Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol.16 (4), October 2017, pp. 638-647

Traditional knowledge and zootherapeutic use of different by Bhotiya tribe: A case study from ,

Tripti Negi1 & LS Kandari2* 1Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Knowledge City, PO- Manauli, SAS Nagar, Sector-81, Mohali-140 306, Punjab, India; 2College of Agriculture and Rural Transformation, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia E- mails: [email protected]; [email protected] Received 23 June 2016, revised 28 October 2016

The present zootherapeutic study describes the traditional knowledge related to different animals and -derived products used as medicines by the Bhotiya tribe inhabited in three districts (Pithoragarh, and Chamoli) of Uttarakhand, India. A field survey was conducted by performing questionnaire and inventory based interviews with 150 selected respondents. A total of 39 animal species were recorded which were used for more than 40 ethnomedical purposes including fever, cough and cold, weakness, asthma, tuberculosis, eye ailments, rheumatism, etc. From this study, it was found that Bhotiyas are using 39 animal species for the treatment of over 40 different kinds of ailments. Mammals (n = 21, 53.85 %) exceeded invertebrates (n = 8, 20.51 %), aves (n = 5, 12.82 %), reptiles (n = 2, 5.13 %), fish (n = 2, 5.13 %) and amphibian (n = 1, 2.564 %), respectively. Animals as a whole or their by-products were used in the preparation of traditional medicine and flesh accounted the highest proportion among different by-products. In the present study, among 39 animals, 20 animals (51.3 %) were listed in IUCN Red Data List, were used for medicinal purposes. From the current study, it is concluded that this kind of traditional knowledge which is only confined among Bhotiyas need to be properly documented and also design strategies for the conservation and management of the valuable faunistic resources. Further, studies are required for experimental validation to confirm the presence of bioactive compounds in these traditional remedies and also explore the ways for sustainable use of these resources.

Keywords: Conservation, Bhotiya tribe, Ethnomedicine, Faunal biodiversity, Traditional knowledge.

IPC Int. Cl.8: A61K, A61D, A61D 7/00, A61K 36/00

Along with the floral diversity, faunal resources have long tradition in India and mostly used by the tribal been found to play a great role in human life. communities inhabited in around the forest. Their use Evidences show that human beings are familiar with in traditional medicines has also been documented in use of animals and plants for food, cloth, medicine, Ayurveda and Charaka Samhita. A large number of etc., since ancient times1,2. The dynamic relationship animals are also mentioned in Ayurvedic system8. The between human culture and animal resources in their knowledge about animals and their medicinal values environment is termed as ethnozoology3. The most is mainly enriched among tribal and ethnic important aspect in this context ramifies on traditional communities dispersed all over the country. The tribal mode of the healing of various kinds of human and rural communities are almost totally dependent on ailments using animals and/or animal products as local traditional medicinal system for their healthcare medicines, generally called zootherapy4. The needs as they generally reside in remote and far-flung zootherapeutic resources constitute the essential areas where modern health and medical facilities are ingredients in different traditional systems5. not easily available9,10. Thus, they use their traditional According to World Health Organization (WHO), knowledge for medical purpose and keep on passing most of the World’s population relies primarily on this knowledge from generation to generation in the plants and animals based medicines6. WHO reported family11. Nearly 18.5 % of total tribal populations in that about 8.7 % of 252 essential chemicals used in India are represented by the Indian Himalayan region various medicines come from animal origin7. The (IHR). Out of 573 schedule tribes of India, more than history of using animals and plants in medicines is 175 inhabit IHR12. However, the central Himalayan ______region (Uttarakhand) is inhabited by five major *Corresponding author schedule tribes such as the Jaunsaries, the Tharus, the NEGI & KANDARI: ZOOTHERAPEUTIC USES OF DIFFERENT ANIMALS IN UTTARAKHAND, INDIA 639

Bhotiyas, the Buxas and the Rajis or Van-Rawat13. In and close association with the alpine and sub-alpine spite of rich cultural and biological diversity in forests, these indigenous populations of high altitudes Uttarakhand, ethnozoological study is still in its utilize a wide range of biological resources in diverse infancy. Stray data/scattered information do exist in a ways. The extreme ecological conditions of high number of journals, books and reports but altitude terrains have shaped their life styles and comprehensive scientific zoological study is still cultures (Fig. 1). lacking. A large number of studies have been conducted in order to document the ethnobotanical or Survey methods ethnomedical knowledge of plant practices of Bhotiya The questionnaires survey and open ended tribe of Uttarakhand12,14-17 but the comprehensive interview/methods were employed to collect scientific ethnozoological study is still lacking. To information about animals and their products in best of our knowledge the only study reported on traditional medicines. Extensive surveys were traditional uses of animals in medicine and rituals by conducted from September 2014 to April 2015. Shoka tribes of Pithoragarh18. They have documented 38 animals species used for curing15 different diseases Ethnozoological study or disorders. Therefore, the present study is an The ethnomedicinal data including local name of attempt to undertake in-depth study as well as animals, mode of preparation, administration and use document ethnozoological uses of different were collected from Bhotiya people. The selection of animals/faunal species practiced by Bhotiya informants was based on their experience, recognition community for traditional healthcare system in central as expert and knowledged old aged person concerning Himalaya, Uttarakhand. traditional medicine. A total of 150 (90 male and 60 female) people were selected to collect Methodology ethnozoological information. We interviewed 90 (60 %) informants within age group of 55 yrs old and above, Study area and socio-economic profile of the people 2 followed by 38 informants (25 %) with 45 to 54 age Uttarakhand state encompasses an area of 53,483 Km , group and 22 (15 %) with 35–44 yrs age group. Two accounting 1.69 % of the total geographical area of basic approaches were adopted to obtain information. the country and nearly 15.5 % of Western . First, interviews done based on asking questions Bhotiya tribal communities inhabited in higher about the prevalent human diseases, their diagnostic altitudinal region of Chamoli, Pithorogarh and knowledge of curing the diseases, and animals, their Bageshwar districts of Uttarakhand. Families are of parts and products used in the treatment. They were both joint and nuclear types and both the males and females have equal right on the affairs and decision making system of the family. These people are monogamous. They have two settlements, the upper or summer settlement where they stay from May-June to October-November and cultivate limited varieties of crop under rainfed condition and lower or winter settlement where they stay for rest of the year. In lower settlement they have limited land holding and cultivate wheat (Triticum aestivum), paddy (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), potato (Solanum tuberosum), etc. They also rear livestock which mostly include pack animals like sheep (Ovis aries), goat (Capra ageagrus hircus), mules (Equus asinus x Equus caballus), etc. The three main pursuits traditionally followed by Bhotiyas are the trade, pastoralism and agriculture. Traditionally, the cross- border trade with the is the main source of income for these people, before it was banned in 1962, after the Indo-China war. Due to their constant Fig. 1  Map of the study area 640 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL. 16, No. 4, OCTOBER 2017

also asked about different purposes of animals, viz. animal species are used by large number of people medicinal, rituals, sacredness, etc. The second while a low value show that the respondents disagree approach was inventory based which involved priority on that spices to be used in the treatment of ailments. prepared list of animals being encountered in the region and subsequently interviewing the informants Results for name and use. As stated by them, their traditional The large number of tribal and traditional ethnozoological acquaintance was mainly attained communities of different parts of the country make through parental heritage and experience about use of animals and their products in human healthcare medicinal value of animal to heal their families or system and it has been well documented by various themselves. workers time to time (Table 1). The present study documents the traditional medicinal knowledge of Data analysis curing various kinds of ailments using different For the data analysis, fidelity level (FL) that animals and their products by the Bhotiya people demonstrates the percentage of respondents claiming inhabitants of Pithoragarh, Bageshwar and Chamoli the use of a certain animal species for the same districts in Uttarakhand. It was also found that there illnesses, was calculated for the most frequently was a gap of formal schooling education among old reported diseases or ailments as: generation but despite of that Bhotiya people still

have quality knowledge about use of local faunal and FL (%) = Np x 100/N floral resources in traditional medicine and other Where Np is the number of respondents that claim a purposes. From this study, it was found that Bhotiyas use of a species to treat a specific disease, and N is the using 39 animal species for the treatment of over number of respondents that use the animals as a 40 different kinds of ailments (Table 2). The animal medicine to treat any given disease19. The range of species used as traditional medicine by Bhotiya tribal fidelity level (FL) is from 1 % to 100 %. High use communities consists highest number of mammalian value (close to 100 %) show that this particular taxonomic group (n = 21, 53.85 %) followed by Table 1  Ethnomedicinal uses of animals reported from different parts of India

Tribe/Ethnic groups/Region/Indigenous people Number of animals reported Reference

Assam 5 Dutta, 1996 Sporadic study in India 20 Ghosh & Maiti, 1996 Chakhesang tribe of Nagaland 23 Kakati & Doulo, 2002 Bhils of Rajasthan 17 Sharma, 2002 Bhil, Gamit, Kokna tribes of 15 Patil, 2003 Chattisgarh 10 Oudhia, 2003a Chattisgarh 7 Oudhia, 1995 Bhopalpatnam (Chattisgarh) 3 Oudhia, 2003b Kachchh (Gujarat) 34 Gupta et al., 2003 Monpas tribe of 6 Solanki & Chutia, 2004 Irular, Mudugar, Kurumbar tribes of Tamil Nadu 26 Solavan et al., 2004 Kanika, Paliyar of Tamil Nadu 11 Singh & Padmalatha, 2004 Naga tribe of Nagaland 26 Jamir & Lal, 2005 Dibrugarh () 4 Kalita et al., 2005 Ao tribe of Nagaland 25 Kakati et al., 2006 Mogya, Meena, Bawaria tribes of Rajasthan 15 Mahawar & Jaroli, 2006 Shoka tribe of Uttarakhand 38 Negi & Palyal, 2007 Saharia tribe of Rajasthan 15 Mahawar & Jaroli, 2007 Irular, Mudugar, Kurumbar tribes of Tamil Nadu 44 Padmanabhan & Sujana, 2008 Different tribes in India 109 Mahawar & Jaroli, 2008 Garasiya tribe of Rajasthan 24 Jaroli et al., 2010 Orissa 13 Mishra, 2011 Biate tribe of Assam 34 Beltu, 2013 Madhya Pradesh 30 Bagde & Jain, 2013 Karbi Ang long people of Assam 48 Verma et al., 2014 Jhargram, 23 De & Kundu, 2014 Pardhan tribe of Madhya Pradesh 18 Bgde & Jain, 2013 Bhotiya tribe of Uttarakhand 38 Present study NEGI & KANDARI: ZOOTHERAPEUTIC USES OF DIFFERENT ANIMALS IN UTTARAKHAND, INDIA 641

Table 2  Medicinal uses of animal and animal parts/products in traditional therapy by Bhotiya tribe Uttarakhand

S.No. Scientific Common name Parts used Traditional uses Mode of preparation Respondents Fidelity Conservation name Local name level (%) status Mammals

1 Bos indicus Cow Urine Fever, Weakness Taken orally 143 95 Status- NE Gai Milk+ Dropping Eye disease Urine is used as an eye drop 108 72 Trend- U Curd Pain relief Muscle pain can relieve by smear of 53 35 Constipation milk and dropping mixture 147 98 Taken orally 2 Capra Goat Urine Tuberculosis Taken orally 90 60 Status -NE indica Bakri Milk Weakness Taken orally 113 75 Trend- U Dropping Arthritis Smooth paste with water is applied on 83 55 Leg Weakness swelling 143 95 Flesh Weakness Soup is taken orally 150 100 Cooked and eaten 3 Bos Yak Flesh Weakness Cooked and eaten 60 40 Status- NE grunniens Trend- U 4 Moschus Musk Deer Musk Pregnancy/ Taken orally 140 93 Status- EN chrysogaster Kasturi Hiran Lactation Administered through 135 90 Trend- D Heart ailments, Intraperitoneal route Aphrodisiac, Asthma, Snake poisoning 5 Martes Martens Bone Wound healing Paste of bone is applied locally 62 41 Status- LC flavigula Trend- S 6 Selenarctos Himalayan Black Gall bladder Easy delivery of Swallowed whole before delivery 117 78 Status- VU thibetanus Bear child Fresh gall bladder is filled with rice 128 85 Trend- D Malaria grains and left to dry out. After few days a yellowish powder is formed which is used as medicine of malaria 7 Cervus Sambhar Antler Eye ailments Antler is rubbed with water and paste is 138 92 Status-VU unicolor Sambar Pneumonia applied 105 70 Trend- D Antler is rubbed with water and paste is applied 8 Capra sps Sheep Milk Muscular pain Milk is used a massage cream 120 80 Status- NE Bhaid/bhed Fat Burns Extract tail fat and rub 57 38 Trend- U 9 Lepus Hare Fur Wound healing Take the fur, burn it and rub ashes in 57 38 Status- LC nigricollis Kharha Flesh Fever the wound 38 25 T-rend- U Liver Acidity Cooked and eaten 15 10 Bone Cough and cold Dry liver is taken orally 44 29 Dropping Fitness Rub with water and paste is applied 18 12 Fume of dropping is taken nasally 10 Bos taurus Bull Dropping Hair growth Dry dropping boiled with coconut oil 35 23 Status- NE Bail Horn Fitness and massage the hair 15 10 Trend- U Decayed horn larva is used to be fit 11 Bubalus Buffalo Fat Weakness Cooked and eaten 8 5 Status- NE bubalis Bhais Trend- U

12 Equus Horse Sweat Drug addiction Sweat mix with water and administered 57 38 Status- NE hemionus Ghoda Flesh Weakness orally 20 13 Trend- U Eye ailments Cooked and eaten 30 20 Cooked and eate 13 Canis Dog Blood Epilepsy Fresh blood mixed with alcohol and 6 4 Status-NE familiaris Kukura /Kutta Flesh Epilepsy taken orally 5 3 Trend- U Saliva Skin diseases Cooked and eaten 30 20 Earache Fresh saliva applied on skin 45 30 Used as eye drop 14 Pseudois Himalayan Blue Antler Stomach pain Antlers rubbed with water and taken 83 55 Status-LC nayaur Sheep and fever orally or applied locally Trend- U Bharal

(Contd.) 642 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL. 16, No. 4, OCTOBER 2017

Table 2  Medicinal uses of animal and animal parts/products in traditional therapy by Bhotiya tribe Uttarakhand  (Contd.)

S.No. Scientific Common name Parts used Traditional uses Mode of preparation Respondents Fidelity Conservation name Local name level (%) status Mammals 15 Panthera Leopard Flesh Weakness Cooked and eaten 90 60 Status- NT pardus Tendua Bone Aphrodisiac Soup is taken orally 117 78 Trend- D Hair Foot and mouth Burnt hair is applied 68 45 Fat disease Oil used for massage the affected area 50 Body pain 75 16 Muntiacus Barking deer Flesh Weakness Cooked and eaten 128 85 Status-LC muntjak Hiran Antler Ear ache Antler is rubbed with water and used as 105 70 Trend- D eye drop 17 Sus scrofa Wild Boar Skin Pneumonia Ash of skin orally use or rub on chest 38 25 Status-LC cristatus Jangali suar Fat Rheumatism area 18 12 Trend- U Wagner, Oil used for massage the affected area 1839 18 Macaca Monkey Flesh Rheumatism and Cooked and eaten 11 7 Status-LC mulatta Bandar asthma Trend- U 19 Hemitragus Himalayan Thar Tail Weakness Cooked and eaten 108 72 Status- NT jemlahicus Bone Strength to Soup is taken orally 98 65 Trend- D lactating females 20 Canis Golden Jackal Flesh Paralysis, Cooked and eaten 90 60 Status-LC aureus Siyal, Geedar Fat Arthritis Applied locally 75 50 Trend- I indicus Blood Rheumatism Taken orally 45 30 Asthma 21 Hystrix Porcupine Fat Rheumatism, Cooked and eaten 131 87 Status-LC indica Sehi Intestine and body pain Dried stomach and intestine dipped 90 60 Trend- S stomach Stomach overnight in cold water and taken orally disorder Invertebrates 1 Status-NE Apis indica Honey bee Honey Weakness Taken orally 150 100 Trend- U Madhu Makkhi Eye ailments Applied locally Wound healing Applied locally

2 Lacifer Lac insect Lac powder Wound healing Lac powder mixed with coconut oil and 105 70 Status- NE lacca Lakh Leprosy applied locally 78 52 Trend- U Taken orally 3 Spirobolus Millipede Whole Treat dandruff Burn and swallow the ashes 98 65 Status-NE spp. Trend- U 4 Paratalphus Crab Whole Jaundice Crushed, boiled with water and extract 57 38 Status-NE a spp. Kekda is taken orally Trend- U 5 Palamnaeus Scorpion Whole Rheumatism Whole body is boiled in mustard oil 93 62 Status-NE spp. Bichhu Piles and extract is used to massage the 86 57 Trend- U affected area Whole body is boiled in mustard oil and extract is applied on the affected area 6 Periplaneta Cockroach Whole Tuberculosis Crushed and eaten 30 20 Status-NE americana Tilchatta Trend- U 7 Aglais Butterfly Wings Chest pain Grind and swallow powder 60 40 Status- NE urticae Titli Trend- U 8 Araneus spp Spider Spider web Stop bleeding Apply direct on fresh wound 101 67 Status-NE Makda Trend- U Aves 1 Gallus Domestic fowl Fat Weakness Eaten 149 99 Status- LC gallus Murgi Egg Cough and cold Fresh egg shake with milk is taken 135 90 Trend- D orally 2 Columba Pigeon Flesh Paralysis Cooked and eaten 75 50 Status- LC livia Kabutar Trend- D 3 Vanellus Red-wattled Yolk Typhoid, Fever, Applied on head 98 65 Status- LC indicus Lapwing Body pain Trend- U Titar

(Contd.) NEGI & KANDARI: ZOOTHERAPEUTIC USES OF DIFFERENT ANIMALS IN UTTARAKHAND, INDIA 643

Table 2  Medicinal uses of animal and animal parts/products in traditional therapy by Bhotiya tribe Uttarakhand  (Contd.)

S.No. Scientific Common name Parts used Traditional uses Mode of preparation Respondents Fidelity Conservation name Local name level (%) status

Aves 4 Passer House sparrow Dropping Constipation Applied in the anus of baby 53 35 Status- LC domesticus Chidia Nest Ellergy Fume apply in whole body covered 48 32 Trend- D with blanket 5 Catreus Chir pheasant Flesh Rheumatism Cooked and eaten 108 72 Status- VU wallichii Chir titar Bone Impotency Cooked and eaten 72 48 Trend- D Ear ache Crushed, mixed with water and taken orally Reptiles 1 Calotis Garden lizard Flesh Jaundice Cooked and eaten 8 5 Status- NE versicolor Whole Wound healing Boiled in edible oil and applied on the 9 6 Trend- U affected area 2 1.Vipera Snakes Flesh Eye ailments Cooked and eaten 23 15 Status- NE russelli Saap Gall bladder Diabetes Cooked and eaten 11 7 Trend- U 2.Ptyas Fat Burns Applied locally 18 12 mucosus 3. Ancistrodon himalayans Pisces 1 putitora Fish Blood Foot and mouth Applied locally 128 85 Status- EN Machchhi disease Trend- D 2 Schizothorax Cervical vertebrae Wound healing Applied locally 69 46 Status- NE richardsoni Urine problem Rubbed with water and paste is taken 38 25 Trend- U orally Amphibian 1 Hoplo- Frog Flesh Wound healing Crushed flesh is applied on the wounds 39 26 Status- LC batrachus Mendhak Trend- S rugulosus

* NE= Not evaluated; LC= Least concern, EN= Endangered, VU= Vulnerable, NT=Near threatened, U=Unknown, S=Stable, D= De

invertebrates (n = 8, 20.51 %), aves (n = 5, 12.82 %), reptiles (n = 2, 5.13 %), fish (n = 2, 5.13 %) and amphibian (n = 1, 2.564 %), respectively, (Fig. 2). Bhotiya people use these animals and their products for the treatment of more than 40 different types of illnesses not only common ones such as fever, weakness, eye ailments, asthma, etc., but most of them are also used in various serious ailments such as arthritis, leprosy, tuberculosis, jaundice, malaria, heart ailments, etc. Maximum number of animals has been reported for the treatment of weakness (Fig. 3) and all these animals either were used as whole in different form or their byproducts like milk, blood, organ, flesh, urine, honey, curd, feather, bone, etc., used in the preparations of traditional medicines for curing Fig. 2  Proportion representations of total number of species various illness (Table 2). The flesh accounted the and the percentage of contribution amongst each class highest proportion among different byproducts being commonly known by the respondents have higher used as medicinal purposes (Fig. 4). Fidelity level fidelity level than less known. The fidelity level of (FL) demonstrates the percentage of respondents animals used by the Bhotiya people is shown in claiming the use of a certain animal for the same Table 2. The flesh of Capra indica used to relieve major purpose. The uses of animals that are weakness and honey of Apis indica to treat weakness, 644 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL. 16, No. 4, OCTOBER 2017

Fig. 3  Number of animal species used by the Bhotiya tribe against different ailments.

Fig. 4  Animal parts used for medicinal purpose eye ailments, and wounds has the highest FL (100 %), Discussion followed by Gallus gallus for the treatment of The study revealed that different animals used for weakness (99 %) and the curd of Bos indicus used to healing are also being used by various tribal groups in curing constipation (98 %). The use of flesh of Canis India. Some animals or their products are being put to familiaris to treat epilepsy has the lowest FL of 3 %. similar uses, such as the urine of Capra indicus is NEGI & KANDARI: ZOOTHERAPEUTIC USES OF DIFFERENT ANIMALS IN UTTARAKHAND, INDIA 645

used for asthma, tuberculosis and paralysis by Ao products of domestic and personal use, and the tribes of Nagaland20, Naga tribes of Nagaland21 and opportunity available to the old and women folk, who Saharia tribes of Rajasthan22 while the use of soup lived behind in the villages while the men engaged extracted from leg bone to treat weakness is also themselves in the trans-Himalayan trade, by way of reported in Kachchh23. Use of fresh blood and flesh spare time. A whole range of woolen-products, for curing paralysis is also reported in Bhils24, Mogya, produced almost in every house-hold and the skill Bawaria, Saharia people of Rajasthan25,22 and Tamil being passed on from generation to generation, Naidu26. Antler of Cervus unicolor is used for eye became yet another source of livelihood in the ailments in Rajasthan25 and Kachchh region23, while it Bhotiya tribal communities. It is well understood from is used to treat pneumonia by Gond tribes of Madhya the present study that among 42 animals, 22 are Pradesh27. Use of Capra spp. milk for muscular pain hunted for meet (out of which 13 are listed under along with mouth ulcer is also reported by Mogya, IUCN Red Data List). Along with this, Bhotiya Bawaria and Meena tribes of Rajasthan25. The flesh people have scarce knowledge, many superstition and of Hystrix indica is used to facilitate easy delivery of myths associated with traditions, which cause harm to a child among the Biate tribe of Assam28. Another animal life. So, these traditional medicine and animals important aspect of the present study that needs to be by-products should be tested for their appropriate mention is that the Bhotiya people also use at least medicinal components, if found indefensible, the 20 animals (51.3 %) listed under endangered (n = 2, people should be made aware about the protected and 5.13 %), vulnerable (n = 3, 7.69 %), near threatened endangered animal species and their importance and (n = 2, 5.13 %) and least concern (n = 13, 33.33 %) value in biodiversity. Therefore, the socio ecological categories of the IUCN Red Data List29 (Fig. 2). Musk system has to be strengthened through sustainable deer (Moschus chrysogaster) and Tor putitora fish are management and conservation of biodiversity20. listed as endangered, Himalayan black bear (Selenarctos thibetanus), Sambhar (Cervus unicolor) Conclusion and recommendations and Chir pheasant (Catreus wallichii) listed as To conclude, a total of 39 animal species were vulnerable while Leopard (Panthera pardus) and identified for curing over 40 kinds of ailments used Himalayan thar (Hemitragus jemlahicus) are listed as by Bhotiya people inhabited in Chamoli, Pithoragarh near threatened in IUCN Red Data List. and Bageshwar in Uttarakhand. Mammals consist the highest number of animals (n = 21, 53.85 %), while Despite medical purposes, Bhotiya people also use amphibians comprise a lowest percentage (n = 1, animal resources for other purposes in their life. 2.564 %). Some of the animals are included under Capra spp. and Equus hemionus are used as a mean of IUCN Red Data List (n = 22, 51.3 %). Thus, our study transportation, feather of Columba spp. is used to also shows that the Bhotiya people have very rich make amulets (tabij), ring made from horse-shoe is folklore and traditional knowledge in the utilization of believed to welcome good luck and prosperity. Beside different animals and their byproduct. So, there is an this, some animals are also used as omen indicators, urgent need to properly document to keep a record of such as crossing of the road by cat (Felis bengalensis), the ethnomedicinal data of animal products and their howling of dog (Canis familiaris) at night and medicinal uses. Continued access to forest and wild crawling of cock (Gallus gallus) other than morning. animal resources is critical to prevent the loss of Similar kind of relationship at spiritual level is found Bhotiyas traditional knowledge and improve Bhotiyas among Pardhan tribes of Madhya Pradesh30,31 and Adi healthcare. Traditionally, collection of animal tribes of Arunachal Pradesh32. Other than traditional resources is collective actively, through which TK is medicines, wool based handicraft is the main source transmitted. The decline of animal and their by- of economy among Bhotiya people. They roughly products has lead to loss of associated culture use and 33 produce woolens worth ` 50 million annually . traditional knowledge. Cultural values also sustain Shawls, Sweaters, woolen socks and carpets of traditional knowledge. The Bhotiya people believe different sizes are made by wool of sheep or rabbit. that the gods and goddesses that protect them are in Pashmina shawls are world famous for its quality. the forest, and that certain plants/animal species are Excellence in wool based handicraft has also been a their ancestors. Thus, Bhotiyas TK, animal resources, product of both, the habitat, i.e., wool producing cultural and spiritual values are closely inter-linked. region and extremely cold climate requiring woolen The younger generation no longer wants to learn 646 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL. 16, No. 4, OCTOBER 2017

about their traditional knowledge and practices. 11 Jaroli DP, Mahawar MM & Vyas N, An ethnozoological Therefore, the protection and recognition of Bhotiyas study in the adjoining areas of Mount Abu wildlife sanctuary, J Ethnobiol Ethnomed, 6 (6) (2010) 1–9. traditional knowledge with regards to use of animals 12 Samal PK, Dhyani PP & Dollo M, Indigenous medicinal resources are to be undertaken in a manner conducive practices of Bhotiya tribal community in Indian Central to social and economic welfare of the entire Himalaya, Indian J Tradit Knowle, 9 (2) (2010) 256-260. community. Moreover, the commercial use of TK 13 Samal PK, Rawat DS, Farooquee NA, Pant R, Pant P, Topal YS, (validated medicine) should be subject to equitable Satyal GS & Parihar DS, Tribal Development: Problems and Prospects, In: Research for Mountain Development: Some sharing of benefits. An appropriate mechanism is Initiatives & Accomplishments, (Gyanodaya Prakashan, needed to prevent biopiracy and ensure credit goes to Nainital), 1998, 165-194. the TK holders for their contribution. Further studies 14 Negi CS, Maikhuri RK & Nanda Devi, Biosphere Reserve– are required for scientific validation to confirm Pro-poor tourism: An option, The Botani, 52 (2002) 101–11. medicinal value of such products and to include this 15 Kandari LS, Phondani PC, Payal KC, Rao KS & Maikhuri RK, Ethnobotanical study towards conservation of medicinal and knowledge for conservation and management of aromatic plants in upper catchments of Dhauli Ganga in the animal resources. We hope that this information will Central Himalaya, J Mt Sci, 9 (2012) 286-296 be highly useful for further research in the field of 16 Chauhan A, Ethno-medicine of Bhotiya tribe in Mana village ethnozoology, ethnopharmacology and biodiversity of Uttarakhand, Indian J Sociol Anthropol, 6 (10) (2014) conservation point of view. 296-304. 17 Ratha KK, Joshi GC, Rungsung W & Hazra J, Use pattern of high Acknowledgement altitude medicinal plants by Bhotiya tribe of Niti valley, Uttarakhand, World J Pharm Pharm Sci, 4 (6) (2015) 1042-1061. The authors are thankful to the Bhotiya community 18 Negi CS & Palyal VS, Traditional use of animal and animal for their immense support and kind cooperation in this products in medicine and rituals by the Shoka tribes of study. district Pithoragarh, Uttaranchal, India, Ethnomedicine, 1 (1) (2007) 47-54.

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