A List and Bibliography of Baraminology Studies T.C

OPEN ACCESS Report

A List and Bibliography of Baraminology Studies T.C. Wood

Core Academy of Science, Dayton, TN 37321

Abstract

A list and bibliography of baramins identified by creationists is presented. The list is updated from that presented in the appendix to Wood’s “Animal and Plant Baramins” (CORE Issues in Creation 3:1-258). The list contains 70 putative holobaramins and 72 putative monobaramins, based on studies of 153 taxonomic groups.

Editor: J.W. Francis Received January 11, 2012; Accepted September 13, 2016; Published September 26, 2016

After Marsh’s proposal of the baramin in the 1940s, studies 225 angiosperm baramins. Wise (2015) also used the PFCC to related to the identification of baramins languished until the estimate the number of frog baramins at 13-15. Wood (2011a) 1970s. In the past 20 years, such studies have exploded in and Beech (2012) approximated terrestrial mammal baramins by popularity. The following list (Table 1) represents an up-to- assuming that baramins were equivalent to the taxonomic rank date bibliography of baramin studies as of September 2016. of family. An extended exchange between Senter and Wood The list is an amended version of earlier lists in Wood (2008) explored continuity and discontinuity among birds and dinosaurs and Wood (2006). The list includes baramins identified by (Senter 2010, 2011; Wood 2011b; Garner et al. 2013). Lightner traditional methods that examine individual taxonomic groups et al. (2011) initiated a project to estimate all the ark kinds (hybridization, statistical baraminology, etc.) and taxa which using a suite of data. Subsequently, Lightner assigned mammal were studied by baraminological methods even though no formal (2012) and bird species (2013) to potential baramins. Hennigan baraminic classification was proposed. also participated in the project and estimated the baramins of As in previous versions of this list, the concept of the basic salamanders and gymnophionans (2013a), frogs (2013b), turtles type is here taken to indicate a monobaramin. Since basic types and crocodiles (2014a), tuataras, amphisbaenans, and snakes are defined by hybridization (Scherer 1993b), without necessarily (2014b), and other lizards (2015). Ross (2014) also estimated the considering evidence of discontinuity, a basic type would therefore number of baramins among extinct “amphibia.” Finally, Jeanson be equivalent in baraminology terms to a group of taxa united by (2013, 2015) probed the limits of baramins and intrabaraminic continuity, or a monobaramin (Wood et al. 2003). diversification using molecular criteria. Since these estimates do A problem arose with this revised list as a result of contradictory not lend themselves to the sort of listing of individual studies that is baraminic classifications. For example, whereas Hartwig-Scherer the object of this brief article, I elected to note their existence here (1998) separates australopiths and chimpanzees into separate but not include them in the formal list. Such largescale estimates basic types, Wood (2010) separated the australopiths into three will no doubt be of great value in the future as a guide to additional holobaramins and included chimps in one. Rather than select research in creationist biology. This list and bibliography will be one classification over another, I chose to list both contradictory of value specifically to those interested in studying and refining classifications where relevant. the methodology of identifying created kinds. A new innovation since the last version of this list has been Finally, a brief explanation of the arrangement of taxa in the list efforts to estimate large groups of baramins. Several authors seems to be in order. I openly admit that I selected an extremely have developed such estimates. Wise (2009) introduced the eclectic and idiosyncratic ordering and that this classification is post-Flood continuity criterion (PFCC), by which he estimated not intended to be authoritative. I resisted including a great deal that there were likely fewer than 500 mammalian baramins that of phylogenetic or molecular classifications that have become needed to be preserved aboard Noah’s Ark. Sanders (2013) popular in the past thirty years. For example, I kept the old used the same technique to estimate that there could be less than mammal orders Cetacea and Artiodactyla rather than the currently

©2016 The author. This article is open access and distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License, which allows unrestricted use, distribution, and repro- duction in any medium as long as the original author and medium are credited. Citation: Wood. 2016. A list and bibliography of identified baramins. Journal of Creation Theology and Science Series B: Life Sciences 6:91-101. fashionable Cetartiodactyla. Following Linnaeus’ example, I In other cases, multiple studies using different methodologies placed humans first, then vaguely followed the order of McKenna seem to be converging on a single answer, as in the case of horses, and Bell (1997). For flowering plants, I adhered closely to which have been analyzed using statistical methods (Cavanaugh Cronquist (1981). In other cases, I followed the National Center et al. 2003) and by hybridization (Stein-Cadenbach 1993). In for Biotechnology Information’s non-authoritative Taxonomy other instances, multiple statistical analyses of different taxon Database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). In still other cases, I or character samples are converging on a consistent answer. For placed taxa wherever I thought them best placed. I believe the example, the holobaramin has been evaluated multiple times with ordering will make sense to most informed readers, and should different samples of fossils and characters, and the consistent result facilitate the browsing of baramins in well-known groups, such supports recognizing genus Homo (+ Australopithecus sediba) as amphibians or gymnosperms. To aid the reader in checking as the human holobaram (Wood 2010, 2016a; O’Micks 2016). for specific groups, I include here an alphabetical index (Table 2). Especially interesting is the case of Australopithecus sediba, which The current tally of created kinds listed here includes 70 was placed in the human holobaramin based on baraminological holobaramins and 72 monobaramins. We can also note studies analysis by Wood (2010), and recent phylogenetic analysis by such as Garner et al (2013) and Wood (2011b) that identified Dembo et al. (2015) confirms that classification. With regard to discontinuities between modern birds and dinosaurs. Since most the majority of baraminology studies, though, the humans and groups have been studied with only one analysis, most of these horses are an exception. Most do not have confirmation from monobaramins and holobaramins should be considered tentative. multiple studies.

JCTS B: Life Sciences www.coresci.org/jcts Volume 6:92 Table 1. Baramins Listed according to Higher Taxa. (HB = holobaramin, MB = monobaramin, ? = uncertain)

1. Kingdom Animalia (ii) Family Talpidae ? (Wood 2008) a. Phylum Chordata (iii) Family Tenrecidae ? (Wood 2008) i. Subphylum Vertebrata (i) Order Chiroptera (1) Class Mammalia (i) Family Mormoopidae HB (Wood (a) Order Primates 2008) (i) Family Hominidae (ii) Family Phyllostomidae ? (Wood 1) Subfamily Homininae MB? 2008) (Hartwig-Scherer 1998) (j) Order Cetacea a) Tribe Hominini HB (i) Suborder Archaeoceti HB? (Mace and (O’Micks 2016; Wood 2010, Wood 2005) 2013a, 2013b, 2016a, 2016b) (ii) Suborder Mysticeti HB (Mace and 2) Subfamily Australopithecinae Wood 2005) MB? (Hartwig-Scherer 1998) (iii) Suborder Odontoceti a) Australopith 1 HB (Wood 1) Family Ziphiidae HB (Mace and 2010) Wood 2005) b) Australopith 2 HB (Wood 2) Superfamily Physeteroidea HB 2010) (Mace and Wood 2005) c) Genus Paranthropus HB 3) Other odontocetes HB (Mace and (Wood 2010) Wood 2005) 3) Subfamily Gorillinae MB? (k) Order Artiodactyla (Hartwig-Scherer 1998) (i) Family Bovidae 4) Subfamily Ponginae MB? 1) Subfamily Caprinae MB (Hartwig-Scherer 1998) (Lightner 2006a) (ii) Family Cercopithecidae 2) Subfamily Bovinae MB? 1) Subfamily Cercopithecinae MB (Lightner 2007) (Hartwig-Scherer 1993) (ii) Family Camelidae MB (Wood et al. (iii) Family Galagonidae HB (Wood 2008) 1999; Wolfrom 2003) (b) Order Didelphimorphia (iii) Family Cervidae (i) Family Didelphidae HB (Wood 1) Subfamilies Cervinae + 2014a) Odocoileinae MB (Lightner (c) Order Dasyuromorphia 2006b) (i) Family Dasyuridae HB (Wood 2014a) (iv) Family Hippopotamidae (+ (d) Order Xenarthra Anthracotheres) HB (Wood 2008) (i) Suborder Cingulata HB? (Wood (l) Order Perissodactyla 2008) (i) Family Brontotheriidae MB (Wood (e) Order Lagomorpha 2008) (i) Family Leporidae HB (Wood 2008) (ii) Family Equidae MB (Stein- (f) Order Carnivora Cadenbach 1993; Cavanaugh et al. (i) Family Canidae MB (Siegler 1974; 2003; Garner 2003, 2016) Crompton 1993; Pendragon 2011) (iii) Family Rhinocerotidae ? (Wood (ii) Family Felidae HB (Wood 2008; 2008) Robinson and Cavanaugh 1998; (2) Class Aves Crompton and Winkler 2006; (a) Order Pelecaniformes Pendragon and Winkler 2011) (i) Family Sulidae ? (Wood 2005a) (iii) Family Ursidae MB (Tyler 1997; (ii) Family Phalacrocoracidae ? (Wood Hennigan 2010) 2005a) (iv) Family Viverridae MB? (Wood 2008) (b) Order Anseriformes (v) Family Procyonidae MB? (Wood (i) Family Anatidae MB (Scherer 1993a; 2014a) Wood 2008) (g) Order Pinnipedia (ii) Family Anhimidae MB? (Scherer (i) Family Phocidae HB (Wood 2008) 1993a) (h) Order Lipotyphla (Erinaceomorpha) (c) Order Ciconiiformes (i) Family Erinaceidae (i) Family Ardeidae ? (Wood 2008) 1) Subfamily Erinaceinae HB (d) Order Falconiformes (Wood 2008) (i) Family Accipitridae

JCTS B: Life Sciences www.coresci.org/jcts Volume 6:93 1) Subfamilies Accipitrinae + + Dromaiidae + Casuariidae HB? Buteoninae MB (Zimbelmann (Wood 2016c) 1993; Wood 2005a) (iii) Order Dinornithiformes + Family 2) Subfamily Aegypiinae MB? Aepyornidae HB? (Wood 2016c) (Zimbelmann 1993) (3) Class Synapsida (ii) Family Cathartidae MB (Scherer (a) Order Pelycosauria 1993b) (i) Family Caseidae HB (Aaron 2014a) (iii) Family Falconidae (4) Class Dinosauria 1) Subfamily Falconinae HB? (a) Family Tyrannosauridae + Bistahieversor (Wood 2008) + Appalachiosaurus + Dryptosaurus + 2) Subfamily Polyborinae HB? Raptorex + Xiongguanlong + Eotyrannus (Wood 2008) HB (Aaron 2014b) (e) Order Galliformes (4) Class Reptilia (i) Unspecified superfamily (a) Order Squamata 1) Family Megapodiidae MB (i) Suborder Sauria (Klemm 1993; McConnachie and 1) Family Iguanidae HB (Wood Brophy 2012) 2005a) (ii) Superfamily Phasanioidea + family a) Subfamily Tropidurinae MB Cracidae MB (McConnachie and (Wood 2005a) Brophy 2012) 2) Family Pygopodidae ? (Wood 1) Family Cracidae MB? (Klemm 2008) 1993) (ii) Suborder Serpentes 2) Family Phasianidae MB (Klemm 1) Family Boidae 1993) a) Genus Antaresia MB (f) Order Piciformes (Hennigan 2005) (i) Family Picidae HB (Garner 2014) 2) Family Colubridae (g) Order Charadriiformes a) Genus Diadophis MB (i) Family Alcidae (- Fraterculini) HB? (Hennigan 2005) (Wood 2008) b) Genus Nerodia MB (h) Order Columbiformes (Hennigan 2005) (i) Family Columbidae MB? (More c) Genera Pantherophis, 1998) Lampropeltis, Pituophis MB (i) Order Psittaciformes MB? (Landgren et (Hennigan 2005) al. 2011) d) Genera Lampropeltis, (i) Family Psittacidae MB (Jones and Pituophis, Elaphe MB Mackay 1981; Landgren et al. 2011) (Fankhauser and Cumming (j) Order Passeriformes 2008) (i) Superfamily Passeroidea MB e) Genus Thamnophis MB (Lightner 2010) (Hennigan 2005) 1) Family Emberizidae 3) Family Pythonidae a) Subfamily Geospizinae MB a) Genera Morelia & Liasis (Lammerts 1966; Wood MB (Hennigan 2005) 2005a) b) Genus Python MB 2) Family Estrildidae MB (Fehrer (Hennigan 2005) 1993) 4) Family Viperidae 3) Family Fringillidae a) Genus Agkistrodon MB a) Subfamily Carduelinae MB (Hennigan 2005) (Wood 2008; Fehrer 1993) b) Genus Bitis MB (Hennigan b) Subfamily Drepanidinae 2005) MB? (Wood 2008) c) Genera Crotalus & Sistrurus (ii) Family Pipridae MB (Wood 2008) MB (Hennigan 2005) (k) Order Sphenisciformes (b) Order Testudines (i) Family Spheniscidae HB (Wood (i) Unspecified suborder 2005a, 2008) 1) Family Proganochelidae HB (l) Superorder Palaeognathae (Wood 2005a) (i) Family Apterygidae HB? (Wood (ii) Suborder Pleurodira 2016c) 1) Family Chelidae HB (Wood (ii) Families Struthionidae + Rheidae 2005a)

JCTS B: Life Sciences www.coresci.org/jcts Volume 6:94 2) Family Pelomedusidae HB (c) Order Ixodida (Wood 2005a) (i) Family Ixodidae HB (Wood 2008) (iii) Suborder Cryptodira (d) Order Opiliones 1) Superfamilies Chelonioidea & (i) Family Sironidae HB (Wood 2008) Testudinoidea HB (Wood 2005a) (e) Order Scorpiones a) Family Cheloniidae MB (i) Family Bothriuridae HB (Wood 2008) (Robinson 1997; Brophy et (ii) Other Scorpionoidea (Ischnuridae, al. 2006) Diplocentridae, Hemiscorpiidae, b) Family Emydidae Heteroscorpionidae, Urodacidae, and i) Genera Pseudemys, Scorpionidae) HB (Wood 2008) Trachemys, Chrysemys, iii. Subphylum Uniramia and Graptemys MB (1) Class Insecta (Brophy et al. 2006) (a) Order Coleoptera c) Family Geoemydidae (i) Family Curculionidae ? (Wood i) Genera Mauremys, 2005a) Cuora, Sacalia, 1) Subfamily Platypodinae HB? Cyclemys, Geoemyda, (Wood 2014b) Chinemys, Heosemys (ii) Family Histeridae HB (Wood 2008) MB (Brophy et al. 2006) (b) Order Diptera d) Family Testudinidae (i) Family Coelopidae HB (Wood 2008) i) Genus Gopherus MB (c) Order Hemiptera (Robinson 1997) (i) Family Lophopidae (- Silvana, 2) Superfamily Trionychoidea HB Histicus) HB (Wood 2008) (Wood 2005a) (ii) Family Membracidae sensu stricto (5) Class Amphibia (Darninae, Membracinae, and (a) Order Caudata Smiliinae) HB? (Wood 2008) (i) Family Ambystomatidae MB (Brophy c. Phylum Annelida and Kramer 2007) i. Class Polychaeta (ii) Family Salamandridae MB? (Wood (1) Order Phyllodocida 2008) (a) Family Phyllodocidae HB? (Wood 2008) (6) Class Osteichthyes d. Phylum Platyhelminthes (a) Order Gadiformes i. Class Trematoda (i) Family Gadidae sensu stricto HB (1) Order Strigeidida (Wood 2008) (a) Family Schistosomatidae HB? (Ingle and (b) Order Scorpaeniformes Aaron 2015) (i) Family Liparidae HB (Wood 2008) (i) Genus Schistosoma MB? (Mace et al. (c) Order Gasterosteiformes 2003) (i) Family Gasterosteidae ? (Wood 2008) (b) Family Spirorchiidae HB? (Ingle and (d) Order Stomiiformes Aaron 2015) (i) Family Stomiidae 2. Kingdom Plantae 1) Stomiid holobaramin 1 HB? a. Division Magnoliophyta (Wood 2008) i. Class Magnoliopsida 2) Stomiid holobaramin 2 HB (1) Subclass I Magnoliidae (Wood 2008) (a) Order III Piperales b. Phylum Arthropoda (i) Family Saururaceae i. Subphylum Crustacea 1) Genus Saururus MB (Wood (1) Class Malacostraca 2008) (a) Order Amphipoda 2) Genus Gymnotheca MB (Wood (i) Family Epimeriidae HB (Wood 2008) 2008) (ii) Family Iphimediidae HB (Wood (b) Order IV Aristolochiales 2008) (i) Family Aristolochiaceae HB (Wood ii. Subphylum Chelicerata 2008) (1) Class Arachnida (c) Order VI Nymphaeales (a) Order Araneae (i) Family Nymphaeaceae HB? (Wood (i) Family Pholcidae HB (Wood 2008) 2008) (ii) Family Theridiidae HB (Wood 2008) (2) Subclass III Caryophyllidae (b) Order Astigmata (a) Order I Caryophyllales (i) Family Sarcoptidae ? (Wood 2008) (i) Family Aizoaceae

JCTS B: Life Sciences www.coresci.org/jcts Volume 6:95 1) Tribe Ruschieae MB (Kutzelnigg (ii) Family Araceae HB? (Wood 2008) 2009) (3) Subclass III Commelinidae (3) Subclass IV Dilleniidae (a) Order I Commelinales (a) Order V Nepenthales (i) Family Commelinaceae HB? (Wood (i) Family Serraceniaceae 2008) 1) Genus Serracenia MB (Sanders (ii) Family Rapateaceae + Mayacaceae and Wood 2016) HB (Wood 2008) 2) Genus Heliamphora MB (b) Order V Cyperales (Sanders and Wood 2016) (i) Family Poaceae HB (Wood 2002, (ii) Family Nepenthaceae MB (Sanders 2005b) and Wood 2016) 1) Tribe Triticeae MB (Junker (b) Order VIII Capparidales 1993b) (i) Family Moringaceae ? (Wood 2008) (4) Subclass V Liliidae (c) Order X Ericales (a) Order I Liliales (i) Family Ericaceae ? (Wood 2012) (i) Family Alstroemeriaceae HB (Wood (4) Subclass V Rosidae 2008) (a) Order I Rosales (ii) Family Pontederiaceae HB? (Wood (i) Family Alseuosmiaceae HB (Wood 2008) 2008) (iii) Family Trilliaceae (ii) Family Cunoniaceae HB (Wood 1) Genera Trillium, Pseudotrillium, 2008) Trillidium MB (Wood 2008) (iii) Family Rosaceae 2) Genera Paris, Kunigasa, Daiswa 1) Subfamily Maloideae MB MB (Wood 2008) (Kutzelnigg 1993b) b. Division Pinophyta 2) Subfamily Potentilloideae i. Class Coniferopsida a) Tribe Geeae MB (Junker (1) Order Coniferales 1993a) (a) Family Cupressaceae (b) Order II Fabales (i) Subfamilies Cupressoideae + (i) Family Fabaceae Callitroideae HB? (Wood 2008) 1) Tribe Robinieae MB? (Wood (b) Family Podocarpaceae ? (Wood 2008) 2008) c. Division Polypodiophyta (c) Order IX Santalales i. Class Filicopsida (i) “Family” Olacaceae ? (Wood 2008) (1) Order Filicales (d) Order XI Celastrales (a) Family Aspleniaceae MB (Kutzelnigg (i) Family Celastraceae ? (Wood 2008) 1993a) (5) Subclass VI Asteridae (b) Family Grammitidaceae HB (Wood 2008) (a) Order II Solanales (2) Order Hydropteridales (i) Family Solanaceae MB (Wise 2005) (a) Family Marsileaceae sensu lato (including (b) Order III Lamiales Azolla, Salvinia, and Hydropteris) HB (i) Family Verbenaceae HB (Sanders (Wood 2008) 2015, 2016) d. Division Bryophyta (c) Order VIII Rubiales i. Class Bryopsida (i) Family Rubiaceae MB (Wood 2008) (1) Order Bryales (d) Order XI Asterales (a) Family Bryaceae MB? (Wood 2008) (i) Family Asteraceae ? (Sanders 2012) (2) Order Funariales 1) Tribe Astereae MB (Wood (a) Family Funariaceae MB (Adler 1993) 2005a) 2) Tribes Heliantheae & Helenieae MB (Cavanaugh and Wood 2002) a) Subtribe Flaveriinae MB (Wood and Cavanaugh 2001) ii. Class Liliopsida (1) Subclass I Alismatidae (a) Order III Najadales (i) Family Zosteraceae ? (Wood 2008) (2) Subclass II Arecidae (a) Order IV Arales (i) Family Lemnaceae HB (Wood 2008)

JCTS B: Life Sciences www.coresci.org/jcts Volume 6:96 Table 2. Alphabetical Index of Taxa Studied in Baraminological Research

Accipitrinae 1.a.i.(2)(d)(i) 1) Dryptosaurus 1.a.i.(4)(a) Aegypiinae 1.a.i.(2)(d)(i) 2) Emydidae 1.a.i.(4)(b)(iii) 1) b) Aepyornidae 1.a.i.(2)(l)(iii) Eotyrannus 1.a.i.(4)(a) Agkistrodon 1.a.i.(4)(a)(ii) 4) a) Epimeriidae 1.b.i.(1)(a)(i) Alcidae 1.a.i.(2)(g)(i) Equidae 1.a.i.(1)(l)(ii) Alseuosmiaceae 2.a.i.(4)(a)(i) Erinaceinae 1.a.i.(1)(h)(i) Alstroemeriaceae 2.a.ii.(4)(a)(i) Estrildidae 1.a.i.(2)(j)(i) 2) Ambystomatidae 1.a.i.(5)(a)(i) Falconinae 1.a.i.(2)(d)(iii) 1) Anatidae 1.a.i.(2)(b)(ii) Felidae 1.a.i.(1)(f)(ii) Anhimidae 1.a.i.(2)(b)(ii) Flaveriinae 2.a.i.(5)(d)(i) 2) a) Antaresia 1.a.i.(4)(a)(ii) 1) a) Funariaceae 2.d.i.(2)(a) Appalachiosaurus 1.a.i.(4)(a) Gadidae 1.a.i.(6)(a)(i) Apterygidae 1.a.i.(2)(l)(i) Galagonidae 1.a.i.(1)(a)(iii) Araceae 2.a.ii.(2)(a)(ii) Gasterosteidae 1.a.i.(6)(c)(i) Archaeoceti 1.a.i.(1)(j)(i) Geeae 2.a.i.(4)(a)(iii) 2) a) Ardeidae 1.a.i.(2)(c)(i) Geoemydidae 1.a.i.(4)(b)(iii) 1) c) Aristolochiaceae 2.a.i.(1)(b)(i) Geospizinae 1.a.i.(2)(j)(i) 1) a) Aspleniaceae 2.c.i.(1)(a) Gopherus 1.a.i.(4)(b)(iii) 1) d) i) Astereae 2.a.i.(5)(d)(i) 1) Gorillinae 1.a.i.(1)(a)(i) 3) Australopith 1 1.a.i.(1)(a)(i) 2) a) Grammitidaceae 2.c.i.(1)(b) Australopith 2 1.a.i.(1)(a)(i) 2) b) Gymnotheca 2.a.i.(1)(a)(i) 2) Australopithecinae 1.a.i.(1)(a)(i) 2) Heliamphora 2.a.i.(3)(a)(i) 2) Bistahieversor 1.a.i.(4)(a) Heliantheae/Helenieae 2.a.i.(5)(d)(i) 2) Bitis 1.a.i.(4)(a)(ii) 4) b) Hippopotamidae 1.a.i.(1)(k)(iv) Bothriuridae 1.b.ii.(1)(e)(i) Histeridae 1.b.iii.(1)(a)(ii) Bovinae 1.a.i.(1)(k)(i) 2) Homininae 1.a.i.(1)(a)(i) 1) Brontotheriidae 1.a.i.(1)(l)(i) Hominini 1.a.i.(1)(a)(i) 1) a) Bryaceae 2.d.i.(1)(a) Iguanidae 1.a.i.(4)(a)(i) 1) Camelidae 1.a.i.(1)(k)(ii) Iphimediidae 1.b.i.(1)(a)(ii) Canidae 1.a.i.(1)(f)(i) Ixodidae 1.b.ii.(1)(c)(i) Caprinae 1.a.i.(1)(k)(i) 1) Lampropeltis/Pituophis/Elaphe 1.a.i.(4)(a)(ii) 2) d) Carduelinae 1.a.i.(2)(j)(i) 3) a) Lemnaceae 2.a.ii.(2)(a)(i) Caseidae 1.a.i.(3)(a)(i) Leopridae 1.a.i.(1)(e)(i) Casuariidae 1.a.i.(2)(l)(ii) Liparidae 1.a.i.(6)(b)(i) Cathartidae 1.a.i.(2)(d)(ii) Lophopidae 1.b.iii.(1)(c)(i) Celastraceae 2.a.i.(4)(d)(i) Maloideae 2.a.i.(4)(a)(iii) 1) Cercopithecinae 1.a.i.(1)(a)(ii) 1) Marsileaceae 2.c.i.(2)(a) Cervinae 1.a.i.(1)(k)(iii) Megapodiidae 1.a.i.(2)(e)(i) 1) Chelidae 1.a.i.(4)(b)(ii) 1) Membracidae 1.b.iii.(1)(c)(ii) Cheloniidae 1.a.i.(4)(b)(iii) 1) a) Morelia/Liasis 1.a.i.(4)(a)(ii) 3) a) Chelonioidea/Testudinoidea 1.a.i.(4)(b)(iii) 1) Moringaceae 2.a.i.(3)(b)(i) Cingulata 1.a.i.(1)(d)(i) Mormoopidae 1.a.i.(1)(i)(i) Coelopidae 1.b.iii.(1)(b)(i) Mysticeti 1.a.i.(1)(j)(ii) Columbidae 1.a.i.(2)(h)(i) Nepenthaceae 2.a.i.(3)(a)(ii) Commelinaceae 2.a.ii.(3)(a)(i) Nerodia 1.a.i.(4)(a)(ii) 2) b) Cracidae 1.a.i.(2)(e)(ii) 1) Nymphaeaceae 2.a.i.(1)(c)(i) Crotalus/Sistrurus 1.a.i.(4)(a)(ii) 4) c) Odontocetes 1.a.i.(1)(j)(iii) 3) Cunoniaceae 2.a.i.(4)(a)(ii) Olacaceae 2.a.i.(4)(c)(i) Cupressoideae/Callitroideae 2.b.i.(1)(a)(i) Pantherophis/Lampropeltis/Pituophis 1.a.i.(4)(a)(ii) 2) c) Curculionidae 1.b.iii.(1)(a)(i) Paranthropus 1.a.i.(1)(a)(i) 2) c) Dasyuridae 1.a.i.(1)(c)(i) Paris/Kudigasa/Daiswa 2.a.ii.(4)(a)(iii) 2) Diadophis 1.a.i.(4)(a)(ii) 2) a) Passeroidea 1.a.i.(2)(j)(i) Didelphidae 1.a.i.(1)(b)(i) Pelomedusidae 1.a.i.(4)(b)(ii) 2) Dinornithiformes 1.a.i.(2)(l)(iii) Phalacrocoracidae 1.a.i.(2)(a)(ii) Drepanidinae 1.a.i.(2)(j)(i) 3) b) Phasanioidea 1.a.i.(2)(e)(ii) Dromaiidae 1.a.i.(2)(l)(ii) Phasianidae 1.a.i.(2)(e)(ii) 2)

JCTS B: Life Sciences www.coresci.org/jcts Volume 6:97 Phocidae 1.a.i.(1)(g)(i) Pholcidae 1.b.ii.(1)(a)(i) Phyllodocidae 1.c.i.(1)(a) Phyllostomidae 1.a.i.(1)(i)(ii) Physeteroidea 1.a.i.(1)(j)(iii) 2) Picidae 1.a.i.(2)(f)(i) Pipridae 1.a.i.(2)(j)(ii) Platypodinae 1.b.iii.(1)(a)(i) 1) Poaceae 2.a.ii.(3)(b)(i) Podocarpaceae 2.b.i.(1)(b) Polyborinae 1.a.i.(2)(d)(iii) 2) Ponginae 1.a.i.(1)(a)(i) 4) Pontederiaceae 2.a.ii.(4)(a)(ii) Procyonidae 1.a.i.(1)(f)(v) Proganochelidae 1.a.i.(4)(b)(i) 1) Psittacidae 1.a.i.(2)(i)(i) Psittaciformes 1.a.i.(2)(i) Pygopodidae 1.a.i.(4)(a)(i) 2) Rapateaceae/Mayacaceae 2.a.ii.(3)(a)(ii) Raptorex 1.a.i.(4)(a) Rheidae 1.a.i.(2)(l)(ii) Rhinocerotidae 1.a.i.(1)(l)(iii) Robinieae 2.a.i.(4)(b)(i) 1) Rubiaceae 2.a.i.(5)(c)(i) Ruschieae 2.a.i.(2)(a)(i) 1) Salamandridae 1.a.i.(5)(a)(ii) Sarcoptidae 1.b.ii.(1)(b)(i) Saururus 2.a.i.(1)(a)(i) 1) Schistosoma 1.d.i.(1)(a)(i) Schistosomatidae 1.d.i.(1)(a) Scorpionoidea 1.b.ii.(1)(e)(ii) Serracenia 2.a.i.(3)(a)(i) 1) Sironidae 1.b.ii.(1)(d)(i) Solanaceae 2.a.i.(5)(a)(i) Spheniscidae 1.a.i.(2)(k)(i) Spirorchiidae 1.d.i.(1)(b) Stomiid 1 1.a.i.(6)(d)(i) 1) Stomiid 2 1.a.i.(6)(d)(i) 2) Struthionidae 1.a.i.(2)(l)(ii) Sulidae 1.a.i.(2)(a)(i) Talpidae 1.a.i.(1)(h)(ii) Tenrecidae 1.a.i.(1)(h)(iii) Thamnophis 1.a.i.(4)(a)(ii) 2) e) Theridiidae 1.b.ii.(1)(a)(ii) Trillium/Pseudotrillium/Trillidium 2.a.ii.(4)(a)(iii) 1) Trionychoidea 1.a.i.(4)(b)(iii) 2) Triticeae 2.a.ii.(3)(b)(i) 1) Tropidurinae 1.a.i.(4)(a)(i) 1) a) Tyrannosauridae 1.a.i.(4)(a) Ursidae 1.a.i.(1)(f)(iii) Verbenaceae 2.a.i.(5)(b)(i) Viverridae 1.a.i.(1)(f)(iv) Xiongguanlong 1.a.i.(4)(a) Ziphiidae 1.a.i.(1)(j)(iii) 1) Zosteraceae 2.a.ii.(1)(a)(i)

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JCTS B: Life Sciences www.coresci.org/jcts Volume 6:99 (Rosaceae, Unterfamilie Maloideae). In: Scherer, S., ed. Typen holobaraminic origin of the cats. Creation Research Society des Lebens. Pascal-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 113-127. Quarterly 35:2-14. Kutzelnigg, H. 2009. Die ,,Lebenden Steine” und ihre Ross, M. 2014. Fossil baramins on Noah’s ark: the “amphibians.” Verwandten (Aizoaceae: Ruschieae). Studium Integrale Answers Research Journal 7:331-355. Journal 16:100-104. Sanders, R.W. 2012. Baraminological analysis of the Asteraceae. Lammerts, W.E. 1966. The Galapagos Island finches. Creation Journal of Creation Theology and Science Series B: Life Research Society Quarterly 3(1):73-79. Sciences 2:4-5. Landgren, L., L. Gustafsson, and H. Kutzelnigg. 2011. Sanders, R.W. 2013. The fossil record of angiosperm families in Grundtypstudien an Papageien. Studium Integrale Journal 18: relation to baraminology. In: Horstemeyer, M., ed. 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Journal monobaramin in perching birds (Aves: Passeriformes). Journal of Creation Theology and Science Series B: Life Sciences 6:70- of Creation 24:117-121. 80. Lightner, J.K. 2012. Mammalian ark kinds. Answers Research Scherer, S. 1993a. Der grundtyp der Entenartigen (Anatidae, Journal 5:151-204. Anseriformes): Biologische und paläontologische Streiflichter. Lightner, J. 2013. An initial estimate of avian ark kinds. Answers In: Scherer, S., ed. Typen des Lebens. Pascal-Verlag, Berlin, Research Journal 6:409-466. pp. 131-158. Lightner, J., T. Hennigan, G. Purdom, and B. Hodge. 2011. Scherer, S. 1993b. Basic types of life. In: Scherer, S., ed. Typen Determining the ark kinds. Answers Research Journal 4:195- des Lebens. Pascal-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 11-30. 201. Senter, P. 2010. Using creation science to demonstrate evolution: Mace, S.R., B.A. Sims, and T.C. Wood. 2003. Fellowship, application of a creationist method for visualizing gaps in creation, and schistosomes. 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Canidae with reference to its fundamental taxonomic status. Wolfrom, G. 2003. A family affair: close encounters with the Journal of Creation 25(3):79-88. camel kind. Creation Matters 8(1):1,4-5. Pendragon, B. and N. Winkler. 2011. The family of cats - Wood, T.C. 2002. A baraminology tutorial with examples from delineation of the feline basic type. Journal of Creation 25(2): the grasses (Poaceae). TJ 16(1):15-25. 118-124. Wood, T.C. 2005a. A creationist review of the history, geology, Robinson, D.A. 1997. A mitochondrial DNA analysis of the climate, and biology of the Galápagos Islands. CORE Issues in Testudine apobaramin. Creation Research Society Quarterly Creation 1:1-241. 33:262-272. Wood, T.C. 2005b. Visualizing baraminic distances using Robinson, D.A. and D.P. Cavanaugh. 1998. Evidence for a classical multidimensional scaling. Origins 57:9-29.

JCTS B: Life Sciences www.coresci.org/jcts Volume 6:100 Wood, T.C. 2006. The current status of baraminology. Creation virginiana). Journal of Creation Theology and Science Series Research Society Quarterly 43(3):149-158. B: Life Sciences 4:12-18. Wood, T.C. 2008. Animal and Plant Baramins. CORE Issues in Wood, T.C. 2014b. Further investigations of the baraminology Creation 3:1-258. of weevils (Curculionidae): Is Platypodinae a holobaramin? Wood, T.C. 2010. Baraminological analysis places Homo habilis, Journal of Creation Theology and Science Series B: Life Homo rudolfensis, and Australopithecus sediba in the human Sciences 4:29. holobaramin. Answers Research Journal 3:71-90. Wood, T.C. 2016a. An evaluation of Homo naledi and “early” Wood, T.C. 2011a. Terrestrial mammal families and creationist Homo from a young-age creationist perspective. Journal of perspectives on speciation. Journal of Creation Theology and Creation Theology and Science Series B: Life Sciences 6:14-30. Science Series B: Life Sciences 1:2-5. Wood, T.C. 2016b. Baraminological analysis of cranial characters Wood, T.C. 2011b. Using creation science to demonstrate implies that Homo floresiensis was human. Journal of Creation evolution? Senter’s strategy revisited. Journal of Evolutionary Theology and Science Series B: Life Sciences 6:66-67. Biology 24:914-918. Wood, T.C. 2016c. There is probably more than one ratite Wood, T.C. 2012. The uncertain baraminology of the Ericaceae. holobaramin. Journal of Creation Theology and Science Series Journal of Creation Theology and Science Series B: Life B: Life Sciences 6:67. Sciences 2:5. Wood, T.C. and D.P. Cavanaugh. 2001. A baraminological analysis Wood, T.C. 2013a. Australopithecus sediba, statistical of subtribe Flaveriinae (Asteraceae) and the origin of biological baraminology, and challenges to identifying the human complexity. Origins 52:7-27. holobaramin. In: Horstemeyer, M., ed. Proceedings of the Wood, T.C., P.J. Williams, K.P. Wise, and D.A. Robinson. 1999. Seventh International Conference on Creationism. Creation Summaries on camel baraminology. In: Robinson, D.A. and P.J. Science Fellowship, Pittsburgh. Williams, eds. Baraminology’99: Creation Biology for the 21st Wood, T.C. 2013b. The value of dental characters for resolving Century. Baraminology Study Group, pp. 9-18. the baraminic status of Australopithecus sediba. Journal of Wood, T.C., K.P. Wise, R. Sanders, and N. Doran. 2003. A refined Creation Theology and Science Series B: Life Sciences 3:4-5. baramin concept. Occasional Papers of the BSG 3:1-14. Wood, T.C. 2014a. Two kinds of varmints: The Baraminology Zimbelmann, F. 1993. Grundtypen bei Greifvögeln of Raccoons (Procyon lotor) and Opossums (Didelphis (Falconiformes). In: Scherer, S., ed. Typen des Lebens. Pascal- Verlag, Berlin, pp. 185-195.

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