Urban Conflagrations in the United States
Urban Conflagrations in the United States by William M. Shields, Ph.D. Introduction From earliest colonial times until the early part of the twentieth century, American cities suffered devastating fires known as conflagrations. In towns as modest as Bisbee, Arizona, and Plymouth, New Hampshire,1 and as impressive as New York, Boston, Baltimore, Denver, and Chicago,2 urban conflagrations destroyed more U.S. property over this period than any other natural phenomenon.3 Moreover, such fires were often not one-time events but occurred repeatedly: Boston was severely damaged by fires in 1653, 1679, 1711, 1760, 1824, 1825, 1835, and 1872. Plymouth, New Hampshire, lost major buildings or groups of buildings in 1862, 1895, 1909, 1910, 1914, 1917, 1930, 1932, and 1948. The mining town of Bisbee burned almost completely in 1885, 1907, and 1908. Five conflagrations destroyed a major part of a large metropolis: New York in 1835, Chicago in 1871, Boston in 1872, Baltimore in 1904, and San Francisco in 1906. These fires grew in destructive power in parallel with the coming of the Industrial Revolution to the United States in the early 19th century. Cities and towns were no longer collections of merchant buildings and private residences of modest height. Massive factories moved in, and along with them warehouses, multi-story tenements for the mostly-immigrant labor force, and great houses of commerce and banking.4 Compare: the Boston fire of 1760 destroyed 174 dwellings and 175 warehouses and shops with losses of about ^100,000; fire in the same city in 1872 1For Bisbee, see Bailey, Lynn R., Bisbee.
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