { NA 1 1.263717 Apr -7-8 97 ;band;Shiga /Kandahar city 11.37699!10.61947; 26.54867 NA 24.7787626.54867* 168.1416194.6903 3.5398232.654867 79.6460270.79646 1 17.69912 15.9292 194.6903; 12.38938 NA NA 1.644248 NA Mar -30-2429 97 1Nahrishahi'Deh!Kholm Dadi 9.43857119.18357118.4185711 30.61214 25.5124.49 21.4285719.2857117.85714 71.42857178.5714367.85714 2.142857 2.14285711.428571 71.42857 5050 14.2857110.7142912.85714 71.42857; 14.28571 ¡ NA 75¡ 14.28571 i 78.57143 1.2242861.530714 1.02 Mar -24 97 :Balkh 10.20429' 25.51 25 71.42857 2.142857 2 57.14286 11.42857 178.5714 12.245. 2.041429 ; NotesMar -23 The 97 pricesMazar ofcity commodities have been converted into the Pak Rs. rate of the area. 9.4666671 23.33333 20 53.33333 80 8.666667 1001_ NA 0.666667 - C F: r r 1 `L c r 2 1_ nS CC 0 0000 00002 0000C Tci 0000V 0000S laSfi ad) iueta6}y jo alea a6ueyox3 00009 15
o o o o o o o o o o o o c_n in
Kabulity
ittliththttd City 'tt
Shinwar
Momittid
...... Nargat hit
Engil
Guzara
Kutihk
Zind crjun
A rg hand ttb
Sh ig
DanclKundlthor city
Dch Dud
N uhrlsil
K holm
Balkh
Muttir 16
-.. -. N A 0) CO 0 N A a) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kabul city
Jalalabad city
Shinwar
Nloinand )ara
Nargarhar
Engil
Citizara
Kushk
Zinderjan
Arghandab
Spiga
Dand Kandahar city
Dch Dadi
Nahrishahi
Khotn
Balkh
Ma/ar cit 17
US $ Exchange Rate in Herat 30000
25000
20000 a 15000 LL Q 10000
5000
0 CD (D (D CO (D (D (.D r- h- a) rn rn rn CT) CD GI CT) rn s Cr) CT) (.D r (O (.D to (D (i') (n C 3
Pak Rs. Exchange Rate in Herat 700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0 (.0 (..0 co (D r` S- r` s c) CT) rn c) C) v r` r` CD v) = U -3 O a) -1 O z tL Q
Irani Tooman Exchange Rate in Herat
CD (D CO (D (D (D (D N- N- N- ,T s c) rn rn a) cn cn s rn a) CT) V t`- CO (D (.0 L') (D ,f) ,r) N
LL a Q co G z O 2 < < BALKHDISTRICT,BALKHPROVINCE
DATES VISITED: 22 -26 MARCH 1997
VILLAGES VISITED: HAJI KOTE, HASAN ABAD
I. POPULATION
Population (district) 13000 households Main villages 90 Small villages 15
Male 48% Female 52% Children under 10 28%
Ethnic composition Pukhtun 60% Tajik 25% Uzbek, Hazara 15%
Refugee repatriation 2450 households Pukhtun 70% Tajik 20% Uzbek, Hazara 10%
Displaced families 300 households Pukhtun 70% Tajik 30%
Female -headed households 95 War widows 500
Employment Agriculture 80% Trade 4% Infrastructure repair 10% Manufacturing 6%
Disabled 150 Adults 95% Children 5%
Population characteristics:
Haji Kote Hasan Abad
Population 500 households 200 households Pukhtun 75% 22% Hazara 14% 30% Uzbek 3% 10% other 8% 38%
Male 40% 40% Female 60% 60% Children under 10 25% 30%
BALKH: 1 Returnees 88 households 70 households Pukhtun 80 households 05 households Uzbek 3 households 04 households Hazara 50 households others 5 households 11 households
Internally displaced n.a. 4 households
Widows 30 households 27 households
Disabled 10 adults 20 adults
note: Hazaras in Hassan Abad were originally refugees in Iran; after a three -month stay inHerat, they relocated to Turkmenistan, from which they were sponsored by the Jumbish- i- Millat- i- Islami for relocation to Mazar- i- Sharif.
II. LAND AND TERRAIN
Province area 421 547 hectares Irrigated land 138 635 hectares Rainfed area 160 000 hectares Forest land 115 709 hectares Range land 130 000 hectares
Districts studied:
Haji Kote Hasan Abad
Agricultural land 90% 100% Swamps anJ reeds 10% Irrigated land 100% 100%
Average holding 20 jeribs 15 jeribs Large owner 30% 35% Medium owner 50% 0 Small owner 20% 65% Landless 25% 15%
Demining all roads cleared of mines, most villages cleared
Irrigation source: Balkh river
Irrigation conditions
Average land holding: 100 -200 jeribs /household Large owners (100 -200) 20% Medium (40 -100) 30% Small owners (1 -40) 40% Landless, sharecroppers 1 -% 1/4: landlords provides all' inputs, sharecroppers provide manpower; sharecropper derives 1/4 earnings 1.2: landlord provides land and water, sharcropper provides manpower, inputs and expenses are shared; profits are divided equally
BALKH:2 Agricultural production: first season: 50 %: cotton, corn, sesame, melons, mung
second season 40 %: wheat 8 %:barley, forages 2 %: fruit, vegetables reported cultivation of hashish (prewar and continuing) and recent cultivation of poppy, with central Asia as main transit market animal husbandry provides largest share of agricultural income primary livestock production: sheep, Karakul, goats, cattle, horses, donkeys.
Income -generating activities for small farmers: sharecropping, daily wage labor, shopkeeping
Environmental problems: water pollution (Hasan Abad) due to absence of wells
Other characteristics: Pukhtun women do not work outside the home, but others do: primary occupations include raising poultry, sheep, goats; weeding and harvesting cotton: raising vegetables; all activities involved in rug weaving and clothing production. Crop yield and livestock production is reported to have decreased in recent years: absence of skilled farmers young men drafted for military service ' commanders have occupied land without devoting time and attention to farming few agricultural support services available from regional government production appropriated by military commanders imported fertilizers are not available pesticides and veterinary medicines no longer available
III. Production and investment
Manufactur ng carpet producing units 120 cotton cloth units 150 silk production units 200 rural handicrafts common
h handicraft marketing is no longer organized: many buyers live outside the district;in refugee camps, who have access to better materials, designs and markets.
Low investment is credited to:lack of available raw materials, lack of agricultural inputs, poor education and training, high costs for materials, insecure conditions for investment.
Trade: exports: dried fruit, sheep, cotton, goats, karakul, hides, wool, carpets
imports: vegetable oil Malaysia, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan sugar FSU wheat Turkey, Iran tea China, India, Iran soap Iran, FSU fuel FSU candy FSU medicine Iran, India, FSU footwear Iran, FSU, Pakistan matches FSU, Pakistan
BALKH 3 IV. INFRASTRUCTURE
Water: shallow wells 70 with hand pumps 30 reconstruction of deep well and netword continues all Hasan Aband residents have their own wells, with concrete linings and occasionally, pumps Haji Kote has a deep well and piping netword; all households have wells * prewar, 90% had no access to safe water
Power: * electricity available to most villages in the district (prewar, only the center had power) 1 -300 KW Afs 15 /KW 300 -600 KW Afs 20 /KW 600 -- KW Afs 30 /KW
Telecom: available only in city center for access in city center
Roads: * village to village roads 90 * all connected to Mazar -- Shibirghan highway * most roads are gravelled
Buildings: 5% houses require rehabilitation * 10% population requires housing due to population increase almost all villagers have their own houses with facilities * many if not most public buildings have been converted to private or business use, often by'Dcal commanders * major mechanized agricultural research station and most industrial plants are controlled by political parties of commanders
V. SOCIAL SERVICES
Schools and colleges * boys schools 14 * girls schools 3 * school -going population 40% (55% prewar) * colleges 0 * 20 male students from the area enrolled in university in Mazar * Hasan Abad village has no schools; students attend Haji Kote schools (5% of girls, higher for boys) * government buildings 20 * usable 5
Health care
health clinic 1 ` male doctors 4 female doctors 2 vaccination semi -anually
* hospital 1 male staff 0% female staff 20%
BALKH: 4 staff salaries underwritten with external assistance
VI. FINANCES
Currencies: ' Dostum bank notes available, but readily exchanged for US dollars ' 3000 Dostum notes = 1000 other Afghani notes
Exchange rate increases (October 1996 - April 1997)
Credit:
Banks: Agricultural development bank and Industrial bank no longer operate
Taxes:
Wages: increases during past 12 months unskilled worker up 100% ' skilled worker up 150% unskilled construction up 50% low scale government worker no change
Prices: Haji Kote village
unit current price last year's price flour Kg 14300 02900 rice Kg 42859 04300 sugar Kg 29000 07000 tea Kg 12000 07000 eggs Pc 03000 00250 meat Kg 80000 45000 beans Kg 25000 03500 peas Kg 21400 03600 dal Kg 1500C 01800 kerosene Lt 14000 01000 cooking oil Kg 60000 05000 fuel wood Kg 00860 00170 cement Bg 320000 04000
VII. EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE
SAVE /US loans for tailoring, embroidery, sheep raising SAVE /US 10% interest loans (6 months) for widows and poor women UNICEF vaccinations Red Cross hospital assistance UNICEF hospital assistance WFP water. roads, schools, clinics, income generation, sanitation UNICEF SAVE /US SCA
BALKH: 5 U _1 DEHDADI DISTRICT, BALKH PROVINCE
DATES VISITED: 28-29 MARCH 1997
VILLAGES VISITED: DEHDADI AND SURROUNDING SUB- VILLAGES, SHERABAD AND SURROUNDING SUB- VILLAGES, VILLAGES CLOSE TO POWER AND FERTILISER FACTORY
POPULATION
Population 61,000 (8700 families)
Ethnic composition Tajik 90% Pukhtun 06% Uzbek 02% Turkman 01% Others 01%
Refugee repatriation Tajik 60% Others 40%
Displaced families: 20000
Female headed house holds: 80 -90 children / household 3 --4 Female headed IDPs households: 10 -12
Disabled persons: 245 Aaults 220 Children 25 Employment * agriculture 55% * trade 25% * infrastructure repair 05% * manufacturing 15%
Population characteristics: estimated growth rate 21% (1990 -1997)
* larger settled population than before the war. * many IDPs are officials who worked with theNajibullah government * women move freely throughout the district * female headed households are engaged in income generationactivities. * 25 % of population originated from other provinces of Afghanistan II. LAND AND TERRAIN
"agriculture lands 60% * mountains 30% rangelands 10%
Demining: generally completed
Irrigation source: 18 Nahr Balkh
Irrigation conditions rehabilitated completely
DE'^DADI: 1 Average land holding size: 8 jeribs / family
Landlord share: 05% landlords with tenants 95% small cultivators
Agriculture production: 60% fruit cultivation:grapes, almond, apple, peach, apricot 40 % all other cultivation
first season 25 % wheat 05% forages 10% vegetables
second season 10% forages 15% vegetables 15% melons
Income generating activities for small land holders: animal husbandry, poultry raising 70% daily labour 30%
Environmental problems: deforestation, air pollution (manufacturing)
Major characteristics: more than 55% of villagers engaged in agriculture hashish is cultivated and consumed by the villagers.
III. PRODUCTION AND INVESTMENT
Manufacturing: Urea fertiliser production
Trade: exports 80 % raisins to central Asia 70 % almonds to central Asia 80 % fruits to other provinces in Afghanistan 95% vegetables sent to Mazar
, sugar, imports wheat , medicines, tea, sugar, clothing fuel:from Mazar
IV. INFRASTRUCTURE
Water: 60% of population use water from canal 40% of population use water from private wells
Power: 10 -15% of population have access: close to military base(s) and /or fertiliser factory.
Telecom: in government installations
Roads: village to village roads accessible
Buildings: " 90% government building rehabilitated.
DEHDADI: 2 * 20% expansion of residential houses
V. SOCIAL SERVICES
Schools: boys 2 girls 1
more children attending school at some level than prewar girls are attending schools through grade 12
Colleges: none available
Health care: 2 basic health units 70 % personnel male, 30 % female 40 % of population have access to health care vaccination program supported by UNICEF 4 clinics staffed by private doctors. 6 clinics staffed by dispensers and nurses
VI. FINANCE
Currencies:
*Najibullah government Afghanis: 500 & 1000 notes Rabbani government Afghanis: 1000, 5000 and 10,000 notes. Dostum government Afghanis: 1000 and 10,000 notes in high quantities Najibullal, and Rabbani Afghanis = 2.5 Dostumi Afghanis
Exchange rate increase ( April 1996 -- April 1997) (Mazar money exchange) US dollar up 700 Pakistani rupees up 800% Pound sterling n.a. Dutch mark n.a.
Credit: limited to small family loans
Banks: none operating
Taxes: variable shop and business centres agricultural if exported. property, when preparing documents
Wages: increase in past 12 months:
unskilled agricultural worker up 360% skilled agricultural worker up 330% unskilled construction worker up 360% skilled construction worker up 330% teacher no change government worker no change
DEHCADI: 3 Prices:increases within past 12 months:
food 530% *transport 620%
VII. EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE rehabilitation has been Low -scale, multi -sectoral assistancehas been available in the past, and sustained.
Health SCA, UNICEF, WHO Education NRC /NPO Agriculture / veterinary NRC /NPO Income generation UNOPS, WFP, SCF(USA) Bakery support WFP
VIII. GOVERNANCE
DEHDADI: 4 Local Government Structure - Northern Region Dehdadi District, Balkh Province District Administrator Govenor Deputy District Administrator Administration Department District Administrator Justice Department Magistrate Department Education Department Property Department [ Statistics Department NARRI SHAHI DISTRICT, BALKH PROVINCE
DATES VISITED: 27, 29 MARCH 1997
VILLAGES VISITED: BABA YADGAR, SHIR ABAD
I. POPULATION
Population (entire district) 157,000 Male 51% Female 49% Children under 10 25%
Ethnic composition Pukhtun 15% Tajik 70% Uzbek, Hazara 15%
Refugee repatriation 175 households Puhtun 35 households Tajik 135 households Hazara 5 households Displaced families: 207 households Disabled AdI ilts 316 Children 38
Female- headed households 285 Rehabilitation /income generation (widows /disabled) Employment / Income Agriculture 80% Trade 5% Infrastructure repair 5% Manufacturing 10% (handicrafts)
Population characteristics: Table comparing villages IIIIIIItI
Il. LAND AND TERRAIN
Area: 1880 square kilometer
Agricultural lands 75% Mountains Range land 15% Forest
NAHRI SHAHI: 1 Riverbed Swamp Desert
Dernining: all roads are cleared Irrigation source: River Balkab Irrigation conditions: reinforced from river by WFP Average landholding: 10 - 400 per household Landlord share
1/4 owner provides land, water and 3/4 inputs, sharecropper provides manpower and 1/4 expenses; profits divided 3:1 2/9 owner provides land, water and 7/9 of seed plus expneses; sharecropper provides power and 2/9 of seed; profits divided 7:2 1/2 owner provides land and water, sharecropper provides manpower and expenses; profits are divided equally
Agricultural production: winter cotton 20% oil crops 25% corn 10% summer wheat 80% barley 05% fruits 05% vegetables 25%
Livestock: sheep, Karakul, goats. cattle, horses, camels, donkeys
Income gererating activities for small landholders: Evironmental problems: dust from road construction (within famrs) damages crops Primary characteristics: prewar, women participated in agricultural activities; now, insecurity limits them to households affairs inadequate number of experienced farmers water is insufficient, often taken by force upstrea, livestock frequently stolen by force range lands often inaccessible due to disputes among commanders no longer oil cake production by gin factory
III. PRODUCTION AND INVESTMENT
Manufacturing:
Services:
Trade: * exports: carpets, sheep, goats. karakul, hides, wool, cotton, cumin, medicinal herbs
imports. ghee Malaysia, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan sugar FSU
NAHRI SHAH: 2 wheat Turkey, Iran tea China, India, Iran soap Iran, FSU fuel oil FSU candies FSU, Iran cloth Pakistan, Iran medicine Iran, India, Pakistan matches FSU, Pakistan
IV. INFRASTRUCTURE
Water: 7 shallow wells, stream and pool water
Power: electricity available 1 -300 KW Afs. 15 / KW 300 -600 KW Afs. 20 / KW 600 -- Afs. 30 / KW
Telecom: not available
Roads: village -to- village roads available, almost all connected to main road leading to Mazar -i- Sharif; many roads gravelled and repaired
Buildings: most residents have their own houses, often new and with facilities
V. SOCIAL SERVICES
Schools and colleges Bol:s 6 Girls 2 Colleges 0
Health care none available
Government buildings 12 Usable 5
VI. FINANCES
Currencies:
Exchange rates: no currency market
Credit: family lending
Banks: none available
Taxes: not collected
Wages. increases in last 12 months: unskilled worker up 75% skilled worker up 35% low scale government employee no change
NAHRI SHAHI: 3 Prices:
unit current prices last year's prices wheat Kg 12800 01700 rice Kg 42800 08400 sugar Kg 27000 07000 tea Kg 110000 40000 eggs Pc 03000 00500 meat Kg 100000 15000 beans Kg 15700 02900 peas Kg 22800 05000 dal Kg 15700 02600 kerosene Lt 15000 00900 cooking oil Kg 68500 10000 fuel wood Kg 01500 00857
VII . EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE
None to date.
VII. GOVERNANCE
NAHRI SHAHI: 4 Nahri Shahi District, Balkh ProvinceLocal Government Structure District Administrator Governor Justice Department Magistrate Department Islamic Teaching Department DepartmentAgriculture Security Government Structure Herat Province Foreign Relations Department Governor LiaisonDistrict Administration& Administration Department
Justice Department I Magistrate Department Education hepartment Revenue Department Security l Islamic Teaching Department Agriculture Department Municipality Department Health Department Customs Department ENJIL DISTRICT, HERAT PROVINCE
DATE VISITED: 9 APRIL 1997
VILLAGES VISITED: GHAIBATAN
POPULATION
Population (Entire district) 24 586 housholds Male 45 % Female 55
Ethnic composition Pukhtun 10% Tajik 90
Refugee repatriation 5 500 households Pukhtun 06 Tajik 94
Displaced families 300 households
Disabled 200 Adults 95 Children 05%
Female headed households 250
Ghaibatan Village
Population 100 households Pukhtun 05% Tajik 95%
Male 40% Female 60% Children under 10 08%
Returned refugees 100 households Pukhtun 95 households Tajik 05 households
Internally displaced 0
Female- headed households 10 households children /family 04
Disabled Adults 08 Children 04
Population characteristics: ' During the war, Ghaibatan village was at the front line and the entire village fled to Iran, leaving the village abandoned. All vegetation died and infrastructure was destroyed or heavily damaged.
ENJIL: 1 Widows are helped by relatives and neighbors: they also earn money by keeping cows and selling dairy products, raising chickens and selling both chickens and eggs, and by seling hand embroideries
Agriculture: 90%
Trade:
Infrastructure repair: 02%
Manufacturing:
Parallel economy:
II. Land and Terrain :
Agricultural land 100 % Irrigated 100 %
Land owners 75 % Landless 25 %
Demining: all roads are cleared and the village is cleared in leshi Ghaibatan 20 jeribs are still mined
Irrigation source: Hari Rod river
Irrigation coilditions: * shortage of water because located down st re em *intake is sandy dike subject to wash
Average land holding: 4 jeribs / household
Size of land holdings
Large owners 05% Medium owners 25 Small owners 70 %
Agriculture production
Winter Crops: Peas 10% of land
Summer Crops Wheat 75 Barley 05 Clover 10 %
Livestock: Sheep, goats, donkeys and cattle
Income generation activities for small holders:
ENJIL: 2 labor work in Iran selling dairy products daily wage work selling fuel oil in bazaar donkey drawn carts
Environmental problems: none reported
Primary characteristics: shortage of irrigation water:in winter, only 10% of the land is arable high costs of fertilizer lack of improved seed
III. PRODUCTION AND INVESTMENT
Manufacturing: none
Services: none
Trade:
exports: Wheat, barley, eggs, clover seed, peas, sheep and goats
imports: vegetable oil, sugar, tea, soap, fuel oil, cloth, medicines and footwear
IV. INFRASTRUCTURE:
Water: one shallow well and one semi deep with wind pump
Power: none available
Telcome: none available
Buildings: 90% of families have shelter
V. SOCIAL SECTOR:
Schools and colleges:
Boys: 1 Girls 0 Colleges 0
Health care: Clinics 0 Hospitals 0
Government building: 13 Usable 9
VI. FINANCE
ENJIL: 3 Currencies: Najibullah and Rabani government notes
Exchange rate increases: no money market
Credit: family lending
Bank: none available
Taxes: ushr and zakat
Wages: increases in past 12 months
Unskilled worker up 67 % Skilled worker up 50%
Prices :increases in past 12 months:
Commodities Units Current price Last year's price
Wheat Kg 7000 2 000 Rice Kg 6250 1500 Sugar Kg 12000 10000 Tea Kg 80000 50000
Eggs Pcs 1 500 500 Meat Kg 30000 12000 Beans Kg 12 000 8000 Peas Kg 8000 4000 Kerosene Gal 37500 17500 Cooking oil Kg 28000 9000 Fuel wood 4 Kg 6000 3500 Cement Bag 100000 40000
VII. EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE
None to date
VII. GOVERNANCE
ENJiL: 4 R I= 0a)
5) --I`5. -- GUZARA DISTRICT, HERAT PROVINCE
DATE VISITED: 7 -9 APRIL 1997
VILLAGES VISITED: KURTI SUFLA AND URDO BAGH
POPULATION
Population (Entire district) 14 700 households Male 53 Female 47 %
Ethnic composition Pukhtun 25 % Tajik 70 %
Refugees repatriation 2 500 households
Displaced families 150
Disabled 300
Female headed house holds 450
Urdo Bagh Kurti Sufla
Population 400 households 500 households Pukhtun 40 % 30 % Tajik 35 % 70 % Zoori 25%
Male 54 % 60 % Female 55 % 40 children under 10 20 % 25 %
Refugee repatriation 140 households no refugees Pukhtun 90 households Tajik 50 households
Internally displaced 35 households 40 households
Female headed HH 40 households 32 households
Children/ HH 4 Persons 7 Persons
Disabled 15 adults 16 children, 64 adults
Employment
GUZARA: 1 Trade: 5% of the population is involved in trade and 4% in transport.
Infrastructure repair: Almost all schools and clinics are repaired
Manufacturing: Herat silo, cotton gin and press factory, ice making factory, textile mill
Parallel economy: none
II. Land and terrain
District area: 1609 square kilometers 120 villages
Urdo Bagh Kurti Sufla
Agricultural land 40 % 35 % Irrigated 100 % 100 %
Desert 60 % 65 %
Average landholding 47 -70 jeribs /household
Land owners 75 % 60 % Large owners 20 % 10 % Medium owners 30 % 30 Small owners 50 % 60 Land:ess 25% 60%
Landlord shares: ` One fourth (1/4):Owner provides land, water and all other costs, sharecropper provides manpower. Profits divided 3:1. One half (1/2):Owner provides land and water, sharecropper provides all other costs and labor; profits are divided 1:1.
Demining: roads and residential areas are generally cleared
Irrigation source: Hari Rod river
Irrigation conditions: Water rise in spring washes away the intakes from river
Agricultural production:
Urdo Bagh Kurti Sufla
Winter crops rice 10 % 50 % cotton 3 % peas 15% 12% Summer crops wheat 70 °,ó 50 % barley 5 % 2 %
GUZARA 2 fruits 25% 20% vegetables 30% 35%
Income generation activities of small land holders: * seasonal work in Iran * share cropping *daily wage labor works " shop keeper in local bazaar
Environmental problems: flooding, water contamination
Primary characteristics: * low investment due to uncertainty and fear * inadequate government controls on economy to organize and direct trade and provide credit *insufficient jobs; low income but high costs * women are not involved in activities out of the house *silk worm raising is common female activity scarcity and high cost of fertilizer * plant and animal diseases, pest infestation but lack of pesticides *lack of improved seed * water shortages in summer
III. PRODUCTION AND INVESTMENT
Manufacturing: House hold carpet production units
Trade: exports: vegetables, wheat, barley, rice. fruits, melons, sheep, goats,eggs, chickens and carpets impocts: cloths, medicines, footwear, soap, vegetable oil, fuel oil, tea, sugar, salt and candies
IV. INFRASTRUCTURE
Water: 70% of population in both villages have shallow wells
Power: none available
Telcom: none available except in district offices.
Roads: Village to village roads connected to the main highway from Herat to Kandahar. All road are cleared of mines.
Buildings 20% of Urdo Bagh and 10% of Kurt villagers do not have shelters because they do not have land on which to build
V. SOCIAL SERVICES
Schools and colleges: Boys 4
Girls 1 ( closed) Colleges 0
GUZARA: 3 Health care:
Clinics 1 Hospitals 0
Government buildings: 16 Usable: 7
VI. FINANCE
Currencies: ' Afs. 500, 1000, 5000 and 10 000 bank notes of Najibullah and Rabani governments; ' limited number So and 100 notes are in circulation
Exchange rate increases (October 1996 -- April 1997)
US Dollar 1: 23700 Pakistani Rupee 1: 577 Iran Turnan 1: 49
Wages: increases in past 12 months:
Urdo Bagh village:
Unskilled worker up50% Skilled worker up33% Low scale government servant up53(Yo
Wages: Kurti Sufla Village
Unskilled wor'cer up 50 % Skilled worker up 37
Prices: Urdo Bagh village:
Units Current price Last year's price
Wheat Kg 7 500 01750 Rice Kg 11 250 03750 Sugar Kg 12 000 07000 Tea Kg 100 000 65000 Eggs Pcs 1 500 0 1100 Meat Kg 30 000 1 6 000 Beans Kg 6 000 0 4 000 Peas Kg 6 000 04 000 Dal Kg 8 000 04 000 Kerose Gal 40 000 25 000 Cooking oil Kg 22 000 15 000 Fuel wood Kg 750 00300 Cement Bag 120 000 45 000
Prices:Kurti Sufla village Units Current price Last year's price
Wheat Kg 7 500 2 000 Rice Kg 12 500 4 500
GUZARA: 4 Sugar Kg 11 000 6 000 Tea Kg 100 000 49 000 Eggs Pcs 1 500 500 Meat Kg 30 000 12 000 Beans Kg 10 000 4 000 Peas Kg 12 000 5 000 Kerosene Gal 40 000 20 000 Cooking oil Kg 25 000 10 000 Fuel wood Kg 900 400
VII. EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE
Drinking water DACAAR Health UNICEF Skil training CA Agriculture CA
VIII. GOVERNANACE
GUZARA: 5 Guzara District,Local Herat Government Province Structure District Administrator Governor Just,c.e Department Ma:p strate Deparlrnent Islamic Teaching Department DepartmentAgriculture Security KUSHK DISTRICT, HERAT PROVINCE
DATE VISITED: 4 APRIL 1997
VILLAGES VISITED: RABATI SANGI
POPULATION
Population (Entire district) 8857 Households Male 50% Female 50
Ethnic composition Pukhtun 20% Tajik 80%
Refugee returnees 1370 HH
Displaced families
Disabled 100
Female headed house holds 200
Rehabilitation /income generation (widows /disabled) None to date
Population : (Rabati Sangi village)
Population 200 Households Male 55% Female 45% Children under 10 25%
Ethnic Composition Pukhtun 25 Tajik 75%
Returnees 45 Households - Pashtoons 5 Households - Tajik 40 Households
Displaced families none
Disabled 12 adults
Female headed house holds 200 children / household 5
Employment and income: agriculture 80% sheeps and goats 10%
KUSHK: 1 trade 5% manufacturing "carpets *tents
Population characteristics: " Women do not work outside of the house Widows are aided by family " Large land owners and traders live outside the district
II. Land and Terrain
Area: 2049 Square kilometer
Agricultural land 65 % Mountains Range land 35 % Forest River bed Swamp Desert
Demining: all roads are cleared as are former Soviet bases
Irrigation source: Kushk river
Irrigation condition: " Intakes are sandy dikes that are easily be washed by flood " Water level decreases in summer
Average land holding: 20 - 100 jeribs per house hold
Landlord Share: n.a.
Size of land holdings: " Large owners 25 " Medium 40 % Small 45 %
Agriculture production:
Winter crops Vegetables 15 % (land used) Forages 25 Fruits 0 2 %
Summer crops Wheat 70 % Carabya 40
Livestock: Sheep,goats, cattle and donkeys
Income generation for small land holders: " sharecropping daily wage labor shop keeper
KUSHK: 2 Environmental problems: none cited
Primary characteristics
Women are not involved in activities outside of the house " Lack of improved seeds " Water shortages " Lack of investment of money holders in the village Inadequate farm labor: villagers go to Iran to work * Lack of fertilizer
III. PRODUCTION AND INVESTMENT
Manufacturing: " household -based carpet production units household -based tent (palas) production
Trade: Exports: sheep, goats, hides, carabya, barley, wheat, wool and carpets Imports: tea, sugar, vegetable oil, kerosene, fuel oils, footwear, cloths and medicines.
Import/export movements: (based on Tur Ghundi port and transportation director, official monthly report for Hoot, 1375 Feb. 20 - March 20, 1997):
A. Exports
1. Citrus from Pakistan: 28 trucks for 2.5 months 2. Rugs: 2 containers/ month 3. Raisins: 40 trucks/ month for 3 months 4. Pistatio: 8 trucks/ month for 3 months
B. Imports
Items Amounts(Ton) No of Trucks
1. Cement 4175 120 2. Fertilizer 4007 113 3. Metals (old) 5899 152 4. China 5 1 5. Tea 172 9 6. Sugar 772 25 7. Cotton 111 3 8. Containers 2574 118 9. Aluminum 529 24 10. Sund (thread) 163 6 11. Construction wood 118 4 12. Sheet Metal 179 7 13. Iron (steel bar) 14 2 14. UN Aids 44 2 15. Electronics 5 1 16. Dry Milk 24 1
KUSHK: 3 The average income per dayof the port is recorded Afs. 88 190603.
Main economic problems: Insecure enviroment leads tofear to invest money primary investments: land, tractors,livestock) ' Lack of mobility to otherprovinces of Afghanistan Shortages of irrigation water Lack of jobs and low income * High costs ' Absence of credit
IV. INFRASTRUCTURE
Water: streams and karizes.
Power: none available
Telecom: none available, onewireless in the district office main highway from Herat to Tur Roads: village -to- village are connected to the Ghundi: all roads are cleared of mines,but repairs are needed
homes Buildings: all families have shelter, including many new
V. SOCIAL SERVICES
Schools and colleges Boys 1 Girls none available Colleges none available
Health care: none available
Government buildings 10 Usable: 7
VI. FINANCE
Currencies: * 500, 1 000,5 000 and 10 000 notes of Najibullahand Rabani * minimum number of 500 notesof Daud no exchange market Exchange rates increases (October 1996 - April 1997):
Credit: friends and family lending
Bank: none available
Taxes: ' no formal taxes yet Taliban collects usher and zakat onagricultural products and livestock
KUSHK: 4 Wages: increase in the last 12 months:
Unskilled agricultural worker up 67% Skilled worker up 38 % Low scale government servant up 50 %
Prices (Afghanis)
Commodities Units Current price Last year's price
Wheat Kg 6500 1 500 Rice Kg 7500 2000 Sugar Kg 10000 6000 Tea Kg 100000 60000 Eggs Pcs 1200 500 Meat Kg 25000 10000 Beans Kg 13000 9000 Peas Kg 9000 8000 Kerosene L 8000 2400 Cooking oil Kg 25000 14000 Fuel wood Kg 1 250 750 Cement Bag 80 000 40 000
(dollar exchange rate determines daily PRICE)
VII. ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS
None to date
VIII. GOVERNANCE
KUSHK: 5 ZINDA JAN DISTRICT, HERAT PROVIN CE
DATE VISITED: 11 April 1997
VILLAGES VISITED: SHIKIBANI MARAY
POPULATION
Population (Entire district) 5 130 households Male 47% Female 53
Ethnic composition Pukhtun 10% Tajik 80 Others 10
Refugee repatriation 1500 households Pukhtun 5 % Tajik 90 Others 05 %
Displaced families 0
Disabled 98 adults, 2 children
Female headed house holds 200
Population: Shikibani Marway village 850 households Pukhtun 0 Tajik 0 Marway 100 %
Male 48 % Female 52 % Children under 10 28
Returned refugees 510 households Pukhtun 0 Tajik 0 Marway 100 (80% of the village fled to Iran during the war)
Internally displaced 0
Widows 30 households
children/ household 5 Persons
Disabled 40 Persons adults 60 % children 40 %
ZINDA JAN: 1 Employment / income:
agriculture: 85% trade: 02 % infrastructure repair: 02 % manufacturing: 15 % (carpet weaving)
II. Land and Terrain :
agricultural lands 40 % * irrigated 100 % * rainfed 0 range lands 60 %
Land owners 40 % Landless 60 %
Demining: *village and all roads are cleared * 200 jeribs of range land yet to be cleared
Irrigation source: Hari Rod river
Irrigation conditions: * water shortage because located downstream *intake is sandy dike subject to wash
Average land holding: 20 jerib / household
Size of lanc, holdings * large plots 10 % * medium plots 30 % * small plots 60 %
Agriculture production :
* winter Crops: beans and peas 15%
summer Crops wheat 70 barley 15 clover 05% fruits 01% vegetables 10%
livestock: sheep, goats, donkeys and cattle
Income generation activities for small landholders: 90 % construction labor work in Iran " share cropper * daily wage labor merchants
Environmental problems: flooding; trees are cut or dried
ZINDA JAN:2 Primary characteristics: shortage of irrigation water lack of fertilizer lack of improved seed lack of silk worm eggs " high wages for oxen and tractor
III. PRODUCTION AND INVESTMENT
Manufacturing: 15%
Trade: 0
Exports: Hide, wheat, clover seed. onions, sesame, peas, sheep, goats, melons and carabya
Imports: vegetable oil, sugar, rice, tea, soap, fuel oil, cloth, medicines and footwear
IV. INFRASTRUCTURE
Water: * most households have private well's * 12 community wells constructed by DACAAR
Power: none available
Telecom: none available
Buildings: " 80% of families have shelter * 20% of families sharing quarters
Roads: village to village road connected to Herat -Islam Qala road
V. SOCIAL SERVICES
Schools:
Boys: 1 Girls 0 Colleges 0
Health care:
Clinics 1 Hospitals 0
Government buildings 10 Usable 4
VI. FINANCE
Currencies: Najibullah and Rabbani government notes available
ZINDA ,IAN'3 Exchange rate increases no exchange market
Credit: family lending
Bank: none available
Taxes: none collected
Wages: increases in past 12 months: ' unskilled worker up54% ' skilled worker up 50% unskilled construction worker up 47% low scale government worker up 44%
Prices :
Units Current price Last year's price
Wheat Kg 05 500 02 000 Rice Kg 13 750 05 000 Sugar Kg 13 000 06 000 Tea Kg 80 000 42 000 Eggs Pc 01 000 00 400 Meat Kg 25 000 12 000 Peas Kg 10 000 05 000 Kerosene Gal 35 000 18 000 Cooking oil Kg 24 000 09 000 Fuel wood Kg 01 500 00 600
VII. EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE
None
VII. GOVERNANCE
ZINDA JAN: 4 Zinda Jan District, Herat ProvinceLocal Government Structure District Administrator Governor
; Justice Department 1 1 Madistrate Department Education Department l DepartmentAgnculture Security Islamic Teaching Department ARGHANDAB DISTRICT, KANDAHAR PROVINCE
DATES VISITED: 09 APRIL - 12 APRIL 1997
VILLAGES VISITED: SARDA, CHAR QULBA, GUL QALA, MIRA KHAN, MAZAR, MIA ()ALA, KHOWAJA MULK, SENZARY, DEH SABZI, BABUR QALA, DURAHI SHAH AGHA
POPULATION
Population 75,000 (9400 families) Average family size 8 persons
Ethnic composition Puskhtun 98% Sadaat 02%
Refugee repatriation Pukhtun 84% Sadaat 01%
Displaced families: 180 -200
Female headed households: 90 -100 children /household 3 -5
IDPs
Female headed IDPs households: 1 -12
Disabled persons: 200 -250 Adults 200 Children 25
Employment Agriculture 75% Trade 20% Infrastructure repair 04% Manufacturing 01%
Population Characteristics: Estimated growth rate 17% (1990 - 1997) Majority ethnic group in the district is Alkozai (75 %). Some repatriated families (2 -4 %) retain members in Quetta
II. LAND AND TERRAIN
Agriculture lands 35% Mountains 10% Range lands 45% River bed 05%
Demining generally completed mine awareness generally completed
ARGHANDAB: 1 Irrigation source: Arghandab river
Irrigation conditions: 98%
Average and holding size: 8 jeribs / family
Landlord share: 10% landlords with tenants 90% small cultivators
Agriculture production:
first season 25% cultivated land 70% wheat 05% vegetables 10% forages 15% poppy
second season 15% vegetables 10% forages
Income generating activities for small landholder: 60% animal husbandry, 25% labour 15% handicrafts
Environmental problems: deforestation, soil erosion, flooding
Major characteristics: more than 755% of villagers engaged in agriculture 70 °/ arable land covered with fruit gardens Arghandab river divides the district in two pails.
III. PRODUCTION AND INVESTMENT
Manufacturing: handicrafts (embroidery)
Trade: exports 80% of fruit directly to Quetta 20% of fruit to Kandahar city
impolis: wheat , rice, medicines, tea, sugar, clothing, fertilisers, sweets, soap: from Kandahar city
IV, INFRASTRUCTURE
Water: 10 -15% access to clean water 85 -90% water streams and wells in houses.
Power : none available
Telecom : none available
Roads : village to village roads accessible
ARGHANDAB: 2 Buildings: 80% disrepair 2 -3 times houses eetended, repaired
V. SOCIAL SERVICES
Schools: 1000 boys attending 6 schools up to grade VI no schools for girls
Colleges: none available
Health care: 1 basic health unit, 100 °%o male personnel. 2 medical stores run by nurses 8 medical stores run by Quakers. vaccination program supported by UNICEF
VI. FINANCE
Currencies: Najibullah printed Afghanis: 500 & 1000 notes Rabbani printed Afghanis: 1000, 5000 and 10,000 notes.
Exchange rate increases: no currency market
Credit: small family loan
Banks: none available
Taxes: ushr and zakat (high quantity)
Wages:increases within past 12 months:
unskilled agricultural worker up 200% skilled agricultural worker no change unskilled construction worker up 90% skilled construction worker up 100% teacher no change government worker no changes
Prices: increases within past 12 months:
food up 160% transport up 300% services up 130%
VII. EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE
low -scale multisectoral assistance has been available in the past rehabilitation has been sustained.
ARGHANDAB: 3 Local Government Structure Arghandab District, Kandahar Province Governor District Administrator Deputy District Administrator Deputy JudgeDepartment Finance Department Islamic Teaching Department Security DAND DISTRICT, KANDAHAR PROVINCE
Dates visited: 11 April 1997
Villages visited: Malistan, Baladai, vicinity of Kandahar city
POPULATION
Population 140.000 (17500 families)
Ethnic composition Pushpin 96% Others 04%
Refugee repatriation Pushpin 25%
Displaced families: n.a.
Female headed households: not returned
Female headed IDP households: n.a.
Disabled persons: n.a.
Employment * Agriculture 65% Trade 30% Infrastructure repair 05% Mai tufacturing 00%
Population Characteristics: * estimated growth rate 21% (1990- -1997) * more repatriation expected in the year * repatriated families retain some members in Quetta Hudus and Qizelbash lived and possessed property here before war; theynow live in Kandahar. traditional community leadership is reviving.
Il. LAND AND TERRAIN
Agriculture lands 80% (40% rehabilitated) Mountains 10% Range lands 10%
Demining Demining programmes ongoing Mine awareness programmes ongoing
Irrigation source: Arghandab river
Irrigation condition: 70% canals rehabilitated
Average land holding size: 8 jeribs / family
DAND:I Landlord share: * landlords with tenants 10% * small cultivators 90%
Agriculture production
first season 60% cultivated land 75% wheat 15% vegetables 10% forages
second season 10% poppy 10% vegetables 05% forages
Income generating activities from small land holder: animal husbandry 60% labour 15% small business 25%
Environmental problems: deforestation; smoke from brick klins.
III. PRODUCTION AND INVESTMENT
Manufacturing: n.a.
Trade: exports not developed
imports wheat , medicines, tea, sugar, clothing, f fertilisers, sweets, soap from Kandahar city
IV. INFRASTRUCTURE
Water: 90% water from streams 10% possess private wells
Power: none available
Telecom: none available
Roads village to village roads accessible
Buildings government buildings 70% in disrepair *residential buildings 80% destroyed
V. SOCIAL SERVICES
Schools none available
Colleges none available
Health care no basic health unit,
DAND:2 health facilities in Kandahar city. UNICEF vaccination program
VI. FINANCE
Currencies * Najibullah government Afghanis:500 & 1000 notes * Rabbani government Afghanis:1000, 5000 and 10,000 notes.
Exchange rate increases Kandahar city: January 1996 -- April 1997
US$ up 600% * Pakistani rupees up 400% Pound sterling up 600% Deutsch mark up 550%
Credit: small family loans
Banks: none available
Taxes: Ushr and Zakat (minimal collection) Transit tax for goods
Wages:increases within past 12 months:
*unskilled agricultural worker up 190% * skilled agricultural worker harvest -based *unskilled construction worker up 190% * skilled construction worker up 130% * teacher no change * government workers no change
Prices:increases within past 12 months:
food up 190% transport up 250%
VII. EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE
low -level multi -sectoral assistance has been available in the past * rehabilitation has been sustained.
Irrigation UNOPS, UNHCR Water Supply DACAAR Bakery support WFP Demining MCPA, DAFA, ATC & MDC
VIII. GOVERNANCE
DAND: 3 Local Government Structure Dand District, Kandahar Province Governor District Administrator Deputy District Administrator Just .e Department Deputy JudgeDepartment Finance Department Islamic Teaching Department Security SHIGA DISTRICT, KANDAHARPROVINCE
DATES VISITED: 8, 10 APRIL 1997
VILLAGES VISITED : NAZAR MOHAMMAD QALA. ABDULLAH JAN QALA, MOMEN QALA, AMIN KAHAN WALA, TAKHAT PUL, MIR AHMAD KHAN QALA
I. POPULATION
Population 8,300 (1040 families)
Ethnic composition Pukhtun 100% Average family size 8
Refugee repatriation Pukhtun 85% of refugee families
Displaced families: 2.4% of total families
Female headed households: 0.4% of total families Children per household 4 -6
Female headed IDP households: 0.8% of total families
Disabled persons: 2.9% of total families 0.36% of total population Employment Agriculture 80% Trade 13% Infrastructure repair 05% Manufacturing 02%
Population Characteristics: Estimated growth rate: 25% (1990 --1997) More than 90% of population are Achakzai Most the residents retain some family in Quetta. Movement of females outside the home is not restricted. Community cooperates with aid agencies in the district. Community supports female headed families as well as disabled persons.
II. LAND AND TERRAIN
Agriculture lands 05% Mountains 05% Range lands 90%
Demining Generally completed.
Irrigation source: Dori river, karizes
Irrigation conditions: 30% canals rehabilitated 80% karizes repaired
Average land holding size: 10 jeribs / family
SHIGA: 1 Landlord share: " Landlords with tenants 10% Small cultivators 85% Sharecroppers 05%
Agriculture production:
first season 80 % wheat 10% forages 10% vegetables, potatoes, onion
second season 10% forages 10% vegetables 05% melons
Income generating activities for small land holders: " 70% animal husbandry 20% daily labour * 10% small business
Environmental problems: deforestation soil erosion flooding
Major Characteristics: more than 80% of villagers engaged in agriculture year -round water shortage for irrigation; summers particularly difficult " 2/3 of arable land not irrigated pu.nping water from the river introduced, 1/2 share for provision of water.
Ill.PRODUCTION AND INVESTMENT
Manufacturing: Rugs and caps
Services:
Trade: exports * 40 % imported goods from Afghanistan to Pakistan * 100% transit goods between Pakistan and Turkmenistan * primary trade links with Spin Boldak
imports " wheat , medicines, tea, sugar, clothing, fertilizers from Spin Boldak *tea. sweets, soap from Kandahar
IV. INFRASTRUCTURE
Water: 60% access to well water 20% access to karizes 20% access water from streams.
Power none available
SHIGA: 2 Telecom : none available
Roads : village to village roads accessible
Buildings no local government buildings 2 -3 times number and size of prewar residences
V. SOCIAL SERVICES
Schools none available
College none available
Health care no basic health unit no access to health care * vaccination campaign supported by UNICEF * 1 small clinic staffed by shopkeeper (pharmacist)
VI. FINANCE
Currencies: Najibullah Afghanis: 500 & 1000 notes Rabbani Afghanis: 1000, 5000 and 10,000 notes.
Exchange rate increases ( April 1997- April 1996) * US$ n.a. * Pakistani rupees up 60% * Pound sterling n.a. * Deutch mark n.a. (Exchange rates taken form Kandahar money exchange market.)
Credit: small) family loans
Banks: none operating
Taxes * minimal Ushr and Zakat * road tariffs for goods passing through the district
Wages:increases within past 12 months: unskilled agricultural worker up 200% skilled agricultural worker 1/4 products per season (average) unskilled construction worker up 100% skilled construction worker up 50% teacher no change government workers no change
Prices: increases within past 12 months: food up 150% clothing n.a.
SHIGA: 3 4
The first results of the study are included in this report: fourteen district profiles were completed on the basis of interviews in selected rural villages and urban neighbors. The profiles appear in the form of charts, tables and graphs -- all of which may offer an impression of quantitative accuracy that may be slightly misleading. These profiles are distinctly subjective and qualitative in orientation and preparation, and should be read as such. As a result, any correlations that can be derived from these profiles must also be understood to be tentative and partial.
Further uses of the data collected during this study will be undertaken by the World Bank; in particular, the information collected in the government offices of the Northern Region and in the central government offices located in Kabul will be analyzed separately after additional interviews are completed.It is hoped that base line studies initiated as part of the UNDP- organized PEACE initiative will also expand the work included here.
The study concentrated on two related sectors-- governance and local economies -- in order to draw a broad set of observations about the functioning of communities in several regions of Afghanistan.
Economy:
local demography, including, to the extent possible, changes in population profile;
local terrain, including the condition of irrigation, land quality and agricultural production, resource availability, and where relevant, the extent and impact of land mines and demining;
economic production, current and future needs, deficiencies in current economic activity, constraints on future expansion, nature of investment, attributes of the labor market;
consumer prices, exchange rate fluctuations, wages, credit facilities and availability;
* trade patterns, within and among regions, and between Afghanistan and its neighbors;
ir the nature, and if possible, impact of external assistance, where relevant.
Governance:
`* kinds of local governance structures, both formal and informal, and their relationships to one another and to the local citizenry;
the nature of decision- making authority, the nature of law (or rule) enforcement, and kinds of accountability;
kinds of services provided by government or presumptive authority, and the kinds of personnel involved in these activities, and the kinds of beneficiaries of these services;
differences in the forms of governance among the several regions;
In general, it was easier to collect information about the economy than about governance in most sections of the country -- not because interviewees were reluctant to talk about governance, but transport up 300%
VII, EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE
Multi -sectoral assistance has been available in the past (relatively low scale), and rehabilitation has been sustained. irrigation UNOPS. UNHCR water supply UNOPS clinic construction UNHCR
VIII. GOVERRNANCE
SHIGA: 4 (lunaaS 6uiyaeal luaurl_redaa aiurels luaurl.redaa aoueuid a6pnl, (lndaaluawlJedao tI Iuaur!_recfaa aarlsnr I aolealsruuipy laulsia Alndao .1ole.rlslurwpy lauls!a aouaano0 aauinoid aeyepue aaniana,s wauaUJanop leaol 139)sip e6iUs QARGHAIE DISTRICT, LAGHMAN PROVINCE
DATES VISITED: 8 -13 APRIL 1997
VILLAGES VISITED: DEHMAZANG, QALAI NAJARA, PACHA QALAI, SWATI AHMADZAI, QALAI SARFRAZ, KANDA, FRAMANKHAIL KAMAPPUR, CHRBAGH BAZAAR, QARHAIE BAZAAR
POPULATION
Population: 112,000 (14,000 families) average family size 8 members
Ethnic composition: Pukhtun 90% Tajik 5% Pashaie 4% Sadaat 1%
Refugee repatriation: 30 -35% Puhktun 76% Tajik 20% Turani /Sadaat 4%
Displaced families 2000
Female- headed households 180 -200 Female- headed IDP households 50 -60 children per household 4 -5
Disabled 500- 550population Adults 420 Chldren 105
Employment: Agriculture 60% Trade 30% Infrastructure repair 15% Manufacturing 5%
Population characteristics:
growth rate of approximately 15 -18% from 1990 -1997 Ahmadzai Kochi population has increased (grant during Zahir Shah tenure) repatriated families retain members in Pakistan to provide financial support to families inside Afghanistan repatriated families consider remigration to Pakistan to access health care and education female- headed households are supported in part by the community disabled persons engaged in tailoring and embroidery; women visit shops freely Pashaie women engage in agricultural work with men; other women do not
II. LAND AND TERRAIN
QARGHAIE: 1 Agricultural lands 30% Mountain 20% Range land 40% Forest 5% (timber source) Riverbed 5%
Demining: generally complete, including mine awareness training
Irrigation source: Laghman river Irrigation conditions: 75 -80% rehabilitated by community, external aid and local government
Average land holding: 3 -4 jeribs /family Landlord shares: 15% land owners with tenants deriving 1/3 share 60% small cultivators 25% sharecroppers deriving rice /.wheat payment in season
Agricultural production: * first season 60 -70% wheat 20 -25% vegetable 5 -10% sugar cane second season 60 -70% rice (after wheat) 0 -30% corn (after wheat) 20 -25% vegetable (after vegetable)
Income generating activites for small landholders: * 60 -70% daily wage labourers * 30% animal husbandry, fishing, poultry farming, collecting fuel wood
Environmental problems: deforestation high water table poorly maintained Daronta Darn flooding effects of field buring
Major characteristics: * more than 75% of villagers engaged in agriculture improvements in irrigation would make more land available for cultivation ` no water shortage for irrigation farmers believe that agricultural self- sufficiency is possible with good access roads farmers are familiar with credit schemes but none are available to them now
III.PRODUCTION AND INVESTMENT
Manufacturing: tool- making (knives, agricultural tools, carpentry tools)
Services: trade:export 60 -70% rice, corn to Kabul and Jalalabd 50 -60% maize to Jalalabad 95% potato, onion, cucumber to Kabul and Jalalabad trade:import :clothing, construction materials, ghee, pulses, tea, sugar, fruit, medicine Jalalabad: 80%
QARGHAIE: 2 Kabul: 20%
IV. INFRASTRUCTURE
Water: 60% access (settled population)to clean water:: better than pre -war; community is responsible for well maintenance and pump installation; wells are still in short supply; piping scheme (limited access)requires rehabilitation.
Power: none available
Telecom: none available Roads: all roads cleared of mines; villlage -to- village roads accessible; community suggests that Kabul -Jalalabad highway repair would facilitate regional trade
Buildings: 85% of government buildings in disrepair 60% of houses have been repaired 20% of houses destroyed 20% of houses disused -- owners absent or unable to repair buildings
V. SOCIAL SERVICES
Schools; 90% of children attending some level of school (higher than prewar) girls are attending school up to third class; schools held in houses, supported by Swedish Committee for Afghanistan
CHART Colleges: none operate in the district
Health care: 2 basic health units 86% personnel male, 14% female 60% of the population has access to health care, but 40% must travel long distances vaccination services have been adequate, supported by UNICEF
one clinic staffed by private doctor 5 pharmacies are operated by Quakers no hospitals
VI. FINANCES
Currencies: Afghanis printed during Najibullah's government: 500 and 1000 notes Afghanis printed during Rabbani's government: 1000, 5000, 100,000 notes
exchange rate increases (October 1996 - April 1997) US $ up 65% Pakistan rupee up 63% Pound sterling up 52% Deutsch mark up 38%
QARGHAIE- 3 * exchange rates fluctuate rapidly, and are generally reflected in the market * rate and price increases are creating serious imbalance between income and expenses * strong trade links between this area and adjacent provinces * traders are benefitting from trade imbalances * no restrictions on the flow of goods in and out of the district
Credit:no formal credit system operates now; small non -interest bearing loans within families
Banks: none operating
Taxes: all goods have duties levies against them at fixed points on the main road Zakat and ushr taxes are collected by local authorities and then transferred to provincial capital (Mehterlam); all provincial income is then shifted to Kabul all local government expenses are sanctioned through the provincial capital
Wages: increases within past 12 months: * unskilled agricultural worker up 170% * skilled agricultural worker payment in kind - no change * unskilled construction worker up 100% * skilled construction worker up 230% * teachers no change * government workers no change
Prices: increases within past 12 months: * food up 250% * transport up 250% * services up 200%
VII. EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE
Multi -sectoral assistance has been available in the past, and rehabilitation has been largely sustained. However, there is a belief within the communities that former commanders benefitted most from emergency assistance.
* school construction /operation SCA * clinic operation IRO, UNICEF,SCA * water supply DACAAR, SCA * agriculture /horticulture MADERA * road construction OPS, WFP * income generation UNOPS, WFP, SCA * irrigation UNOPS, SCA * demining MCPA /ATC /MDC * mine awareness EU / OMAR
CHART OF RELATIONSHIPS AMONG UN, NGOS, COMMUNITY
GOVERNANCE
QARGHAIE: 4 Qarghaie District, Laghman Province Local Government Structure Governor Administration Department District Administrator Deputy District Administrator Justice Department Magistrate Department Finance Department Islamic Teaching Department Security MOMANDARA DISTRICT, NANGARHAR PROVINCE
DATES VISITED: 11 MARCH 1997
VILLAGES VISITED: BASOWOL
I. POPULATION
Population: 4000 families Male 46% Female 54% Children under 10 20%
Ethnic composition Pakhtun /Momand
Refugee repatriation 3000 families Most villagers had taken refuge in Pakistan, and most returned
Displaced families
Disabled 70 persons Adults 64% Children 36%
Female- headed households 700 (6 chilldren /household)
Rehabilitation /income generation none available (widows /disabled)
Employmel,t / income Agriculture 66% Trade 65% Infrastructure repair Manufacturing Parallel economy 65%
Population characteristics:
II. LAND AND TERRAIN
Agricultural lands 40% Mountain Range land 55% Forest Riverbed Swamp 5%
Demining: generally complete
Irrigation source: Kabul river, NVDP canal, karizes, drainage * Farm irrigation networks are cleared and repaired by the community; major repairs are not undertaken now
MOMANDARA: 1 Irrigation conditions: swamp: 5% irrigation 63% rainfed 32% * Main canal is destroyed, limiting intake from the river; flood damage has also increased
Average land holding: 3 jeribs /household Landlord shares: 14% large landholder 56% small landholder 30% sharecropping
Agricultural production: *first season 60% corn (after poppy)
*second season 55% wheat 35% poppy 8% vegetables and fruit
Income generating activities for small landholders: * sharecropping *parallel economy * seasonal work in Pakistan
Environmental problems: * contaminated water * floods and soil erosion mosquitos
Primary ch.,racteristics: * women are participating in agricultural work, including weeding, milking, livestock feeding, collecting and drying dung * double- cropping is common, with the possibility of triple- cropping poppy is a major crop, and its production and sale is made easier by free traffic across he Pakistan border, limited law enforcement in both Afghanistan and Pakistan, and investment in poppy cultivation and trade by local commanders and influentials. * improved seeds, fertilizers and pesticides are no longer available; before the war, these were available as credit. * agricultural production is insufficient to meet the basic needs of the community; parallel economy activities therefore involve large numbers of individuals * Livestock are raised for household use; camels used for transport
III. PRODUCTION AND INVESTMENT
Manufacturing:
Services:
Trade: 40% export: opium, sheep, re- export of imported goods
import:flour, ghee, cloth, fuel, kerosene, salt, sugar, soap, cosmetics, footwear, medicine, cement, steel bars, salt
MOMANDARA: 2 CHART: TRUCKS PER DAY
IV. INFRASTRUCTURE
Water: 35% provided with with wells and handpumps in their yards DACAAR has built shallow wells with handpumps running streams (often polluted) still provide drinking water
Power: none available
Telecom: none available
Roads: inter -village roads did not exist before the war but are available now connectio rito Kabul- Torkham highway now exists
Buildings: most villagers have rebuilt their houses
V. SOCIAL SERVICES
Schools and colleges three schools for boys (primary, secondary, high school) (constructed by NRC/NCA) enrollemnt is 400 (500 prewar, but no enrollment in 1992) pre -war, 35 village students were enrolled in Kabul University
no schools for girls
Health care: one clinic: eleven doctors and nurses (3 nurses are female) 70% of community has easy access to clinic basic health services and vaccination are available (UNICEF program) no hospital (closest is Jalalabad)
VI. FINANCES
Currencies: Afghani notes from Najibullah and Rabbani period are available
exchange rate increases (October 1996 - April 1997) * US dollar Pakistani rupee Pound sterling Deutsch mark
* Pakistani rupee Is the preferred currency
Credit: poppy credit available through pre -season loans from dealers to cultivators
Banks: none available
MOMANDARA: 3 Taxes: ushr and zakat
Wages: increases in last 12 months: unskilled agricultural worker up 80`z skilled agricultural worker up 80`, ' low scale government employee up 110,
Prices
CHART
VII. EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE
VII. GOVERNANCE
MonAA';S:.PA4 Momandara District, Nangarhar Province Local Government Structure District Administrator Governor Justice De.partmentn ;Magistrate Department Education Department Islamic Teaching Department Security Ushr and Zakat Department SHINWAR DISTRICT: NANGARHAR PROVINCE
Dates visited: 10 March 1997
Villages visited: Baba Kelai, Ghani Khail
POPULATION
Population: 400 households Male 45% Female 55% Children under 10 24%
Ethnic composition: Pukhtun Shinwari 99% Momand 99% Shari .5% Tajik .5%
Refugee repatriation 2000 persons
Female- headed households 17 children /household 3
Disabled 50 persons Adults 60% Children 40%
Displaced families
Population characteristics: * village was on the front line and crossing routes of mujahideen * almost entire village were refugees in Pakistan li. LAND AND TERRAIN
Agricultural lands 25% Mountain 55% Range land 15% Forest 5% Riverbed
Demining: area surrounding the local military base has been surveyed and cleared.
Irrigation patterns: * irrigation 40% rainfed 60%
Irrigation sources: Kabul river, Nangarhar Valley Development Project, karizes.
Irrigation conditions:
SHINWAR 1 before the war, the state undertookheavy maintenance and communitiescleared and repaired the farm networks through a collectivework sytem (hasher). Hasher work continues, but some major tasks are toolarge to accomplish this way, includingdesilting reinstalling of the main irrigation canal,constructing flood protection barriers, and distribution gates. irrigation and drinking water supply decreasesin summer months; were supply increased, the two -crop season could beexpanded to a three -crop season
Average land holding: large owner 14% small holder 56% share cropper 30%
Agricultural production: first season 45% wheat 5% vegetables 3% fruits second season 35% wheat 65% poppy livestock are raised for household use, camels arekept for transport (particularly for untaxed commodities travelling off -road)
Agricultural constraints: absence of improved seeds, fertilizers,pesticides. deforestation and soil erosion (secondary consequences:shortages ofwood) income derived Poppy cultivation has increased two -foldsince the war, with 65% of agricultural from poppy: highest income producing crop during structure of credit system:opium traders offer consumption loans to growers plaiting season in exchange for a set price foropium at harvest time; farmers borrowat higher price for three to six months, resell to coverbasic needs traditional crop trade, forestry Income generating activites for smalllandholders: daily wage labourers, untaxed for local markets, shopkeepers, off -seasonwork in Pakistan
III. PRODUCTION AND INVESTMENT flour, ghee, cloth, fuel, Almost all required goods are purchasedfrom Pakistan, including: steel bars. kerosene, salt, sugar, soap, fertilizer,medicines, cosmetics, footwear, cement, -export of imported Exports include: opium, sheep,lumber, scrap metal, horses, stone, paper, re goods.
IV. INFRASTRUCTURE wells with hand Water: limited access through limited shallow pumps
Power: none available
Telecom: none available
SHINWAR: 2 basic communications through verbal and written messages, loudspeakers (mosque)
Roads: village -to- village roads accessible most connected to Kabul -Torkham highway
V. SOCIAL SERVICES
Schools and colleges: * no school for girls * one 6 -room school for boys (wages paid by authorities) no colleges
Health care: no basic health units no clinics no hospitals (closest is in Jalalabad)
VI. FINANCES
Currencies: Afghani notes printed during the Najibullah and Rabbani governments are available, but traders prefer using Pakistani rupees.
Credit: before the war, the Jalalabad branch of the Agricultural Development Bank provided credit, but it no longer functions.Credit is now available only through poppy traders.
Banks: none functioning
Taxes: ushr (10 %) and zakat (2.5 %)
Wages: increases within past 12 months * unskilled agricultural worker up 100% * skilled agricultural worker up 75% * low -scale government employee up 100%
Prices:
unit current price last year's price wheat Kg 06357 02357 rice Kg 14300 08571 sugar Kg 13500 05700 tea Kg 65000 45000 eggs Pc 01500 00500 meat Kg 22000 12000 beans Kg 24000 15000 peas Kg 09000 05000 dal Kg 12000 07000 kerosene Ltr 07400 02400 cooking oil Kg 28000 13000 fuel wood Kg 00857 00600
SHINWAR: 3 VII. EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE
none to date
VIII. GOVERNANCE
SHINWAR: 4 Shinwar District, Nangarhar Province Local Government Structure District Administrator Governor Justice Department Magistrate Department Education Department Islamic Teaching Department Security Ushr and Zakat Department [ KHULM DISTRICT, SAMANGAN PROVINCE
DATES VISITED: 23 -25 MARCH 1997
VILLAGES VISITED: DEN HASSAN (12 SUB- VILLAGES), TASHQUTGHAN, TUKMAN, LAGARI
1. POPULATION
Population 70,000 (9300 families) Average family size 8
Ethnic composition Tajik 95% Pukhtun 03% Uzbek 01% Turkman 00.5% Others 00.5%
Refugee repatriation Tajik 96% Pukhtun 02% Uzbek 01% Others 01%
Displaced families: 60 -100
Female headed house holds: 60 -70 children / household 4 -6
Female headed IDPs households: 10 -12
Disabled persons: 180 Adults 160 Children 20
Employment
agriculture 70% trade 22% infrastructure repair 03% manufacturing 05%
Population Characteristics:
estimated growth rate 17% (1990 -1997) repatriated families facing hardships, but are not able to remigrate women were involved in commerce in the the district market community supports vulnerable populations
II. LAND AND TERRAIN agriculture lands 15% mountains 10% rangelands 70% ` forest 05%
KHULM: 1 Demining: generally completed
Irrigation source: spring
Irrigation conditions: * water accessible for 1/3 of and 2/3 denied by access by adjacent district
Average land holding size: 45 jeribs / family
Land lard share: ` 30% landlords with tenants 70% small cultivators
Agriculture production:
wheat 65% barley 10% vegetables 15% hashish 10%
' 40% of arable land is used for fruit cultivation 60% of arable land is used for all other cultivation
Income generating activities for small land holders: animal husbandry ` handicrafts ' daily labour
Environmental problems: deforestation
Primary characteristics: one planting season due to water shortage 35% of arable land used for cultivation cultivation of cannabis continues for sale to neighboring provinces * some cannabis consumption locally
III. PRODUCTION AND INVESTMENT
Manufacturing: carpet weaving. caps and sock weaving, shoemaking
Trade: exports 60% pomegranate to central Asia 40% pomegranate to Mazar and Pul -i -kumri 80% almond to central Asia and Pakistan 20% almond to Mazar, Pul -í- khumri, Kandoz, Shiberghan. imports wheat and rice from Konduz teasugar, clothing, medicine, cooking oil, fuel, cement from Mazar
IV. INFRASTRUCTURE
Water: no direct access to potable piped water
KHULM: 2 10 -15% access to power for 4 -6 hrs daily Power :
Telecom: none available
Roads : village to village roads accessible by horse, camel and donkey carts
Buildings: * 85% government building rehabilitated in the * 2 % houses in disrepair.
V . SOCIAL SERVICES
Schools 80% of children attend school (higher than pre- war) *girls attend to grade eleven in another district
Colleges: none available
Health care: * 1 basic health unit * 100 % personnel male * 25% population has access to health care * vaccination programs supported by UNICEF 05 clinics staffed by private doctors.
VI. FINANCE
Currencies: * Najibullah government Afghanis:500 & 1000 notes * Raubani government Afghanis: 1000,5000 and 10,000 notes * Dostum government Afghanis:1000 and 10,000 notes in large quantities * Najibullah and Rabbani Afghanis = 2.5 Dostum Afghanis
Exchange rate increases during past one year: US$ up 700 % Fluctuating exchange rates and prices create serious imbalances between income and expenditure
Credit: small family loans
Bank: De- Afghanistan Bank operates in the district collects local government income * Pays expenses of local government.
Taxes: * all goods are subject to tariff at fixed points on the road: per truck (Afs. 5000 -500,000) * shop and business centres: set fee per year * agricultural tax on exports * property, when preparing documents: set fee transportation: buses and trucks: set fee when crossing district lines
Wages: increases within past 12 months:
unskilled agricultural worker 400% skilled agricultural worker 400%
KHULM:3 unskilled construction worker 400% skilled construction worker 400% teacher no change government workers no changes
Prices: increases within past 12 months:
food 45% transport 560%
VII. EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE
low -scale multi -sectoral assistance has been available in the past ` rehabilitation has been sustained
Education SCA School construction NRC /NPO Road construction NRC /NPO Health UNICEF
VII. GOVERNANCE
KHULM: 4 Local Government Structure Khulm District, Samangan Province Governor Deputy District Administrator District Administrator Central Bank Justice Department ¡Magistrate Department Education Department Finance Department Security Property Department Health Department Power Department