258 ARCHIPELAGOS: OUTPOSTS OF THE AMERICAS

ANAPRA: An Anatomy of the Border

CHRISTOPHER CALOTT University of New Mexico

R71pre a71 ecotone occurs. there 1s nlo7-e lge and life 1s Border. He said that Ciudad Juarez was a Ierj beautiful cit! full louder because ~ILOor more groups ofplant5 and anmals of friendlj Uorteno people. If they lilted. it would be \el? eas! 01ellap, boost~nglfe's pitch and intensit>,. The border IS to find high-pajing ~{orltthere. He also carefully mentioned noic a place ~cherea huge ecotone offlesh and capltal that it was close to the Lnited States. in the event that the! and guns IS rubhng up against ltselfas tlto cultures and might nant to take a "~acatiori"there too. He emphasized that. ttt o economies and tlco languages nleet and mingle and there vasn't anything to lose. The trip would cost them nothing. erupt into something Ice cannot ?et name. - Charles Bo\\den, Juarez: Traveling north to Juarez. across the seeminplj-. endless. harsh The Laboratoq of our Future Chihuahua11 desert. 4na thought she was looking at the most barren place in the ~+orld.She sav a landscape that Isas bleak and treeless. She sat+ no green like the lush tropical rain forests of her home. The mighty Rio Brayo. called the Rio Grande on A BUS CAME TO VERA CRUZ: Ah!4'S STORY . - the CS side. was dr!. Passing through the squalid colonia neighborlioods with houses fashioned from discarded wood As for most Fronterizos. lna's Border story begins in a small pallets. cardboard and tin. she \\ondered mhat kind of people aillage a Lery long bus ride auaj from where she is now. might- live here. The enormous maquiladora factories lthich dotted the cit! seemed a hundred times larger than the liggest Economic prospects uere poor for ha. a young girl \%ith 13 building she had prexiously ltnown. the Cathedral on the Plaza siblings who grew up on a xanilla farm in a hillside encamp- in Vera Cruz. Vreadj she could hauntingly tell that. thih was a ment near Papantla in \ era Cruz State. By the age of elexen. landscape fundarnentall! altered for business - \el? big busi- she Mas ahead! out of school and begging on the streets of \era ness and lots of it. The hot. dust! bus trip had taken o~erfive Cruz cit~.It one point. 4na tool' four hour bus rides to Yera dqs. it stopped frequentlj in \illage plazas along the wap. Cruz seleral dais a week to search for da! labor cleaning recruiting other '"~acationers".In tlie earlj exening she and houses or sometimes. cleaning fish. Often she ipent the night Jose were dropped off or1 the main plaza in downto~tnJuarez. on the back alle! street9 around the central Plaza de lrmas. amidst prmtitutes and drug dealers. begging for food arid Inone! from the nunierouq hard-drinking tourists uho sat under the Plaza's acti~e portal^. It uas here that hapresentl! lkes at tlie Cas'd Pereglina. a shelter for abused hafiid met .lose. and hornelecs wornen in the Ceritro District of Juarez. It is the on14 refuge of its hind in this citj of ox er 1.5 million people and Jose nas another farrnuorlter casualt! n ho had dritted to \ era houses onl~about fortyfixe uoinen and children. This mas Cruz from Zacatecas searching for better opportunities. Ina Ina's second sta! here since she had arri~edin Juarez ior he1 called liiiri her -'husband". thougli it \\as apparent that the! lacation uith Jose. hacould not remember hov man\ years uere not married. For a \+orxian to suni~eon the &etch> street. ago that \\as. Shortl! after arri~ingin Juarez. Jose left her fol of this rough port cit!. haneeded to corder special alliances. anothei \\oman. Ina quicldq got a job in the Delphi automotive haand Jose had onl! known each other for a fe\\ months plant worl~irlg on the assernhl, line fabricating chasais. She ~clientlie~ met the man from the hu\. worked .ix da\s a weel' to earn about $40 and \\as fair~ng\\ell at her job until she r\as fired for refusing the ad\ances of her One e\ming. as \ria and Jose sat in a dlml! lit corner of the line manager. Thi. Ma. \\hen she first came to Casa Peregrind. plaza. a man stepped off of an old !ellov L.S. ithool bu. and She mas hele for a cecond time no\\ as a means to sa\e enough asked tliern if the! vould like to tale a free '"\atation" to the rnone? to e\entuallj rent an apartment of her olln. 92nd ACSA ANNUAL MEETING MIAMI FL MARCH 18-21,2004 259

The niaquiladord how?> piekr to hiie nomen a< the! can pa! statu-. This niaquiladora migiatiori plieriomenon ha< made the111 I~ssthan men arid e\erjbod~he~c I\rlo\ts that the! die Juarcz-El Paso. with a population of ole1 2.5-iriiUiori. the much ]letter ~orl\ei>.I typi~alrnayuila \torl\daq starts at 6 am. la~gestborder coirirnunit! in the ~lorld.gro\\ing at a rate of 5Vn and ends at 4 p.m.. tor the da! shift. 1 20°/0 portion of tlieii a !ear. It if the inigiation stoq that most 41neiicans do not hear $-ZO/\teek salai! is \\ithheld ah an on-time bonus. paid onl~if about. the one that stops just slioit of the Border and gro~fand A " the! show up hefo~ethe doorb cloye proinptl! at 6 am. in the gionb. En~ironineiitall!. this unclieclted giowth in Juarez-El moining. all neeh. If the wne uorlier 11os~essesone of the Paso has nreaked ha~oron ail quality. inciedsed the spredd of co~etedIininigration and \aturalizatioii Smite laws aid diseaie arid imperiled their shaied Hurco Aquifer nhich is passage permits. \+hich allo\t. traxel up to 20 miles into the IS scheduled to be depleted in just 13 jears This is all tlie result interior to shop oi go to school on a dailj basis. she might of hierican factories. Iirioxvn as inaquiladoras. iet up across the illegall! earn up to $80/da! in El Paso cleaning houses. This Border to benefit from loads of cheap Mexicar1 labor. card is xirtuall! impossible to attain as one rnust proxe a significant salarj and homeonnership. The pressure on the This is not the first time America has called upon Ilexico's Border is pure11 economic. arid a little on the LS side goeb a workers to get us out of a jam. % ith the outbreak of WTX 11. the long \taV in Ilexico. The motibation for shj thousands die in P; ar Food ldininistration established the Bracero Program in the desert each year trjing to cross this abstract line in the sand 1943 to recruit much needed agricultural labor from AIexico to is clear. support the US war effort. A neu wave of migrants crossed the Border froin Mexico under the official auspices of the LS For most who arri~rhere from the rural interior. nothing go~ernment.The current migrant labor trends in California's possiblj prepares them for the mechanics of modern industrial massixe agricultural Central \alley. uhich emplojs oler urban life. The \$orb is endlesslq repetitive and precise; it is not 750.000 Mexican xt orliers year]!. \+ereset in motion during the derived from the seasonal exchanges of agricultural life. Tivst Bracero !ears. 4dditionallp. industrial production in Mexican iri bank accounts. pa!ing rent to ruthless landlords and making border cities uas also stimulated b\ the \tar as the labor force in mane\ are new religions found here. Traditional religion. tliat Juarez doubled during this time. The Bracero Program .c+asso force uhicli organized the meaning of dailj life in the campo. iq successful that this bilateral agreement uas acti~elypromoted hard to find. Additionall!, the availability of such new freedoms until 1964. -211 sanctioned bl the US go~ernrnerit.the tlartime as expendable cash. liquor. drugs and sex has turned their flou of inexpensive llexican labor north to both the Mexican world upside do\+n.This is a dangerous uorld x+herewomen are and LS border states and beyond rnarlted the beginning of the routinely raped. killed and discarded. out of contempt in this economic and social profile of the current borderlands. ~nachismoculture uliere it is thought tliat momen might be participating a little too successfullq in the econo~nicgains from Through tlie Bracero Prograrn neie sown the seeds for h4FT4 the maquilas. dna \till not go out in the exenings in Ciudad and the modern maquiladora industries at the Border. AIo~ed Juarez. wary of the murders: she believes the city is full of bad b! the twin goals of stimulating the manufacturing sector in the people. northern states and providing employment for the large number of uorliers returning to hlexico through the ending of the Ina is one of the oler 3 million female maquila workeis Bracero Program in 1964, the Mexican go~ernmentestablished struggling to rnalie sense of the Border. She is no\\ trapped in a the Border Industrialization Program in 1963. The main feature xicious. debilitating work cycle and cannot go hack home. she iq of this program was the creation of inaquiladoras. asse~nbly ashamed of hat's hecome of her. Ina's Border stoq is riot plants that imported component- and rat goods from the LS. unique. It is roughl! the same for countless other disconnected assembled them into finished products. and then exported them souls who ha~earii~ed here fro~nbankrupt. rural killages to back across the border. lirtuallj tax-free. for sale. The maquila 1,orh the urban matllinery of the LS/?Iexican borderlands. inno\ation \$as slon to take off. but after major peso delalua- tions in 1982 and again in199.3. US corporations flooded into Juarez. Tijuana. Re~nosa. Rlata~noros and other \lexicm "WE'RE ALL HERE BECAUSE THE AMERICANS Border cities to set-up shop. The obxious ad~antagefor them %-ANTED US HERE": ANAPM \+a

I ~rrlain5eg~ cgiou41 uutleidr~eloped a- l S film* a1 e reyuiied to pa\ \iituall! nothing in local taxes. The \act -11o1tage of decent hnu-in; a~idthe suhqtandald corldition. of \+hat exists ir hapla octupiei ole1 700 l~ectaresof larid alleged! o\+iicd b! di~cctl! ielatetl to thii lac]' of infrastructuie. lnd !et the poolh four prorninent Cliihuahuan families. Fifteen !ears ago notlling dc~eloped titie- must suitain a growing nr~nil~eiof rnacjuila existed here. it uai all Cllihual~uandesert. To inireair the voll'eiq rac.11 leal. En~ironmentalrcgulatiorii and fair laboi xalue of theil xacarit laud \+herenotliing gio\+>becau-e there is piactice.. inclutlirig unionization. are eithei riot enfoiced ol air no water. Pedro Zdragoza. Ufredo I rids. Os~aiCantu arid Sra. ignoied. Clime. filth. diseare and corruptiori die iarnpant. $11 of llaria Lugo -'had a plan" to attract ne\\l! arri~ingmdquila tllii has led mail! ciitics of the nlaquila adlancehousing option a~ailahleto the maquila u orker. F ith a steady stream of nelc rnigrants arriving The border crossing neTer materialized hut Inapra continued at the Border each month. this seemingl~haphazard urban to gron. Square hlocli> l%eielaid out at ioughl\ 200 ft. b! LOO ft. entit! is alnajs in a state of becoming. in motion and exolving Each of the ten 2.000 qq. ft. lots recei\e about 40 feet of street at a ~isibl! rapid pace. frontage. Inconsistentl~.allejs ere sornetimes introduced into tlie blocks. Toda! the unpaved dirt streets are inordinatel! nide inapra literallj crashes into the line of the Border and is met at well over 30 ft. across. Houses built on each lot ale. in br an IhS fence. 4 fe\+ hundred yards to the north. on the other planning jargon. made of ..self-help construction" using uhat- aide of the fence. is the town center of Sunland Park. hex+ e\er can be obtained from the cit! dump. The average house is 1Iexico. hapra is a rarnshaclile settlenierit of roughl! 30.000 flat roofed. bet\+een 200 to 400 sq. ft. ttith one to three looms. people located on the ie~noteoutskirts of Juaiez. It is physicall! One room often aerie; a> both the liting and sleeping room. isolated to the east from the urban centei of Juarez b! a large The kitchen or cooking ioorn is usuallj separate. Comrnonlj. outhouses are located in the iear of the propertj. For one-room hill and is hounded to tlie south and \lest b\ a series of mesa<. house^. both coohing and bathing acthities take place outside. 4napra is one of the fastest groming colonias dexeloping in In the Spanish tradition. all propertj line, are (learlj defined bj Juaiez and it is also one of its poorest. It iq here that recent the use of a fence oi a wall. Each lot functions a5 it- own airilals from the inteiior ill no st often land because lot;Y are cornpourid vith it5 accrued outbuilding-. in this climate. el eq .till alailable. Due to itr relatile isolation. it is also the place atternpt is made to utilize outdoor space. Idmirablj. the people that attract, the most criminallj undesirable. of lnapra ride eler! effort to foster landscape and tiees in their lards using theii discaided gIe! water. In realitj. lnapra is Y hen asked wh! she 1noxed to Anapra. Conrada \ alles. the not a ~holl~unpledsarit place and it ha> a lot of \isible spirit. matriarch of a la~gcfamil! sirnpl! states. "ue'le all here becauie the Americans \+anted us here." She is right. TI ithout the illegal Lntil three >ear>ago. no uater or electric senice existed in farmlaborer in our LS fields or the inaquila ~\orlterin the lnapa. It is the t~picalcourse of action in an unincorporated IJexican a-hernbl\ line. lmericans would pa! $8 for a head of Mexican colonia for inhahitants to organize when the! haxe lettuce and $400 for a l6-inch TI. 4s long a+ irnerica values enough Toters to garner political clout. Three jears ago. just it- right to export corporate capitalism uithout pa!ing its full before the national elections. inapra exercised its growing freight of the ine~itablesocial costs. places like inapra nil1 might to petition the Cit! of Jualez for annexation and requisite continue to exist throughout the norld. senices in exchange for its considerable vote. The incuinhent 92nd ACSA ANNUAL MEETING MIAMI FL MARCH 18-21. 2004 261

PI11 llajoi \+a>aer! edger to pleaie. Electricit\ was eas! to Inapra are particularly atkntive to thcv c~ ent- as a dispropor- piolide because it paid tor itseli. Houerei. he did not hale tionate nuinl~erof their our1 women hale been murdered. As enough mane! in the d(%f~letedcit) coffer. to install the hotl? the maquiladora iridustrie* greu. Jaurez ]let ame an anon! inous dtrnanded ~aterline. The Fairiilieh stepped in. releling in the place foi the pool ca~npesinoto make mole Inone? and. foi tremendous pin the? \+odd reap fiom Cit! annexation. The! man! of these joung \+omen. an anori\rnous pldce to die. met \+it11 the also campaigning incunlberit PRI Golernor of Chihuahua to secuie the State's installdtion of the a\ater rrlairi Since there is no n~adinarito pin tliece ~nurde~son and thej in exchange for 1 otes foi his re-election. In the Spring of 2000. have heen happening oaei a sustained peiiod of time. the bebt cvmsei-iatixe PRI Presidential candidate Erriesto Zedillo visited explanations suggest that they are the product 01 a gencrdl Inapra to applaud the City-state collaboration in the name of decomposition of bocial life at the Border. Juaiez has alna~s his part! and in senice of the people of hapra. lnaprans been a tough cit!. since the earl! dd!s 01 Prohibition \+hen it aoted oaenvhelminglj foi PRI. got their r+ater main and the flourished producing whisheq and beel. It is nou home to a Families benefited from increased land ~alues.Sener sen ice healthv drug and prostitution trade. But many feel that does not yet exist in Inapia. It was announced after the election something completel! different arriaed ltith the rise of the that the City does riot plan to install one in the foreseeable maquilas. This once male dominated. rnachismo culture has future. been tuined on its head as women noM hold the jobs and experience an independence never before allo\+ed in this Todaj. the majorit! of Anapra's residents hale electricit!. countq. This is not acceptable to the out-of-~zorli husband. Those who don't. pirate uhat is available from nearbj lines. jealous boyfriend or drunk stranger in a bar. The operators of 4bout half now receile running water while the rest get their Casa Peregrina. who are in the business of protecting these uater once a week from trucks that fill up individual cisterns. J+omen. believe that men her? feel like the^ are losing control The City provides garbage collection \\eel+. Public and leading to resentment. increased domestic violence and proba- maquila bus senice no\+ connects Anapra reliably to the rest of blj even murder. They sa! that men from rural areas are used Juarez. The Four Families have announced plans to open up to controlling women down to uhat the! \\ear and lion they lots on top of the mesa. no^ that the! hale Cit! jurisdiction and speak. hothing in llexican countrj life prepares these young \\ater. Yet. the ~indstill blows fiercel? off the mesa top. sending j$omen for the quick ~nodernization and role reversals of the fine silt and dust from lnapra's unpaled streets into exen Juarez. Aothing prepares the men either. Most are beginning to horne. It seems that dirt! politics mahe dirty cities. accept this collecti~e fenlicide as a result of anonymous victims falling prej to an increasingly aggressixe hostile male madness.

FAMILY INTERRUPTED: THE DEAD WOMEN OF The traditional Mexican familj unit in Inapra has not been JC'AREZ spared. The maquiladora is the entire family's dutk. The best scenario occurs when both parents can find jobs in a maquila JIaquila managers prefer to hire young female workers. Thej on different shifts. one in the morning, the other in the el ening. argue that the) are more efficient than men at most assemblj so that one parent can be home with the kids. This is ho~ tasks that require manual dexteritj and close eye-hand coordi- Manuel and Lupe make it x$orli. ha\ing recentl! arri\ed in nation. Maquila oNners also consider Mexican momen less 4napra from Parral nith their four children. Ho~eaer.\$ith this liltel:, to organize. Lo\+ pa! and the lack of unions are Ice! for schedule, they are certain to rarely see each other. From the success of the maquilas. The1 can also get auay ~ithpa!ing Inapra. the bus ride to the maquila talres about two hours. women significantlj loa+er \+agesthan men. These emplojrnent requiring Lupe to be traaeling bj 1 a.m. in order to be at ~ork practices, houel er. ha~ehad the unintentional effects of bj 6 a.m. for her ten hour shift. She returns home bj 6 p.m.. stimulating the male M orl~force to resort to more illegal passage fiae or six da!s a ueek. If she is late oi nlisses a day for a into the US in search of work and Morse. engaging in all forms doctor"^ appointment or a sick child. she might not be paid for of illicit trade and bad beha\ior. that ~eekor elen might lose her job. For this. \lanuel and Lupe \+illeach receix e a free lunch on the job. a modest form of Since the earl! 1990s. the dead bodieb of oaer 350 >oung health coxerage for their famil!. and $40-$50 a Meek. M omen haa e been found in Juarez. routinel! turning up in the deserted lands around the cit!. JIost haxe been maquila The strain on the family in this grueling cycle is immense. I+ I+ orkers. Vost have been iaped. 1 en often mutilated. and found \lotherhood in a rural rillage generall! means caring for the dumped in places like the rernote mesa in Inapra. Fe\\ hale bids and tending to household chores all da! a+hilethe husband been identified since lilke ha. so man! of these young girl; ~+orksin the fields. orking at a maquila. momen are so tiled arri\e in Juarez uith no famil! ties. After initial attempts by r+hen the! ronie home horn worl\ that thrj often cannot e\en polite to finger a tell jailed suspects and to claim this as an prepare a meal. \ er! fell uomen last in the maquilas for more isolated serial killing spree. random hodies (ontinued to appear. than eight or nine !ears. Thej usuallj burn out before then. 4 O~erthe !ears. no liille~. haxe been caught. The residents of M ealc form of education is pro\ ided for flee bj the go\ ernment 262 ARCHIPELAGOS: OUTPOSTS OF THE AMERICAS

thiougli the fifth glade. altri \\hit11 a fariiil~11eed. to pa 1111 to $800 pel t hild to continue through middle -t hool. latc,l\ an option on macjuil~wage&. G\en these piospect.. tldtlleri too ale at \torh in tlic ~iiac~uila-as -0011 as the! can pa++for 14 to The Inapla-T 5 lmidei i+ maihd I)\ a IHoot tdll c!clorie help wpport the tarnll!. Befoie that. the1 rnipllt Iw at ~o~l,in fen( e tliat is a? poiou. as I 5 i~iinlig~atior~enfoicenient. \lore a the .tieet. panhandling. Often. the lure of fast nioile! pir~-nles -tatement than a tlue baliiei. tlie fentc allo\\* lnapa ieside~~t~ childien to join gan? trafiicking in drugs or othei corltrahand a constant lie\\ of tlie othei -id?. R albing tlie line of the Roi de1 as a lrieans 01 ehtaping tlie maquila life. Father- ilia! be gone along the fence at lnapia. one will Ilr met bj a L nited Stat+ for nionth. at a time if the! can get across the hordei illegall! to Boidc~Patrol Igent xithin three minutes. The, watch tlii* pull do~nplint el! uages as seasonal lal~oreriin LS field. oi section of the Border intensely daj and night. fiorn up on top of \\oikirig construction. And. the Catholic Chuicli. once the focus the mesa. at ground le\el in their trlichs and tlnougli of daih de~otioriin the \illages back home. is \kited large$ unde~ground electlic monitoring deli( es. It night. stadium onl\ for special Feast Da!s. baptisrns or funerals. lights stretch for ole1 t~omiles to illuminate this area lihe a football field. In fact. the industrious kids of 4napra hale It nould he \\long to conclude that famil! life in lnapra is fashioned a soccer field on their side of the fence \%herethe! despeiate and jo!less. Inapra-s streets are filled ~ithlaughing pla! midnight games under the free light. Still. gilen Anapra's children pla!ing. Zlost families there exhibit the loling connec- strategic outlying location on the US border. a kigorous hu~nari tion one expects to find in Zlexico. !X lien choosing between the trafiic business is conducted 11) "coyotes". men who smuggle \illage and the maquila. surprisingl!. Manuel sas that most people across the bordei through Xnapra. Border Patrol agent 4napra fanlilies belie~ethat they are better off here for Aaron To~ar.who patrols the fence at lnapra. suggests that although the! are not paid well. at least the! ha\e food on the eleq daj. rnajbe 25''o of those \\ho atternpt to cross get table arid a glimmer of hope for their children's future. perhaps through. The rest are caught- and detained in dounto~nEl Paw exen in the LS. There is no time for romanticism. Conditions for hoobing. then nalbed across the bolder to Juarez nhere the) were not good back in the ~illageeither vhne there was \\ill probablj tr! again. Toxar's impression of the people of definitel~,no opportunit! for improvement. Strange as it ma! Anapra is that the! are desperate and \er! dangerous. He \tarns sound. these people ha\e embraced the American dream. at of waking along the fence. as one could get shot and robhed. least Juaiez-st!le. elen though the odds are stacked hadl! Inapra sits high on a slope nhich o\erlooLs the Rio Grande against them. ~allejin the US. Fiorn this position. the residents of Inapia sun ej the bustling t oni~nercialand industrial actil ities along As foi the murders. Lupe is terrified. If these horrific elents the 1-10 freewaj. the US'S rich agricultural fields. shopping were not true. it might sound clichit to suggest that labor and nialls in El Paso. modest trailer homes and the fast food life is cheaper at the Border. rectaurants of the strip through the fence. The fence sen& an ambiguous mescage. ..look but don't come."

Roberto li~ednith hi< fa mil^ illegall! in Sunland Park. belt TRAINWRECK: GANGS: DRUGS, COYOTES, STOLEN l\lexico for over six !ears. Originallj from Inapra. he went to CARS AND TVS Sunland Park to join his sister's farnil\ and for his lcids to attend an American school. He made good moneT as a \\elder and his Sitting in the shade of'the only tree w-ithin sight on a small rise wife did not ha~eto norb. For most people in Inapra. theii overlooking the railroad tracks. Larry Diaz waited for the train. connection to the I nited States is not ahitract: it is ae? real. The Union Pacific railroad careens to within ten feet of' \Iost Fronterizos hale famil! in the US. The fence is a \el? ,Inapra's horder fence on the t;S side. for about 1.000 !-ards. recent addition. In the past. before the fence \\as elected. Larrl- Diaz's job is to monitor most of the 28 trains which pass Roberto and other? shopped or eben ~torlceddail! in Sunlarid throng11 here each da!. He is a Senior Special lgent. Organized park. Sexentj mile* ma! at the border between Paloindz. Crime Unit in tlie Lniori Paciiir Railroad Conipan!'~ "police Chihuahua and Colurril~us.he\\ Ilexico RIexican children ale department." He claims that more than once a ueek. gang ?\en alloued to attend schools in Columbus dail!. Groceiie* membrrs from Anapra hop the fence and derail a tiairi. cut the and household items are coniiderabl! theape] in the LS than locks on sexera1 box tars and rifle its contents vllich the! can in Iteaico. llaquila mone! mould go inuth further il the! could tho^ barb ole1 the fence. in ahout three minute- time. They still shop in the LS. In fact. in the post-September 11th score T\ s. stereo components. bikes, cornputel,. and other closures implemented at the Border. it was the people arid useful hardnare. The) el en ha\ e advant e inl~)rnidtio~iallout merchants of El Payo. Texas ~hocried for more pascape \\hich tiairis are cari?ing what. W hen asked 1\11! his men can't lenient! as the! Mele loairig ndlions of dollars of IIexican just go doun there \\it11 theii guns and stop the111 Larq huqiness. In responcr. for one nlonth duling the Holidab remarl\s. "because the! haxe guns too." Khen aAed \\h! the! season. the IAS relaxed their +tiict compliance policies to alloi\ can't alert the Rlexican police on the other side to round up the a freer flow of families and shoppers. and then rehcinded thih 92nd ACSA ANNUAL MEETING MIAMI FL MARCH 18-21, 2004 263

Irniencj in Januarj. Rut thi* didn't aktect Rolrerto. He ha* an The inforrnal economj in IIexico is anotlie~uniqur form of I\S passage permit \t hich allows hiin to shop in the 15 and to wsta~rlahilit! actk el:, pactit ed in Anap~a.(:oininoiil!. e\ el?- I~ringgoods bad' for hi< farnil! or for resale in lnapra. thing from tools. to food. to daycare can Lw bartered in this comlnunity. The big elent each week is the lIercado Segundo Roberto inm ed his famil! back to Anapra from Sunland Parh to oi "secondan inarl\et" uhich tales place eler:, Sunda! along take oler his ailing father's tortilla shop. He haid that in the Rar~choAnapra. the principal street in tovn x+hich connects end. he did not lilte raising- his kids in the LS because of the thii place to Juarez. The streets are c.ro\\ded. E\er!bod:, is capitalist consumer culture dnd talue~.Ete5thing seemed fast smiling arid people from Sunland Park ale even Imomn to to him and e\ rrjthing about life iequired dri~ingin a car. On fiequent this market. E\ei?thing that a farnil! might need can the othei hand. 4napra operates like a miall IIexican town. be found here. new or used. Here people sell tomatoes. eggs, People bnou each other and he ~nissedthat for hi< famil!. He cliichens or rabbits raised in their back!aid kor extra income. \+azalso tiled of constantl! ducking the IhS. In lnapra he has 1endois sell coolred food. fresh aegetables and meat. Ranchero his satellite dish which allo~shim access to American T\. the music is everphere. courtesj of the bojs selling bootleg tapes. only thing he sajs he trulj uould miss. Anapra pro1 ides a stable Families rer~cleold clothing. household items and tools here enx ironment fol his famil!. a Vexican en\ ironment. He for extra cash. Entrepreneurs. like Roberto. shon up with trucks beliekes that most Nexicant would prefer to lixe in Mexico if hll ot nex+ items for sale. brought in from the LS or in onlb thej could malie a better living. He does not make nearly donntol+n Juarez. Sometimes Roberto sell< a stolen car on as much monej running tlie tortilla shop but he likes his these Sundays. The majoritj of new and salvaged building friendly customers. On the \\hole. Roberto thinlcs that the materials used in Anapra are obtained here. Services can also people of Anapra are good. honest. hardworlting people just be arranged for tradesmen lilte auto mechanics. carpenters. trying to do what thej can for their children. Ind. \\hen his electricians or even contractors. One local e\en sells lmerican famil\ needs the money. it is easy for him to go to the US and gasoline. at close to American prices. This is a vibrant people's piclr up a stolen car which he can sell for a good price in market filled with all of the same "fayuca" and cand! one might Anapra. find in Ilexico City. It is also here that one might hook-up with a co!ote to discuss plans for crossing the Border or buy new \othing is uasted in Anapra. Although this colonia map look products. fresh off of the Lnion Pacific train. like a trainwreck. it is trul:, a model of sustainabilitj. El elything is reqcled manj times. LS church groups descend upon With the gangs came the drugs. inevitable in this place so close 4napra throughout the !ear to build "Habitat"' houses. to save to Juarez. \\hich boasts over 500 gangs. It is also a consequence souls and to feel good about ho~\they are helping the poor of such extreme po~erty.To date. only a fev crack houses exist haprans. Eet an objecthe surkey of lnapran lots reveals a in hapra. The! are linomn to attract Gringos from the LS ior a reniarlrable capacity for building innoaation. creati~ityand cheap score. Teenage gang members linger aiound these places order. To hold land. a squatter must build as quiclrl! as possible at night. He~ethese boys first get recruited b! the train robbers on a lot. Othemise someone else might moxe in. Initially. a or small time drug dealers to make thrir runet its relatile isolation along the [IS border. colors sene as reminder, that these people hale not forgotten Igent TOTar characterized lnapra ah the perfect %order the 1 illages from which the1 came. Housing is substandard bj motel". a \+a! station for criminals. smugglers and other an! measure. but is by far not the most challenging aspect of underground tral elers. life in 4napra. If the church groups could install a r+ater or seuer line. send children to middle school. generate local jobs or improle worliing rondit~onsat the maquilas - 11014 these ~ouldbe useful to the people. 264 ARCHIPELAGOS: OUTPOSTS OF THE AMERICAS

PARACHI TE: G17ERRILLA IrRB,4/\-ISM conirnr~riities. cities of change. wrnctirne> e\cn vithout houirs."" let of his o\\ 11 M~II\ lie is critical. "the populd~ A In Ilexico. iolonia settlements of mela1 thousand pcople tan hou.irlg that IIexico huilti* are 11ou.e- uithout cornrnunit~.the t dri! t delelop o~ elnight. Hele. the \ erb fo~this sort of -pontaneou- people annot make hanges. Heie the! hale liouses. but urban in1 d.ion trandates to '-pardchute". In \i\ id c ontrast to do not hale Hope." Ilthitert &.ton Fourzari of the Inatituto the blighted slum neighborhoods in the central Cole&of oul ITS de Irc~uitectura.Uesigno e Irte. the plannirig arm for Ciudad cities. iquattelc in 11exico seerningl! airdrop st~ategicdll! into Juarez. ha; been working \+it11Gonzalez Loho to del elop a nen unoc (upled lands at the periphen of their cities. B hele. as in protot!pe foi populal Iiou.irig de\elop~nent.one mhich mairi- the LS. exclrisi\ e rnclal es of tlie rich heat the \el\ edge of tains the spontaneit~of tlie parachute settle~neritebut \\hich cities. Thiq is ullelc a Alexican citj \+ill find it's Iel? pool. prolideb the backbone ol modern planning techniques. This These de\elopments ale characterized I,! illegal occwpation of hjbrid is underua~ on the outshirts of Judrez and it ii land either through *'parachute in~asion"or illegal ;ale of lands appropriatelj named Tierla Uuexa. The principle behind this and a lath of official recognition. lack of legal land titles. self- experimental project fol 23.000 farriilies is that the City will built housing and no basic infrastructure or human ~enices. plan and install the principal organizing streets. infrastructure This tjpe of informal urbanization is a global phenomenon in and urban equipment in order to prepare vacant lots for sale deleloping countries: in Urica. Asia. Latin and South herica. with legal title. for self-help housing. Go~ernmentsubsidies are nou the rule rather than the exception. The fact that these in place to help niaquilla \\orkers mith do~npayments and informal settlements fall outside planned or regulated munici- loans for materials. B hat is impressi~e about this undertaking- is pal mechanisms. not conforming to disciplinaq ilrcliitectu~eor the scale of numbers ser~edat one time. an entire Xnapra. with Llrban Design frameworlis. does not invalidate a series of capital expenditures co~rredthrough the sale of land in file maneux elLima. dire problems of the deleloping nation's urban poor squarel~ architectb. plannels arid citj goveirinients have lost the battle to on the unjust mechanisn~sof no\+ global corporate capitalism. effectiveh house niassi\ely gro\+ing urban populdtioris. The Simpl! put. he contends that the al~jectmiser! of many makes Anapras of the uolld therefore exist by default. let the possible tlie extrakagance of the \er! fen. In his terms. the impromptu urban delelopment of lnapra exhibits an extraordi- M orld maintains a precarious equilibrium hich depends on the nar? amount of planning flexibilitj, progress and pragmatism. I+ perpetuation of injustice and exploitation. for this planet does The grid initiallj implemented. continues to sene the grouing not hale the resources to provide eleryone mith an "American demands of this settlement well. demonstrating an intuithe 01 \\a) of life.'" It is this inequalit! that eleq ;lnapra child po\vs cultural understanding of an effectir e street and block ielation- up seeing daily. peering northward through a fence. ship. its scale and dimensions. Qithin this block structure. residents hale estahliqhed distinct neighborhood districts. often reflecting societal clans from their original campo \illage>. Schools. markets. churches and seniceable open spate hale ANATOMY OF THE BORDER been accommodated into hapra's urban fabric. Through populal pass-roots organizing. the people of 4napra ha1 e On December 12, the Feabt Da! of Our Ladj of Guadalupe. begun to successfull! negotiate the pro\ ision of urban sen ices. 4nap1a is dancing. IIiguel Gandert i< photographing ex erj-thing infrastructure and clear land titles through the Four Families. from priests to firecrackers. 4n internationall! recognized the Citj and the State. Jose Castillo. in his stud\ of the photographer. he has heen coming here for oler ten jears to maturation of similar colonias in RIexico Cit~. calls this capture the irrepressible Indo-Hispano spirit of a people who "*Bottom-up"' planning. a highlj sophisticated de\elopmental maintain their rich cultural traditions in the face of tremendous process nhicli lead< to a '.le~elof social interaction. pluralit!. polerty. Colorful dancer< of all dew-iptions fill the streets of arid spatial complexit! to n hich other 'planned' conlmunities this colonia slum. LiLe their houses. the dancers' costumes are can onh aipire." lnapra is not ideal. but for these lecerit urban made from \+hate\er materials can be found. The residents of migrants and millions like them throughout the ~\orld.thele i. lnapra are remarltabl! resilient: the! celebrate surxival through no other option. their rituals. lfter the 1680 Pueblo Indian rexolt. natiles from the Isleta Pueblo in present-da! C.entral \en Rlexico sought Carlos Gonzalez Lolro kriouc about hlexico'b attempt; to refuge on lands near Znapla. bringing with them nati~eTina proxide lo\\-cost or v'Popular" housing for its j~ooi.1 distirl- \aliationi of the Tortugas dance. Migrants arri~inghere todaj guished alchitect based in Mexico Cit!. he has been norking on from place> lilce Torreon and Zacatecas hale tlansplanted their this problem for the goxernment for his entire careel. B her1 Rlexicari lariations of the si~nilarIlaliriche, Cliicliimeca arid asked \+hathe thought about colonia de~elopmentc like Inapra RIatachines dances. The names of these dances describe their he state;. "these ale citie; of Hope. of constantl! impro~ing origin< as Aztec. bathe Imerican arid horn RIoorish and 92nd ACSA ANNUAL MEETING MIAMI FL MARCH 18-21, 2004 265

Catholi~Spin. I)rougl~tto the \c\\ D odd I,! thr Con(pi.ta-

do1 3. B ith tlie rneldirip of thew (lances. \oith and South ha\ e become one in lnap~a.I\ro one tan %a! \\hc.tlier the name 4~1npra: 417 Anatol~r~of tlrr Bo~clr~is tlie iesult of an Anapia is Indian or 5pariish in oiigin but onl! that thir iemote interdibc iplinar~ design studio in1 eitigation. titled 171t Bol del arcd has had this narnc for era1 cent111ips. Houet er. here. Studro. coridurtrd in hapid b! Iichitrctuie. I.andscdpr lliguel recognize- the ronfluence of cultures in Inapra thl.ougli Architectuie and I ~hanDesign students from the I nil ersit~of theii dance. he\\ Rle\ic o (Professor Christopher Calott). 1uhuiir I nil erhit! In ecological teiins. Juarez-El Paw might l~c,understood as an (Plofessol .Tack Billiains) and the Instituto Superior de eco-tone. In hi.. extraoidinai? book Jutrrez: Tlw Lnbo~ntol? of Ircpitectuid F Diseno de Chihuahua. Chihuahud. Mexico (Professo~Gabriel Diaz 1Iontema)or). uith the -Innuntiatiori OUI Future. Charles Bow den ohsen es that \there an eco-tone ocru~r.therr is more life. and life i+louder because t~ool more House (Ruben Garcia). El Pa~o.Texas and the Instituto de group. of plants or animals oxerlap. boosting lifeas pitch and Irquitectura. Designo e lrte (Gaston Fourzan. Irq.). the intensity. He belie\es that this is what is happening at the planning arm for Ciudad Juarez. 7Xe Border Studzo \\as funded US/Rlexico Border nou. "where a huge eco-tone of flesh arid through a generous $4.500 grant from the J.B. Jacltson capital and guns is rubbing up against &elf as tno cultures and Endoument at the Unix ersitg of Ye\% Mexico. Design projects two economies and tuo languages meet arid rningle arid erupt produced in this seinester-long studio are not included in this into something we cannot yet name." One could name this essa! as the! are the topic of another paper euplicitlj about place Anapra. design issues at the Border.

The current picture of the Border is not bright. not bright at all, The priinan objectixe of The Border Studio uai to introduce though it is a130 riot as bleak as it might seem. Formall! almajs studerlta to the human cornmunit! at the L.S. / Mexico border. unified both ecologicallj and culturall!. the region was di~ided Studio participants li.red in Anapra for five da~sat Casa \ ida. with an abstract line running east and xiest in 1848 after the which is maintained through the Annunciation House. a non- Jlexican-American 'iJ ar. At any time. 24 niillion Borderlanders. 11nexicans. or Fronterizos could legitimatel! petition to secede profit huiriari rights organization based in El Paso. Texas. The from either the Lnited States or Mexico. Remember the dlamo! Annunciation House also operates the Casa Peregrina foi Life is xerj hard in Xriapra. a Border zone lodged between homeless \+omen in Do~rlto~nJuarez. 771e Border Studlo agrarian roots and mechanized urban post-modeinit!. Its sened to establish a dialogue nith others M orking arid liking in inhabitants are part flesh, part c!borg. an extension of the the border region and in Rlexico. Set within the larger socio- rnaquila machinel?. Contradiction. iron! and confluence mark economic context of exploitation at this place uhere first- and its identit). Throughout historj. human industq has realized third-~orlds collide. it is hoped that this studio inspired strange. contorted coniprornises. 1s ~iththe rest of the Border. decenc~ and compasszo~z as honorable components of the Inapra's future is still tenuouslj in the making. its history not discipline of Architecture. nearl! conlplete.