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WALES Tlze Publisher Has Jrr.T lHE STORY OF THE NATIONS f.DITION ttbe ~torp or tbe Jaatio• WALES Tlze Publisher has Jrr.t"ared • Filt Edjtion of this b(}(lk, boull4 in half morocco, with. polis/zed g1ll edges, silk head-bands, gold marb/td sides, and doth lt.ingrs. Price Ios. 6d. net. Builders of Greater Britain. Edited by H. F. WILSON. A Set of 10 Volumes, each with Photogravure Frontispiece 4nd Map, large crown 8vo, cloth, 6s. each. c List oj l'olrmu:s. 1. SIR WALTER RALEGH; the British DominioD of the Wee\. By MARTIN A. S. HUME. 2. SIR THOMAS 1llAITLA.ND : the Mastery or the atediterrane&D. By WALTER FREWEN LoRD. 3• .JOHN CABO'l AND ms SONS : the Discovery or Nort.h America. By C. RAYMOND BEAZLEY. :M.A. 4· EDWARD GmBON WAXEFIELD ; the Colonl.satioD or South Auet.ralia and New Zealand. By R. GARNETT, C.B., LL.D. 5· LORD CLIVE; the Foundation or British Rule iD India. By SIR A. J. ARBUTHNOT, K.C.S.I., C. I.E. 6. ADMIRAL PBILLIP; the Foundi.Dg of New South Walea. By LOUIS BECKE and WALTER JEFFERY. • 7. RAJAH BROOKE; the EngliahmaD aa Ruler or an Elstem Stata. By StR ~PEXSER ST. JOHN, G.C.l\I.G. • 8. SIR STAMFORD RAFFLES ; England iD the Far Eaet. By the EDITOR. !lasters of Medicine. Large crown 8vo, cloth, 3s. 6d. each. List oj Volumes. 1• .JOHN H'Ulf'TEB.. By STEPHEN PAGET. 2. WILLIA.JI HARVEY. By D'ARcY PowER. 3. SIR .JAMES SiliiiPSON. By H. LAING GoRDON. 4- WILLIA.JI STOKES. By SIR WILLIAM STOKES. 5. SIR BENJAliiiiK BRODIE. By TIMOTHY HoutES. 6. CLAUDE BERNARD. Bv SIR MICHAEL FosTEI<. 7. HBB.!rU.Nif VON m:r..JI1liOLTZ. By JoHN G. McKENDRICK. r In preparalitm. 'l'HOliU.S SYDENlWIIL By J. F. PAYNE • .l.NDB.EAS VESALI118. By c. L. TAYLOR. LONDON: T. FISHEH t.:NWIN, PATERSOSTER SQUARE, E.C. THE STORY OF THE 'NATIONS. J, JlOIIB, By ARTHUR GILMAN, 30· TEl: BYZANTnrB EXPIB.E. M.A. Bv C. W. C. OMAN• ._ • 2. THE .Jl!WS, By Prof. J. K. 31. BIC!LY: Ph011lliciM, ureea r.nd HOSMER, JlcJII&Il, By,be late Prof. E. 3· GERlll.UIY, By Rev. S. BARINQ.. A. FREEMAN. Got'LD, M.A. 3•· THE TlJBCAlr JlEPlJBLICS. 4· CARTHAGE. By Prof. ALFRED Bv BELLA DUFFY. ). CHI.JIICH. 33· POLA.l!iD, By W. R. MORFILL, S· .&.LEXAJIDER'B ElllPIRE, By M.A. Prof.). P. MAHAFt'Y. 34· PARTJll.&.. By Prof. GIIORGII 6. TEl: llOORB IN SP.t.Ill'. By I<AWLINSON, STANLEY LANE-POOLII. 35· AlJSTRALIA.lf COKIJ:Olt'· 7· ANCIENT EGYPT. By rro£. WEA.LTll. By GRIIVILLII G~:OIIGE RAWLINSON. TREGARTHEN. 8. BUN GARY, By Prof. ARMIN IUS 36. BP.t.Ill', By H. E. WATJ'S. VAMI!RIIV. 37· lAPAN, By DAVID MURRAY, g. THE SARACENS, By ARTHUR Ph.D. GILMAN, M.A. 38. 60UTlt AFJI.ICA. By GEORGB 10. mELAND, By the Hon. EMILY M. THEAI. LAWLESS. 39· VENICE. By ALETHEA WIEL. n. CB.&.LDEA. By ZENAIDII A. 40. TEl: CRUSADES, By T. A. RAGOZJN. ARCHER and C. L. KINGSFORD. u. TEl: GOTJlS, By HENRY BRAD­ 4'· VEDIO INDIA. By Z. A. RA· LEV. t • GOZIN. 13. .&.llBYRU. By ZltNAIDE A. RA- 42. WEST INDIES r.nathe BP A.lfiSJl GOZIN. e IJ:A.IN, By JAUES RODWAY, 14. TURKEY, By STANLEY l.AN&o 43· BOltEIJ:U., By C. EDliUND • l:'OOLII. MAVRICI!. [M.A. IS. BOLLAND. By Prof. J. E. 4+ TEl: BAJ.XA.NS. ByW. MILLER, THOI!OLD ROGERS. 45· CANADA, By Sir J. G. Bouru­ 16. lt.EDLIEV AL FRANCE, By NOT, LL.D. ltl'STAVI!; M.tt.SSOS. 46. BltiTISJl INDIA. By R. W. 17. PERSIA. By S. G. W. BEN­ FRAZER. LL.B. JAMIN. 47. KODElUf Fl!.ANCE. By ANDRB· 18. PBCENICIA.. By Prof. Gro. LR BoK. RAWLINSON. 48, 'l'HE FR.A.lfJ!:S. By LEWIS SI!R­ 19- lt.EDIA.. l:ly ZEt:AiDE A. RA­ GEu:r. GOZIN. 49- AUSTRIA. By SIDNEY WHIT· ""· TEl: JlANSA TOWNS. By lfAS HELEN ZIMMER!:. so. lltODERlf ElfGLA.lfD. Before u. EARLY BRIT .&Ill'. By Prof. the Reform Bill. By ju!;Tili AI.HU:JJ (. CHt'RCH. MCCARTHY. u. TEl: BARBARY CORSAIRS. 51. CJllNA. B'• Prof. R. K. DOUGLAS. 1-lv STANLEY LANI!·l:'OOLE. sz. KODERN ElfGLAlrD. From tbe 23. BUSSIA.. 1-lvW.R MOIIFILL, M.A. J<dorm Bill to the Present 24· THE .Jl!WS UNDER THE Time. Bv (!','TIN McCARTHY. ROlll.UIS. Bv\\'.D. MORRI>ON. 53· KOD11Uf liP.t.Ill', By MARTIS zs. SCOTLAND. By JOHN MACL:IN­ A. S. Ht'">:. '1'\"H. LL.D. 5+ MODERN IT.&.LT. By PIETRO z6. IIWITZERL.A.ND. By Mrs. Lin OtiS!. H t'G and R. STEA!>, ~5- !fOR WAY, Bv H. H. fiOYI!SEli. 17. lt.EXICO. By SVSAN HALE. so. WALES. By 0. M. EDWARDS. a8. PO~~~.?~ By fi· MOR~l!t 57· lt.EDIEV.&.L ROME. By W. MILLER, M.A. :19- TEl: JIORIIANS. By SARAH sS. 'l'Bl! P A.P .&.I. KOlfARCltY, By ORU j~WJ::TT.. Wiu..LA.M BARRY, Ll.J..I. Ll..o!o100N: T. FISHER UNWIN, PATERNOSTER SQt'ARE. E.C. CAilNAilVON CAS1'LL (Fn1111 a drawing ~.Y H. Gaslin'a,.) WALES BY OWEN M. EDWARDS \ELLOW OF Llt;COLN COi..LEGE OXFORD THIRD IJlPRESSION 1onl>on T. PISHER UNWIN ,PATERNOSTER SQUARE NEW YORK: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 1903 CoPYRIGHT BY T. FISHER UNWIN, I'J'if (l•or Great Britain) COPYRIGHT• BY G. P. PuTliA!If!l SOliS, 1901 (For U1c: United States of America) "BIUEF GL/.1/PSES." A luJndJt~nu 11/m­ lnlled Hami/}()()k, explailling lltl'W tlu [anums "St11ry ".f tlu Nati11ns" Series may IH ,turcnased 1111 Ike Instalmtnl S;IIJiem at 1111 Ent~rmtiUS J.'tduclitln_, Tllis n ...,,~ nnoldins 4;6 Sjo«iwu:ll ,,,,_,...# 1/lu.t..... - t;,....s, S.. ~ <'f T'xt. PMtrtllils ill "'"" t>.f 1/u Aulh.,, 11 C..•mtldt List t>.l IM l'<>iutN<IS. w•ttll farli.-Hia" t>.J /lu WnU, and Prta lits•int'll and Crili<il,.., II ..11 bt ,.., frrt Dj dd'* 011 11/'f'/t(atiOtf. · PREFACE IN this first attempt at writing a continuous popular history of Wales, I am afraid that the mass of details. te~s to obscure the outlines of the story of a very simple and definite developme.rt. In the first half I try to sketch the rise and fall of a princely caste; in the second, the rise of a self­ educated, self-governing peasantry. Rome left its heritage of political unity and organisation to a Welsh governing tribal caste; the princes were alternately the ·oppressing organisers of their own people and their defenders against England. The literature of the princes are the courtly tales of the Mabinogion . and the exquisitely artistic odes of Davydd ap Gwilym and his contemporaries. The princes were crushed by. the Plantagenets, their descendants dis~ossessed by the Lancastrians or Anglicised by the Tudo~. On their disappearance, a lower subject <!lass became prominent, inheriting their changing traditions, and feebly imitating their decaying literature. This class, with stronger thought and increasing material wealth, rules Wales to-day. il: X PREFACE The history of the period of the formation of the Welsh people, which Principal Rhys has made his own, I pass over very lightly. Of early social history, expounfted ;o English readers by 1\lr. Secbohm, I . only relate enough to make political history in· telligible. 1\Iy chief authorities for the period of the Norman and English conquests, which I sketch more fully, are Brut"y Tywysogion, Ordericus Vitalis, the monastic annalists, the Welsh laws, and the Welsh poets of the Red Book of Hergest. For each period from the time of Owen Glendower to the present day, my conclusions are mostly drawn from contemporary Welsh literature. With regard to the vast mass of unpublished material, tl lli.ve found invaluable. guidance in Mr. Gwenogvryn Evans' transcripts and catalogues. · In almost every case I have given proper names in their Anglicised form. Words like Owen and Llywelyn present no difficulty ; but ought I to have . written Rees or Rhys, Griffith or Gruffydd? The English form is given in the text ; the \V elsh correct forms will be found in brackets in the index. OWEN 1\l. EDWARDS. LLANUWCHLLVN1 .Marclt, 1901. CONTENTS I. • • PAGE A LAND OF MOUNTAINS 1-17 A mass of mountains rising between plain and sea-They explain a story of independence and disunion-Their four divisions : precipitous Eryri, Berwyn ·pasture lands and . sheep walks, Plinlimmon moorlands, Black Mountains shel­ tering pleasant plains and hiding a \'ast coal-field-The four divisions correspond roughly with four nations and four dioceses. · The migrating nations that reached the mountains that stood almost on the edge of the world then known-A short dark race, which we may call Iberian; the Celtic race, tall and fair-Traditions concerning the struggle between them­ They are still the chief elements of the Wdsb people. II. RoME AND A.RTHUR •(84-68'~ 18-30 Rome ilops the migration of nations westwards-Ostorius Scapula approaches the mountains, and defeats the Silurian army of Caratacus-Suetonius Paulinus and Julius Frontbus carry the Roman eagles to the western sea-The political Jettlcmenl under Agricola-Great military camps and cities 'r:i xii CONTENTS I'AGI on the skirts of the mountains-Rule of kinglets subject to the chief Roman official-The ddence against the Picts in the north and against the pirates of the western sea. t The persistence of Roman ideals in the mountains after the fall c1 Rome-The idea of political unity finds expression in the supremacy of Maelgwn Gwynedd, in the stn~ggle between Cadwallon and Northumbria, and in the gradual evolution of the mystic Arthur of legend-The old religion and St.
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