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Invasion of the Oak Lace Bug Corythucha Arcuata (Say.) in Romania: a First Extended Repor- Ting

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Invasion of the Oak Lace Bug Corythucha Arcuata (Say.) in Romania: a First Extended Repor- Ting Ann. For. Res. 61(2): 161-170, 2018 ANNALS OF FOREST RESEARCH DOI: 10.15287/afr.2018.1187 www.afrjournal.org Invasion of the oak lace bug Corythucha arcuata (Say.) in Romania: a first extended reporting ^ ^ ^ § Romica Tomescu, Nicolai Olenici, Constantin Netoiu,, Flavius Balacenoiu , Andrei Buzatu ^ ^ Tomescu R., Olenici N., Netoiu, C., Balacenoiu F., Buzatu A., 2018. Invasion of the oak lace bug Corythucha arcuata (Say.) in Romania: a first extended repor- ting. Ann. For. Res. 61(2): 161-170. Abstract. In the context of globalization, the biological invasions affect all the countries, including Romania, where this phenomenon is increasingly visible in the last years. Besides the invasive forest insects already known to be established in Romania, a new species - Corythucha arcuata (Say, 1832), commonly known as the oak lace bug and originating in North America, appeared in the last years. It was reported for the first time in Romania in 2015, and it spread across the country in 2016-2017. In order to detect the species and to draw its distribution area, a species identification sheet, as well as a working protocol were developed, considering the insect morphol- ogy and the type of attack. During the vegetation seasons 2016 and 2017, the species was found in 67 out of the 124 surveyed locations, mainly in the southern and western parts of the country, but also in the eastern part. The main host species of the oak lace bug were Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Q. cerris, Q. frainetto, and Q. pubescens. It attacked the host trees in all hab- itats (tree stands, parks, nurseries, isolated trees etc.) and the intensity of attack varied from 1% to 100% of the leaves. Keywords: Corythucha arcuata, oak lace bug, distribution, Quercus spp., Romania Authors. “Marin Drăcea“ National Research-Development Institute in Forestry, Eroilor Av. 128, Voluntari, Ilfov. § Corresponding author: Flavius Bălăcenoiu ([email protected]) Manuscript received November 4, 2018; revised December 26, 2018; accepted December 29, 2018; online first December 31, 2018. Introduction The biological invasions have been affecting Romania since the end of the 19th century and As a consequence of globalization, biological the best-known invasive species of insects that invasions by alien species can have important have entered Romania, become established, and, often, harmful impacts on the biological everywhere spread and caused serious damag- diversity and functions of the invaded ecosys- es are Viteus vitifoliae (Fitch, 1855) – grape- tems and can cause significant losses (Vilá & vine phylloxera, Diaspidiotus perniciosus Hulme 2017). (Comstock, 1881) - San José scale and Lepi- 161 Ann. For. Res. 61(2): 161-170, 2018 Research article / INCDS85 notarsa decemlineata (Say, 1824) - Colorado & C.A.Mey. ex Hohen., Q. macrocarpa Mi- potato beetle (Pașol et al. 2007). However, chx., Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl., Q. petraea this phenomenon is becoming more and more subsp. iberica (Steven ex M. Bieb.) Krassiln., visible in the recent years, following the in- Q. pubescens Willd., Q. pyrenaica Willd., Q. tegration of Romania into the European Uni- robur L., Q. robur subsp. pedunculiflora (K. on, when customs checks at border crossing Koch) Menitsky, Q. virgiliana (Ten.) Ten. points were reduced and the transportation of (Bernardinelli & Zandigiacomo 2000, Fors- goods and persons greatly increased (Olenici ter et al. 2005, Dioli et al. 2007, Mutun et al. & Duduman 2016). 2009, Csóka et al. 2013, Dobreva et al. 2013, In the Romania’s forests, the most impor- Hrašovec et al. 2013, Don et al. 2016, Nei- tant invasive forest insects are Hyphantria morovets et al. 2017, Simov et al. 2018). In- cunea (Druy, 1773) (Simionescu et al. 1971), sects of different developmental stages or only Parectopa robiniella Clemens, 1863 and Ma- symptoms of attack were also noted on leaves crosaccus robiniella (Clemens, 1859) (Nețoiu of Acer laetum C.A. Meyer, Castanea sativa & Tomescu 2006), as well as Ips duplicatus Mill., Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill., Prunus avi- (Sahlberg, 1836), the latter generating major um (L.) L., Rosa canina L., Rubus idaeus L., disturbances in some stands of Norway spruce R. ulmifolius Schott, Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst) during the last de- and Ulmus minor Mill. (Hrašovec et al. 2013, cade (Olenici et al. 2011). Recently, a new a- Neimorovets et al. 2017, Simov et al. 2018). lien insect species, Corythucha arcuata (Say, The adults and nymphs feed on the lower 1832) (Heteroptera: Tingidae) - the oak lace side of the leaves of the host tress, producing bug (OLB), was reported in Romania (Don et numerous characteristic black spots, while on al. 2016, Chireceanu et al. 2017a, b) affecting the upper side of the leaves the typical symp- especially the oak species. tom is chlorotic discoloration (Bernadinelli C. arcuata is a species originating in North 2006, Mutun et al. 2009). In the case of heavy America, which appeared for the first time infestations, the pest can cause tree defoliation in Europe in 2000, in Italy (Bernardinelli & or increase the susceptibility of the host to Zandigiacomo 2000), after which it arrived in various diseases or pests (Connell & Beacher Turkey in 2002 (Mutun 2003). In the mean- 1947, Mutun et al. 2009, Dobreva et al. 2013). time, its distribution area extended and OLB Due to the damage caused to the trees in the arrived closer to Romania. In 2012 it was ob- places where it was reported in our country served in Bulgaria (Dobreva et al. 2013) and in and in the neighbouring countries of Romania, 2013 in Hungary (Csóka et al. 2013), Croatia this species should be considered a potential (Hrašovec et al. 2013) and Serbia (Pap et al. forest pest, mainly to oak forests wich covered 2015). 16.3 % of the total forested area (IFN 2018). The species spread quite rapidly in the in- Likewise, Corythucha arcuata can be con- vaded countries. In Turkey, a few years after sidered as a potential pest to urban zone or of first record, OLB affected an area of about individual trees. Consequently, the aim of the 28,116 km2 (Mutun 2008). In Bulgaria, in just research was to obtain information on the pest five year after the first record, C. arcuata in- invasion within our country. vaded most of country, where about 85% of the leaves display discoloration (Simov et al. 2018). Materials and methods In Europe, OLB was found mainly on indi- genous and exotic oak species, such as: Q. bi- In order to detect the presence of C. arcuata color Willd., Q. cerris L., Q. frainetto Ten., Q. and to collect the data in the field, a species hartwissiana Steven, Q. macranthera Fisch. identification sheet, as well as a working pro- 162 Tomescu et al. Invasion of the oak lace bug Corythucha arcuata (Say.) in Romania ... tocol were developed. The selection of the S1 Supp. Info, Figure 1). survey points was made considering the pre- The species was found in various types of sence of the host species. Observations have forests ecosystems (Figure 2A, B), the species been conducted on itinerary in 124 locations was found in various types of forest ecosys- (Table 1, Supporting Information), both within tems. At the lowest altitudes, it is established the national forest fund (forest nurseries, plan- in meadow forests, in greyish oak and downy tations, tree stands etc.), and within parks and oak mixed thermophilic forests, or in common , green areas or on isolated trees. oak and Hungarian oak mixed thermophilic During the growing seasons of 2016 and forests, while at higher altitudes it is found in 2017, data were collected regarding the pres- common oak or sessile oak forests, or even in ence/absence of the species and the intensity of hilly mesophilic forests. The forests of com- the attack (expressed as percentage of injured mon oak and the mixed forests of common oak leaves). The attack intensity was assessed by and Hungarian oak that surround the city of the degree of foliage fading, as a deviation from Bucharest and extend within Giurgiu county, the normal colour of the host tree leaves. For as well as the mixed forests of greyish oak and separing the decolouration caused by C. arcu- downy oak within Călărași county suffered a ata from that cause by other factors (drought, higher intensity attack (60-100%) than other pathogens, other insects etc.) we used a visual oak forests within the country. assessment considering the both sides of the Tree stands were observed in the most loca- leaf (Figure S1, Supporting Information). If tions (35), but OLB was also found on isolated on the upper face were observed yellowish to trees (20 locations) or in parks (8 locations). brownish spots and the underside of the affect- The remaining observation places were locat- ed leaves had adults, nymphs, shed skins and ed in other habitat types (plantations, seed or- dark excrement scattered all around the leave chards, alignments or tree nurseries). (Mutun et al. 2008) then it was considered an Out of the three most common types of ha- attack caused by OLB. bitat affected by OLB, the trees in the parks In the statistical analyses, the data concer- were most severely attacked (40%), while the ning the proportions were arcsine transformed isolated trees and tree stands have an average (x’ = arcsin (sqrt(x)), to normalize the distri- attack intensity of 25% and 30%, respectively butions and to ensure the homogeneity of va- (Figure 3). However, there was no statistically riances (Zar 2010). The normality of distribu- significant differences between the average -at tions and equality of variances were checked tack intensities in the three habitat types (p = using the Shapiro test and Levene test, respec- 0.117). tively. Because the assumption of distribution Observations that focused on tree stands normality was not fulfilled, the analysis of va- suggested that the intensity of the attack is riance was performed using the Kruskal-Wal- much severe on the trees growing along the lis test.
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