DOCSLIB.ORG

Museum of New Mexico Office of Archaeological Studies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Museum of New Mexico Office of Archaeological Studies MUSEUM OF NEW MEXICO OFFICE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES VALENCIA: A SPANISH COLONIAL AND MEXICAN-PERIOD SITE ALONG NM 47 IN VALENCIA COUNTY, NEW MEXICO Nancy J. Akins with contributions by Glen S. Greene David V. Hill Pamela J. McBride James L. Moore Jesse Murrell Natasha Williamson C. Dean Wilson Submitted by Yvonne R. Oakes Principal Investigator ARCHAEOLOGY NOTES 267 SANTA FE 2001 NEW MEXICO ADMINISTRATIVE SUMMARY Excavations at LA 67321 were carried out along NM 47 in December 1996 and January 1997 at the request of the New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department (NMSHTD). Previous data recovery at the site had recovered a large sample of artifacts but did not locate any structural remains. Testing determined that potentially significant dense trash deposits lay within the right-of-way both east and west of the highway. To ensure that no structural remains or significant features remained in the right- of-way, further excavations were recommended and carried out during this project. The site area was investigated in hand-excavated units, exploratory backhoe trenches, and areas of backhoe scrapes. No structural remains were found. However, a large trash-burning pit and a smaller trash- filled pit were found, along with a large sample of artifacts. Analysis of the recovered material suggests the deposits date to between about 1770 and 1830. The deposits provide considerable information about the people that left them and their interactions with surrounding populations. The NMSHTD provided funding for this project. This report is submitted in fulfillment of Joint Powers Agreement J00343/97/L3 between the Office of Archaeological Studies, Museum of New Mexico (MNM), and the NMSHTD. NMSHTD Project No. TPO-0047(13), CN 1842 MNM Project No. 41.5991 NM Cultural Properties Review Committee Archaeological Excavation Permit No. SE-116 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Our excavations at LA 67321 were aided by a number of volunteers. Interested community members made considerable effort, as did John D. Schelberg and Greg Everhart, in spite of often unpleasant weath- er and working conditions. Their help is greatly appreciated. Mr. and Mrs. Alarid gave us permission to work on their property and provided information on the ownership and history of the area. The analysts worked hard to obtain as much information as possible from the material recovered. David H. Snow provided invaluable advice on the ceramic assemblages. Tom Ireland edited the report, and Ann Noble produced the graphics. v CONTENTS ADMINISTRATIVE SUMMARY . iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . v INTRODUCTION . 1 Physiology and Geology . 1 Historic Period Climate and Hydrology . 1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND . 5 Early Spanish Colonial Period (1540-1680) . 5 Middle to Late Spanish Colonial Period (1680-1821) . 5 Mexican Period (1821-1846). 7 Territorial Period (1846-1912). 7 Site History . 8 PREVIOUS WORK AT LA 67321 . 15 Valencia Y Testing . 15 Valencia Y Data Recovery. 15 NM 47 Testing . 15 DATA RECOVERY AT LA 67321. 17 Methods . 17 LA 67321 West . 17 LA 67321 East . 21 ARTIFACT ANALYSIS. 35 Stratum 1 (Disturbed, East) . 35 Stratum 2 (Disturbed, West) . 35 Stratum 3 (Upper Cultural Layer, East). 35 Stratum 4 (Upper Cultural Layer, West) . 35 Stratum 5 (South Area/Feature 1) . 35 Stratum 6 (Lower Cultural Layer/Gleyed Layer) . 35 CERAMICS, by C. Dean Wilson. 37 Attribute Analysis Categories . 37 Type Categories . 39 Ceramic Dating . 53 Ceramic Patterns of Historic Occupations . 55 Conclusions . 58 Partially Reconstructed Vessels. 58 ANALYSIS OF THE CHIPPED STONE ARTIFACT ASSEMBLAGE, by James L. Moore . 61 Distribution of Other Artifact Classes . 61 Description of the Chipped Stone Assemblage . 63 Variables Related to Material Selection . 63 Variables Related to Reduction Strategy . 65 vii Comparison of the Assemblages . 70 Informal Tools . 71 Formal Tools . 77 Earlier Excavations at LA 67321. 80 Comparison with Other Hispanic Assemblages . 81 Conclusions . 83 GROUND STONE, by Jesse Murrell . 87 Comal. 87 Mano . 87 Other Ground Stone Objects . 88 HISTORIC ARTIFACTS, by Natasha Williamson . 89 Glass. 89 Ceramics . 91 Metal . 106 Discussion . 106 FAUNA. ..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Environmental History of the Middle Rio Grande Basin
    United States Department of From the Rio to the Sierra: Agriculture Forest Service An Environmental History of Rocky Mountain Research Station the Middle Rio Grande Basin Fort Collins, Colorado 80526 General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-5 Dan Scurlock i Scurlock, Dan. 1998. From the rio to the sierra: An environmental history of the Middle Rio Grande Basin. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-5. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 440 p. Abstract Various human groups have greatly affected the processes and evolution of Middle Rio Grande Basin ecosystems, especially riparian zones, from A.D. 1540 to the present. Overgrazing, clear-cutting, irrigation farming, fire suppression, intensive hunting, and introduction of exotic plants have combined with droughts and floods to bring about environmental and associated cultural changes in the Basin. As a result of these changes, public laws were passed and agencies created to rectify or mitigate various environmental problems in the region. Although restoration and remedial programs have improved the overall “health” of Basin ecosystems, most old and new environmental problems persist. Keywords: environmental impact, environmental history, historic climate, historic fauna, historic flora, Rio Grande Publisher’s Note The opinions and recommendations expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the USDA Forest Service. Mention of trade names does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the Federal Government. The author withheld diacritical marks from the Spanish words in text for consistency with English punctuation. Publisher Rocky Mountain Research Station Fort Collins, Colorado May 1998 You may order additional copies of this publication by sending your mailing information in label form through one of the following media.
    [Show full text]
  • New Mexico New Mexico
    NEW MEXICO NEWand MEXICO the PIMERIA ALTA THE COLONIAL PERIOD IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEst edited by John G. Douglass and William M. Graves NEW MEXICO AND THE PIMERÍA ALTA NEWand MEXICO thePI MERÍA ALTA THE COLONIAL PERIOD IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEst edited by John G. Douglass and William M. Graves UNIVERSITY PRESS OF COLORADO Boulder © 2017 by University Press of Colorado Published by University Press of Colorado 5589 Arapahoe Avenue, Suite 206C Boulder, Colorado 80303 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America The University Press of Colorado is a proud member of Association of American University Presses. The University Press of Colorado is a cooperative publishing enterprise supported, in part, by Adams State University, Colorado State University, Fort Lewis College, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Regis University, University of Colorado, University of Northern Colorado, Utah State University, and Western State Colorado University. ∞ This paper meets the requirements of the ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). ISBN: 978-1-60732-573-4 (cloth) ISBN: 978-1-60732-574-1 (ebook) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Douglass, John G., 1968– editor. | Graves, William M., editor. Title: New Mexico and the Pimería Alta : the colonial period in the American Southwest / edited by John G. Douglass and William M. Graves. Description: Boulder : University Press of Colorado, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016044391| ISBN 9781607325734 (cloth) | ISBN 9781607325741 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Spaniards—Pimería Alta (Mexico and Ariz.)—History. | Spaniards—Southwest, New—History. | Indians of North America—First contact with Europeans—Pimería Alta (Mexico and Ariz.)—History.
    [Show full text]
  • NEW MEXICO, SANTA FE New Mexico State Records Center And
    Guide to Catholic-Related Records in the West about Native Americans See User Guide for help on interpreting entries NEW MEXICO, SANTA FE new 2006 New Mexico State Records Center and Archives W-382 1205 Camino Carlos Rey Santa Fe, New Mexico 87507 Phone 505-476-7948 http://www.nmcpr.state.nm.us/ Online Archive of New Mexico, http://elibrary.unm.edu/oanm/ Hours: Monday-Friday, 8:00-4:45 Access: Some restrictions apply Copying facilities: Yes Holdings of Catholic-related records about Native Americans: Inclusive dates: 1598-present; n.d. Volume: 1-2 cubic feet Description: 26 collections include Native Catholic records. /1 “Valentin Armijo Collection, 1960-002” Inclusive dates: Between 1831-1883 Volume: Less than .2 cubic foot Description: Papers (copies) of Valentin Armijo; includes the Catholic Church in Peña Blanca, New Mexico. /2 “Alice Scoville Barry Collection of Historical Documents, 1959-016” Inclusive dates: 1791, 1799, 1826 Volume: 3 folders Description: Finding aid online, http://elibrary.unm.edu/oanm/; includes: a. “Letter Comandante General Pedro de Nava, Chihuahua, to Governor of New Mexico Fernando de la Concha,” July 26, 1791, 1 letter: re: death of Father Francisco Martin-Bueno, O.F.M., the scarcity of ministers, and the substitution of Fray Francisco Ocio, O.F.M. to administer to the Pueblos of Pecos and Tesuque b. “Letter from Comandante General Pedro de Nava, Chihuahua, to governor of New Mexico,” August 6, 1799, 1 letter: re: religion c. “Letter from Baltazar Perea, Bernalillo, to the Gefe Politico y Militar [Governor],” July 2, 1826, 1 letter: re: construction of a chapel at Bernalillo /3 “Fray Angelico Chavez Collection of New Mexico Historical Documents, 1960- 007” Inclusive dates: 1678-1913 (bulk, 1689-1811) Volume: Approximately .3 cubic foot 1 Description: Includes the missions at Zuni Pueblo, San Ildefonso Pueblo, Laguna Pueblo, and Santa Cruz, New Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • Sister Onfa: Uranian Missionary to Mesilla John Buescher
    ISSN 1076-9072 SOUTHERN NEW MEXICO HISTORICAL REVIEW Pasajero del Camino Real By Doña Ana County Historical Society Volume XXVIII Las Cruces, New Mexico January 2021 Doña Ana County Historical Society Publisher Board of Directors for 2021 President: Dennis Daily Southern New Mexico Historical Review Vice President: Garland Courts Secretary: Jim Eckles Sponsors Treasurer: Dennis Fuller Historian: Sally Kading Past President: Susan Krueger Bob and Cherie Gamboa At Large Board Members Frank and Priscilla Parrish Luis Rios Robert and Alice Distlehorst Sim Middleton Jose Aranda Susan Krueger and Jesus Lopez Daniel Aguilera James and Lana Eckman Bob Gamboa Buddy Ritter Merle and Linda Osborn Frank Brito Review Editor position open - contact [email protected] Review Factotum: Jim Eckles Dylan McDonald Mildred Miles Cover Drawing by Jose Cisneros (Reproduced with permission of the artist) George Helfrich The Southern New Mexico Historical Review (ISSN-1076-9072) is looking for original articles concern- Dennis Daily ing the Southwestern Border Region. Biography, local and family histories, oral history and well-edited Nancy Baker documents are welcome. Charts, illustrations or photographs are encouraged to accompany submissions. We are also in need of book reviewers, proofreaders, and someone in marketing and distribution. Barbara Stevens Current copies of the Southern New Mexico Historical Review are available for $10. If ordering by mail, Glennis Adam please include $2.00 for postage and handling. Back issues of the print versions of the Southern New Mexico Historical Review are no longer available. However, all issues since 1994 are available at the Leslie Bergloff Historical Society’s website: http://www.donaanacountyhistsoc.org.
    [Show full text]
  • Museum of New Mexico Archaeology Notes 77
    MUSEUM OF NEW MEXICO OFFICE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES EXCAVATIONS AT LA 58973, NEAR CORRALES, NEW MEXICO Stephen C, Lent Submitted by David A. Phillips, Jr., Ph.D. Principal Investigator ARCHAEOLOGY NOTES 77 SANTA FE 1992 NEW MEXICO ADMINISTRATIVE SUMMARY Between June 29 and July 10, 1987, the Office of Archaeological Studies, Museum of New Mexico, conducted excavations at LA 58973, along New Mexico State Highway 528 near Codes and Rio Rancho, New Mexico. Data from the testing phase of this project (March 17-20, 1987) suggested that there weresubstantial archaeological remains within the proposed right-of-way, consisting of several hearth features and artifacts associated with a possible pit structure. Excavations indicate the presence of three basin-shaped unlined hearth features andan associated scatter of ground stone and fire-cracked rock. The pit structure depression, on private land, was not investigated. Two ephemeral charcoal stains and a scatter of isolated artifacts within the right-of-way were determined to be surficial. Submitted in fulfillment of Joint Powers Agreement DO4322 between the New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Departmentand the Officeof Archaeological Studies, Museum of New Mexico. NMSHTD Project No. SP-6-88(528). MNM Project No. 41.487 (Stain). ii CONTENTS .. Administrative Summary .................................... 11 Introduction ............................................ 1 The Testing Program ................................. 1 The Data Recovery Program............................. 3 Natural Environment
    [Show full text]
  • The Creek "Migration Legend"
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Dancing Breath: Ceremonial Performance Practice, Environment, and Personhood in a Muskogee Creek Community Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2qm3x2bd Author Koons, Ryan Abel Publication Date 2016 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Dancing Breath: Ceremonial Performance Practice, Environment, and Personhood in a Muskogee Creek Community A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnomusicology by Ryan Abel Koons 2016 © Copyright by Ryan Abel Koons 2016 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Dancing Breath: Ceremonial Performance Practice, Environment, and Personhood in a Muskogee Creek Community by Ryan Abel Koons Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnomusicology University of California, Los Angeles, 2016 Professor Tara Browner, Chair This dissertation presents an ethnography utilizing a multispecies perspective of the "busk" ritual cycle as performed by the southeastern Muskogee Creek American Indian community, Pvlvcekolv (Apalachicola). Humans construct humanity and personhood partially via interactions with other-than-human persons, such as animals, plants, and objects. I examine ritualized interactions between humans and others-than-human in a southeastern Indigenous "natureculture," exploring the intersections of ontology, personhood, and performance practice. Pvlvcekolv, an animistic Florida-based tribal town with a ceremonial Fire that pre-dates European Contact, maintains a centuries-old ritual tradition, the busk. Sometimes known as "Green Corn Ceremonialism," many Native communities share this tradition, including ii Cherokee, Chickasaw, Seminole, Yuchi, and other Creek peoples historically and in the present day. Performing the songs, dances, and ritual actions of the busk places participants into dialogue with other-than-human persons.
    [Show full text]
  • Loud Proud Passion and Politics in the English Defence League Makes Us Confront the Complexities of Anti-Islamist/Anti-Muslim Fervor
    New Ethnographies ‘These voices of English nationalism make for difficult listening. The great strength of Hilary PILKINGTON Pilkington’s unflinching ethnography is her capacity to confound and challenge our political and preconceptions and makes us think harder. This is an important, difficult and brave book.’ Les Back, Professor of Sociology, Goldsmiths, University of London ‘Pilkington offers fresh and crucial insights into the politics of fear. Her unflinchingly honest depiction of the EDL breaks apart stereotypes of rightist activists as simply dupes, thugs, and racists and Loud proud PASSION AND POLITICS IN THE ENGLISH DEFENCE LEAGUE makes us confront the complexities of anti-Islamist/anti-Muslim fervor. This terrific, compelling book is a must-read for scholars and readers concerned about the global rise of populist movements on the right.’ Kathleen Blee, Distinguished Professor of Sociology, University of Pittsburgh Loud and proud uses interviews, informal conversations and extended observation at English Defence League events to critically reflect on the gap between the movement’s public image and activists’ own understandings of it. It details how activists construct the EDL and themselves as ‘not racist, not violent, just no longer silent’ through, among other things, the exclusion of Muslims as a possible object of racism on the grounds that they are a religiously not racially defined Loud group. In contrast, activists perceive themselves to be ‘second-class citizens’, disadvantaged and discriminated against by a two-tier justice system that privileges the rights of others. This failure to recognise themselves as a privileged white majority explains why ostensibly intimidating EDL street demonstrations marked by racist chanting and nationalistic flag waving are understood by activists as standing ‘loud and proud’; the only way of being heard in a political system governed by a politics of silencing.
    [Show full text]
  • Spanish Relations with the Apache Nations East of the Rio Grande
    SPANISH RELATIONS WITH THE APACHE NATIONS EAST OF THE RIO GRANDE Jeffrey D. Carlisle, B.S., M.A. Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2001 APPROVED: Donald Chipman, Major Professor William Kamman, Committee Member Richard Lowe, Committee Member Marilyn Morris, Committee Member F. Todd Smith, Committee Member Andy Schoolmaster, Committee Member Richard Golden, Chair of the Department of History C. Neal Tate, Dean of the Robert B. Toulouse School of Graduate Studies Carlisle, Jeffrey D., Spanish Relations with the Apache Nations East of the Río Grande. Doctor of Philosophy (History), May 2001, 391 pp., bibliography, 206 titles. This dissertation is a study of the Eastern Apache nations and their struggle to survive with their culture intact against numerous enemies intent on destroying them. It is a synthesis of published secondary and primary materials, supported with archival materials, primarily from the Béxar Archives. The Apaches living on the plains have suffered from a lack of a good comprehensive study, even though they played an important role in hindering Spanish expansion in the American Southwest. When the Spanish first encountered the Apaches they were living peacefully on the plains, although they occasionally raided nearby tribes. When the Spanish began settling in the Southwest they changed the dynamics of the region by introducing horses. The Apaches quickly adopted the animals into their culture and used them to dominate their neighbors. Apache power declined in the eighteenth century when their Caddoan enemies acquired guns from the French, and the powerful Comanches gained access to horses and began invading northern Apache territory.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Physics, the Nature of the Interaction Between Particles Is Carried a Step Further
    44.1 Some Properties of Nuclei 1385 are the same, apart from the additional repulsive Coulomb force for the proton– U(r ) (MeV) proton interaction. 40 Evidence for the limited range of nuclear forces comes from scattering experi- n–p system ments and from studies of nuclear binding energies. The short range of the nuclear 20 force is shown in the neutron–proton (n–p) potential energy plot of Figure 44.3a 0 r (fm) obtained by scattering neutrons from a target containing hydrogen. The depth of 1 567432 8 the n–p potential energy well is 40 to 50 MeV, and there is a strong repulsive com- Ϫ20 ponent that prevents the nucleons from approaching much closer than 0.4 fm. Ϫ40 The nuclear force does not affect electrons, enabling energetic electrons to serve as point-like probes of nuclei. The charge independence of the nuclear force also Ϫ60 means that the main difference between the n–p and p–p interactions is that the a p–p potential energy consists of a superposition of nuclear and Coulomb interactions as shown in Figure 44.3b. At distances less than 2 fm, both p–p and n–p potential The difference in the two curves energies are nearly identical, but for distances of 2 fm or greater, the p–p potential is due to the large Coulomb has a positive energy barrier with a maximum at 4 fm. repulsion in the case of the proton–proton interaction. The existence of the nuclear force results in approximately 270 stable nuclei; hundreds of other nuclei have been observed, but they are unstable.
    [Show full text]
  • Bill Gibson and Mark Setterfield Real and Financial Crises in the Keynes
    Bill Gibson and Mark Setterfield Real and financial crises in the Keynes-Kalecki structuralist model: An agent-based approach August 2015 Working Paper 17/2015 Department of Economics The New School for Social Research The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the New School for Social Research. © 2015 by Bill Gibson and Mark Setterfield. All rights reserved. Short sections of text may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit is given to the source. Real and financial crises in the Keynes-Kalecki structuralist model: An agent-based approach Bill Gibsonyand Mark Setterfieldyy1 Abstract Agent-based models are inherently microstructures{with their attention to agent behavior in a field context{and only aggregate up to systems with recognizable macroeconomic char- acteristics. One might ask why the traditional Keynes-Kalecki or structuralist (KKS) model would bear any relationship to the multi-agent modeling approach. This paper shows how KKS models might benefit from agent-based microfoundations, without sacrificing tradi- tional macroeconomic themes, such as aggregate demand, animal sprits and endogenous money. Above all, the integration of the two approaches gives rise to the possibility that a KKS system{stable over many consecutive time periods{might lurch into an uncontrollable downturn, from which a recovery would require outside intervention. As a by-product of the integration of these two popular approaches, there emerges a cogent analysis of the network structure necessary to bind real and financial agents into a integrated whole. It is seen, contrary to much of the existing literature, that a highly connected financial system does not necessarily lead to more crashes of the integrated system.
    [Show full text]
  • Immune Responses to AAV in Clinical Trials
    Current Gene Therapy, 2011, 11, 321-330 321 Immune Responses to AAV in Clinical Trials Federico Mingozzi1 and Katherine A. High1,2,* 1Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; 2Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA Abstract: Findings in the first clinical trial in which an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector was introduced into the liver of human subjects highlighted an issue not previously identified in animal studies. Upon AAV gene transfer to liver, two subjects developed transient elevation of liver enzymes, likely as a consequence of immune rejection of transduced hepa- tocytes mediated by AAV capsid-specific CD8+ T cells. Studies in healthy donors showed that humans carry a population of antigen-specific memory CD8+ T cells probably arising from wild-type AAV infections. The hypothesis formulated at that time was that these cells expanded upon re-exposure to capsid, i.e. upon AAV-2 hepatic gene transfer, and cleared AAV epitope-bearing transduced hepatocytes. Other hypotheses have been formulated which include specific receptor- binding properties of AAV-2 capsid, presence of capsid-expressing DNA in AAV vector preparations, and expression of alternate open reading frames from the transgene; emerging data from clinical trials however fail to support these compet- ing hypotheses. Possible solutions to the problem are discussed, including the administration of a short-term immunosup- pression regimen concomitant with gene transfer, or the development of more efficient vectors that can be administered at lower doses. While more studies will be necessary to define mechanisms and risks associated with capsid-specific im- mune responses in humans, monitoring of these responses in clinical trials will be essential to achieving the goal of long- term therapeutic gene transfer in humans.
    [Show full text]
  • The Art Issue
    C & 0 Canal Association concerned with the conservation of the natural and historical environment of the C&O Canal and the Potomac River Basin VOLUME XXVIII SEPTEMBER 1996 NUMBER3 THE ART ISSUE JACK DURHAM AND HIS PAINTINGS On May 25, the C&O Canal silent auction opened at the D&D Art Gallery at 1618 Wisconsin Avenue NW in Georgetown. Exhibited were 22 paintings by Jack Durham. In addition, there were canal-related paintings or photographs by Elizabeth Miles Cooke, Dara Friel, Delilah Hawa, Peter Hill, Andrei Kushner, Debbie Niichell LeBlanc, Gustavo Mogollon, Suzanne Twyforde ·and Ethel Durham. The works by Jack Durham, around which this exhibition was built, were donated by his daughter, Nancy Durham Robinson, of Richmond, Vermont. Mrs. Robinson wanted the sales proceeds donated to help repair the January flood damage. The silent auction, which continued on the following day, March 26, was also held on the weekends, of June 1-2, June 8-9, June 15-16, and June 22-23 from 2-4 p.m . ----------~- -~~--~~-~--~--~---· -'~-- -~-~--~-~-:!""". ,_ __ _ •....... ' Jack Durham - a portrait courtesy of Delilah Hawa - ulwlf I Jack Durham helped to found the C&O Canal Association- and took the lead in organizing and managing the original Douglas f hike in March 1954. He left to the Association his archives, I which include not only important documents and photographs pertaining to the hike, the dramatic event that saved the canal I from being paved over for a highway, but also to the Association's establishment and early history. Durham spent his career as a public relations official for several government agencies in Washington.
    [Show full text]