Tribes of Idukki, Kerala

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DigitalResources Electronic Survey Report 2015-029

Bijumon Varghese and Jose P. Mathew Tribes of Idukki, Kerala

Researched and compiled by Bijumon Varghese and Jose P. Mathew

SIL International® 2015

Abstract

This sociolinguistic survey of selected Scheduled Tribes in the Idukki district of Kerala was sponsored and carried out by the Indian Institute for Cross-Cultural Communication (IICCC), which is interested in developing mother tongue literature and promoting literacy among the minority people groups of India. This report tells about the social and unique linguistic features exhibited by the different tribes found in Idukki district. The project started in December 2001 and fieldwork was finished by the middle of May 2002. The report was written in October 2002.

[This survey report written some time ago deserves to be made available even at this late date. Conditions were such that it was not published when originally written. The reader is cautioned that more recent research may exist. Historical data is quite valuable as it provides a basis for a longitudinal analysis and helps us understand both the trajectory and pace of change as compared with more recent studies.—Editor]

Contents

1 Introduction 1.1 Geography 1.2 People 1.3 Languages 1.4 Purpose and goals 2 Tribes of Idukki 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Muthuvan 2.2.1 Geography 2.2.2 History 2.2.3 People 2.2.4 Language 2.3 Mannan 2.3.1 Geography 2.3.2 History 2.3.3 People 2.3.4 Language 2.4 Mala Arayan 2.5 Urali 2.6 Ulladan 2.7 Mala Pulayan 2.8 Paliyan 2.9 Mala Vedan 2.10 Mala Pandaram 3 Dialect areas 3.1 Lexical similarity 3.1.1 Procedures 3.1.2 Site selection 3.1.3 Results and analysis 3.1.4 Conclusion 3.2 Intelligibility testing 3.2.1 Procedures 3.2.2 Site selection 3.2.3 Intelligibility testing results and analysis 3.2.4 Conclusion 4 Language use, attitudes and vitality 4.1 Procedures 4.2 Sampling distribution for questionnaire subjects 4.3 Muthuvan questionnaire results and analysis 4.3.1 Language use 4.3.2 Language attitude 4.3.3 Language vitality 4.4 Observations and informal interviews 4.5 Conclusion 4.6 Mannan questionnaire results and analysis 4.6.1 Language use 4.6.2 Language attitudes 4.6.3 Language vitality 4.7 Observations and informal interviews 4.8 Conclusion

iii iv

5 Bilingualism 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Recorded Text Test 5.2.1 Procedure 5.2.2 Site selection 5.2.3 Results 5.3 Self-reported bilingualism in Malayalam 5.3.1 Questionnaire procedures 5.3.2 Demographic profiles 5.3.3 Muthuvan questionnaire results 5.3.4 Mannan questionnaire results 5.4 Observations of community bilingualism 5.4.1 Muthuvan 5.4.2 Mannan 5.5 Conclusion 6 Summary of Findings 6.1 Muthuvan 6.1.1 Lexical similarity study 6.1.2 Dialect intelligibility 6.1.3 Bilingualism study 6.1.4 Language use, attitudes and vitality study 6.2 Mannan 6.2.1 Lexical similarity study 6.2.2 Dialect intelligibility 6.2.3 Bilingualism study 6.2.4 Language use, attitudes and vitality study 7 Recommendations 7.1 Muthuvan 7.1.1 For literature development 7.1.2 For literacy work 7.2 Mannan 7.2.1 For language development 7.2.2 For literacy work 7.3 Other tribal groups 7.3.1 Mala Arayan 7.3.2 Urali 7.3.3 Ulladan 7.3.4 Mala Pulayan and Paliyan 7.3.5 Mala Vedan and Mala Pandaram Appendix A: International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Appendix B: Wordlists Appendix C: Recorded Text Test (RTT) Appendix D: Language Use, Attitude and Vitality questionnaires (LUAV) Appendix E: Village Information Questionnaires (VIQ) and Language Information Questionnaires (LIQ) Appendix F: Tribal population of Idukki District (ITDP report: 1999) References

1 Introduction

1.1 Geography

Idukki, one of the largest districts in Kerala, is politically divided into four tahsils1 (Devikulam, Udumpanchola, Pirmed and Thodupuzha), eight blocks, 51 panchayats2 and 64 villages. This charming district is flanked by the Western Ghats and is bounded by Trissur district of Kerala and Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu in the north, Madurai and Ramanathapuram districts of Tamil Nadu in the east, Pathanamthitta district of Kerala in the south and Kottayam and Ernakulam districts of Kerala in the west. The district headquarters is located in Painavu. Idukki, the most mountainous district of Kerala, gets its name from the Malayalam word ‘Idukku’, which means ‘a narrow gorge.’ The district consists of majestic mountains and green valleys. About 1,500 square kilometres of reserved forest area is a sanctuary for charming wildlife and unusual plants. Anaimudi, the highest peak of southern India, is found in Idukki. A landlocked district, Idukki is one of the most nature-rich areas of Kerala. Three main rivers (Periyar, Thalayar and Thodupuzhayar) and their tributaries gird high ranges and wooded valleys. The river Pamba also has its origin here. The area is also famous for hill resorts and the Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary. The natural sandalwood forest sanctuary of Kerala is in Idukki. Idukki is an industrially undeveloped district. It has no air or rail connections. Tea production is the main industry of the district. Besides that pepper, coffee, cardamom, and rubber are the most important commodities produced in and exported from Idukki. Map 1 displays the location of Idukki district.

Map 1. Location of Idukki District

Source: Includes geodata from www.worldgeodatasets.com and Esri. Used with permission.

1 A tahsil is a district administration in India (“tahsill.” Merriam-Webster.com. 2015. http://www.merriam- webster.com (10 March 2016)). 2 A panchayat is a village council in India (“panchayat.” Merriam-Webster.com. 2015. http://www.merriam- webster.com (10 March 2016)).

1 2

1.2 People

The inhabitants of Idukki district have migrated there at different times. Several tribal groups, as well as people from the plains, are found in Idukki. It is believed that the tribal groups migrated from Tamil Nadu and other parts of Kerala in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. The Europeans entered the area during the first decades of the nineteenth century and started tea plantations. A major migration of people from the plains (Tamil Nadu and other parts of Kerala) to this area occurred between 1950 and 1970 (Manoj 2001:40). Many of those migrants came and settled as cultivators and estate laborers. According to the 2001 census, the total population of Idukki district is 1,128,605 with a literacy rate of 89%. The people profess Hinduism, Christianity, Islam and tribal (animistic) religions. The 1981 census records about half of the population as Hindu, about 40% as Christian, and a small minority as Muslim. Idukki has a large population of tribal people who belong to the Proto-astroloid race (Manoj 2001:40). It appears that only a few of Idukki’s tribal communities are keeping their ethnic uniqueness vital. Education has brought many changes into the lives of these tribes. Their cultures and languages have been very much influenced by migrants from the plains.

1.3 Languages

Malayalam, Tamil and several tribal languages are spoken in Idukki district. Malayalam is the language of wider communication. Some of the tribal groups, such as Muthuvan and Mannan, still speak their languages among themselves. However, education in Malayalam and frequent contact with Malayalis may eventually cause, or be in the process of causing, language shift in some other tribal groups. It appears that language shift has taken or is taking place towards Malayalam among the Mala Arayan, Ulladan and Urali. It is believed that the younger generation among these groups does not know about their group’s traditional language and may only know a few words. The Mala Pulayan and Paliyan are believed to speak languages related to Tamil, but conversely with others in Malayalam or Tamil. One member among the Mala Vedan in Idukki has reported that they have not spoken their traditional language since they emigrated from their original home area. Menon (1996:141) reports that the language of the Mala Pandaram is a mixture of Tamil and Malayalam.

1.4 Purpose and goals

The purpose of this sociolinguistic survey among the tribes of Idukki district of Kerala was to investigate the need for language development and literacy work among them for the welfare of the community. The goals of the project, along with the research methods used, were: 1. Investigate the speech varieties currently spoken among the tribes of Idukki and their relationship with the languages of wider communication, Malayalam and Tamil. (Wordlists, published materials and questionnaires) 2. Assess the degree of variation within each speech variety of Idukki district. (Wordlists, Recorded Text Test (RTT) and questionnaires) 3. Evaluate the extent of bilingualism among minority language communities in Kerala’s state language, Malayalam. (Malayalam RTT, questionnaires and observation) 4. Investigate the patterns of language use, attitudes and vitality. (Questionnaires and observation)

5. Ascertain the difference between the scheduled tribe and scheduled caste3 Mannan in terms of language and people. (Wordlists, published materials and questionnaires) 6. Find out what materials are available about the tribal groups of Idukki district. (Questionnaires and library research)

2 Tribes of Idukki

2.1 Introduction

People of different tribal groups live in Idukki district. The 1991 census listed the population of 30 different tribal groups in Idukki. However, 16 of these groups have less than 100 people. According to the reports of the Integrated Tribal Development Programme (ITDP), nine major tribal groups are found here. The largest tribes are the Mala Arayan, Muthuvan, Mannan, Urali, Ulladan, Paliyan and Mala Pulayan. Mala Vedan and Mala Pandaram are also found in Idukki, but their population is much smaller than that of the other groups. The Muthuvan, Mannan, Paliyan and Mala Pulayan are culturally related to groups in Tamil Nadu. The Urali, Ulladan and Mala Arayan appear to have migrated to Idukki from other parts of Kerala. Table 1 shows the major tribal populations of Idukki district according to the 1991 census.

Table 1. Tribal populations of Idukki district

Tribal group Population Muthuvan 10,633 Mannan 6,888 Mala Arayan 15,379 Urali 5,843 Ulladan 2,943 Mala Pulayan 2,106 Paliyan 1,442 Mala Vedan 1,235 Mala Pandaram 712

2.2 Muthuvan

2.2.1 Geography

The Muthuvan primarily live in Devikulam and Adimali blocks in Devikulam tahsil of Idukki district. There are also some communities that reside in the adjoining area of Udumalpet and Valparai tahsils of Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. Since the recent partition of Idukki district, there are also some settlements in Ernakulam district of Kerala. Muthuvan settlements are often situated on hill slopes at elevations ranging from 3,000 to 6,000 feet MSL in thick forests. A number of Muthuvan settlements are scattered around Anaimudi, the highest peak in southern India (Singh 1994:833–834). Table 2 shows the number of settlements in each tahsil:

3 “The Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) are official designations given to various groups of historically disadvantaged people in India.” (‘scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.’ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes. 10 March 2016.)

Table 2. Distribution of Muthuvan settlements in Idukki district

Tahsil Block Panchayat Number of settlements Adimali 13 Byzenvali 3 Adimali Vellathuvel 1 Konnathadi 1 Munnar 38 Devikulam Marayoor 10 Kanthalloor 7 Devikulam Chinnakanal 3 Vattavada 3 Shanthanpara 2 Total 81

2.2.2 History

According to a legend prevalent among the Muthuvan, cited by Thurston (1909:86–103), they originally belonged to Madurai in Tamil Nadu. When Kannagi, a divine woman and the principle character of the Tamil epic Chilappathikaram left Madurai after destroying it by her curse, a group of people also migrated with her to the hills, carrying her, their children and belongings on their backs (muthuku, in Malayalam). Thus they came to be known as Muthuvan, meaning ‘those who carried something on their backs’. The Muthuvan still carry their children on their backs, an uncommon practice in Kerala. According to another version, the name is derived from the word mutu, which means ‘old’ (Singh 1994:833).

2.2.3 People

Muthuvan is also spelled ‘Muduvan’ by some writers. But, in this report, the spelling ‘Muthuvan’ will be used. This group should not be confused with ‘Mudugar’, an entirely different group in Palakkad, Kerala. Muthuvan is classified as a scheduled tribe of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. They are one of the most undeveloped people groups in Idukki. Many Muthuvan people can be considered as being part of one of two groups, which may be referred to as Tamil Muthuvan or Malayalam Muthuvan. Some Malayalam Muthuvan also refer to themselves as Nattu Muthuvan and to the Tamil Muthuvan as Pandi Muthuvan, although this may be a derogative term. The differences between the groups are mainly due to contact with Malayalam-speaking people and Tamil-speaking people. They considered themselves as different until a few years ago. However, many of them now realise that they are a part of the same ethnic group, with some differences in their language and customs. More recently, inter-marriage has been taking place and the people have recognised that they share some common interests. But some Muthuvan are still strongly opposed to people from the other Muthuvan subgroups.

2.2.3.1 Population

The 1991 census of India records that there are 10,633 Muthuvan people living in Idukki district. It also reports a total of 437 Muthuvan people in Tamil Nadu. Although the population of Muthuvan, Mudugar and Muduvan was reported together in the 1991 census, the Mudugar are not in Idukki. Therefore, it can be concluded that this number represents the actual Muthuvan population of Idukki. The list of scheduled tribes in Tamil Nadu has also grouped the Mudugar and Muduvan together with a population of 787 in 1991 census, while the Muthuvan are separately recorded as having a population of 437.

2.2.3.2 Education

Muthuvan is one of the most educationally undeveloped tribal groups in Idukki district. The literacy rate among the Muthuvan is 24% (31% among males and 17% among females) according to the 1991 census. They have recently begun sending their boys to school, whereas the girls are generally not encouraged to do so. Most Muthuvan settlements are located deep within thickly forested areas. There are a few single- classroom primary schools located in interior settlements. However, most children have to stay in tribal hostels in order to attend classes. But many children are reluctant to be separated from their parents and village for very long.

2.2.3.3 Settlements

There are 81 Muthuvan settlements in Idukki district. Another ten settlements are located in adjoining parts of Tamil Nadu. Of these 91 settlements, 79 are Tamil Muthuvan and only 12 settlements are Malayalam Muthuvan. Malayalam Muthuvan settlements are only found in Kerala. The Tamil Muthuvan tend to live in clusters and the Malayalam Muthuvan are spread throughout the cultivable land. The Muthuvan huts are made of reed and thatched with leaves. The people use a “dormitory system”, in which all the bachelors sleep together in one shelter and all the bachelorettes in another. They are not permitted to sleep in their parents’ hut after they have attained the age of about ten (Menon 1996:288).

2.2.3.4 Social life

The people practice horticulture and slash and burn cultivation in the reserve forests. Cardamom and lemon grass oil are produced and then sold through licensed contractors. The Muthuvan are proficient in weaving baskets and mats. Hunting and fishing traps are made of reed. Wage labour in the forest department and the collection of seasonal forest produce are subsidiary occupations. The Muthuvan once followed a tribal religion. They now profess Hinduism, worshipping Murugan, Subramaniar and Ramar. In addition to the deities of the wider pantheon order, they also worship evil deities like Karuppa Swami and Mariyamma. Some Muthuvan families have become Christians. Ragi is traditionally their staple food, although it is being supplanted by rice and tapioca. The Muthuvan men wear ear-studs, white dhotis and turbans. The women wear their saris in such a way that a pouch is made on their back, which they use to carry their babies. There are several clans among the Muthuvan, including the Mela Kuttam, Kana Kuttam, Susana Kuttam and Puthani Kuttam. The headman (kanikaran) of a settlement is elected by the members of that settlement, irrespective of his clan or lineage. Any members of the community that commit adultery, theft or break traditional norms are punished by the imposition of cash fines or are excommunicated. They strictly adhere to community endogamy, only allowing marriage between members of the same group.

2.2.4 Language

It is said that Muthuvan people speak a dialect of their own between themselves, but converse with others in Malayalam or Tamil. They use the Malayalam script (Singh 1994:836). Muthuvan people in Tamil Nadu speak in ‘Muthuva’ among themselves and in Tamil with others and use the Tamil script (Singh 1994:834). The dialect spoken by them is closely related to Tamil and to Malayalam. Two dialects (eastern and western) have been distinguished (Menon 1996:294). The eastern and western dialects speak Tamil Muthuvan and Malayalam Muthuvan respectively. The Muthuvan language has been classified as a part of the Southern Dravidian language family (Grimes 2000:455).

2.3 Mannan

2.3.1 Geography

The Mannan are found in Udumpanchola, Devikulam and Pirmed tahsils of Idukki district. Their settlements are scattered throughout this area. A few settlements can also be found in Madurai district of Tamil Nadu. There are many hills and streams in the area and most of the settlements are within forest areas. The Mannan are dependent upon the forests for their livelihood throughout the year. At one time, the settlements were completely remote and had no contact with outsiders, but that has now changed. Many of their villages are located at around 1,000 meters above sea level. The southwest monsoon commences in their area by the end of May, with maximum precipitation falling in June and July. The northeast monsoon arrives in September. Average yearly rainfall is about 250 centimetres (Menon 1996:254). Table 3 shows the number of settlements in each tahsil.

Table 3. Distributions of Mannan settlements in Idukki district

Tahsil Block Panchayat Number of settlements Adimali 12 Adimali Devikulam Vellathuvel 1 Devikulam Munnar 2 Senapathi 2 Udumpanchola 6 Nedumkandam Nedumkandam 1 Pampadumpara 1 Kanchiyar 4 Udumpanchola Kattappana Kattappana 2 Irattayar 1 Vazhathoppu 4 Idukki Vathikudi 3 Kanjikuzhi 3 Pirmed Azhutha Kumily 1 Total 43

2.3.2 History

According to Thurston (1909:452–455), Mannan is a hill tribe of Travancore. The Mannan are reported to be the descendents of the kings of Madurai, whom they accompanied to Neriya Mangalam. According to the myths and legends prevalent among the Mannan, they have migrated to their present region from Madurai in Tamil Nadu. The hills in the Travancore region abounded with vegetation, wild animals and birds when compared to their original Madurai home. It was the quest for food that led them to migrate to the Cardamom Hills. In Menon (1996:254), Iyer reports that based on one story popular among them, “They were formerly the dependants of the kings of Madurai. They entered the Cardamom Hills through Cumbum Mettu and settled there.”

2.3.3 People

The Mannan have distinguished features and cultural background. Various explanations have been proposed for the origin of the name ‘Mannan’. Singh (1994:753) states that ‘Mannan’ means ‘king’ in the Tamil language. According to Luiz sited by Singh (1994:753), ‘Mannan’ originates from ‘mannu’ (which

7 means ‘earth’ in Malayalam) and ‘manushian’ (which means ‘man’ in Malayalam): ‘sons of the soil’. According to people’s perception, the term ‘mannan’ means ‘the leaders of the hill’. In physical appearance, most Mannan people are short statured, have short noses, thick lips and black eyes (Menon 1996:254). Mannan [mʌnnan] is classified as a scheduled tribe of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. They should not be confused with Mannan [mʌɳɳan], a scheduled caste that lives in Trivandrum and other adjoining districts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

2.3.3.1 Population

According to the Census Bureau of India, the population of Mannan in Kerala has increased from 1,172 people in 1901 to 7,085 in 1991 (see table 4). The 1991 census also reports that in 1991 there were 204 Mannan living in Tamil Nadu.

Table 4. Population of Mannan throughout the decades

Population State Year Total Males Females 1901 1,172 1961 3,555 Not Available Kerala 1971 4,221 1981 5,812 2,907 2,905 1991 7,085 3,565 3,520 1981 40 18 22 Tamil Nadu 1991 204 100 104

2.3.3.2 Education

Some of the Mannan boys study up to tenth class, whereas many girls only study up to fourth class. Many of the children discontinue their studies due to the lack of secondary schools in their locality and due to economic problems (Singh 1994:755). The children of interior settlements can make use of tribal hostels in their area, but many do not do so. There have recently been some graduates among them. The literacy rate of Mannan is 35% according to the 1991 census (41% among men and 30% among women).

2.3.3.3 Settlements

There are 46 settlements of Mannan in Idukki district. The Mannan live in small groups of families called kudi (village). Level space at high elevation is preferred as the sites for their hamlets. The size of the village depends on the availability of the food supply (Shashi 1994:290). In Menon (1996:255) Iyer reported that they were once nomadic agriculturalists. Some settlements consist of 50 to 60 huts in a cluster; others may have as few as 10 to 15.

2.3.3.4 Social life

The traditional occupations of the Mannan are shifting cultivation, trapping, hunting and gathering. At present, their occupations are agricultural labour, settled cultivation, animal husbandry and weaving mats. They also fish and collect different forest products such as saffron, dammer, honey, wax and wild cardamoms. Now many young people work for daily wages for outsiders. Some educated among them work as forest guards and in the tribal development offices and other institutions.

They eat buffalo meat, but not beef. Their staple foods are ragi, rice, roots and tubers. Pulses like gram, tur, peas and beans are also part of their diet. They consume alcohol, but avoid cow’s milk. Mannan women participate in social, ritual and religious activities along with the men. They also contribute to the family income. Although inter-caste marriage now occurs, the couples are restricted to living inside their settlement. The Mannan have modified their animistic practices towards those of orthodox Hinduism. The Mannan mother goddess ‘Kanchiyar Mutthi’ is their most important deity. She is now believed to be the younger sister of the popular Hindu goddess Madura Meenakshi. Pongal, Makaravilakku and Kanjiveppu are the major festivals for the Mannan. The Raja Mannan is their ruler. He is assisted by a traditional council of ministers. Each settlement has a kani, or kanikaran (headman). The Integrated Tribal Development Programme (ITDP) and ‘Akhila Kerala Mannan Samudaya Sangam’ (an association of Mannan headed by Raja Mannan) are involved in various development programmes in the community.

2.3.4 Language

There are different opinions about the nature of the Mannan language. According to Thurston (1909:452–455), the language of Mannan is Tamil. Singh (1994:754) has said that they speak a dialect of Tamil, but converse with others in Malayalam and use the Malayalam script. It has also been said that the people of Mannan speak a dialect of Tamil and Malayalam with a very peculiar accent and that, when they converse, it is difficult to understand (Sachchidananda 1996). Despite these reports, Mannan have their own speech variety, known as ‘Inavan petch’. Outsiders refer to it as ‘Mannan Pasha’. Although Malayalam and Tamil may have influenced the language, it is different enough that it is difficult for outsiders to understand. The linguistic classification of their variety is with Southern Dravidian (Grimes 2000:452).

2.4 Mala Arayan

The term ‘Mala Arayan’ means ‘the lords of the hills’. Thurston (1909:452–455) describes the Mala Arayan as a hill tribe that was civilized and lived on the slopes of the high mountain ranges. Some of them are very rich. They are concentrated in the hilly tracts of Idukki and Kottayam districts. They are mainly in the Ilamdesham, Idukki, Azhutha, Adimali and Kattappana blocks in Idukki district. The community is a scheduled tribe in Kerala and is known as ‘Mala Arayan’ and ‘Malayarayar’, although these two names are synonymous. According to the 1991 census, the population of Mala Arayan in Idukki is 15,379. The 1999 ITDP report records that there are 4,432 Mala Arayan families in Idukki. Some Mala Arayan live in Tamil Nadu, where they have a population of 689 persons according to the 1991 census. Mala Aryan used to speak a distinct dialect of their own which was unintelligible to other Malayalis in the past, but now they have adopted the regional Malayalam dialect of their locality (Menon 1996:198). Singh (1994:718) reported that Malayalam is their mother tongue and the same language is used for inter-group communication. They use the Malayalam script. One Mala Arayan person said that a few old people that live in interior locations might know their language. According to the 1981 census, their literacy rate was 77%, the highest among tribal populations in Kerala. Christian missionaries have started many schools in their area, which have provided good opportunities for quality education for many years. The 1981 census also reported that 53% of them are Hindus and 47% are Christians. The Christians are better off economically.

2.5 Urali

There are several Dravidian tribal communities designated as ‘Urali’. The Urali of Kerala inhabit the hilly regions on the western slopes of the High Ranges of Idukki district. They are different and separated by considerable geographical distance from the Urali Kurumba of Wayanad district, Kerala, and also of the Urali of Nilgiri district, Tamil Nadu (Menon 1996:351). In Idukki district, they are mainly found in

Upputhara, Kanchiyar, Vannappuram, Velliyamattom and Ayyappankovil panchayats. According to the 1999 ITDP report, there are 1,295 Urali families in Idukki district. Non-tribal people as well as tribal people, like Muthuvan and Mannan, have repeatedly exploited the Urali people for years. Even today, outsiders are cheating them by giving less money for their agricultural goods and for the forest collections (Shashi 1994:161; 176). Each settlement consists of a single clan with a kani (headman). Their religion is a mixture of animism, totemism, magic, sorcery and ancestor worship. They believe in an immortal soul and in a supreme god, Padachathampuran, who is the creator of the universe and is formless and unknowable. They recently adopted Hindu gods, including Ayyappan and Kali. The 1981 census reported that 96% are Hindus and about 4% are Christians. They bury their dead. Betel leaves and rice are put in the mouth of the dead in order to appease the soul. According to the 1991 census, the literacy rate among the Urali in Kerala was 56% (49% among males and 42% among females). Singh reports that Malayalam is their mother tongue and that they use the Malayalam script (1994:1,162). Selvaraj (1999:7) reports that Urali Bhasha of Kerala appears to be dying out because of language shift towards Malayalam.

2.6 Ulladan

The Ulladan are a scheduled tribe found mainly in Kottayam, Idukki and Pathanamthitta districts of Kerala. South of the river Pamba, they are also known as Katan, Kattalan and Kochuvelan. In Menon (1996:221), Luiz reported that the Ulladan that live in interior forests are known as Mala Ulladan, while those that live in the plains are known as Nadu Ulladan. The former are listed as a scheduled tribe, whereas the latter are listed as a scheduled caste. The 1991 census reports that the population of Ulladan is 14,846 in Kerala. According to the 1999 ITDP report, 1,020 Ulladan families live in Idukki and Kattappana blocks of Idukki district. Their tribal assembly consists of elderly members of the tribe. Their headman is called muppan. Their religion was once purely animistic, but they have recently adopted the Hindu pantheon. Thalaparamalaswami, the deity of the temple peak Thalaparamala, is the most worshipped supernatural being. They also adore the deities Kappiri, Theekutty and Chathan (Shashi 1994:12). According to Singh (1994:1160) the mother tongue of Ulladan is Malayalam and Malayalam script is used by them. In Menon (1996:221), Nandi states the Ulladan speak Malayalam with some phonetic shifts, but they do not have a different dialect or distinguishable vocabularies. The people reported that they use only Malayalam. The literacy rate of Ulladan is 67% (70% among males and 64% among females), according to the 1991 census.

2.7 Mala Pulayan

Mala Pulayan is a scheduled tribe found mainly in the Devikulam taluk of Idukki district. They are included on the scheduled tribe list under the name Hill Pulaya. The population of the Mala Pulayan in Kerala, according to the 1991 census, is 2851 (1463 males and 1388 females) and their number in Idukki is 2106 (1079 males and 1027 females). The 1999 ITDP report claims that there are 860 Mala Pulayan families in Idukki district. There are three divisions among them, the Kurumba Pulayan, Karavazhi Pulayan and Pambu Pulayan. The Kurumba Pulaya claim superiority because they do not eat the flesh of cattle. The Pambu Pulayan are considered to be the lowest, because they eat snakes. There is not much contact between these groups. Differences are observed in the social practices and religious beliefs among these subgroups. The headman of the Kurumba Pulayan’s tribal council is known as the muppan. They bury their dead in a sitting position. They worship Kali, Mariyamma, Kottaparamma, Chaplamma and Aragalinachi. Their main festivals are Pongal, Thai Pongal and Divali (Menon 1996:220). Both Karavazhi and Kurumba, the subgroups of Mala Pulayan, speak in Tamil and write in the Tamil script. The Malayalam language and Malayalam script are used for inter-group communication (Singh 1994:397–399). Informal interviews with people report that the different subgroups speak the

10 same variety of Tamil language. In Menon (1996:218), Luiz reports that the Mala Pulayan speak a dialect of Tamil that is unintelligible to Tamil speakers, containing a large number of Malayalam words and phrases. They are involved in agriculture and also collect minor forest produce.

2.8 Paliyan

The name Paliyan has been spelled numerous ways, including Paliyar, Palliyar, Palliyan and Palleyan. Most of the Paliyan in Kerala live in Kumily, Vandanmedu and Chakkupallam panchayats of Pirmed tahsil of Idukki district. They also live in the neighbouring districts of Madurai and Ramanathapuram in Tamil Nadu and some parts of Karnataka state. It is believed that their original home was in Gudalur, Madurai district. According to the 1991 census their population in Tamil Nadu was 4,322, while in Kerala their population was 1,442. According to the 1999 ITDP report, there are 383 Paliyan families in Idukki district. The Paliyan are primarily engaged in agriculture. They also collect forest produce, such as honey and dammar. They primarily marry members of their own people group. But intermarriage between Paliyan women and men from other groups is tolerated. Each settlement has a headman, known as the kanikaran or vitu kani. Paliyan religious beliefs are in a state of continuous change, including both traditional beliefs of their own and incorporating elements of Hinduism. Some believe that all souls go to heaven. Others believe in reincarnation. Still others believe in both reincarnation and the goal of reaching heaven. Different Paliyan people believe very different things without seeing a difference in their religion. Priests (pujaris) have a very influential role in Paliyan religious activities. The Paliyan worship various deities. Mariyamma is the most popular deity. Ancestral spirits are also worshipped. In Kerala, 80% of the Paliyan are Hindus and 20% are Christians. They bury their dead along with betel leaves, areca nuts, beedi and the personal belongings of the deceased (Menon 1996:301). According to Singh (1994:963–965), in Tamil Nadu Paliyan speak Tamil and use the Tamil script for both inter-group and intra-group communication. In Kerala these people are bilingual, and use the regional state language Malayalam apart from their mother tongue, Tamil. Both Malayalam and Tamil scripts are used by them. Menon (1996:297), however, reports that the Paliyan in Kerala speak a “corrupted” dialect of Tamil with many Malayalam words and usages. The language variety of Paliyan in Idukki is also called Paliya Bhasha by outsiders, especially Malayalis and Mannan people.

2.9 Mala Vedan

Mala Vedan people are found in both Kerala and Tamil Nadu. In Kerala, the Mala Vedan primarily live in Pathanamthitta, Trivandrum and Idukki districts. According to the 1991 census, the population of Mala Vedan in Kerala is 6,331 (1,235 of whom live in Idukki district). However, the 1999 ITDP report claims that there are only 35 Mala Vedan families in Idukki district. In Idukki, they live in Nedumkandam and Karimkunnam panchayats. They live together with people from various castes that have settled in their home area. The Mala Vedan are considered to be closely related to Ulladan and Mala Pandaram (Menon 1996:293). In Tamil Nadu, they are identified as the Malai Vedan and are listed as a scheduled tribe. They are found mainly in Kanyakumari, Thirunelveli and Madurai districts. Their population in Tamil Nadu is 8,910. They speak a dialect of Malayalam (Vedan Bhasha). A few Mala Vedan people are literate in Tamil (Menon 1996:233). The culture and speech forms of the people who are known by the names Veda/Malaveda/Vettuvar differ greatly. It has not been possible to ascertain whether or not all these people belong to the same tribe. It is possible that some of these groups have nothing in common except the name, as linguistic peculiarities of some speech forms suggest. Menon (1996:233) discusses two researchers who studied the Mala Veda language situation. Radhakrishnan Nairs’ research in Pathanamthitta district showed that Mala Vedan represents a speech form that shows a great difference from Malayalam. He states that the speech deserves to be classified as an independent language belonging to the South Dravidian subgroup of the Dravidian family. On the

other hand, the data collected from seven Mala Veda settlements in Kollam district by Hyrunnisa Beegam (1991) shows that the speech of Mala Vedan people in this area has only marginal differences from Malayalam. She suggested that the speech and culture of the people known under the name Veda/Malaveda has to be intensely investigated due to their inter-group relation.

2.10 Mala Pandaram

The Mala Pandaram are also known as Hill Pandaram. The majority of them live in the forest tracts of Kollam and Pathanamthitta districts of Kerala and the rest live in Tamil Nadu. According to the 1991 census, the population of Mala Pandaram is 2839 in Kerala and 1930 in Tamil Nadu. The 1999 ITDP report claims that there are only six Mala Pandaram families in Idukki district. In Idukki they live in Pirmed and Peruvanthanam panchayats. The people claim that they came to Kerala from Madurai and Thirunelveli districts of Tamil Nadu. They live in groups of three or four families for a while, and then eventually move on to another site. These sites are generally in the deep interior forests, away from other people. They have the institution of territorial chieftainship, and they remain some of the poorest people in Kerala. They are still semi- nomadic and in the hunting stage of economic development (Menon 1996:212). They speak a dialect of Malayalam, locally termed Pandaram Bhasha. The Mala Pandaram converse with others in Malayalam and use Malayalam script (Singh 1994:733). In Menon (1996:212), Luiz reports that they “speak a poor dialect with many Tamil and Malayalam words and phrases.” Their religion is a mix of Hinduism and their traditional faith. According to the 1991 census, 37% of the Mala Pandaram are literate (44% of males and 31% of the females).

3 Dialect areas

One of the primary goals of this survey was to find out the degree of relationship that exists between Malayalam, Tamil and the speech varieties of Idukki district. Various tools were utilised to accomplish this objective, one of which was lexical comparison of wordlists. Another method of assessing relationships among various speech varieties was dialect comprehension testing using Recorded Text Testing (RTT). Finally, formal questionnaires helped to make conclusions about these relationships. These methods and their findings will be discussed in detail in this chapter.

3.1 Lexical similarity

One method of assessing the relationship among speech varieties is to compare the degree of similarity in their vocabularies. This is referred to as lexical similarity. Speakers of varieties that have more terms in common (thus a higher percentage of lexical similarity) generally, though not always, understand one another better than do speakers of varieties that have fewer terms in common. Since only elicited words and simple verb constructions are analysed by this method, lexical similarity comparisons alone cannot indicate how well certain speech communities understand one another. It can, however, assist in obtaining a broad perspective of the relationships among speech varieties and give support for results using more sophisticated testing methods, such as comprehension studies.

3.1.1 Procedures

The tool used for determining lexical similarity in this survey was a 210-item wordlist, consisting of items of basic vocabulary, which has been standardised and contextualised for use in sociolinguistic surveys of this type in South Asia. The elicited words were transcribed using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) shown in appendix A. To provide maximum reliability, some of the wordlists were checked with a second mother tongue speaker at the same site. Each wordlist was compared with every other wordlist, item by item, to determine to what degree they were phonetically similar. Those words that were judged similar were grouped together. Once the

12 entire wordlist was evaluated, the total number of word pair similarities was tallied. This amount was then divided by the total number of items compared and multiplied by 100, giving what is called the lexical similarity percentage. This process of evaluation was carried out according to standards set forth in Blair 1990:30–33 and facilitated using a computer program called WordSurv (Wimbish 1989). This program is designed to quickly perform the counting of word pair similarities and to calculate the lexical similarity percentage between each pair of wordlists. For a more complete description of counting procedures used in determining lexical similarity, refer to Appendix B.

3.1.2 Site selection

Twenty-one wordlists were compared in this lexical similarity study. Seventeen of the wordlists were collected during this survey in Muthuvan, Mannan, Paliyan and Mala Pulayan (Karavazhi Pulayan) villages. More focus was given to Muthuvan and Mannan speech varieties. Fifteen wordlists were collected from them, representing eight and seven locations respectively. It was reported that Paliyan and Mala Pulayan people speak a form of Tamil. One wordlist was collected from each of these varieties to verify the language situation. Two wordlists from Urali from a previous survey are also included in the lexical similarity comparison. Finally, one standard wordlist in Malayalam, the official language of the state covered in this survey, and one wordlist in Tamil, the neighbouring state language, were included in the lexical similarity comparison. Eight wordlists were collected from Muthuvan. Five of these were from the Tamil Muthuvan variety and three were from the Malayalam Muthuvan variety. These sites were selected based on people group division as Tamil Muthuvan and Malayalam Muthuvan, geographical distribution (interior/exterior) and reported variation in dialect areas. Travel facility and permission to visit the area also influenced the site selection. Mannan wordlists were collected from seven sites based on geographical distribution (interior/exterior), reported dialect variation and cultural importance. In addition, importance also was given to visit major settlements of the area for wordlist collection. Wordlists from Mala Vedan, Mala Arayan and Ulladan were not collected from the survey area since it is believed that the language varieties are no longer in use and have been replaced by Malayalam. Surveyors could not visit Mala Pandaram villages, as there was no information about any settlement that consists of more than three families in the district. Map 2 shows the locations of the wordlist sites. Table 5 gives the speech variety, location and origin of the wordlists utilised in this project.

Map 2. Wordlist sites

Source: New Life Computer Institute, India. Used with permission.

Table 5. Wordlist sites

Language/ Village/ Interior/ Block Tahsil District State Origin Speech Variety Settlement Exterior Tamil Muthuvan Anachal/Itticity Exterior Adimali Devikulam Idukki Kerala This Survey Tamil Muthuvan Chempakathozhu Exterior Devikulam Devikulam Idukki Kerala This Survey Tamil Muthuvan Kavakudi Interior Devikulam Devikulam Idukki Kerala This Survey Tamil Muthuvan Kozhiyala Interior Devikulam Devikulam Idukki Kerala This Survey Tamil Muthuvan Valsapetti Interior Devikulam Devikulam Idukki Kerala This Survey Malayalam Muthuvan Kunchipara Interior Neriyamangalam Kothamangalam Ernakulam Kerala This Survey Malayalam Muthuvan Thalayirappan Exterior Adimali Devikulam Idukki Kerala This Survey Malayalam Muthuvan Kurathikudi Interior Adimali Devikulam Idukki Kerala This Survey Mannan Vattamedu Exterior Idukki Udumpanchola Idukki Kerala This Survey Mannan Veliyampara Interior Devikulam Devikulam Idukki Kerala This Survey Mannan Kumily Exterior Azhutha Pirmed Idukki Kerala This Survey Mannan Kovilmala Exterior Kattappana Udumpanchola Idukki Kerala This Survey Mannan Kodakallu Interior Adimali Devikulam Idukki Kerala This Survey Mannan Chinnapara Exterior Adimali Devikulam Idukki Kerala This Survey Mannan Thinkalkadu Interior Nedumkandam Udumpanchola Idukki Kerala This Survey Urali Poovanthikudi Interior Kattappana Udumpanchola Idukki Kerala Betta Kurumba Urali Vanchivayal Interior Pirmed Pirmed Idukki Kerala Betta Kurumba Mala Pulayan Dendukombu Exterior Devikulam Devikulam Idukki Kerala This Survey Paliyan Lebbakandam Exterior Azhutha Pirmed Idukki Kerala This Survey Tamil Pudukottai and Tamil Betta Kurumba Tuticorin Nadu Malayalam Ernakulam Kerala Betta Kurumba

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Table 6. Lexical similarity percentages

(I) Muthuvan, Itticity 94 (B) Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 93 93 (W) Muthuvan, Kavakudi 93 92 91 (O) Muthuvan, Kozhiyala Cluster-A 93 91 91 92 (S) Muthuvan, Valsapetti 88 84 83 85 85 (J) Muthuvan, Kunchipara 84 80 83 80 80 86 (R) Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 81 78 77 78 79 88 86 (K) Muthuvan, Kurathikudi

67 64 66 65 67 71 66 63 (D) Mannan, Vattamedu 68 65 66 66 68 71 67 67 96 (N) Mannan, Veliyampara 65 66 65 64 67 69 66 64 96 93 (M) Mannan, Kumily 65 65 65 64 67 67 66 64 94 95 96 (Z) Mannan, Kovilmala Cluster-B 67 65 65 64 67 71 66 65 94 93 92 92 (A) Mannan, Kodakallu 63 62 63 63 64 68 66 63 91 94 90 92 90 (C) Mannan, Chinnapara 65 63 63 65 65 68 67 67 89 88 88 90 86 86 (T) Mannan, Thinkalkadu

55 54 52 54 55 58 61 64 51 53 52 53 51 50 52 (P) Urali, Poovanthikudi Cluster-C 55 54 53 52 55 58 59 64 52 54 53 52 52 50 53 83 (V) Urali, Vanchivayal

70 67 67 66 71 66 65 64 67 67 64 66 66 63 66 53 54 (U) Mala Pulayan, Dendukombu Cluster-D 70 67 66 66 71 67 65 66 64 65 66 67 64 62 65 56 57 85 (L) Paliyan, Lebbakandam

67 64 62 64 65 65 62 64 57 60 58 61 58 57 60 54 54 79 75 (Y) Tamil 63 60 58 62 60 65 63 68 57 61 59 59 57 56 64 59 61 61 62 69 (F) Malayalam

3.1.3 Results and analysis

Table 6 shows the lexical similarity percentage of wordlists compared in this study. According to Blair (1990:24), it can typically be concluded that two-speech varieties that have less than 60% lexical similarity are different languages. For speech varieties that have greater than 60% lexical similarity, intelligibility testing should be done to determine their relationship. In the following analysis and discussion, wordlists are grouped in different clusters based on their highest lexical similarity. The study gives more emphasis to the lexical relationships within each tribal variety and with the state languages Malayalam and Tamil, rather than the relationships of different tribal groups’ varieties with each other. Table 7 shows the ranges of lexical similarity within each cluster.

Table 7. Ranges of lexical similarity within each cluster

Cluster Speech varieties Range of lexical similarity A Muthuvan 77–94% B Mannan 86–96% C Urali 83% D Mala Pulayan and Paliyan 85%

3.1.3.1 Cluster-A Muthuvan

There are two types of Muthuvan wordlists, namely Tamil Muthuvan and Malayalam Muthuvan. All of the wordlists from Muthuvan varieties show a range from 77% to 94% of lexical similarity with each other. Within Tamil Muthuvan varieties, the percentages vary from 91% to 94% and make it clear that they are varieties of the same speech form. Malayalam Muthuvan varieties share a range of 86% to 88% lexical similarity with each other. The distances between the Malayalam Muthuvan sites are great and there does not seem to be much contact between these villages. This may be the reason for the lower degree of lexical similarity among the wordlists from Malayalam Muthuvan (as opposed to Tamil Muthuvan) villages. The Tamil Muthuvan wordlists share a range of 77% to 88% of lexical similarity with the Malayalam Muthuvan wordlists. This may be taken as a rough indication that they may be different speech varieties of the same language. Intelligibility testing may help clarify the situation. The wordlists collected from the Tamil Muthuvan variety show slightly greater similarity with Tamil (from 62% to 67%) than Malayalam (58% to 63%), the state language of Kerala. On the other hand, Malayalam Muthuvan varieties show about the same resemblance to Malayalam (63% to 68%) and Tamil (62% to 65%). The study shows that the influence of Malayalam and Tamil can be seen in Muthuvan varieties.

3.1.3.2 Cluster-B Mannan

The wordlists collected from Mannan varieties appear to be quite similar. The overall range of lexical similarity among these wordlists is from 86% to 96%. It can be observed that the wordlist from Thinkalkadu shows comparatively less similarity with other Mannan varieties. The overall percentage of similarity among Mannan wordlists is higher when the Thinkalkadu wordlist is not included in the comparison (ranging from 90% to 96%). The Thinkalkadu wordlist shows slightly greater similarity with Malayalam (64%) than other Mannan wordlists do. The influence of Malayalam might explain this variation from other Mannan wordlists. The Mannan wordlists show a range of 57% to 61% similarity with the Tamil wordlist. Although it was reported that Mannan is a dialect of Tamil, the lexical study shows that they are different languages. Likewise, the Mannan wordlists share only 56% to 64% similarity with Malayalam. These percentages are on the borderline of what is considered to be different languages

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3.1.3.3 Cluster-C Urali

The Urali wordlists share 83% lexical similarity with each other. They share a range of 59% to 61% of similarity with Malayalam and 54% of similarity with Tamil and show that Urali is probably a different language from Malayalam and Tamil. Compared to other groups, Urali shows the most dissimilarity with the wordlists from other groups, as almost all percentages are in the 50s.

3.1.3.4 Cluster-D Mala Pulayan and Paliyan

The wordlists from Mala Pulayan and Paliyan shows more similarity to Tamil than other wordlists in this survey, with 79% and 75% respectively. This gives the impression that they are related varieties to Tamil. Although Mala Pulayan and Paliyan are different tribal communities, their wordlists show 85% lexical similarity to each other. Lexical comparison shows that the speech forms of Mala Pulayan and Paliyan are different from Malayalam (61% and 62% similarity respectively).

3.1.4 Conclusion

Based on lexical similarity, wordlists were grouped into different clusters, each of which represented the people groups studied. Within each cluster, lexical similarity was fairly high, indicating there was not much dialectal variation. Muthuvan showed more variation, particularly between Tamil Muthuvan and Malayalam Muthuvan. In general, the relationship between the tribal varieties and Malayalam and Tamil is such that they are on the border of being considered different languages. Mala Pulayan and Paliyan, however show a higher similarity with Tamil.

3.2 Intelligibility testing

Maggard (1998:14) has noted, “The definition of a language and a dialect is not always clear. The two terms have been used in many different ways. Common usage often applies the term language to the large, prestigious languages, which have an established written literature. The term dialect is then used for all other speech varieties. Some linguists use language to refer to speech varieties that share similar vocabularies, phonological and/or grammatical systems. Many times, the sense in which the two terms are used can vary.” The researchers believe that an important factor in determining the distinction between a language and a dialect is how well speech communities can understand one another. Low intelligibility between two speech varieties, even if one has been classified as a dialect of the other, impedes the ability of one group to understand the other (Grimes 2000:vii). Thus comprehension testing, which allows a look into the approximate understanding of natural speech, was an important component of this research.

3.2.1 Procedures

Recorded Text Testing (RTT) is one tool that helps assess the degree to which speakers of related linguistic varieties understand one another. A three to five minute natural, personal-experience narrative is recorded on cassette from a mother tongue speaker of the speech variety in question. It is then evaluated with a group of mother tongue speakers from the same region by a procedure called Hometown Testing (HTT). This ensures that the story is representative of the speech variety in that area and is suitable to be used for testing in other sites. Mother tongue speakers from other locations and differing speech varieties then listen to the recorded stories and are asked questions, interspersed in the story, to test their comprehension. Subjects are permitted to take tests of stories from other locations only if they perform well on a hometown test. This ensures that the test-taking procedure is understood. Ten is considered the minimum number of subjects to be given this test, and subjects’ responses to the story questions are noted down and scored. A person’s score is considered a reflection of his

comprehension of the text, and the average score of all subjects at a test point is indicative of the community’s intelligibility of the speech variety of the story’s origin. Included with the test point’s average score is a calculation for the variation between individual subjects’ scores, known as standard deviation, which helps in interpreting how representative those scores are. After each story, subjects are asked questions such as how different they felt the speech was from their own and how much they could understand. These subjective post-RTT responses give an additional perspective for interpreting the objective test data. If a subject’s answers to these questions are comparable with his or her score, it gives more certainty to the results. If, however, the post-RTT responses and test score show some dissimilarity, then this discrepancy can be investigated. Refer to appendix C1 for a more complete description of Recorded Text Testing, as well as to Casad 1974. The stories and questions used in the testing also appear in appendix C2. In appendix C3, the demographic profiles of the subjects at each test site, the test scores and the post-HTT/RTT responses are given.

3.2.2 Site selection

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the comprehension of speakers of Tamil Muthuvan and Malayalam Muthuvan of each other’s variety. There is only occasional contact between these two Muthuvan groups. In this study, two stories were developed (one in a Tamil Muthuvan settlement and the other in a Malayalam Muthuvan settlement) and tested. Another objective was to investigate the reported variation among Mannan speech varieties. For this purpose, one story was developed from a northern part of the Mannan-speaking area and tested in a southern part. Table 8 summarises the information about the stories and map 3 shows the test sites.

Table 8. Stories utilised in this project

Language/speech variety Location Tahsil District Tamil Muthuvan Kozhiyala Devikulam Idukki Malayalam Muthuvan Thalayirappan Devikulam Idukki Mannan Kodakallu Devikulam Idukki

Map 3. RTT and LUAV sites.

Source: NLCI. 2015. Used with permission.

3.2.2.1 Kozhiyala (Tamil Muthuvan)

A Tamil Muthuvan story was recorded in Kozhiyala, a settlement of Devikulam Tahsil. Kozhiyala is an interior settlement that is situated in the forest. This would represent a central area of the Tamil Muthuvan variety. Idamalakudi is also a major settlement of Muthuvan and may be the most geographically central place for Tamil Muthuvan. However, the researchers could not get permission to enter that area.

3.2.2.2 Thalayirappan (Malayalam Muthuvan)

Malayalam Muthuvan is spoken in Adimali block of Devikulam tahsil. Most of the settlements are in very interior locations. A Malayalam Muthuvan story was recorded in Thalayirappan settlement. The settlement is six kilometres away from Adimali town and more easily accessible than other Malayalam Muthuvan settlements. This ideal location both represented the Malayalam Muthuvan variety and allowed the surveyors to have good contact with the people.

3.2.2.3 Kavakudi (Tamil Muthuvan)

Kavakudi is a Tamil Muthuvan settlement. It represents the north-eastern concentration of Tamil Muthuvan settlements. This site was selected for gauging comprehension of Tamil Muthuvan people of the Malayalam Muthuvan text from Thalayirappan. Another reason for selecting this site was to investigate the acceptability of the language used in the Kozhiyala story that comes under the central area of Tamil Muthuvan variety.

3.2.2.4 Kodakallu (Mannan)

A Mannan story was collected from the settlement of Kodakallu in Devikulam tahsil to investigate whether there is any variation in the Mannan variety, as had been reported by this people group. It was believed that recording a story in one extreme end of the area and administering comprehension testing with it in another extreme end of the area would help clarify this situation. It was reported that people in Kodakallu speak a pure variety of the Mannan language, as compared with other Mannan settlements in that region. This is an interior village and has little direct contact with outsiders. The researchers had already made good contacts with the residents, which also supported the selection of this site for story collection.

3.2.2.5 Kumily (Mannan)

Kumily is located at an extreme southern end of the Mannan area. It was reported that their speech form has a unique style. Thus, it appeared to be a good location in which to check the acceptability and understanding of the speech form used in the Kodakallu story.

3.2.3 Intelligibility testing results and analysis

The results of intelligibility testing are shown in table 9. The rows of the table list the villages where the stories were tested and the columns list each story used for testing. Hometown and control tests are given in shaded boxes.

Table 9. Results of Recorded Text Testing

Stories Played

Snake Story Our Lifestyle Story Elephant Story Communities Tested (Tamil Muthuvan) (Malayalam Muthuvan) (Mannan) Kozhiyala Avg % 95 (Tamil Muthuvan) SD 6.5 N= 11 Thalayirappan Avg % 87 96 (Malayalam Muthuvan) SD 13.1 4.2 N= 11 11 Kavakudi Avg % 90 82 (Tamil Muthuvan) SD 7.6 15.8 N= 11 11 Kodakallu Avg % 91 (Mannan) SD 5.7 N= 10 Kumily Avg % 92 (Mannan) SD 7.7 N= 20

In interpreting RTT results, three pieces of information are necessary. The first is average percentage (shown as Avg %), which is the mean or average of all the participants’ individual scores on a particular story at a particular test site. Also necessary is a measure of how much individuals’ scores varied from the community average, called standard deviation (shown as SD). The third important piece of information is the size of the sample, that is, the number of people that were tested at each site (shown as N=). In addition, to be truly representative, a sample should include people from significant demographic categories, such as both men and women, young and old, and educated and uneducated. The relationship between test averages and their standard deviation has been summarised by Blair (1990:25) and can be seen in table 10.

Table 10. Relationship between test averages and standard deviation

Standard Deviation High Low Situation 1 Situation 2 Many people understand the Most people understand High story well, but some have the story. Average difficulty. Score Situation 3 Situation 4 Many people cannot understand Low Few people are able to the story, but a few are able to understand the story. answer correctly.

Since results of field-administered methods such as Recorded Text Testing cannot be completely isolated from potential biases, O’Leary (1994) recommends that results from RTTs not be interpreted in terms of fixed numerical thresholds, but rather be evaluated in light of other indicators of intelligibility such as lexical similarity, dialect opinions, and reported patterns of contact and communication. In general, however, RTT mean scores of around 80% or higher with accompanying low standard deviations (usually ten and below; high standard deviations are about 15 and above) are usually taken to indicate

that representatives of the test point dialect display adequate understanding of the variety represented by the recording. Conversely, RTT average scores below 60% are interpreted to indicate inadequate comprehension. The following section highlights the results of comprehension testing, discussed in terms of the understanding of each story.

3.2.3.1 Tamil Muthuvan story

The test subjects of Kozhiyala scored well on their HTT with a low standard deviation, indicating that the story adequately represents their speech variety. Post-HTT responses indicate that the subjects believe that the language in the story is good, pure and represents their area. The Tamil Muthuvan text from Kozhiyala was tested among Malayalam Muthuvan subjects at Thalayirappan for comprehension. The Thalayirappan subjects averaged 87% on the Kozhiyala story with a standard deviation of 13.1 (which is neither high nor low). It is thus believed that most Thalayirappan (Malayalam Muthuvan) subjects understand the Kozhiyala (Tamil Muthuvan) story, but some have difficulty. Five out of the 11 Thalayirappan subjects mentioned that the Muthuvan language of the Kozhiyala text was mixed with Tamil. Three of the subjects stated that the language is Muthuvan, whereas two said that the language is not theirs. Most of the subjects mentioned the name of Tamil Muthuvan settlements as being the origin of the text. The subjects identified the language used in the story according to the language variety (Tamil mixing), the people (Tamil Muthuvan) and previous contact (having lived in that area). Four out of the five subjects that were asked the question “Was the text pure?” reported that “Yes, it is pure and good.” Most of the subjects mentioned that the language variety used in the text was somewhat different (either a little different or very different) from their local language variety. Seven out of 11 subjects whom the researchers asked this question reported that they fully understood the story, whereas three said they did not. The comprehension testing among Malayalam Muthuvan subjects showed that many of them understood the Tamil Muthuvan variety used in the story. It seems that the Malayalam Muthuvan subjects accepted the Tamil Muthuvan variety as a good variety. Most of the subjects reported that Tamil has influenced the language used in the story. The Tamil Muthuvan subjects from Kavakudi scored an average of 90% with a standard deviation of 7.6 on Kozhiyala story, indicating that the subjects understood the story well. The language of the story was identified as their village variety or other (Tamil Muthuvan) village variety. The Post RTT responses reveal that the subjects understood the story fully and commented that the language was pure.

3.2.3.2 Malayalam Muthuvan story

Thalayirappan subjects scored an average of 96% on their HTT with a low standard deviation of 4.2, indicating a valid HTT and an understandable text. The text was understood and identified by all the subjects as being from their own variety. They also reported that the language of the story was pure and good. The story from Thalayirappan was played for subjects in Kavakudi, a Tamil Muthuvan settlement. This was done in order to test comprehension and to learn about attitudes towards the Malayalam Muthuvan language variety. The subjects from Kavakudi scored an average of 82% with a standard deviation of 15.8. Though it can be interpreted that the Tamil Muthuvan subjects understood the story, the high standard deviation indicates that some of them had problems understanding the text. The Kavakudi subjects identified the Thalayirappan text as belonging to Muthuvan, by stating Malayalam Muthuvan settlement names as the origin of the story, such as Kurathikudi and Padikappu. Almost all of them pointed out that the text was mixed with Malayalam and that helped them in identifying the text as being spoken in the Malayalam Muthuvan variety. Only four subjects were asked whether the text was pure – to which three of them replied ‘yes’. All but one subject reported that the Thalayirappan text was only a little different from their speech.

3.2.3.3 Mannan story

The subjects for the Kodakallu HTT averaged a score of 91% with a standard deviation of 5.7 on the ‘elephant story’. The subjects identified the language of the story as being the same as they speak in their village and said that the speech variety is good and free from any mixing, except for one subject who reported that there is one Malayalam word in the text. The 20 Mannan subjects in Kumily had an average of 92% on the story from Kodakallu, with a low standard deviation of 7.7. Various responses were given concerning the origin of the story. Four mentioned that the story was from their settlement, whereas five realised that the story was not from their place. Three subjects said that it belonged to Kovilmala, the king’s place. Some subjects mentioned other places by name. Finally, another five subjects said that they did not know where the story was from. The responses, taken as a whole, give the impression that a majority of the Kumily subjects did not think that the story was from their own village. Most of the subjects reported that, because of the slight difference in style, wording and tone from that of their own speech, the story was not from their own area. All but five of the subjects considered the speech good and pure. Two subjects said that it was not pure because they believe that Malayalam language was mixed into the text. Half of the subjects stated that there is no difference between their speech and the speech of the story. And about half of the subjects reported that the ‘tone and wording’ of the story is a little different from how they speak. All of the subjects claimed to have fully understood the story. Some RTT subjects suggested that there may be minor variation among the speech varieties of Mannan in their style, wording and tone. Some influence of Malayalam vocabulary can be observed. Despite these observations, most subjects understood the story.

3.2.4 Conclusion

The comprehension testing among the speakers of Malayalam Muthuvan showed that many of them understood the Tamil Muthuvan variety. Many of them found no complexity in understanding this related speech variety. In general, there were no strong negative attitudes expressed by either group on the stories they listened to. There were comments from both groups about the amount of mixing of Tamil and Malayalam in the Tamil Muthuvan and Malayalam Muthuvan respectively. Because of this, many people identified the origin of the speech variety they listened to. The intelligibility study among Mannan gives the impression that there is little language variation among Mannan speech forms. Moreover, some RTT subjects suggested that there may be minor variation among the speech varieties of Mannan in their style, wording and tone. Despite these observations, most subjects understood the story.

4 Language use, attitudes and vitality

A study of language use patterns attempts to describe which languages or speech varieties members of a community use in different social situations. These situations, called domains, are contexts in which the use of one language variety is considered more appropriate than another (Fasold 1984:183). A study of language attitudes generally attempts to describe people’s feelings and preferences towards their own language and other speech varieties around them, and what value they place on those languages. Ultimately, these views, whether explicit or unexpressed, will influence the results of efforts towards literacy and the acceptability of literature development. Language vitality is another key concept in sociolinguistic research. It refers to the prospects for a language to continue to be spoken by mother tongue speakers and passed on to future generations. Language maintenance refers to a stage in which a section of the people use the second language more, but most continue to speak the mother tongue. The total replacement of a mother tongue with a second language can be referred to as language shift. Many variables have been said to contribute to vitality, such as social status of the language, the number of speakers and whether it has a writing system.

4.1 Procedures

Orally administered questionnaires were the primary method for assessing patterns of language use, attitudes and vitality in this survey. In addition to these questionnaires, observations and informal interviews were also made. The questionnaires were asked in Malayalam or the subject’s mother tongue (if they did not speak the state language). The Language Use, Attitudes and Vitality (LUAV) questionnaire can be found in Appendix D. Questionnaire responses were collected from six sites (shown in map 3), three each from Muthuvan and Mannan communities. The following codes and abbreviations are used in this chapter: MT means ‘mother tongue’, LWC means ‘language of wider communication’ (Malayalam) and “Both” (when used in tables) means ‘mother tongue and language of wider communication (Malayalam)’. Table 11 shows the questionnaire sites.

Table 11. Questionnaire sites

People Site Block District Muthuvan Kozhiyala Devikulam Idukki Muthuvan Kavakudi Devikulam Idukki Muthuvan Thalayirappan Devikulam Idukki Mannan Kodakallu Devikulam Idukki Mannan Kovilmala Kattappana Idukki Mannan Kumily Azhutha Idukki

4.2 Sampling distribution for questionnaire subjects

The researchers decided to find out if there is any variance between subjects that have completed different levels of formal education (uneducated, primary educated and fifth class and above). People from 16 to 35 years of age were considered as young and those above 35 were considered as old. The researchers tried to find subjects for each possible combination of these demographic factors, but in some instances this was not possible since Muthuvan ladies were reluctant to talk with young bachelors from outside their village. Tables 12 and 13 show the sampling of subjects for Muthuvan and Mannan respectively.

Table 12. Sampling of Muthuvan questionnaire subjects

Uneducated Primary educated Fifth class and above Total Young Old Young Old Young Old Male 4 7 5 4 5 3 28 Female 2 3 - - - - 5 Total 16 9 8 33

Table 13. Sampling of Mannan questionnaire subjects

Uneducated Primary educated Fifth class and above Total Young Old Young Old Young Old Male 4 2 6 4 5 3 24 Female 7 8 2 2 4 - 23 Total 21 14 12 47

4.3 Muthuvan questionnaire results and analysis

4.3.1 Language use

The results of the language use questionnaire are summarised in table 14. All 33 subjects responded to each of the questions. Table 14. Domains of Muthuvan language use Qn Domains MT Both LWC LWC and Tamil Their Tamil language 2a With parents 33 (100%) - - - - - 2b With their children 31 (94%) 2 (6%) - - - - 2c With village friends 27 (82%) 6 (18%) - - - - 2d With outsiders 1 (3%) - 18 (55%) 10 (32%) - 4 (12%) 2e Private prayer 27 (84%) 2a (6%) 1 (3%) - 2 (6%) - 3c By children while playing 31 (94%) 2 (6%) - - - - aOne subject mentioned both MT and Tamil

At least 82% of Muthuvan subjects responded that they usually use their mother tongue in each domain they were asked about, with the exception of speaking with outsiders. It is unlikely that many outsiders know the Muthuvan language. Therefore, it is not surprising that the Muthuvan usually use Malayalam or Tamil with outsiders. The overall results show that the mother tongue is often used among the Muthuvan people for communication amongst themselves and that they depend on either Malayalam or Tamil whenever they want to communicate with outsiders.

4.3.2 Language attitude

4.3.2.1 Attitude towards mother tongue compared with LWC

Qn.5. Which is your favourite language?

MT Malayalam Both MT and Tamil Tamil 17 (52%) 8 (24%) 5 (15%) 1 (3%) 2 (6%)

Half of the subjects expressed that they like their mother tongue better than any other language. Another 18% of the subjects stated that they equally like both their mother tongue and another language (either Malayalam or Tamil).

Qn.7. What language do your people (young people) like to speak when they go out?

MT Malayalam Both 17 (52%) 9 (27%) 7 (21%)

The objective of this question was to investigate perceptions regarding the attitudes of young people about their mother tongue. Half of the subjects believe that youth speak their mother tongue amongst themselves when they go out. Nine subjects (27%) reported the use of the LWC, five of whom are young subjects themselves. Seven other subjects (21%) reported that the young people speak both Muthuvan and Malayalam when they go outside of their settlement. Most of the 16 subjects that claimed that young people like to speak Malayalam or both Muthuvan and Malayalam, while outside their village, were young educated people. The results may indicate that young Muthuvan people have a generally positive attitude towards their mother tongue. However, it seems that those that are educated are more likely to use Malayalam (either exclusively or in conjunction with Muthuvan) while they travel from their village.

Qn.8. Would your old people be happy if young people spoke Malayalam/Tamil in the home?

Yes No Indifferent answer Other responses 19 (58%) 7 (21%) 4 (12%) 3 (9%)

The objective of this question was to learn about perceptions of the attitudes of old people towards the use of Malayalam and Tamil. Many subjects reported that old people are not troubled by the use of Malayalam or Tamil in the home. Nearly half of the 17 older subjects reported that they are not bothered by the use of these LWCs in the home. The majority of the subjects, including older people, believe that older Muthuvan people have an open mind towards the use of LWCs in the home.

Qn.13. Do you feel that the Muthuvan language is as good as Malayalam/Tamil?

Yes No 31 (97%) 1 (3%)

This question was asked to compare the disposition of subjects towards their mother tongue with their feelings about LWCs. Nearly every subject said that they feel that their language is as good as the LWCs of their area.

4.3.2.2 Attitude for continuing their mother tongue

Qn.6. Do young people in your community feel good about your language?

Yes No Other responses 29 (88%) 1 (3%) 3 (9%)

The rationale for this question was to learn about the attitudes of the younger generation towards their mother tongue. A majority of the subjects (88%) reported that young people feel good about their language. This attitude may help ensure that their mother tongue will continue to be spoken in the coming years.

Qn.9. What language should a Muthuvan woman use with her young child?

MT Malayalam Both 31 (94%) 1 (3%) 1 (3%)

This question was asked to see if Muthuvan mothers prefer to pass on their language to the next generation. Almost all subjects expressed that they believe Muthuvan women should speak to their young children in her mother tongue. The responses clearly indicate that the Muthuvan people have the desire to pass their language on to succeeding generations.

Qn.10. Would you be happy if your child only spoke Malayalam/Tamil?

Yes No Happy and unhappy Neutral feelings Other responses 12 (37%) 11 (33%) 2 (6%) 6 (18%) 2 (6%)

This question was asked to know how the Muthuvan people might feel if coming generations were to stop speaking their mother tongue in favour of an LWC. A number of subjects seemed to find it difficult to give a clear-cut answer to this question. Strictly speaking, it can be said that only 37% of the subjects directly said that they would feel happy if their children chose to only speak Malayalam or Tamil.

4.3.2.3 Attitude towards varieties of their mother tongue

Qn.12a. In which settlement is the Muthuvan language spoken most purely?

All are same Tamil Muthuvan Malayalam Muthuvan Don’t know Nowhere 11 (34%) 13 (41%) 4 (13%) 3 (9%) 1 (3%)

The objective of this question was to find which Muthuvan speech variety is best accepted by the subjects. This may help to assess the attitude that subjects have towards their local variety, as well as towards other varieties of Muthuvan. A number of subjects said that the purest Muthuvan variety is spoken in their own area. Many Tamil Muthuvan and Malayalam Muthuvan subjects reported that their own variety is the purest. However, two Malayalam Muthuvan subjects reported that Marayoor (a Tamil Muthuvan village) is the best place to hear their language spoken purely. None of the Tamil Muthuvan subjects mentioned Malayalam Muthuvan settlements. Eleven subjects (34%), all of whom were from Tamil Muthuvan villages, reported that all the varieties are the same. It should be noted that a majority of the questionnaire subjects were from Tamil Muthuvan settlements.

Qn.12b. Why do you say that it is pure? Only 11 subjects were asked this question. Many different answers were given. The reasons that people gave for why they like the variety spoken in their area were: they can understand it easily; they like the style in which it is spoken; and because there is no mixing with other languages. The two Malayalam subjects who preferred the way their language is spoken in a Tamil Muthuvan village said they like it because it is mixed with Tamil. A few other Malayalam Muthuvan people on the other hand mentioned that they like their own variety because other people mix their language with Tamil.

Qn.12c. In which settlement is the next purest Muthuvan language spoken? Only a few subjects were asked this question. Their responses were similar to those they gave for question 12a (discussed above). Both Tamil Muthuvan and Malayalam Muthuvan subjects referred to other settlements in their respective areas.

4.3.3 Language vitality

Qn.3a. What language do your children speak first?

MT LWC 32 (100%) -

This question was meant to assess whether or not language shift has already begun. All of the subjects reported that their children learn to speak their mother tongue first.

Qn.3b. How old are your children when they start to speak Malayalam or Tamil?

Below 7 years old 8 to 12 years old 17 (53%) 15 (47%)

Just over half of the subjects (17) said that their children learned to speak an LWC while they were under seven years old. But almost half (15) of the subjects expressed that their children learn to speak an LWC while they are between seven and 12 years old. This is the age at which most children start to go to school.

Qn.3d. What language do educated children (that have lived in hostels) use with their parents and other villagers?

MT Both 9 (56%) 7 (44%)

All of the subjects reported that the children that had lived in hostels while attending classes outside their community use their mother tongue (either exclusively or alongside Malayalam) when they return.

Qn.4. Do the young people know the Muthuvan language as well as the old people do?

Yes No 33 (100%) -

This question was focused on whether there might be any language shift happening among the Muthuvan. All of the subjects reported that the young people know Muthuvan just as well as the old people know it.

Qn.11. Would you allow your son or daughter to marry someone from outside of your community?

Yes No 7 (21%) 26 (79%)

A pattern of inter-marriage with members of other ethno-linguistic communities can be a cause or sign of language shift. However, 26 subjects (79%) expressed their disapproval of inter-community marriage. Only seven people said that they would allow their children to marry outsiders. The responses show that many Muthuvan people oppose inter-community marriage. This attitude could help preserve their culture and mother tongue.

Qn.15. Do you think that, when your children have grown up, they will still speak the Muthuvan language?

Yes Yes, both Not sure 26 (84%) 3 (10%) 2 (6%)

This question focused on the Muthuvan people’s perspective about the continuation of their language. Most of the subjects believe that the younger generation will still speak their mother tongue in the future. A few subjects think that both Muthuvan and Malayalam will be spoken by the next generation. None of the subjects specifically responded that they do not think the children will speak their mother tongue after they grow up, although two people said that they were not sure whether or not this would be the case.

4.4 Observations and informal interviews

The mother tongue of Muthuvan is the language of choice of their community, without any great difference according to age, sex or level of education. If there is any exception to this, it may be a few males (especially those that have received formal education of fifth class or above) and those who have more contact with Malayalis. Generally, Muthuvan speak Malayalam (or even Tamil) with outsiders and their own language within their community. The attitude of Muthuvan towards their mother tongue seems positive. They are not hesitant to speak their language before outsiders and see its developments as favourable. Many informal interviews showed that they are interested in having printed materials in their mother tongue. Although some of them have learned to speak the LWC, it seems that they respect their mother tongue and see it as a part of their lives and traditions. The language use and attitudes of Muthuvan seem to be in favour of their mother tongue. They appear to believe that their language will continue to be used by the younger generation. Since most of

the settlements are in interior locations that are out of contact and lack educational facilities, the Muthuvan may remain in a generally monolingual situation. Based on these observations, it appears that the succeeding generations may speak their traditional mother tongue.

4.5 Conclusion

The language use questionnaire results among Muthuvan people show that they use their mother tongue often in the important domains of home, village and religion. Mother tongue language use of Muthuvan among the children also appears to be strong. Malayalam and Tamil appear to be mainly used for education and contact with Malayalis, Tamiliyans and people from other tribal communities. The study of language attitudes makes it appear that Muthuvan people have an attitude that favours the maintenance of their mother tongue. Even though they appreciate the use of the LWC, they do not look down on their language in any way. Both Tamil Muthuvan and Malayalam Muthuvan people seem to generally appreciate their own language variety. The results from language vitality study show the likely continuation of the mother tongue. Many children are first learning to speak their mother tongue and are exposed to the LWC when they go to school. The majority of Muthuvan subjects are against inter-marriage with other communities. This opinion could serve to insulate their community from the potential influence towards language shift. A majority of the subjects believe that the younger generation will continue to speak their mother tongue. In short, the language use, attitudes and vitality study has shown that the Muthuvan language is vitally used and that they have a positive attitude towards their mother tongue. As a result of this study, it would appear that a major language shift might not occur in the near future. Observations of the language community concur with these questionnaire results.

4.6 Mannan questionnaire results and analysis

4.6.1 Language use

The results of the language use questionnaire are summarised in table 15. All 47 subjects responded to each question.

Table 15. Domains of Mannan language use

Qn Domains MT Both LWC 2a With Parents 40 (85%) 7 (15%) - 2b With their children 32 (68%) 12 (26%) 3 (6%) 2c With village friends 32 (68%) 14 (30%) 1 (2%) 2d With outsiders 1 (2%) - 46 (98%) 2e Private prayer 43 (92%) 3 (6%) 1 (2%) 3c By children while playing 36 (77%) 11 (23%) -

The mother tongue appears to be used by most of the Mannan people, either exclusively or in conjunction with Malayalam, in the home, village and religious domains. Although a number of people use both their mother tongue and Malayalam in most of these domains, the majority exclusively use their own language. The questionnaire results show that most of the subjects (85%) prefer to use their mother tongue when speaking with their parents. The other subjects (7) said that they use both their mother tongue and Malayalam with their parents. Most of these seven subjects are young and educated (either primary or high school education). Two-thirds of the subjects reported that they use their mother tongue while talking with their children. A total of 12 subjects (26%) reported that they use both the Mannan language and Malayalam with their children. Most of the subjects that responded in this way are young and educated (to either primary or high school levels).

In the village domain, 68% of the subjects exclusively use their mother tongue with friends, while 30% use both Mannan language and Malayalam. Again, the subjects that use both Mannan and LWC are educated (both primary and high school) people. During prayer, 92% exclusively use their mother tongue. All of the subjects indicated that Mannan children speak their mother tongue, whether exclusively or in conjunction with Malayalam, while playing with each other. The only domain that subjects were asked about in which few said they use their mother tongue, was that of speaking with outsiders (such as merchants and government officials). It is unlikely that many outsiders know the Mannan language. Therefore, it is not surprising that the Mannan usually use Malayalam or Tamil with outsiders.

4.6.2 Language attitudes

4.6.2.1 Attitude towards mother tongue compared with LWC

Qn.5. What is your favourite language?

MT Malayalam Both Tamil 33 (72%) 7 (15%) 5 (11%) 1 (2%)

This question attempted to find out which language the subjects generally prefer. The results show that a majority of subjects feel a greater affinity for their mother tongue than any other language. 15% of the subjects (most of whom are young and educated) said that they prefer Malayalam.

Qn.7. What language do your people (young people) like to speak when they go out?

MT Malayalam Both 17 (36%) 19 (41%) 11 (23%)

This question was asked to learn about the attitude of young people towards their mother tongue while they are outside their home area. The responses were almost evenly split between Malayalam and Mannan. Just over half of the subjects have the opinion that young people are using Malayalam amongst themselves while they go out, which may indicate that some of the youth are embarrassed to have outsiders identify them as Mannan by their speech.

Qn.8. Would your old people be happy if young people spoke Malayalam or Tamil in the home?

Yes No Neutral 23 (50%) 10 (21%) 13 (29%)

The intention of this question was to find out about general attitudes that old people have about the use of the LWC in the home. Half of the respondents said that old people would be happy if the LWC was used in the home. About 20% of the subjects stated that they do not like their young people speaking Malayalam or Tamil in the home. Another 27% of subjects said that they neither like nor dislike the use of an LWC in the home. The study found that most people are positive or neutral in their attitudes towards the use of the state language in the home.

Qn.13. Do you feel that the Mannan language is as good as Malayalam or Tamil?

Yes Indifferent answer Better than Malayalam 42 (94%) 2 (4%) 1 (2%)

The aim of this question was to learn about the subjects’ attitude towards their speech variety in relation to the nearby majority languages. Almost all the subjects answered that their speech variety is as good as Malayalam and Tamil. One of the subjects stated that their speech variety is better than the state

language. These results show that most of the Mannan people feel that their mother tongue is as good as the nearby LWCs.

4.6.2.2 Attitude for continuing their mother tongue

Qn.6. Do young people in your community feel good about their language?

Yes No Don’t know No direct answer 33 (70%) 8 (17%) 5 (11%) 1 (2%)

This question was intended to find out the attitude of young people towards their mother tongue. Most of the subjects said that the young people like their language, although a few reported that the opposite is true. According to these responses, it would be safe to say that the young people are not degrading their mother tongue.

Qn.9. What language should a Mannan woman use with her young child?

MT Malayalam Both 42 (91%) 2 (4%) 2 (4%)

This question was asked to know more about common attitudes regarding passing the mother tongue on to the younger generation. Almost every subject expressed that a Mannan woman should use her mother tongue with her young children.

Qn.10. Would you be happy if your child spoke only Malayalam or Tamil?

Yes No Other responses 23 (54%) 17 (40%) 3 (6%)

This question was asked of 43 subjects to learn about their attitudes towards the shift of their speech variety towards Malayalam or Tamil. More than half of the subjects are happy in their children using the state language and nearly half of them dislike their children using only the state language in the home.

4.6.2.3 Attitude towards their mother tongue

Qn.12a. In which settlement is the Mannan language spoken most purely?

Local area Another area All are same Nowhere Don’t know 18 (40%) 5 (11%) 11 (24%) 8 (18%) 3 (7%)

The object of asking this question was to find out which Mannan speech variety is best accepted. By asking this, it is possible to assess the attitudes that subjects have towards their local variety and other varieties of Mannan. Out of 45 subjects, 18 (40%) replied that pure Mannan language is spoken in their settlement or somewhere within their own area where they travel frequently. Eleven subjects answered that all people speak the Mannan language in the same way. Five subjects (11%) suggested village names from other areas that represent pure Mannan speech. Among them, four subjects from Kovilmala suggested that their language is spoken most purely in Kumily. One person from Kumily thought that Adimali has the purest speech variety of Mannan.

Qn.12b. Why do you say that it is pure? Those who suggested Kumily as the place where the purest Mannan language is spoken stated that this is because the people in Kumily are always speaking their language. The one that recommended Adimali suggested that the speech variety in Adimali is pure (but did not explain what made it pure). Most of the

subjects who said that the speech of their local area is purest said things such as ‘good tone,’ ‘simple,’ ‘no mixing’ and strong language use.

Qn.12c. In which settlement is the next purest Mannan language spoken?

Local area Another area All are same Tamil 5 (32%) 5 (32%) 5 (32%) 1 (4%)

This question was asked to only the 16 subjects out of the 18 that had been partial towards his or her own speech variety in answering question 12a. Five people suggested their local area; five suggested places outside their area and another five stated that all places speak their language in the same way. Among the five subjects that mentioned other areas, two from Kumily referred to the people of Kovilmala, whereas the villages of Kodakallu, Adimali and Variyam were mentioned by one subject each as the place where the second purest variety of Mannan is spoken.

4.6.3 Language vitality

Qn.3a. What language do your children speak first?

MT Other languages 47 (100%) -

This question was meant to assess whether or not language shift has already begun. All of the subjects reported that their children learn to speak their mother tongue first.

Qn.3b. How old are your children when they start to speak Malayalam or Tamil?

Below 6 years old 6 to 9 years old or 10 years old or above Depends after going to school 25 (53%) 17 (36%) 4 (9%) 1 (2%)

About half of the subjects said that their children start speaking Malayalam while they are below six years of age. This indicates that some Mannan children have the opportunity to learn Malayalam in their home or village. Another 17 subjects said that their children are able to speak Malayalam after they start going to school, which is usually between six and ten years of age. Only a few subjects reported that their children do not start speaking the LWC until after they are ten years old. The results show that most Mannan children learn to speak some degree of the state language Malayalam while they are under ten years of age.

Qn.3d. What language do educated children (that have lived in hostels) use with their parents and other villagers?

MT Malayalam Both First Malayalam then MT Other responses 16 (35%) 4 (9%) 23 (50%) 2 (4%) 1 (2%)

This question was meant to find out whether living in hostels greatly influences the language use of Mannan children. Half of the subjects stated that the hostel system enables Mannan children to use both Mannan and Malayalam in their home and village, but many other subjects (35%) reported that their children only speak their mother tongue when they come back to their home and village. A few people said that their children only speak Malayalam when they return to their settlement from their education.

Qn.4. Do the young people know the Mannan language as well as the old people do?

Yes No 36 (78%) 10 (22%)

This question focused on whether language shift may be in progress among the Mannan people. A majority of subjects (78%) expressed their opinion that young people speak or know their language as well as the old people. The other subjects felt that there is some variation in the proficiency of young and old people.

Qn.11. Would you allow your son or daughter to marry someone from outside of your community?

Yes No Other responses 32 (70%) 13 (28%) 1 (2%)

A pattern of inter-marriage with members of other ethno-linguistic communities can be a cause or sign of language shift. The responses indicate that a majority of subjects do not object to inter-community marriage. Only 28% of the subjects resist the idea of marriage with outsiders.

Qn.15. Do you think that, when your children have grown up, they will speak the Mannan language?

Yes No Yes, some portion More Malayalam I don’t know 32 (74%) 5 (12%) 1 (2%) 2 (5%) 3 (7%)

This question focused on the Mannan people’s perspective about the continuation of their language. Most of the subjects (74%) think that their mother tongue will be spoken by the coming generation. However, five people (12%) felt that the younger generation would exclusively speak the LWC.

4.7 Observations and informal interviews

The Mannan people seem to use their mother tongue much of the time for communication with others from their group. People of all ages, levels of education, and both genders are often using their mother tongue in the home and village. Some of the people that have had more exposure to Malayalam (often through formal education) sometimes use Malayalam less often with their friends and children. The influence of the LWC is growing, mainly due to an increase in education and contact with outsiders. Now roads connect a majority of their settlements with Malayali settlements and provide more opportunity for exposure to Malayalam. Informal interviews with people indicate that the young people seem to be uncomfortable speaking their mother tongue outside where the LWC is spoken. The Mannan people have a generally positive attitude towards Malayalam and consider it a language of prestige, education, and advancement. Because of this, use of the LWC makes parents pleased with their children. The people do not seem motivated to preserve their linguistic or cultural identity. Inter-community marriage is not strictly restricted, which allows a greater possibility for eventual cultural diffusion. However, married couples are not allowed to leave their settlement. So the children of such families still grow up in an atmosphere where the Mannan culture and language prevail. It seems that the younger generation of Mannan people tries to identify themselves with outsiders (Malayalis) and are not motivated to preserve their traditions. The community leaders are aware of this trend and its potential to destroy their language and cultural values. The leaders are trying to take some measures to prevent this pattern. They are providing instruction about the importance of preserving their mother tongue and what are believed to be harmful results of inter-marriage and changing religions. However, the members of the community have freedom in these matters, as there is no pressure upon them. The Mannan people generally do not see much variation in how their language is spoken in various communities. Some of the settlements have less contact with outsiders, which may result in their variety being purest. The informal interviews with many people indicate their desire to have materials in their mother tongue. The state government of Kerala has made some language promotion and literacy efforts. The State Literacy Mission has planned to publish a series of 15 books that will help the community become literate in the state language through their mother tongue. The first issue was published with the

title ‘Mannan Bhasha Padavali’ April, 2001, and has been circulated to some extent. It was reported that ‘Akhila Kerala Mannan Samudaya Sangam’ has published the traditional songs of Mannan. The script used in these above materials is Malayalam.

4.8 Conclusion

The questionnaire results and observations show that a majority of the Mannan subjects use their mother tongue in home, village and religious domains. However, a trend towards greater use of Malayalam in the home and village domains is slowly taking place. The mother tongue seems to be used quite often by children and with children. This makes it seem that a great deal of language shift may not occur in the near future. The study of language attitudes among the Mannan reveals that they have a generally positive attitude towards their mother tongue, especially for communication among themselves. The Mannan people primarily prefer Malayalam when dealing with outsiders. The greatest favouritism towards the LWC is found among the educated young people. The use of the LWC in more traditional domains is tolerated. The people consider their mother tongue to be as good as the LWC. However, as is the case in most tribal groups, the Mannan people appreciate the use of an LWC, as it provides prosperity and prestige. The overall questionnaire responses provide some inferences about the future of the Mannan language. The present trend of language use and attitudes of the Mannan subjects towards their mother tongue support the continuation of their language and may help avoid language shift in the immediate future. However, the main factors that may decrease the use of their mother tongue in the future are the impact of education, the acceptance of inter-community marriage and the influence of Malayalam. Informal interviews show the community’s desire to have materials in their mother tongue. The attempts by community leaders in this regard provide hope for the survival and development of the vernacular language of the Mannan people.

5 Bilingualism

5.1 Introduction

Bilingualism “refers to the knowledge and skills acquired by individuals which enable them to use a language other than their mother tongue” (Blair 1990:52). A second language may be acquired either formally (as in a school setting) or informally through other types of contact with speakers of the second language. Bilingual ability is not normally uniformly distributed within a community, as it is dependent on many different social characteristics. However, there can be exceptional cases where a community restricted to a small geographical area and small population have acquired fairly uniform bilingual ability. Blair (1990:51) further points out, “The goal of a study of community bilingualism is to find out how bilingual the population of a community is. Bilingualism is not a characteristic, which is uniformly distributed. In any community, different individuals or sections of the community are bilingual to different degrees. It is important to avoid characterizing an entire community as though such ability were uniformly distributed. It is more accurate to describe how bilingualism is distributed throughout the community.” Motivation and opportunity are two of the most important factors that produce bilingualism. Different individuals and sections of a community are proficient to varying degrees, depending on their motivation and on the nature and extent of their contact with the second language. Insights into a community’s motivation to learn a second language can often be gained by identifying the domains in which the second language is used and the underlying attitudes prompting them to do so. Language use and attitude studies can reveal such insights. The motivation may be economic, religious, altruistic or for self-preservation. The community will become as bilingual as it deems necessary in order to satisfy its self-interest. However, people cannot become bilingual unless they have contact with the second language

in some context. This contact is related to certain demographic factors such as education, age and sex. In reality, these are not totally independent variables but are often interrelated. There are two components for any bilingualism study. The first is to identify the independent variables, those social characteristics that may correlate with bilingualism, and their distribution throughout the community. This is found out through a demographic study based either on a government census or on a private census conducted at the time of the survey. The second step is assessing the dependent variable, the level of bilingualism, which occurs in conjunction with the various characteristics. Bilingualism is a very important issue in determining the vitality and future of a language, as well as determining the need for vernacular literature. Bilingualism study is also helpful for designing the promotion of any mother tongue language materials. At the outset of this project, it was decided to conduct bilingualism testing in at least two villages of both Muthuvan and Mannan. Malayalam is the state and official language of Kerala and is also the second language of many Muthuvan and Mannan people. It is the medium of instruction in schools and also dominates radio, television and printed media. The Muthuvan and Mannan had a greater amount of contact with Tamiliyans than with Malayalis prior to 50 years ago and it seems that Tamil was their second language at that time. Therefore, the older generation of Muthuvan and Mannan people may understand Tamil better than Malayalam. Nevertheless, presently both Muthuvan and Mannan people are more connected with the use of Malayalam. Therefore, it was felt that the study of bilingualism in Tamil was unnecessary and more attention was given to the study of bilingualism in Malayalam. The main tool used to gauge bilingualism in Malayalam in this study was a Malayalam Recorded Text Test (RTT). Another method for testing bilingual proficiency is Sentence Repetition Testing (SRT). This method is more refined in discriminating levels of bilingual proficiency than an RTT. However, a Malayalam SRT has not been developed yet and the time required to develop a Malayalam SRT was more than the survey allowed. Another tool that can assess the higher levels of bilingual proficiency is Second Language Oral Proficiency Evaluation (SLOPE). But SLOPE requires more time to administer than was available for this project, and also needs trained test administers. A few questions regarding people’s self- reported abilities in Malayalam were also asked. The researchers’ observations in the field area also help evaluate the present picture of bilingualism among these groups. Demographic information about the villages where bilingualism was assessed in this study was primarily available from ITDP’s 1999 report.

5.2 Recorded Text Test

5.2.1 Procedure

A recorded text can be used to provide a preliminary assessment of a community’s abilities in a second language. The procedures for evaluation of bilingual ability using this method are the same as those that were used for dialect intelligibility testing (see section 3.2.1). As this method only evaluates comprehension ability of simple narratives, it is not adequate for evaluating higher levels of bilingual proficiency (Blair 1990:74). When using a recorded text test for bilingualism testing, care should be taken to test a sample that is representative of the demographic characteristics of the community. A sample of subjects should therefore include both men and women, young and old and both educated and uneducated in the same proportions as exist in the community. A more complete description of RTT procedures, the story, the questions used in the testing, the demographic profile of the subjects, test scores, the post-HTT and post-RTT responses can be seen in Appendix C.

5.2.2 Site selection

A simple narrative story in Malayalam was developed in Karunapuram village, which is in Idukki district, to be used in the bilingualism study. This village is located in the central, and standard, dialect of Malayalam.

Two sites from Muthuvan, Kozhiyala and Thalayirappan, were selected for bilingualism testing. Kozhiyala is representative of the Tamil Muthuvan variety and Thalayirappan is representative of the Malayalam Muthuvan variety. Kumily and Kodakallu were selected for bilingualism testing among the Mannan. Kumily was selected because it is an exterior settlement, located in Pirmed tahsil. Kodakallu was selected from Devikulam tahsil. It is an interior settlement and is on the opposite side of the Mannan area from Kumily. The site selection for bilingualism study was also affected by the choice of sites for the dialect area study.

5.2.3 Results

A Malayalam RTT was tested in two Muthuvan and two Mannan villages as a preliminary test of their bilingualism in Malayalam. Table 16 shows a summary of the results. The bold figures show the hometown test result and indicate that it was a valid text.

Table 16. Malayalam RTT results

Communities Tested “My Childhood Days” Karunapuram Avg % 99 SD 2.89 N= 12 Kozhiyala (Tamil Avg % 87 Muthuvan) SD 9.04 N= 11 Thalayirappan Avg % 89 (Malayalam Muthuvan) SD 10.5 N= 10 Kodakallu (Mannan) Avg % 89 SD 9.14 N= 10 Kumily (Mannan) Avg % 93 SD 12.5 N= 11

Subjects in both Kozhiyala and Thalayirappan did well on the Malayalam RTT, showing good understanding of a simple narrative story. The results strongly suggest the need for more extensive bilingualism testing. This is due to the fact that an RTT can only accurately measure lower levels of bilingualism. There is no notable difference in the scoring of Tamil Muthuvan and Malayalam Muthuvan subjects on the test. All but one of the subjects reported that they fully understood the text. However, three subjects reported that they understood the Muthuvan story (which had been played first for dialect intelligibility testing) better than the Malayalam story. The Malayalam RTT results in Mannan villages also show that the subjects understood the story. Subjects in Kumily (an exterior location) had a slightly higher average score than the subjects from (the interior) Kodakallu village. However, there was also a slightly higher standard deviation among the scores by the subjects in Kumily, showing that comprehension of the story in that site was not as predictable. All of the Mannan subjects indicated that they felt they fully understood the story.

5.3 Self-reported bilingualism in Malayalam

5.3.1 Questionnaire procedures

A few questions regarding the subjects’ bilingual abilities were included in the Language Use, Attitude and Vitality questionnaire (shown in Appendix D). Questionnaire responses were collected from six sites, three each from Muthuvan and Mannan. Questions were asked in Malayalam, with mother tongue translation used for communication with subjects who had limited Malayalam ability.

5.3.2 Demographic profiles

The researchers decided to find out if there is any variance in bilingualism proficiency between subjects that have completed different levels of formal education (uneducated, primary educated and fifth class and above). People from 16 to 35 years of age were considered as young and those above 35 were considered as old. The researchers tried to find subjects for each possible combination of these demographic factors. In the case of females, Muthuvan women were reluctant to talk with young bachelors from outside their village. In addition, educated females cannot be found in the areas researched.

Table 17. Sampling of Muthuvan questionnaire subjects

Uneducated Primary educated Fifth class and above Total Young Old Young Old Young Old Male 4 7 5 4 5 3 28 Female 2 3 - - - - 5 Total 16 9 8 33

Table 18. Sampling of Mannan questionnaire subjects

Uneducated Primary educated Fifth class and above Total Young Old Young Old Young Old Male 4 2 6 4 5 3 24 Female 7 8 2 2 4 - 23 Total 21 14 12 47

5.3.3 Muthuvan questionnaire results

A few questions were asked to gain a broad impression of the Muthuvan subjects’ evaluation of their own bilingual proficiency. One question that subjects were asked was ‘Can you read and write and, if so, in which language?’ This question was intended to find out which language is most common for literacy, because schools have been available to the Muthuvan people in both Malayalam and Tamil medium. All 17 of the subjects that have attended any formal education mentioned that they are able to read and write. Seven of the subjects said that they are literate in Malayalam and seven others said that they are literate in Tamil. Three subjects said that they are equally literate in both Malayalam and Tamil. Five of the seven subjects who said they are literate in Tamil are old. Six of the seven subjects that said they are literate in Malayalam are young. The responses show a pattern that the older generation is more likely to be literate in Tamil, whereas the younger generation tends to be more literate in Malayalam. Subjects were also asked ‘Which language do you understand better, Malayalam or Tamil?’ About half of the subjects (15 out of 33) reported that they understand Malayalam better. Ten subjects mentioned that they understand Tamil better, while eight subjects said they understand both Malayalam and Tamil equally.

Eight out of the ten subjects who reported they understand Tamil better than Malayalam are old. Nine out of the 15 subjects who said they understand Malayalam better are young. This gives the impression that young Muthuvan people may generally be more proficient in Malayalam than in Tamil, whereas the old people may understand Tamil better. Another question asked to investigate levels of bilingualism was ‘Do you fully understand the language (Malayalam) spoken by Malayalis or that you hear on the radio?’ Most of the subjects felt that they are able to comprehend conversations in Malayalam. Only five subjects (four of whom are uneducated and old) reported that they are not able to fully understand conversations in Malayalam. Out of the 32 subjects that were asked this question, 25 of them (76%) reported that they understand conversations in Malayalam. Two other subjects said that they can only understand conversations in Tamil and do not understand Malayalam.

5.3.4 Mannan questionnaire results

The same questions that were asked of Muthuvan subjects were also asked of Mannan subjects. When asked ‘Can you read and write and, if so, in which language?’, about half (23) of the Mannan subjects reported that they are literate. Four subjects said they have limited reading and/or writing skills. But nearly 40% of the subjects (18 people) said that they are illiterate. In fact, all but two of the subjects who have received any formal education considered themselves illiterate. All of the uneducated subjects considered themselves are illiterate. All but one of the Mannan subjects that claimed to be literate said that they can read and write in Malayalam. Nineteen subjects said that they are literate in Malayalam, whereas seven people said they are literate in both Malayalam and Tamil. One person said that he is literate in Tamil, but not in Malayalam. The responses show that most of the educated Mannan people are literate in Malayalam. Subjects were also asked ‘Which language do you understand better, Malayalam or Tamil?’ This question was asked of 44 subjects, 39 of whom (88%) responded that they understand Malayalam better. Only five of the subjects (12%) reported they are equally proficient in Malayalam and Tamil. The responses show that a majority of the Mannan subjects understand Malayalam better than Tamil. Another question asked to investigate levels of bilingualism was ‘Do you fully understand the language (Malayalam) spoken by Malayalis or that you hear on the radio?’ Most of the Mannan subjects felt that they are able to understand conversation in Malayalam. Out of 44 subjects, 40 of them (90%) said they could fully follow the conversation in Malayalam. However, four female subjects (three of whom were old) mentioned that they were not able to fully understand Malayalam. The study shows that almost all of the Mannan people feel that they are able to follow conversation in Malayalam, with the exception of some older people, especially females.

5.4 Observations of community bilingualism

5.4.1 Muthuvan

As might be expected, the Tamil Muthuvan live closer to Tamil Nadu and have had less contact with Malayalis than have the Malayalam Muthuvan people. At one time, the Muthuvan only interacted with Tamiliyans. However, in the past few decades, many Muthuvan people have been learning Malayalam, as more Malayalis have moved into the area. This has been most common among young men and business people. Also, in recent years, education has been taught in Malayalam. These factors have resulted in the older people being more bilingual in Tamil and the younger people tending to be more bilingual in Malayalam. It appears that few of the Muthuvan women are bilingual in Malayalam. Not many of them attend school or speak with people from outside their village. They are forbidden to speak with men from outside their community. Some of them occasionally visit the market, which allows them to learn a little Malayalam. Few ladies participated in the bilingualism testing, so it is hard to objectively assess their abilities in Malayalam. However, judging by the situation, it seems likely that they are not as bilingual as

the men and that, even if they can understand Malayalam, they are unable to speak it well. Most of the women are illiterate. Muthuvan people were not observed to speak Malayalam amongst themselves. However, Malayalam is spoken to some degree with some merchants and government officials. Schools are not available in many villages. Few parents are willing to send their children to live in a hostel in order to attend school, nor are many children interested in doing so. The literacy rate of the Muthuvan is one of the lowest among the people groups of Idukki district. Children below 12 years of age were not observed to be able to speak Malayalam. Most of the villages are located deep within forests, so the people make little contact with outsiders. The Tamil Muthuvan people enjoy Tamil songs and other radio programmes, although they also listen to Malayalam radio stations. It was observed that the young people are using Tamil cinema songs for dances in their festivals. The bachelors of each settlement live together in a common shelter. They speak Muthuvan among themselves when they gather there.

5.4.2 Mannan

Education, age and contact with outsiders are the main characteristics that define the bilingual proficiency of the Mannan community. The motivation for learning Malayalam is high, since they consider Malayalam to be a prestigious language and it is the medium of education. As Mannan men have greater contact with outsiders and more opportunities for education, they tend to be more bilingual in Malayalam than the women. Few of the older people can speak Malayalam to a high degree of proficiency. However, it seems that many young people can communicate in Malayalam, especially males. Bilingual abilities and literacy in Malayalam tend to be greater among the educated. However, some education does not guarantee any degree of literacy in Malayalam. Mannan boys were observed to receive only a fourth to a tenth class education. The girls often only study up to between first and seventh standard, after which they help with housework. It is suspected that, even if a Mannan student studies up to fifth class, they are neither becoming literate nor continue using the skills of literacy afterwards. There have been more opportunities for Mannan people to learn Malayalam in recent times. More outsiders have been coming to the Mannan area to purchase land and raise crops. There were Malayali households in about half of the settlements that the researchers visited. The Malayalis and Mannan interact with each other on a regular basis. Their children go to school and play with each other. Most Mannan settlements have at least one Malayali shop. Malayalam cinema and songs are popular. Although intermarriage is traditionally forbidden among the Mannan, it is slowly becoming more common. Transport facilities are improving and giving opportunities for high contact with outsiders. Some young boys have started to work as wage labourers in fields outside their home area. There are also some factors that promote the preservation and use of the Mannan language. Although there has been increasing interaction with outsiders, most Mannan people primarily interact with their own people. They speak their mother tongue among themselves. The Mannan people seem to be working hard to lift their position and prestige in society. They are conscious about the necessity of preserving their culture and language. A local association, the Mannan Samudaya Sangam, works for the welfare of the people and promotes their cultural values. Their local organisations and their king, Mr. Thevan Rajamannan, seem to be making a difference for the development of their culture and language.

5.5 Conclusion

The bilingualism test in Malayalam among Muthuvan and Mannan subjects shows that the subjects did quite well on the Malayalam RTT, displaying good understanding of a simple narrative story. However, these results strongly suggest the need for more extensive bilingualism testing. This is due to the fact that an RTT can only accurately measure lower levels of bilingualism. It was observed that most Muthuvan people are not very bilingual in Malayalam. This was especially true of the old, the uneducated and females. The educated and those who have high contact with Malayalis (primarily males) are more bilingual in Malayalam than the rest of the community. The self-

reported questionnaire results indicate that Muthuvan people, especially the young, generally understand Malayalam better than Tamil. However, many old people understand Tamil better. The self-reported questionnaire among Mannan subjects shows that most of them feel they are able to comprehend conversation in Malayalam. It was observed that the educated of the community and those who have high contact with outsiders (especially young people and men) are more bilingual in Malayalam. However, one cannot be objectively certain how much of the community would be able to fully understand complex materials written in Malayalam.

6 Summary of Findings

6.1 Muthuvan

6.1.1 Lexical similarity study

This survey’s study of lexical similarity has shown that, although the Muthuvan language may be influenced by Malayalam and Tamil, it does not have a high degree of similarity to those languages or any other language spoken in the region. This study has reinforced reports by both published sources and by the Muthuvan people themselves that two speech varieties of Muthuvan are spoken in the region, namely Tamil Muthuvan (Eastern dialect) and Malayalam Muthuvan (Western dialect). However, dialect intelligibility testing was necessary to assess the degree of variation between these varieties.

6.1.2 Dialect intelligibility

The comprehension testing showed that many Tamil Muthuvan and Malayalam Muthuvan subjects could understand simple narrative stories recorded in each other’s speech variety, although some had difficulty. The Malayalam Muthuvan subjects generally understood the Tamil Muthuvan story a little better than the Tamil Muthuvan subjects understood the Malayalam Muthuvan story. The influence of Malayalam and Tamil on the language of the stories was recognised by subjects from both groups. However, it did not appear that many subjects had negative attitudes towards either variety. The results of the study indicate that Tamil Muthuvan and Malayalam Muthuvan people speak somewhat different speech varieties without much difficulty in understanding each other. There is a slight indication that the Tamil Muthuvan variety may be more comprehensible to the whole Muthuvan community than the Malayalam Muthuvan variety. The Tamil Muthuvan text was accepted and understood by most subjects in another Tamil Muthuvan village without much difficulty.

6.1.3 Bilingualism study

6.1.3.1 Malayalam Recorded Text Testing

Many Muthuvan subjects did quite well on the Malayalam RTT, showing good understanding of a simple narrative story. However, these results strongly suggest the need for a more in-depth assessment of the bilingual proficiency of this group, to confirm whether Malayalam materials may fulfil the literary needs of the entire community. This is due to the fact that an RTT can only accurately measure lower levels of bilingualism.

6.1.3.2 Questionnaire and observations

It was observed that most Muthuvan people are not very bilingual in Malayalam. This was especially true of the old, the uneducated and females. The educated and those who have high contact with Malayalis (primarily males) are more bilingual in Malayalam than the rest of the community. The self-reported

questionnaire results indicate that Muthuvan people, especially the young, generally understand Malayalam better than Tamil. However, many old people understand Tamil better.

6.1.4 Language use, attitudes and vitality study

The results of language use study among Muthuvan people show that they use their mother tongue often in the important domains of home, village and religion. Mother tongue language use among their children also appears to be strong. Malayalam, the state language of Kerala, is mainly used for education and contact with Malayalis and other tribal communities. Tamil is also used to some extent when they want to communicate with Tamiliyans. The study of language attitudes indicates that Muthuvan people have an attitude that favours the maintenance of their mother tongue. Even though they appreciate the use of language of wider communication, they do not look down on their language in any way. Both Tamil Muthuvan and Malayalam Muthuvan people seem to generally appreciate their own language variety. The results from language vitality study show the likely continuation of the mother tongue. Their opposition to inter-community marriage and the pattern that children first learn their mother tongue support the continuation of the Muthuvan language. The people believe that the younger generation will continue to speak their mother tongue, and it would appear that a great deal of language shift might not occur in the near future. Observations of the language community concur with these questionnaire results.

6.2 Mannan

One of the goals of the survey was to ascertain the difference between the scheduled tribe and scheduled caste Mannan in terms of language and people. It was found that, although their names are spelled in the same way in Romanised script, they are separate groups without any connection. In fact, the scheduled tribe Mannan [mʌnnan] have their own language, whereas the scheduled caste Mannan [mʌɳɳan] speak Malayalam.

6.2.1 Lexical similarity study

Although some sources had reported that Mannan is a dialect of Tamil, the lexical study has shown that they are different languages. The Mannan wordlists also share a low degree of lexical similarity with Malayalam. The lexical similarity study also shows that the speech varieties of Mannan villages may be quite similar. One of the wordlists displayed slight variation, which may be due to the influence of Malayalam.

6.2.2 Dialect intelligibility

Some RTT subjects suggested that there may be minor variation among the speech varieties of Mannan in their style, wording and tone. Despite these comments, most subjects understood the Mannan story used for testing.

6.2.3 Bilingualism study

6.2.3.1 Malayalam Recorded Text Testing

The Mannan subjects scored quite well on the Malayalam RTT, showing good comprehension of a simple narrative story. However, these results strongly suggest the need for a more in-depth assessment of the bilingual proficiency of this group, to confirm whether Malayalam materials may fulfil the literary needs of the entire community. This is due to the fact that an RTT can only accurately measure lower levels of bilingualism.

6.2.3.2 Questionnaire and observations

The self-reported questionnaire among Mannan subjects shows that most of them feel they are able to comprehend conversation in Malayalam. It was observed that the educated of the community and those who have high contact with outsiders (especially young people and men) are more bilingual in Malayalam. However, one cannot be objectively certain how much of the community would be able to fully understand complex materials written in Malayalam.

6.2.4 Language use, attitudes and vitality study

The questionnaire results and observations show that a majority of the Mannan subjects use their mother tongue in home, village and religious domains. However, a trend towards greater use of Malayalam in the home and village domains is slowly taking place. The mother tongue is used quite often by children and with children. This makes it seem that a great deal of language shift may not occur in the near future. The study of language attitudes among the Mannan reveals that they have a generally positive attitude towards their mother tongue, especially for communication among themselves. The Mannan people primarily prefer Malayalam when dealing with outsiders. The greatest favouritism towards the LWC is found among the educated young people. The use of the LWC in more traditional domains is tolerated. The people consider their mother tongue to be as good as the LWC. However, as is the case in most tribal groups, the Mannan people appreciate the use of an LWC, as it provides prosperity and prestige. The overall questionnaire responses provide some inferences about the future of the Mannan language. The present trend of language use and attitudes of the Mannan subjects towards their mother tongue support the continuation of their language and may help avoid language shift in the immediate future. However, the main factors that may decrease the use of their mother tongue in the future are the impact of education, the acceptance of inter-community marriage and the influence of Malayalam. The informal interviews show the community’s desire to have materials in their mother tongue. The attempts by community leaders in this regard provide hope for the survival and development of the vernacular language of the Mannan people.

7 Recommendations

7.1 Muthuvan

7.1.1 For literature development

The results of this survey suggest that the Muthuvan people have their own unique language that they speak among themselves. They primarily speak Malayalam and Tamil with outsiders. Education and contact with outsiders are the primary factors that influence the degree of proficiency to which the Muthuvan speak these LWCs. As most of their villages are in interior locations, both contact with outsiders and educational facilities are limited. It is believed that this has resulted in limiting the degree to which many Muthuvan people are able to communicate in Malayalam and Tamil. Although the Muthuvan subjects scored well overall in the Malayalam bilingualism testing, the scores may be misleading, as the tool that was used can only effectively measure lower levels of bilingualism. The 1991 census reported that the literacy rate among the Muthuvan is 24%. It is likely that rates of functional literacy are even lower than that. Most Muthuvan women are not bilingual in Malayalam and are illiterate. The Muthuvan tend to be an independent people group, appreciating and preserving their traditional culture. They see their mother tongue as a part of their culture and, as such, use their language often and tend to have positive attitudes towards it. Based on this situation, it is strongly recommended that a mother tongue language development programme be initiated among the Muthuvan. The Muthuvan language does not exhibit great variation, other than the assumption and claim that there are two sub-groupings of their people and language, Tamil Muthuvan and Malayalam Muthuvan.

Each group prefers their own language variety. More than two-thirds of the Muthuvan people are Tamil Muthuvan. No dialectal differences were observed among Tamil Muthuvan villages. It is recommended that a language development programme start out utilising the Tamil Muthuvan variety, as the Malayalam Muthuvan also understand it. However, such materials will need to be tested to see whether they are acceptable for use by the Malayalam Muthuvan or if it will be necessary to adapt the materials further. Malayalam is the medium of education and script used in Idukki district. So it is possible that the Malayalam script may provide a good starting point for an orthography to be used in Muthuvan literature production. A few Muthuvan settlements are found in Tamil Nadu, and it may be possible that the people living in these settlements can utilise the same materials in Malayalam script.

7.1.2 For literacy work

The literacy rate of Muthuvan is lower than that of other tribes in Idukki district. There has been little local initiative towards becoming literate in Malayalam. The lack of quality educational facilities and challenges in understanding a second language might be primary reasons for their low literacy rate. Although some of the men of the community have begun to enjoy opportunities for education, Muthuvan women have little opportunity for it, and tend to be secluded in their society. As a majority of the Muthuvan people are illiterate, a mother tongue literacy programme may be a helpful, yet challenging, initiative. The women of the community would benefit most from such a programme. Because all education is currently in Malayalam, it may be attractive for literacy materials to be used as a bridge from the Muthuvan language into Malayalam.

7.2 Mannan

7.2.1 For language development

The Mannan subjects scored well overall in the Malayalam bilingualism testing. However, the scores may be misleading, as the tool that was used can only effectively measure lower levels of bilingualism. Education and contact with outsiders are the primary factors that influence the degree of proficiency to which the Mannan speak Malayalam. Although educational opportunities and contact with outsiders has been increasing, literacy rates remain low. Nonetheless, assessing the proficiency in Malayalam among the Mannan community would be worthwhile to do. A Sentence Repetition Test can discriminate at higher levels of bilingualism, and would be a suitable tool to use in this situation. An SRT in Malayalam, however, does not exist, but its development is being planned. The present trend of language use and attitudes of the Mannan people towards their mother tongue supports the possible continuation of their language. However, factors that may decrease the use of their mother tongue in the future are the impact of education, the acceptance of inter-community marriage and the influence of Malayalam. The leaders of the Mannan community are supportive of language maintenance, which may help avoid language shift to Malayalam. Based on all these factors, it is recommended that a vernacular language development project be initiated among the Mannan. Minimal dialectical variation was reported by Mannan subjects. The speech of people in the Kovilmala area may be the most suitable for literature development, as it is a central area of Mannan, it is the home of the Mannan king and is the location of the temple of their mother goddess, Kanchiyar Mutthi. Kumily may be the next most appropriate place as the wordlist from that location shows comparatively high similarity with the wordlists from other Mannan villages, and the high language use was reported about the people of that area. The Malayalam script may be the most suitable for materials developed in the Mannan language.

7.2.2 For literacy work

The 1991 census reported that the literacy rate among the Mannan is 35%. It is likely that rates of functional literacy are even lower than that. Although the government has provided some basic

educational facilities in some areas, few Mannan students have been able to have full access to them. This is due to many reasons, including lack of finances and the challenge of comprehending lessons in another language. Many Mannan students are at a disadvantage to their mother tongue Malayalam peers. In order to provide better opportunities for literacy to the Mannan community, the Literacy Mission of Kerala is issuing a series of literacy books as bridge materials from the Mannan language to Malayalam. These materials have good potential to be effective tools to help their community. However, some people have complained about errors in the books due to what is said to be an absence of careful analysis. The books show potential to be improved and used as part of a literacy programme. Thus a pilot literacy project, using the mother tongue of the people as a bridge to becoming literate in the LWC, could be initiated. Such a project could investigate the possibility working together with the Literacy Mission of Kerala for the benefit of the people.

7.3 Other tribal groups

7.3.1 Mala Arayan

The Mala Arayan are the largest tribal group in Idukki district, with a population in the district of 15,379 according to the 1991 census. Mala Arayan has the highest literacy rate among the tribes of Kerala (77% according to the 1981 census). K.S Singh (1994:718) reports that the mother tongue of Mala Arayan is Malayalam. Menon (1996:198) also stated that Mala Arayan have adopted Malayalam, the state language of Kerala. One Mala Arayan person said that a few old people that live in interior locations might know their language. Based on this information, the Mala Arayan may already have shifted or be in the process of language shift towards Malayalam. Still, further information on the language situation among this group would be helpful in order to formulate appropriate language development strategies. Such further research is being planned.

7.3.2 Urali

Two Urali wordlists from villages in Idukki district that had been collected in a previous survey (Selvraj 1999:7) were included in the lexical study to compare with other tribal varieties found in Idukki. These served to show that Urali Bhasha is a separate language from Malayalam, Tamil and other tribal languages spoken in the district. The previous study conducted among Urali suggested that Urali Bhasha in Idukki district may be dying out due to language shift towards Malayalam. It was also mentioned that the wordlists were collected from old people who know the language but are no longer using it. As with the Mala Arayan, this is a situation where further research would be useful in either confirming or disproving the issue of language vitality among the Urali.

7.3.3 Ulladan

The field study and information from various sources suggest that Ulladan speak Malayalam as their mother tongue. There may be phonetic shift while they speak Malayalam, but it was not ascertained, as it seemed to the researchers that the Ulladan would like to identify themselves as Malayalis instead of Ulladan. The researchers attempted to collect a wordlist from this group, but were unable to do so as the subject reported that he speaks Malayalam. Most of the Ulladan are found in other districts of Kerala and they were reported to speak Malayalam. Because of this further survey in such areas will help clarify the situation of whether they speak a separate language.

7.3.4 Mala Pulayan and Paliyan

The Mala Pulayan tribe reported that they speak Tamil as their mother tongue according to written sources and interviews during the survey. The comparison of wordlist from Mala Pulayan and Tamil shows moderately high lexical similarity (79%). No language variation was reported from both Karavazhi and Kurumba subgroups. The Paliya people in Idukki speak a Tamil related variety as their mother tongue which is termed as Paliya Bhasha. The appearance of Malayalam words can be seen in their language. The lexical study shows that the Paliyan and Tamil wordlists share a similarity of 75%. Although Mala Pulayan and Paliyan are different tribal communities, the wordlists from their speech varieties share a fairly high percentage of similarity (85%). The degree of shared vocabulary with Tamil might be the reason for this phenomenon. The similarity of Tamil might also explain the Mala Pulayan and Paliyan people’s proficiency in Tamil. However, some Mala Pulayan and Paliyan people are becoming literate in Malayalam since the medium of education in Kerala is Malayalam. They use their own language variety amongst themselves and use either Malayalam or Tamil with outsiders. Their settlements are mostly located on the border of Tamil Nadu. Based on these factors, further study is recommended among the Mala Pulayan and Paliyan to find out which language will ultimately serve their literature need.

7.3.5 Mala Vedan and Mala Pandaram

It is reported that the Mala Vedan and Mala Pandaram have their own separate speech variety. According to the 1999 report of the Integrated Tribal Development Project, only 35 Mala Vedan families live in Idukki. A language assistant reported that her father came to Idukki from near to Trivandrum over 40 years ago and settled along with other Malayalis. Now around 30 families of his descendents and relatives are living in this area. She also said that only one or two old Mala Vedan people in Idukki know their traditional language and everyone else only speaks Malayalam. However, this language assistant also said that her people in other districts may know their traditional language. Most of the Mala Vedan of Kerala live in Pathanamthitta and Trivandrum districts. No language information was collected from the Mala Pandaram families that live in Idukki district as, according to the 1999 ITDP report, only six of their families live there. The 1991 census reports that most Mala Pandaram families live in other districts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. In order to give a better understanding of the language situation of these two groups further survey is recommended. It is recommended that survey of the Mala Vedan should be conducted in Pathanamthitta and Trivandrum districts of Kerala and in Kanyakumari, Thirunelveli and Madurai districts of Tamil Nadu. Survey of the Mala Pandaram should be done in Kollam and Pathanamthitta districts of Kerala and nearby parts of Tamil Nadu.

Appendix A: International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

Consonants

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post alveolar Alveopalatal Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal

Plosive p b t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k g q ɢ ʔ Nasal m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ Affricate pɸ bβ t ̪s d̪z ts dz tʃ dʒ tɕ dʑ Lateral l ɭ ʎ ʟ Lateral fric. ɬ ɮ Flap ɾ ɽ Trill ʙ r ʀ Approximant w ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ

Consonant Diacritics

Aspirated h tʃh Labialised w bw Ejective ' p' Voiced ̬ k̬ Velar/ Pharyngealised ̴ l̴ Palatalised j nj Unreleased ̚ ʈ̚ Voiceless ̥ d̥

46 47

Vowels4

Front Central Back Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u Near-close ɪ ʏ ʊ Close-mid e ø ɤ o Mid ə ɵ Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ʌ ɔ Near-open æ ɐ Open a ɶ ɑ ɒ

Vowel Diacritics

Nasalisation ̃ ẽ Long ː iː Centralised ̈ ö

4Wordlists and recorded text tests were transcribed using different phonetic systems, particularly in regard to vowels. For the purposes of the data in this report and its appendices, the symbols /ə/-/ʌ/, and /ɑ/-/a/ are interchangeable and no phonemic distinction is assumed.

47 48

Appendix B: Wordlists

Appendix B1 Lexical Similarity Counting Procedures5

A standardised list of 210 vocabulary items was collected from speakers at key locations for each of the language varieties studied in this survey. In standard procedure, the 210 words are elicited from a person who has grown up in the target locality. Ideally, the list is then collected a second time from another speaker at the same site. Any differences in responses are examined in order to identify (1) inaccurate responses due to misunderstanding of the elicitation cue, (2) loan words offered in response to the language of elicitation when indigenous terms are actually still in use, and (3) terms which are at different places along the generic-specific lexical scale. Normally, a single term is recorded for each item of the wordlist. However, more than one term is recorded for a single item when more than one specific term occupies the semantic area of a more generic item on the wordlist. The wordlists are compared to determine the extent to which the vocabulary of each pair of speech forms is similar. No attempt is made to identify genuine cognates based on a network of sound correspondences. Rather, two items are judged to be phonetically similar if at least half of the segments compared are the same (category 1), and of the remaining segments at least half are rather similar (category 2). For example, if two items of eight segments in length are compared, these words are judged to be similar if at least four segments are virtually the same and at least two more are rather similar. The criteria applied are as follows:

Category 1

a. Contoid (consonant-like) segments which match exactly b. Vocoid (vowel-like) segments which match exactly or differ by only one articulatory feature c. Phonetically similar segments (of the sort which frequently are found as allophones) which are seen to correspond in at least three pairs of words

Category 2

a. All other phonetically similar non-vocalic pairs of segments which are not supported by at least three pairs of words b. Vowels which differ by two or more articulatory features

Category 3

a. Pairs of segments which are not phonetically similar b. A segment which is matched by no segment in the corresponding item and position

Blair (1990:32) writes, “In contextualizing these rules to specific surveys in South Asia, the following differences between two items are ignored: (a) interconsonantal [ə], (b) word initial, word final, or intervocalic [h, ɦ], (c) any deletion which is shown to be the result of a regularly occurring process in a specific environment.” The following table summarises lower threshold limits for considering words as phonetically similar with a specified length (number of segments or phones):

5This description of lexical similarity counting procedures is partially adapted from that found in Appendix A of O’Leary (ed. 1992).

Category One Category Two Category Three 2 2 0 0 W 3 2 1 0 O R 4 2 1 1 D 5 3 1 1 6 3 2 1 L 7 4 2 1 E 8 4 2 2 N 9 5 2 2 G 10 5 3 2 T 11 6 3 2 H 12 6 3 3

Modifications to lexical similarity grouping procedures

Modifications to the lexical similarity grouping procedures summarized above were applied to the wordlists compared in this study. These modification are listed below. 1. Root-based groupings: For many items (found in glosses # 3, 8, 14, 23, 27, 28, 30, 32–34, 39, 41, 42, 47–50, 55–57, 62, 64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 73, 74, 77, 78, 80, 81, 89, 90, 102–104, 107, 109, 115, 119, 121, 123–125, 129–140, 143–149, 166–168, 170, 172–178, 183, 185, 186, 188, 189, 191–195, 197, 198, 200, 206, 208, 210) words were grouped based on what appeared to be a common root morpheme, rather than words as a whole. This was especially true for verbs. In some cases, generic terms appear to have been given, while in other cases, more specific terms have been given.

2. Loose consonantal and vowel groupings: The field workers eliciting the words may hear and transcribe the sounds slightly differently, and probably with increasing ability to distinguish similar sounds as they gain experience. Thus, some consonant and vowel with minor changes have been liberally grouped as similar. Those considered category 1 include: • [n, n̪] found in gloss 151, 161, 203 and 204 • [s, tʃ, ɕ, ts] found in glosses 21, 38, 57, 81, 170, 175 • [ɲdʒ, ndʒ ] found in gloss 76. • [k, h] found in gloss 192. • [b, v] found in gloss 8, 16, 68 and 198. • [ʌi, ʌj] found in 13, 53. • Word initial “[ɛ, je found in gloss 158], [ɛ, jə found in168] and [ɑ, jɑ found in gloss 165]” are considered as category one. • In the case of double consonants matching with single consanant found in 31, 114, 125, 131.

3. Other exceptional rules • Metathesis found in gloss 14 After pairs of items on two wordlists had been determined to be phonetically similar or dissimilar according to the criteria stated above, the percentage of items judged similar was calculated. This procedure was repeated for all linguistic varieties under consideration in the survey. The pair by pair counting procedure was greatly facilitated by use of the Wordsurv computer program. It should be noted that the wordlist data as well as transcribed texts included in subsequent appendixes are field transcriptions and have not undergone thorough phonological and grammatical analysis.

Appendix B2 Wordlist information and language assistant biodata

Muthuvan Pasha, Itticity6 Subject's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Symbol in Wordsurv database: I Language at home: Muthuvan Pasha Date: 15 Feb 2002 Father's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Sex: M Mother's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Age: 27 Spouse's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Education: P.D.C Travel outside area: Widely travelled Birthplace: East Chengulam Lived in other place: No Brought up: East Chengulam Current Residence: East Chengulam Muthuvan Pasha, Kozhiyala If moved how long: NA Symbol in Wordsurv database: O Subject's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Date: 27 March 2002 Language at home: Muthuvan Pasha Sex: M Father's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Age: 20 Mother's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Education: 3 Spouse's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Birthplace: Mangapara Travel outside area: Kerala, Tamil Nadu Brought up: Mangapara Lived in other place: Thodupuzha Current Residence: Kozhiyala (6 months) If moved how long: 5 years Subjet's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha, Chempakathozhu Language at home: Muthuvan Pasha Symbol in Wordsurv database: B Father's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Date: 27 April 2002 Mother's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Sex: M Spouse's MT: NA Age: 60 Travel outside area: Marayur Education: 4 Lived in other place: No Subject's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Language at home: Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha, Valsapetti Father's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Symbol in Wordsurv database: S Mother's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Date: 13 Feb 2002 Spouse's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Sex: M Age: 31 Muthuvan Pasha, Kavakudi Education: 2 Symbol in Wordsurv database: W Birthplace: Idamalakudi Date: 14 Feb 2002 Brought up: Valsapetti Sex: M Current Residence: Valsapetti Age: 67 If moved how long: 10 years Education: 5 Subject's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Birthplace: Kuthukal, Kavakudi Language at home: Muthuvan Pasha Brought up: Kavakudi Father's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Current Residence: Kavakudi Mother's MT: Muthuvan Pasha If moved how long: No Spouse's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Travel outside area: Ernakulam

6 For the privacy of the respondents, names have Lived in other place: No been removed from this data.

Muthuvan Pasha, Kunchipara Spouse's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Symbol in Wordsurv database: J Travel outside area: Munnar, Adimali Date: 26 Feb 2002 Lived in other place: No Sex: M Age: 42 Mannan, Vattamedu Education: 0 Symbol in Wordsurv database: D Birthplace: Kunchipara Date: 30 Jan 2002 Brought up: Kunchipara Sex: M Current Residence: Kunchipara Age: 67 If moved how long: NA Education: 0 Subject's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Birthplace: Adimali, Thalamalikudi Language at home: Muthuvan Pasha Brought up: Adimali, Thalamalikudi Father's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Current Residence: Vattamedu Mother's MT: Muthuvan Pasha If moved how long: 35 years Spouse's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Subject's MT: Mannan Pasha Travel outside area: Munnar, Palani Language at home: Mannan Pasha Lived in other place: Variyam Father's MT: Mannan Pasha Mother's MT: Mannan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha, Thalayirappan Spouse's MT: Mannan Pasha Symbol in Wordsurv database: R Travel outside area: Coimbatore Date: 15 Feb 2002 Lived in other place: Cherthala-3 years Sex: F Age: 55 Mannan Pasha, Veliyampara Education: 0 Symbol in Wordsurv database: N Birthplace: Thalayirappan Date: 25 Feb 2002 Brought up: Thalayirappan Sex: M Current Residence: Thalayirappan Age: 25 If moved how long: NA Education: 8 Subject's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Birthplace: Perumkala Language at home: Muthuvan Pasha Brought up: Perumkala Father's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Current Residence: Veliyampara Mother's MT: Muthuvan Pasha If moved how long: 12 years Spouse's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Subject's MT: Inavan pasha Travel outside area: Kattappana Language at home: Inavan pasha Lived in other place: No Father's MT: Inavan pasha Mother's MT: Inavan pasha Muthuvan Pasha, Kurathikudi Spouse's MT: NA Symbol in Wordsurv database: K Travel outside area: Trivandrum, Trissur Date: 21 Jan.2002 Lived in other place: Thodupuzha Sex: F Age: 60 Mannan Pasha, Kumily Education: 0 Symbol in Wordsurv database: M Birthplace: Kurathi-Nellimala Date: 28 Jan 2002 Brought up: Kurathi-Nellimala Sex: M Current Residence: Kurathi-Nellimala Age: 56 If moved how long: NA Education: 2 Subjet's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Birthplace: Maniyarankudi, Idukki Language at home: Muthuvan Pasha Brought up: Maniyarankudi, Idukki Father's MT: Muthuvan Pasha Current Residence: Kumily Mother's MT: Muthuvan Pasha If moved how long: 29 years

Subject's MT: Mannan Pasha Age: 25 Language at home: Mannan Pasha Education: S.S.L.C Father's MT: Mannan Pasha Birthplace: Chinnaparakudi Mother's MT: Mannan Pasha Brought up: Chinnaparakudi Spouse's MT: Mannan Pasha Current Residence: Chinnaparakudi Travel outside area: Ernakulam, Trivandrum, If moved how long: NA Madura Subject's MT: Mannan Pasha Lived in other place: No Language at home: Mannan Pasha Father’s MT: Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha, Kovilmala Mother's MT: Mannan Pasha Symbol in Wordsurv database: Z Spouse's MT: Mannan Pasha Date: 31 Jan 2002 Travel outside area: Trivandrum Sex: M Lived in other place: Marayur (Hostel, 2 years) Age: 48 Remarks: He is working in ITDP office Education: 4 Birthplace: Kanchiyar Mannan Pasha, Thinkalkadu Brought up: Kanchiyar Symbol in Wordsurv database: T Current Residence: Kovilmala Date: 22 Jan 2002 If moved how long: 26 years Sex: M Subject's MT: Mannan Pasha Age: 32 Language at home: Mannan Pasha Education: 1st Father's MT: Mannan Pasha Birthplace: Chattupara, Adimali Mother's MT: Mannan Pasha Brought up: Thinkalkadu Spouse's MT: Mannan Pasha Current Residence: Thinkalkadu Travel outside area: Trivandrum, Ernakulam, If moved how long: Thinkalkadu and Madras Subject's MT: Mannan Pasha Lived in other place: Munnar estate (1 year) Language at home: Mannan Pasha

Father's MT: Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha, Kodakallu Mother's MT: Mannan Pasha Symbol in Wordsurv database: A Spouse's MT: Mannan Pasha Date: 19 Jan 2002 Travel outside area: Trivandrum Sex: M Lived in other place: Panikkankudi (6 months) Age: 45 Education: 4 Urali, Vanchivayal Birthplace: Kamblikandam Symbol in Wordsurv database: V Brought up: Kamblikandam Date: 27 Aug 1999 Current Residence: Kodakallu Sex: M, M If moved how long: 36 years Age: 36, 32 Subject's MT: Mannan Pasha Education: 10, 6 Language at home: Mannan Pasha Birth place: Vanchivayal Father's MT: Mannan Pasha Current Residence: Vanchivayal Mother's MT: Mannan Pasha Subject's MT: Urali basha Spouse's MT: Mannan Pasha Father's MT: Urali basha Travel outside area: Pollachi (TN) Mother's MT: Urali basha Lived in other place: Adimali-2 months NB: This wordlist is taken from Betta Kurumba Report Mannan Pasha, Chinnaparakudi Symbol in Wordsurv database: C Date: 18 Jan 2002 Sex: M

Urali, Poovandikudi Birthplace: Paliyakudi, Lebbakandam Symbol in Wordsurv database: P Brought up: Paliyakudi, Lebbakandam Date: 25 Aug 1999 Current Residence: Paliyakudi, Lebbakandam Sex: M If moved how long: NA Age: 36 Subject's MT: Paliya Bhasha Education: 2 Language at home: Paliya Bhasha Birth place: Poovandikudi Father's MT: Paliya Bhasha Current Residence: Poovandikudi Mother's MT: Paliya Bhasha Subject's MT: Urali basha Spouse's MT: Paliya Bhasha Father's MT: Urali basha Travel outside area: Kottayam Mother's MT: Urali basha Lived in other place: Melukavu (3 months) NB: This wordlist is taken from Betta Kurumba Report Tamil Symbol in Wordsurv database: Y Malapulaya, Dendukombu Date: 22 Jan.1996 Symbol in Wordsurv database: U Sex: F Date: 12 Feb 2002 Age: 21-30 Sex: M Education: University Age: 40 Subject's MT: Tamil Education: 5 Father's MT: Tamil Birthplace: Dendukombu Mother's MT: Tamil Brought up: Dendukombu NB: This wordlist is taken from Betta Kurumba Current Residence: Dendukombu Report If moved how long: NA Subject's MT: Tamil Malayalam Language at home: Tamil Symbol in Wordsurv database: F Father's MT: Tamil Date: Nov.1995 Mother's MT: Tamil Sex: M Spouse's MT: Tamil Age: 24 Travel outside area: Madras Education: B.Tech Lived in other place: Chinnar-1 year Birth place: Ernakulam Current Residence: Bangalore Paliya, Lebbakandam Subject's Mother tongue: Malayalam Symbol in Wordsurv database: L Father's MT: Malayalam Date: 28 Jan 2002 Mother's MT: Malayalam Sex: F NB: This wordlist is taken from Betta Kurumba Age: 47 Report Education: 0

Appendix B3 Phonetic Transcription of Wordlists ------1. body 3. hair Muthuvan, Itticity 1 melɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 t̪ʌlʌmuɖi 3 uɖəmbɨ 3 t̪ʌlʌmʌjɾɨ 4 ɕʌɾiɾʌm Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 3 t̪ʌlʌmʌjɾɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 3 oɖəmbɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 3 t̪ʌlʌməːɾɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 3 oɖəmbɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 t̪ʌlʌmuɖi Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 3 oɖəmbɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 3 t̪ʌlʌn̪aɾɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 3 oɖəmbɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 3 t̪ʌlʌn̪aɾɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 melɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 t̪ʌlʌmuɖi 4 ɕʌɾiɾʌm Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 t̪ʌlʌmuɖi Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 4 tʃʌɾiɾʌm Mannan, Vattamedu 2 t̪ʌlʌɾomʌm Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 d̪ehʌm 3 t̪ʌlʌmʌjɾɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 3 uɖəmbɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 t̪ʌlʌmuɖi Mannan, Veliyampara 3 uɖəmbɨ Mannan, Kumily 2 ɾomʌm Mannan, Kumily 3 uɖəmbɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 2 t̪ʌlʌɾomʌm Mannan, Kovilmala 3 oɖəmbɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 t̪ʌlʌmuɖi Mannan, Kodakallu 1 melɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 t̪ʌlʌmuɖi 3 uɖəmbɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 muɖi Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 3 uɖəmbɨ 2 ɾomʌm Mannan, Thinkalkadu 3 uɖəmbɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 muɖi Urali, Poovandikudi 2 d̪ehʌm Urali, Vanchivayal 1 mɯɖi Urali, Vanchivayal 2 d̪ehʌm Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 t̪ʌlʌmuɖi Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 3 oɖəmbɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 t̪ʌlʌmuɖi Paliya, Lebbakandam 3 uɖəmbɨ Tamil 1 muɖi Tamil 1 melɨ Malayalam 1 t̪ʌlʌmuɖi Malayalam 4 ɕʌɾ̪iɾ̪ʌm

4. face 2. head Muthuvan, Itticity 2 mɔgʌm Muthuvan, Itticity 1 t̪ʌlʌ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 mɔhʌm Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 t̪ʌlʌ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 mugʌm Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 t̪ʌlʌ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 muhʌm Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 t̪ʌlʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 mugʌm Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 t̪ʌlʌ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 muhʌm Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 t̪ʌlʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 mɔhʌm Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 t̪ʌlʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 mogʌm Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 t̪ʌlʌi Mannan, Vattamedu 3 mugəɾɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 t̪ʌlʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 2 muhʌm Mannan, Veliyampara 1 t̪ʌlʌ 3 mugəɾɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 t̪ʌlʌ Mannan, Kumily 3 mugəɾɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 t̪ʌlʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 3 mugəɾɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 t̪ʌlʌ Mannan, Kodakallu 3 mukəɾɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 t̪ʌlʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 3 mugəɾɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 t̪ʌlə Mannan, Thinkalkadu 3 mugəɾɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 t̪ʌle Urali, Poovandikudi 1 mɯɲɖʒi Urali, Vanchivayal 1 t̪ʌlʌ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 mɯɲni Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 t̪ʌlʌ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 mɔkhʌm Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 t̪ʌlʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 munɖʒi 2 mʌɳɖʌ Tamil 2 muhʌm Tamil 1 t̪ʌlʌ Malayalam 2 mukhʌm Malayalam 1 t̪ʌlʌ

5. eye Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 muːkkɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 muːkkɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 kʌɳɳɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 muːkkɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 kʌɳɳɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 muːkkɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 kʌɳɳɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 muːkkɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 kʌɳɳɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 muːkkɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 kʌɳɳɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 muːkkɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 kʌɳɳɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 muːkkɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 kʌɳɳɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 muːkkɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 kʌɳɳɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 muːkkɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 kʌɳɳɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 muːkkɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 kʌɳɳɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 muːkkɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 kʌɳɳɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 muːkkɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 kʌɳɳɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 muːkkɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 kʌɳɳɨ Tamil 1 muːkkɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 kʌɳɳɨ Malayalam 1 muːkkɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 kʌɳɳɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 kʌnnu 8. mouth Urali, Vanchivayal 1 kʌnnu Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 kʌɳɳɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ʋajɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 kʌɳɳɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ʋajɨ Tamil 1 kʌɳɳɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ʋaːji Malayalam 1 kʌɳɳɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ʋaːji Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ʋajɨ 6. ear Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ʋajɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ʋaːji Muthuvan, Itticity 2 kɑt ̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 bajɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 kɑt ̪ɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ʋaːji Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 kɑt ̪ɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ʋajɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 kɑt ̪ɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 ʋajɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 kɑt ̪ɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ʋajɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 kɑt ̪ɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ʋaːji Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 kɑt ̪ɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ʋajɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 kɑt ̪ɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ʋajɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 tʃɛʋi Urali, Poovandikudi 1 bɑ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 tʃɛʋi 2 tʃɪɾi Mannan, Kumily 1 tʃɛʋi Urali, Vanchivayal 2 tʃɪɾi Mannan, Kovilmala 1 tʃɛʋi Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ʋaːji Mannan, Kodakallu 1 tʃɛʋi Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ʋɑj Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 tʃɛʋi Tamil 1 ʋɑj Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 tʃɛʋi Malayalam 1 ʋɑj Urali, Poovandikudi 1 tʃeʋɪtʃɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 2 kɑd̪ɨ 9. tooth Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 kɑt ̪ɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 kɑt ̪ɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 pɛllɨ Tamil 1 tʃɛʋi Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 pɛllɨ Malayalam 1 tʃɛʋi Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 pɛllɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 pɛllɨ 7. nose Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 pɛllɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 pɛllɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 muːkkɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 pʌllɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 muːkkɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 pʌllɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 muːkkɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 pʌllɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 muːkkɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 pʌllɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 muːkkɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 pʌllɨ

Mannan, Kovilmala 1 pʌllɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 0 No Entry Mannan, Kodakallu 1 pʌllɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 0 No Entry Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 pʌllɨ Tamil 1 mulʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 pʌllɨ Malayalam 1 mulʌ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 pʌllɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 pʌllɨ 12. belly Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 pʌllɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 2 pʌɳɖi Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 pʌllɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 pʌɳɖi Tamil 1 pʌllɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 pʌɳɖi Malayalam 1 pʌllɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 pʌɳɖi

Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 pʌɳɖi 10. tongue Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 pʌɳɖi Muthuvan, Itticity 1 nakkɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 pʌɳɖi Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 nakkɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 pʌɳɖi Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 nɑːkkɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ʋʌgəɾɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 nakkɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ʋʌgəɾɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ɳakkɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 ʋʌgəɾɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 nakkɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 bʌgəɾɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 nakkɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ʋʌgəɾɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 nɑːkkɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ʋʌgəɾɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ɳakkɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ʋʌgəɾɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 nakkɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 2 pʌnɖi Mannan, Kumily 1 nakkɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 2 pʌnɖi Mannan, Kovilmala 1 nakkɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ʋəgəɾɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 n̪aːkkɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ʋʌjʌɾɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 nakkɨ Tamil 1 ʋʌjɪɾɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 nakkɨ Malayalam 1 ʋʌjʌɾɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 2 nɑːʋɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 2 nɑːʋɨ 13. arm Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 nakkɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 kɛj Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 nakkɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 kɛj Tamil 1 nɑːkkɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 kɛj Malayalam 1 n̪ɑːkkɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 kɛj 2 nɑːʋɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 kɛji

Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 kɛjjɨ 11. breast Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 kʌi Muthuvan, Itticity 0 No Entry Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 kəj Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 0 No Entry Mannan, Vattamedu 1 kʌi Muthuvan, Kavakudi 0 No Entry Mannan, Veliyampara 1 kʌi Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 0 No Entry Mannan, Kumily 1 kʌi Muthuvan, Valsapetti 0 No Entry Mannan, Kovilmala 1 kʌi Muthuvan, Kunchipara 0 No Entry Mannan, Kodakallu 1 kʌi Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 0 No Entry Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 kʌi Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 0 No Entry Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 kʌi Mannan, Vattamedu 0 No Entry Urali, Poovandikudi 1 kʌjɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 0 No Entry Urali, Vanchivayal 1 kʌjɨ Mannan, Kumily 0 No Entry Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 kʌi Mannan, Kovilmala 0 No Entry Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 kʌi Mannan, Kodakallu 0 No Entry Tamil 1 kʌi Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 0 No Entry Malayalam 1 kʌi Mannan, Thinkalkadu 0 No Entry Urali, Poovandikudi 0 No Entry Urali, Vanchivayal 0 No Entry

14. elbow Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 uɭɭʌmkʌi Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 uɭɭʌmkʌi Muthuvan, Itticity 1 kʌimuʈʈɨ Tamil 1 uɭɭʌŋgʌi 4 mũːkəj Malayalam 1 uɭɭʌmkʌi Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 4 mũːkəj Muthuvan, Kavakudi 3 muɭʌmkʌɪ 16. finger Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 kɛimuʈʈɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 4 mũːkəj Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ʋɛɾʌl Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 muʈʈɨkɛj Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ʋɛɾʌɭ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 muʈʈɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ʋɪɾʌl Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 muʈʈɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ʋɛɾʌɭɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 2 kʌimɔɭi Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ʋɛɾʌl 3 kʌimɔɭi Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ʋɛɾʌɭɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 2 kʌimɔɭi Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ʋɪɾʌɭ 3 kʌimɔɭi Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ʋɪɾʌɭɨ Mannan, Kumily 2 mɔɭi Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ʋɪɾʌɭ Mannan, Kovilmala 2 mɔɭi Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ʋɪɾʌɭ Mannan, Kodakallu 2 kʌimoɭi Mannan, Kumily 1 bɪɾʌɭ 3 kʌimoɭi Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ʋɪɾʌɭ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 kʌimʊɭi Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ʋɪɾʌɭ 3 kʌimʊɭi Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ʋɪɾʌɭɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 muʈʈɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 bɪɾʌɭ Urali, Poovandikudi 5 kʌnɨkkɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 2 ʋeɾʌnɖɑ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 muʈʈɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 2 ʋɪɾʌnɖɑ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 3 mɔɭʌmkʌɪ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ʋɛɾʌl Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 kʌimuʈʈɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ʋɪɾʌɭ Tamil 1 muʈʈɨ Tamil 1 ʋɛɾʌlɨ Malayalam 1 kʌimuʈʈɨ Malayalam 1 ʋiɾʌl

17. fingernail 15. palm Muthuvan, Itticity 1 nʌkʌm Muthuvan, Itticity 1 uɭɭʌmkʌi Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 nʌhʌm 3 pot̪t̪ʌkʌi Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 nʌkʌm Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 uɭɭʌmkɛj Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 nʌhʌm 3 pot̪t̪ʌkɛj Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 nʌkʌm Muthuvan, Kavakudi 3 pot̪t̪ʌkʌi Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 nʌgəɾɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 3 pot̪t̪ʌkɛj Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 nʌhʌm Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 uɭɭʌmkʌi Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 nʌgəɾɨ 3 pot̪t̪ʌkʌi Mannan, Vattamedu 2 nʌgəɾɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 uɭɭʌmkʌi Mannan, Veliyampara 2 n̪ʌgəɾɨ 3 pot̪t̪ʌkʌi Mannan, Kumily 2 n̪ʌgəɾɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 uɭɭʌmkʌi Mannan, Kovilmala 2 nʌgəɾɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 uɭɭʌmkʌi Mannan, Kodakallu 1 nʌgʌm Mannan, Vattamedu 1 uɭɭʌmkʌi 2 nʌgʌm Mannan, Veliyampara 1 uɭɭʌmkʌi Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 nʌgəɾɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 uɭɭʌmkʌi Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 nʌgəɾ 2 kʌimɔnd̪ə Urali, Poovandikudi 3 ʌɖʌppɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 uɭɭʌmkʌi Urali, Vanchivayal 3 ʌɖʌppɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 uɭɭʌnkʌi Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 nʌkʌm Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 uɭɭʌmkʌi Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 nʌgəɾɨ 2 kʌimond̪ Tamil 1 nʌhʌm Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 uɭɭʌmkʌi Malayalam 1 n̪ʌkhʌm Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ullʌŋgʌi Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ullʌŋgʌi

18. leg Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 ɛlumbɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 ɛlumbɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 kɑlɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 ɛlumbɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 kaːlɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 ɛlumbɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 kɑlɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 2 ɛlumbɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 kaːlɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 2 ɛlumbɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 kɑlɨ Mannan, Kumily 2 ɛlumbɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 kɑlɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 2 ɛlumbɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 kɑlɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 2 ɛlumbɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 kɑlɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 elumbɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 kɑlɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 ɛlumbɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 kɑlɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 2 elɨmbɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 kɑlɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ellɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 kɑlɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 ɛlumbɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 kɑlɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 ɛlumbɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 kɑlɨ Tamil 2 ɛlumbɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 kɑlɨ Malayalam 1 ɛllɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 kɑkɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 2 koɖɨkɑ 21. heart Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 kɑlɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 kɑɭɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 tʃʌŋgɨ Tamil 1 kɑlɨ 2 ɪɾud̪ʌjʌm Malayalam 1 kɑlɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 tsʌŋgɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ɕʌŋgɨ 19. skin Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 tsʌŋgɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 tsʌŋgɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 t ̪okəlɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 tʃʌŋgɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 t ̪okəlɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ɕʌŋgɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 t ̪okəlɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 tʃʌŋgɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 t ̪oːlɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 tʃʌŋgɨ 1 t ̪okəlɨ 3 kuːmbɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 t ̪okəlɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 tʃʌŋgɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 t ̪okəlɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 tʃʌŋgɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 t ̪okəlɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 tʃʌŋgɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 t ̪okəlɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 tʃʌŋgɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 t ̪oli Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 tʃʌŋgɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 t ̪oli Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 tʃʌŋgɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 t ̪oli Urali, Poovandikudi 1 tʃʌŋgɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 t ̪oli Urali, Vanchivayal 1 tʃʌŋgɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 t ̪oli Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 4 kolʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 t ̪oli Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 tʃʌŋgɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 t ̪oli Tamil 2 ɪɾud̪ʌjʌm Urali, Poovandikudi 2 kʌɾɨppɨ Malayalam 1 tʃʌŋgɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 2 kʌɾɨppɨ 2 hɾəd̪ʌjʌm Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 t ̪oːlɨ

Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 t ̪oli 22. blood Tamil 1 t ̪oːlɨ Malayalam 1 t ̪oli Muthuvan, Itticity 3 ɪlət̪t̪ʌm Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 3 ɛlʌt̪t̪ʌm 20. bone Muthuvan, Kavakudi 3 ɛlət̪t̪ʌm Muthuvan, Itticity 2 ɛlumbɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 3 ɛlʌt̪t̪ʌm Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 eləmbɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 ɾʌt̪t̪ʌm Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 ɛlumbɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 3 ɛlət̪t̪ʌm Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 eləmbɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 tʃoɾɑ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 tʃoɾɑ

Mannan, Vattamedu 3 ɪlʌt̪t̪ʌm Mannan, Thinkalkadu 3 pi Mannan, Veliyampara 1 tʃoɾɑ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 tʃeɖi 3 ɪlʌt̪t̪ʌm Urali, Vanchivayal 0 No Entry Mannan, Kumily 3 ɪlət̪t̪ʌm Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 3 pijɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 3 ɪlʌt̪t̪ʌm Paliya, Lebbakandam 0 No Entry Mannan, Kodakallu 3 ɪlʌt̪t̪ʌm Tamil 2 mʌlʌm Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 3 ɪlʌt̪t̪ʌm Malayalam 2 mʌlʌm Mannan, Thinkalkadu 3 ɪlʌt̪t̪ʌm Urali, Poovandikudi 1 tʃoɾɑ 25. village Urali, Vanchivayal 1 tʃoɾɑ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 kuɖi Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 ɾ̪ɛkt̪ʌm Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 kuɖi Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 ɾɛt̪t̪ʌm Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 kuɖi Tamil 2 ɾɛt̪t̪ʌm Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 kuɖi Malayalam 2 ɾ̪ɛkt̪ʌm Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 kuɖi

Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 kuɖi 23. urine Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 kuɖi Muthuvan, Itticity 4 muːt ̪rʌm Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 kuɖi Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 0 No Entry Mannan, Vattamedu 2 kuːɾʌ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 t̪ʌɳɳi Mannan, Veliyampara 2 kuːɾʌ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 t̪ʌɳɳikuɭət ̪t ̪u Mannan, Kumily 2 kuɾʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 t̪ʌɳɳi Mannan, Kovilmala 1 kuɖi Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 t̪ʌɳɳi 2 kuːɾɐ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 0 No Entry Mannan, Kodakallu 2 kuɾʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 t̪ʌɳɳi Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 kuɾʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 mɔɭɭɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 kuːɾʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 mɔɭɭɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 kuɖi Mannan, Kumily 1 mɔɭɭɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 kuɖi Mannan, Kovilmala 1 mɔɭɭɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 3 kɾ̪aːmʌm Mannan, Kodakallu 1 mɔɭɭɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 kuɖi Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 muɭɭɨ Tamil 3 gɾ̪ɑːmʌm Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 mʊɭɭɨ Malayalam 3 gɾ̪ɑːmʌm Urali, Poovandikudi 3 nʌnʌikkɨnnu Urali, Vanchivayal 0 No Entry 26. house Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 moːɭɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ʋɨːɖɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 0 No Entry Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ʋiːɖɨ Tamil 4 muːt ̪rʌm Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ʋiːɖɨ Malayalam 4 muːt ̪rʌm Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ʋiːɖɨ

Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ʋiːɖɨ 24. feces Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ʋiːɖɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 tʃeɖi Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ʋiːɖɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 0 No Entry Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 biɖɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 tʃəɖi Mannan, Vattamedu 3 kuːɾʌ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 tʃəɖi Mannan, Veliyampara 3 kuːɾʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 tʃəɖi Mannan, Kumily 3 kuːɾʌ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 tʃəɖi Mannan, Kovilmala 3 kuːɾʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 0 No Entry Mannan, Kodakallu 3 kuːɾʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 3 pi Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 3 kuːɾʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 3 pi Mannan, Thinkalkadu 3 kuɾɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 3 pi Urali, Poovandikudi 4 pʌn̪t̪ɑ Mannan, Kumily 3 pi Urali, Vanchivayal 4 pʌn̪t̪ɑ Mannan, Kovilmala 3 pijɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 uːɖɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 3 pijɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ʋiːɖɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 3 pi

Tamil 1 ʋiːɖɨ 2 ʋiɾʌkɨ Malayalam 1 ʋiːɖɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ʋɪɾʌkɨ 2 ʋɪɾʌkɨ 27. roof Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ʋɪɾʌkɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 4 mɛʋɨːɖɨ 2 ʋɪɾʌkɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 4 meːʋiːɖɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ʋɪɾʌkɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 4 mɛʋiːɖɨ 2 ʋɪɾʌkɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 4 meːʋiːɖɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ʋiɾʌkɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 4 mɛʋiːɖɨ 2 ʋiɾʌkɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 4 mɛʋiːɖɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ʋɪɾʌkɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 3 ʋiːɖɨ 2 ʋɪɾʌkɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 0 No Entry Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ʋɪɾʌkɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 mit̪t̪ʌlʌkuːɾʌ 2 ʋɪɾʌkɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 kuːɾʌt̪t̪ʌlʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ʋiɾʌkɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 oɖɪʋʌkuɾʌ 2 ʋiɾʌkɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 kuːɾʌkutʃ.i Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ʋʊɾakɨ 1 kuɾʌ 2 ʋʊɾakɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 4 mit ̪t ̪oɖɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ʋʊɾakɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 kuːɾʌt̪t̪ʌlʌ 2 ʋʊɾakɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 kuɾʌ Mannan, Kumily 2 bʊɾakɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 2 pʌn̪d̪ʌl Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ʋʊɾakɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 2 pʌn̪t̪ʌpuɾʌt ̪lʌ 2 ʋʊɾakɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 kuːɾʌ Mannan, Kodakallu 2 bʊɾʌkɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 kuɾʌkuɖɪtʃi Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ʋʊɾakɨ Tamil 1 melkkuːɾʌ 2 ʋʊɾakɨ Malayalam 1 melkuːɾʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 bʊɾakɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ʋɪɾʌhɨ 28. door Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ʋeɾʌhɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ʋəɾəhɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ʋasəl Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ʋiɾʌkɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ʋasəl 2 ʋiɾʌkɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ʋasəl Tamil 1 ʋɛɾɛhɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ʋasəl Malayalam 1 ʋiɾʌkɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ʋasəl 2 ʋiɾʌkɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 ʋatʃʌl Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 ʋaʃa 30. broom Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 ʋatʃa Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ʋat̪əl Muthuvan, Itticity 2 tʃiʋʌkɛʈɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ʋat̪əl Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 tsiːʋʌ Mannan, Kumily 1 bad̪əl Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 tsiːʋʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 bad̪əl Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 tsɛʋʌ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 bad̪əl Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 tsiːʋʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ʋat̪əl Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 tʃəʋɨkət Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ʋat̪ɪl Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 tʃiʋʌkɛʈɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 3 ʌɖʌmbɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 tʃəʋɨkət Urali, Vanchivayal 3 ʌɖʌmbɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 2 tʃɪʋɪl Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ʋasəl Mannan, Veliyampara 2 tʃɪʋɪl 4 kʌt̪ʌʋɨ Mannan, Kumily 2 tʃɪʋɪl Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 ʋatʃʌpʌɖi Mannan, Kovilmala 2 tʃɪʋɪl Tamil 4 kʌd̪ʌʋɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 2 tʃɪʋɪl Malayalam 1 ʋɑt̪ɪl̪ɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 tʃɪʋɪl Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 tʃɪʋɪl 29. firewood Urali, Poovandikudi 1 tʃulɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 tʃulɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ʋiɾʌkɨ

Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 3 tʃɪmaɾɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ulʌkkɑ 5 ʋɪɭʌkkʌmaɾɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 koɭʌvɪkʌllɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 5 ʋɪɭʌkʌmaɾ Paliya, Lebbakandam 4 pɪɭɭʌkəllɨ Tamil 4 ʋʌɾijəl Tamil 2 koɭʌvi Malayalam 1 tʃuːlɨ Malayalam 4 pɪɭɭʌkəllɨ

31. mortar 33. hammer Muthuvan, Itticity 4 mɔɭʌkɨkəllɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 2 tʃut̪t̪ɨli Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 4 muɭʌkʌkʌllɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 tsut̪t̪ʌl Muthuvan, Kavakudi 4 mɔɭʌkɛllɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 tsut̪t̪ɪlɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 4 mɔɭʌkɛllɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 tsɪt̪t̪ʌlɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 4 mɔɭʌkɨkʌllɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 tʃut̪t̪ɪl Muthuvan, Kunchipara 4 mɔɭʌkʌɾʌkʌllɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 tsut̪t̪ɪlɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 4 mɔɭʌkʌllɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 tʃut̪t̪ɪ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 5 t̪ʌɭɭʌkʌllɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 4 koʈoɖi Mannan, Vattamedu 4 Mannan, Vattamedu 2 tʃut ̪t ̪ukʌ muɭʌkʌɾʌkʌllɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 2 tʃuttikʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 4 3 tʃuttikʌ muɭʌkʌɾʌkʌllɨ Mannan, Kumily 2 tʃuttikʌ Mannan, Kumily 4 mɔɭʌkʌɾʌkʌllɨ 3 tʃuttikʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 4 muɭʌkʌɾʌkʌl Mannan, Kovilmala 2 tʃuttɪkʌ Mannan, Kodakallu 4 mɔɭʌkʌɾʌkʌllɨ 3 tʃuttɪkʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 4 Mannan, Kodakallu 2 tʃut ̪t ̪ukʌ muɭʌkʌɾʌkʌllɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 tʃut ̪t ̪ukʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 ʌɾʌppkʌl Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 tʃuttikʌ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 uɾʌlɨ 3 tʃuttikʌ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 uɾʌlɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 muʈʈi Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 3 ʌmɪkʌllɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 4 koʈʌvʌɖi Paliya, Lebbakandam 4 muɭʌkʌkʌllɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 tʃut ̪t ̪iːl Tamil 3 ʌmmikkəllɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 tʃut̪t̪ɨli Malayalam 3 ʌmmikkəllɨ Tamil 3 tʃuttijəl

Malayalam 2 tʃuttikʌ 32. pestle 3 tʃuttikʌ Muthuvan, Itticity 3 pɪɖənankʌllɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 3 pɪɖʌnankɛllɨ 34. knife Muthuvan, Kavakudi 3 pɪɖənamkʌllɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 kʌt ̪t ̪i Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 3 pɪɖənamkʌllɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 kʌt ̪t ̪i Muthuvan, Valsapetti 3 pɪɖən̪ankʌllɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 kʌt ̪t ̪i Muthuvan, Kunchipara 3 pɪɖɪɲankʌllɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 kʌt ̪t ̪i Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 3 pɪɖɪɲankʌllɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 kʌt ̪t ̪i Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 3 pʊɖɪɲankʌllɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 kʌt ̪t ̪i Mannan, Vattamedu 3 pʊɖɪkʌl Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 kʌt ̪t ̪i Mannan, Veliyampara 3 pʊɖɪkʌllɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ʌɾʌkʌt ̪t ̪i 4 pʊɖɪkʌllɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 kʌt ̪t ̪i Mannan, Kumily 3 pʊɖɪkʌllɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 kʌt ̪t ̪i 4 pʊɖɪkʌllɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 kʌt ̪t ̪i Mannan, Kovilmala 3 pʊɖɪkʌl Mannan, Kovilmala 1 kʌt ̪t ̪i Mannan, Kodakallu 3 pʊɖɪkʌllɨ 2 kɪɭɭi 4 pʊɖɪkʌllɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 kʌt ̪t ̪i Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 3 pʊɖɪkʌllɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 kʌt ̪t ̪i 4 pʊɖɪkʌllɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 kʌt ̪t ̪i Mannan, Thinkalkadu 3 pʊɖɪkʌl Urali, Poovandikudi 1 kʌt ̪t ̪i Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ulʌkkɑ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 kʌt ̪t ̪i

Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 kʌt ̪t ̪i 37. thread Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 kɪɭɭi Muthuvan, Itticity 1 n̪uːlɨ Tamil 1 kʌt ̪t ̪i Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 nuːlɨ Malayalam 1 kʌt ̪t ̪i Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 nuːlɨ 35. axe Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 nuːlɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 n̪uːlɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 koɖali Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 nuːlɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 koɖali Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 n̪uːlɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 koɖali Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 nuːlɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 koɖali Mannan, Vattamedu 1 nuːlɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 koɖali Mannan, Veliyampara 1 nuːlɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 koɖali Mannan, Kumily 1 n̪uːlɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 koɖali Mannan, Kovilmala 1 nuːlɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 koɖali Mannan, Kodakallu 1 nuːlɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 koɖali Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 n̪uːlɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 koɖali Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 nuːlɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 koɖali Urali, Poovandikudi 1 nuːlɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 koɖali Urali, Vanchivayal 1 nuːlɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 koɖali Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 n̪uːlɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 koɖali Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 n̪uːlɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 koɖali Tamil 1 nuːlɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 koɖɑli Malayalam 1 n̪uːlɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 koɖɑli Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 koɖali 38. needle Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 koɖali Muthuvan, Itticity 3 uːsi Tamil 1 koɖɑli Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 3 uːsi Malayalam 1 koɖɑli Muthuvan, Kavakudi 3 uːɕɪ 2 mʌɻu 4 uːɕɪ 36. rope 6 uːɕɪ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 3 uːɕɪ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 kəd̪ɨɾɨ 4 uːɕɪ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 kɛd̪əɾɨ 6 uːɕɪ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 kəd̪ɨɾɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 3 uːsi Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 kɛd̪əɾɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 uːtʃi Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 kʌd̪əɾɨ 3 uːtʃi Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 kəd̪ɨɾɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 4 t ̪uːɕi Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 kʌd̪əɾɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 uːtʃi Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 kʌd̪əɾɨ 3 uːtʃi Mannan, Vattamedu 1 kʌgəɾɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 5 uːji Mannan, Veliyampara 1 kʌgəɾɨ 6 uːji Mannan, Kumily 1 kʌgəɾɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 5 uːji Mannan, Kovilmala 1 kʌgəɾɨ 6 uːji Mannan, Kodakallu 1 kʌgəɾɨ Mannan, Kumily 5 uːji Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 kʌhəɾɨ 6 uːji Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 kʌgəɾ Mannan, Kovilmala 5 uːji Urali, Poovandikudi 2 ʋʌɭɭi 6 uːji Urali, Vanchivayal 2 ʋʌɭɭi Mannan, Kodakallu 5 uːi Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 kʌʋəɾɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 5 uːji Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 kʌjʌɾɨ 6 uːji Tamil 1 kʌjʌɾɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 5 uːji Malayalam 1 kʌjʌɾ 6 uːji

Urali, Poovandikudi 1 dʒuːdʒi Urali, Vanchivayal 4 d̪uːɕi

Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 3 uːɕɪ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 mot̪ɪɾʌm 4 uːɕɪ Tamil 1 moːd̪ir̪ʌm 6 uːɕɪ Malayalam 1 moːt̪ɨɾəm Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 uːtʃi 3 uːsi 41. sun 3 uːtʃi Muthuvan, Itticity 1 tsuːɾɪjʌn Tamil 3 uːsi Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 suːɾɪjʌn Malayalam 1 suːtʃi Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 tʃuːɾɪjʌn 2 suːtʃi Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 suːɾɪjʌn

Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 tʃuːɾɪjʌn 39. cloth Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 suːɾɪjʌn Muthuvan, Itticity 1 t ̪uɳimʌɳi Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 suːɾ̪jʌn Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 t ̪uɳi 3 tsamɪjaɾɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 t ̪uɳi 4 nɪlaʋɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 t ̪uɳi Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 suɾjʌbʌgʌʋan Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 t ̪uɳi Mannan, Vattamedu 2 pɛjt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 t ̪uɳi Mannan, Veliyampara 2 pɛjt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 3 veːʈi Mannan, Kumily 2 pɛjt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 3 veʈʈi Mannan, Kovilmala 2 pɛjt̪ɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 t ̪uɳi Mannan, Kodakallu 2 pɛjt̪ɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 t ̪uɳi Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 pɛjt ̪u Mannan, Kumily 1 t ̪uɳi Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 suːɾɪjʌn Mannan, Kovilmala 1 t ̪uɳi 2 pɛjt̪ɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 t ̪uɳi Urali, Poovandikudi 1 tʃuːɾɪjʌn Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 t ̪uɳi Urali, Vanchivayal 1 tʃuːɾɪjʌn Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 t ̪uɳi Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 suːɾɪjʌn Urali, Poovandikudi 2 t ̪unɖu Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 suːɾɪjʌn 3 veʈʈi Tamil 1 suːɾɪjʌn Urali, Vanchivayal 1 t ̪uɳi Malayalam 1 suːɾ̪jʌn Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 t ̪uɳi Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 t ̪uɳi 42. moon Tamil 1 t ̪uɳi Muthuvan, Itticity 1 tsʌn̪t̪ɾʌn Malayalam 1 t ̪uɳi Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 tsʌn̪t̪ɾʌn

Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 tʃʌn̪d̪əɾʌn 40. ring Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 sʌn̪d̪əɾʌn Muthuvan, Itticity 1 mod̪əɾʌm Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 tsʌn̪t̪ɾʌn Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 mot̪ɪɾʌm Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 tʃʌn̪d̪ɨɾʌn Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 mod̪əɾʌm Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 3 nɪlaʋɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 mod̪ɨɾʌm Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 mod̪əɾʌm tʃʌn̪d̪ɾʌpʌgʌʋan Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 mod̪ɨɾʌm Mannan, Vattamedu 2 t̪ɪnkɪjɛ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 mod̪əɾʌm Mannan, Veliyampara 2 t̪ɪnkjʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 mod̪əɾɨ Mannan, Kumily 2 t̪ɪnkə Mannan, Vattamedu 1 mod̪ɨɾʌm Mannan, Kovilmala 2 t̪ɪnkjʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 mot̪ɪɾʌm Mannan, Kodakallu 2 t̪ɪŋgə Mannan, Kumily 1 mot̪ɪɾʌm Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 t̪ɪnkʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 mot̪ɪɾʌm Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 t̪ɪnkɪjʌ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 mot̪ɪɾʌm Urali, Poovandikudi 1 sʌn̪t̪ɨɾʌn Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 mot̪ɪɾʌm Urali, Vanchivayal 1 sʌn̪t̪ɨɾʌn Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 mot̪ɪɾʌm Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 tsʌn̪d̪əɾʌn Urali, Poovandikudi 1 mod̪ɨɾʌm 3 nɪlaʋɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 mod̪ɨɾʌm Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 tʃʌn̪d̪əɾʌn Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 mot̪ɪɾʌm

Tamil 1 tʃʌn̪d̪ɨɾʌn Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 mʌjʌ Malayalam 1 tʃʌn̪d̪ɨɾʌn Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 mʌjɑ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 mʌjʌ 43. sky 1 mʌɭʌ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ʋanʌm Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 mʌjɑ 2 aːkaːjʌm Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 mʌjʌ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 aːkaːjʌm Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 mʌjʌ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ʋanʌm Mannan, Vattamedu 1 mʌɕʌ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ʋanʌm Mannan, Veliyampara 1 mʌɕʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ʋanʌm Mannan, Kumily 1 mʌɕʌ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ʋanʌm Mannan, Kovilmala 1 mʌɕʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 manʌm Mannan, Kodakallu 1 mʌɕʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 manʌm Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 mʌɕʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ʋanʌm Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 mʌɕʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ʋanʌm Urali, Poovandikudi 1 mʌjɑ Mannan, Kumily 1 banʌm Urali, Vanchivayal 1 mʌjɑ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ʋanʌm Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 mʌɭʌ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ʋanʌm Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 mʌɭʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ʋanʌm Tamil 1 mʌɻʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ʋanʌm Malayalam 1 mʌɻʌ

Urali, Poovandikudi 1 mɑnʌm 46. water Urali, Vanchivayal 1 mɑnʌm Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ʋanʌm Muthuvan, Itticity 1 t̪ʌɳɳi Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 manʌm Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 t̪ʌɳɳi Tamil 2 ɑːhɑɕʌm Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 t̪ʌɳɳi Malayalam 2 ɑːkɑːɕʌm Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 t̪ʌɳɳi Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 t̪ʌɳɳi 44. star Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 t̪ʌɳɳi Muthuvan, Itticity 2 ʋɛɭɭi Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 t̪ʌɳɳi Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 ʋɛɭɭi Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 t̪ʌɳɳi Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 ʋɛɭɭi Mannan, Vattamedu 1 t̪ʌɳɳi Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 ʋɛɭɭi Mannan, Veliyampara 1 t̪ʌɳɳi Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 ʋɛɭɭi Mannan, Kumily 1 t̪ʌɳɳi Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 ʋɛɭɭi Mannan, Kovilmala 1 t̪ʌɳɳi Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 ʋɛɭɭi Mannan, Kodakallu 1 t̪ʌɳɳi Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 beɭɭi Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 t̪ʌɳɳi Mannan, Vattamedu 2 ʋɛɭɭi Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 t̪ʌɳɳi Mannan, Veliyampara 2 ʋɛɭɭi Urali, Poovandikudi 1 t̪ʌnni Mannan, Kumily 2 ʋɛɭɭi Urali, Vanchivayal 1 t̪ʌnni Mannan, Kovilmala 2 ʋɛɭɭi Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 t̪ʌɳɳi Mannan, Kodakallu 2 ʋɛɭɭi Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 t̪ʌɳɳi Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 ʋeɭɭi Tamil 1 t̪ʌɳɳi Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 ʋɛɭɭi Malayalam 2 ʋɛɭɭʌm

Urali, Poovandikudi 1 nʌttʃʌt̪t̪ɨɾʌm 47. river Urali, Vanchivayal 1 nʌttʃʌt̪t̪ɨɾʌm Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 ʋɛɭɭi Muthuvan, Itticity 4 ʋɛlɪjʌoːɖʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 ʋɛɭɭi Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 4 ʋɛlɪjoːɖʌ Tamil 1 nʌtʃʌt̪ɾʌm Muthuvan, Kavakudi 4 oːɖʌ Malayalam 1 nʌkʃʌt̪ɾʌm Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 4 ʋɛlɪjʌoːɖʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 4 oːɖʌ 45. rain Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 aːɾɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 mʌjʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 aːɾɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 mʌjɑ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 aːɾɨ

Mannan, Vattamedu 3 aːt ̪t ̪oɾʌm Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 mɪnnʌl Mannan, Veliyampara 3 aːt ̪t ̪oɾʌm Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 mɪnnʌl Mannan, Kumily 3 Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 mɪnnʌl bʌlɪjʌaːt ̪t ̪oɾʌm Mannan, Vattamedu 1 mɪnnʌl Mannan, Kovilmala 3 aːt ̪t ̪oɾʌm 3 oɭi Mannan, Kodakallu 3 aːt ̪t ̪oɾʌm Mannan, Veliyampara 1 mɪnnʌlʌɾenʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 3 aːt ̪t ̪oɾʌm Mannan, Kumily 1 mɪnnʌlʌɾenʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 3 aːt ̪t ̪oɾʌm Mannan, Kovilmala 1 mɪnnʌl 4 ɔːɖʌ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 mɪnnʌlʌɾanʌ Urali, Poovandikudi 2 ɑːɾɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 mɪnnʌlʌɾenʌ Urali, Vanchivayal 2 ɑːɾɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 mɪnnʌl Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 aːɾɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 2 kullijɑn Paliya, Lebbakandam 4 oːɖʌ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 mɪnnʌl Tamil 1 nʌd̪i Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 mɪnnʌl Malayalam 1 n̪ʌd̪i Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 mɪnnʌl Tamil 1 mɪnnʌl 48. cloud Malayalam 1 mɪnnʌl

Muthuvan, Itticity 3 məɲdʒɨ 50. rainbow Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 3 mɛɲdʒɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 3 mɛɲdʒɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 mʌjʌʋillɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 3 mɛɲdʒɨ 4 ʌmbum ʋɪllɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 3 mɛɲdʒɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 4 ʌmbum ʋɪllum Muthuvan, Kunchipara 3 mɛɲdʒɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 4 ʌmbum ʋɪllɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 3 məɲdʒɨ 7 kʌɖʌvʊlar Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 3 məɲdʒɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 4 ʌmbum ʋɪllum Mannan, Vattamedu 1 mɔɖʌm Muthuvan, Valsapetti 4 ʌmbum ʋɪllum 2 mɔɖʌm Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 mʌjʌʋillɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 moɖʌm 7 kʌɖʌʋʌɭɨkut̪t̪ənʌt̪ɨ 2 moɖʌm Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 7 kʌɖʌvəɭɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 moɖʌm Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 mʌjʌʋillɨ 2 moɖʌm 7 kʌɖʌʋʌɭɨkut ̪t ̪i Mannan, Kovilmala 1 moɖʌm Mannan, Vattamedu 6 koɖɪntʃɪl 2 moɖʌm Mannan, Veliyampara 6 koɖɪntʃɪl Mannan, Kodakallu 1 moɖʌm Mannan, Kumily 6 koɖɪntʃɪl 2 moɖʌm Mannan, Kovilmala 6 koɖɪntʃɪl Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 moɖʌm Mannan, Kodakallu 6 koɖɪntʃʌl 2 moɖʌm Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 6 koɖɪntʃɪl Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 mɔɖʌm Mannan, Thinkalkadu 6 koɖɪntʃɪl 2 mɔɖʌm Urali, Poovandikudi 1 mʌjʌʋillɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 3 mʌɲdʒɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 mʌjʌʋillɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 3 mʌɲdʒɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 5 tsonʌʋɪllɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 mɔɖʌm Paliya, Lebbakandam 3 ʌɾdʒunʌʋɪllɨ 2 mɔɖʌm Tamil 2 ʋɑːnʌvillɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 mʌɭʌmoɖʌm Malayalam 1 mʌɻʌʋillɨ Tamil 1 meːhʌm Malayalam 1 mekhʌm 51. wind

49. lightning Muthuvan, Itticity 1 kɑːtɾɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 kaːttɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 mɪnnʌl Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 kaːt̪t̪ɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 mɪnnʌl Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 kaːt̪t̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 mɪnnʌl Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 kaːttɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 4 mɪnəkkɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 kaːttɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 mɪnnʌl Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 kaːt̪t̪ɨ

Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 kaːttɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ʋʌɕi Mannan, Vattamedu 1 kaːt̪t̪ɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ʋʌɕi Mannan, Veliyampara 1 kaːt̪t̪ɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 ʋʌɕi Mannan, Kumily 1 kaːt̪t̪ɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ʋʌɕi Mannan, Kovilmala 1 kaːt̪t̪ɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ʋʌɕi Mannan, Kodakallu 1 kaːt̪t̪ɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ʋʌɕi Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 kaːt̪t̪ɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 4 ɾoːɖ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 kaːt̪t̪ɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 vʌi Urali, Poovandikudi 1 kɑɾʈɨ 2 vʌi Urali, Vanchivayal 1 kɑɾʈɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 vʌi Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 kaːt̪t̪ɨ 2 vʌi Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 kaːt̪t̪ɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ʋʌɭi Tamil 1 kaːttɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 4 ɾoːɖɨ Malayalam 1 kaːttɨ Tamil 1 ʋʌɻi Malayalam 1 ʋʌɻi 52. stone 54. sand Muthuvan, Itticity 1 kɛllɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 kɛllɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 mʌɳʌl Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 kɛllɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 mʌɳʌl Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 kɛllɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 mʌɳʌl Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 kɛllɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 mʌɳʌl Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 kɛllɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 mʌɳʌlɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 kɛllɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 mʌɳʌl Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 kʌllɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 mʌɳʌlɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 kʌllɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 mʌɳʌlɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 kʌllɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 mʌɳʌl Mannan, Kumily 1 kʌllɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 mʌɳʌl Mannan, Kovilmala 1 kʌllɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 mʌɳʌl Mannan, Kodakallu 1 kʌllɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 mʌɳʌl Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 kʌllɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 mʌɳʌl Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 kʌllɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 mʌɳʌl Urali, Poovandikudi 1 kʌllɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 mʌɳʌl Urali, Vanchivayal 1 kʌllɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 mʌnʌlɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 kʌllɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 mʌnʌlɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 kʌllɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 mʌɳʌl Tamil 1 kʌllɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 mʌɳʌl Malayalam 1 kʌllɨ Tamil 1 mʌɳʌl Malayalam 1 mʌɳʌl 53. path 55. fire Muthuvan, Itticity 2 ʋɛji 3 ʋɛji Muthuvan, Itticity 1 t ̪i Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 ʋɛji Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 t ̪i 3 ʋɛji Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 t ̪i Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 ʋɛji Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 t ̪i 3 ʋɛji Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 t ̪i Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 ʋɛji Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 t ̪i 3 ʋɛji Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 t ̪i Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 ʋɛji Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 t ̪i 3 ʋɛgi Mannan, Vattamedu 1 t ̪i 3 ʋɛji Mannan, Veliyampara 1 t ̪i Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 ʋɛjjɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 t ̪i Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 bɛjɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 t ̪iːjɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 bʌji Mannan, Kodakallu 1 t ̪i

Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 t ̪i Tamil 1 tʃɑːmbʌl Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 t ̪i Malayalam 2 tʃɑːɾʌm Urali, Poovandikudi 1 t ̪iː Urali, Vanchivayal 1 t ̪iː 58. mud Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 t ̪i Muthuvan, Itticity 6 t ̪oɭi Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 t ̪iːjɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 6 t ̪oɭi Tamil 1 t ̪i Muthuvan, Kavakudi 6 t ̪oɭi Malayalam 1 t ̪iːjɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 6 t ̪oɭi

Muthuvan, Valsapetti 6 t ̪oɭi 56. smoke Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 tʃeɾɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 pokʌ 4 bəd̪i Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 t ̪ipɔhʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 4 bed̪i Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 pokʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 4 bəd̪i Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 pokʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 tʃeɭi Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 pokʌ 6 tʃeɭi Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 pokʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 tʃeɭi Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 pohʌ 6 tʃeɭi Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 pokʌ Mannan, Kumily 1 tʃeɭi Mannan, Vattamedu 1 pukʌ 6 tʃeɭi Mannan, Veliyampara 1 pukʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 tʃeɭi Mannan, Kumily 1 pukʌ 6 tʃeɭi Mannan, Kovilmala 1 pukʌ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 tʃeɭi Mannan, Kodakallu 1 pukʌ 6 tʃeɭi Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 pukʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 tʃeɭi Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 pukʌ 6 tʃeɭi Urali, Poovandikudi 1 puhʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 tʃeɭi Urali, Vanchivayal 1 puhʌ 6 tʃeɭi Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 pukʌ Urali, Poovandikudi 3 koɭɨkʌn Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 puhʌ Urali, Vanchivayal 3 koɭɨkʌn Tamil 1 pohʌ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 tʃeɾɨ Malayalam 1 pukʌ 5 tʃʌkʌt̪ɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 5 tʃʌt̪ʌji 57. ash Tamil 1 tʃeɾɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 3 t ̪iːpoɖi Malayalam 2 tʃʌɭɭʌ

Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 3 poɖi 59. dust Muthuvan, Kavakudi 3 poɖi Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 3 poɖi Muthuvan, Itticity 4 t ̪uːʃɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 tʃɑːɾʌm Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 4 t ̪uːsi Muthuvan, Kunchipara 3 t ̪iːpoɖi Muthuvan, Kavakudi 4 t ̪uːsi Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 3 t ̪iːpoɖi Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 pɔɖi Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 tʃɑːɾʌm Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 pɔɖi Mannan, Vattamedu 1 tʃambʌl 4 t ̪uːɕi Mannan, Veliyampara 1 tʃambʌl Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 pɔɖi 2 tʃɑːɾʌm Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 poɖi Mannan, Kumily 1 tʃambʌl Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 pɔɖi Mannan, Kovilmala 1 tʃambʌl Mannan, Vattamedu 2 kuɕʊmbɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 tʃambʌl Mannan, Veliyampara 2 kuɕʊmbɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 tʃambʌl Mannan, Kumily 2 kuɕʊmbɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 tʃambʌl Mannan, Kovilmala 2 kuɕʊmbɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ɕɪjɑmbʌɾɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 2 kuɕʊmbɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 tʃɑmbʌlɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 kuɕʊmbɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 tʃambʌl Mannan, Thinkalkadu 3 mʌɳɳɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 tʃamʌl Urali, Poovandikudi 1 poɖi

Urali, Vanchivayal 1 poɖi Tamil 1 mʌɾ̪ʌm Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 4 t ̪uːɕi Malayalam 1 mʌɾ̪ʌm Paliya, Lebbakandam 4 t ̪uːɕi Tamil 4 t ̪uːsi 62. leaf Malayalam 1 poɖi Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ɪlʌ

Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 elʌ 60. gold Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ɪlʌ Muthuvan, Itticity 2 sɔɾnʌm Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ɪlʌ 3 t̪ʌŋgʌm Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ɪlʌ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 3 t̪ʌŋgʌm Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ɪlʌ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 3 t̪ʌnkʌm Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ɪlʌ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 3 t̪ʌŋgʌm Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ɪlʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 3 t̪ʌnkʌm Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ɪlʌ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 soɾɳʌm Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ɪlʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 tʃoɾɳʌm Mannan, Kumily 1 ɪlʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 sɔɾnʌm Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ɪlʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 2 tʃuɾnʌm Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ɪlʌ 3 t̪ʌŋgʌm Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ɪlʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 2 soɾɳʌm Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ɪlʌ Mannan, Kumily 2 tʃoɾnʌm Urali, Poovandikudi 1 tʃʌppɨlʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 2 tʃoɾɳʌm Urali, Vanchivayal 1 tʃʌppɨlʌ 3 t̪ʌnkʌm Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ɛlʌ Mannan, Kodakallu 2 tʃoɾnʌm Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 elʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 tʃoɾnʌm Tamil 1 elʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 3 t̪ʌnkʌm Malayalam 1 ilʌ Urali, Poovandikudi 2 soɾɨnʌm Urali, Vanchivayal 2 tʃoɾnʌm 63. root Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 3 t̪ʌŋgʌm Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ʋeːɾɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 3 t̪ʌnkʌm Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ʋeːɾɨ Tamil 1 ponnɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ʋeːɾɨ Malayalam 2 soɾɳʌm Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ʋeːɾɨ

Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ʋeːɾɨ 61. tree Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ʋeːɾɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 mʌɾʌm Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 beɾɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 mʌɾʌm Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ʋeɾɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 mʌɾ̪ʌm Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ʋeːɾɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 mʌɾʌm Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ʋeːɾɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 mʌɾʌm Mannan, Kumily 1 beɾɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 mʌɾʌm Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ʋeːɾɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 mʌɾʌm Mannan, Kodakallu 1 beɾɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 mʌɾʌm Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ʋeɾɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 mʌɾʌm Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ʋeːɾɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 mʌɾʌm Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ʋeɾɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 mʌɾʌm Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ʋeɾɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 mʌɾʌm Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ʋeːɾɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 mʌɾʌm Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ʋeɾɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 mʌɾʌm Tamil 1 ʋeɾ̪ɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 mʌɾʌm Malayalam 1 ʋeɾ̪ɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 mʌɾʌm Urali, Vanchivayal 1 mʌɾʌm 64. thorn Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 mʌɾ̪ʌm Muthuvan, Itticity 1 muɭɭɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 mʌɾ̪ʌm Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 muɭɭɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 muɭɭɨ

Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 muɭɭɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 pʌɕʌm Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 muɭɭɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 pʌɕʌm Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 muɭɭɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 pʌdʒʌm Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 muɭɭɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 pʌɕʌm Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 muɭɭɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 pʌɕʌm Mannan, Vattamedu 1 muɭ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 pʌjʌm Mannan, Veliyampara 1 muɭɭɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 pʌjʌm Mannan, Kumily 1 muɭɭɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 pʌɭʌm Mannan, Kovilmala 1 muɭɭɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 pʌɭʌm Mannan, Kodakallu 1 muɭɭɨ Tamil 1 pʌɻʌm Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 muɭɭɨ Malayalam 1 pʌɻʌm Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 muɭɭɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 mullu 67. mango Urali, Vanchivayal 1 mullu Muthuvan, Itticity 1 maŋgɑjɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 muɭɭɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 maŋgɑj Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 muɭɭɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 maŋgɑj Tamil 1 muɭɭɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 maŋgɑjɨ Malayalam 1 muɭɭɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 maŋga

Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 maŋgɑj 65. flower Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 maŋgʌkaj Muthuvan, Itticity 1 puːʋɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 maŋga Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 puːʋɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 maŋgɑj Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 puːʋɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 maŋgɑj Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 puːʋɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 maŋga Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 puːʋɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 maŋgɑj Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 puːʋɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 maŋgɑj Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 puːʋɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 maŋgɑjɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 puːʋɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 maŋgɑj Mannan, Vattamedu 1 puːʋɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 mɑŋgɑkɑ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 puːʋɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 mɑŋgɑkɑ Mannan, Kumily 1 puːʋɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 maŋgɑj Mannan, Kovilmala 1 puːʋɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 maŋgɑjɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 puːʋɨ Tamil 1 mɑŋkɑ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 puːʋɨ Malayalam 1 mɑŋʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 puːʋɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 puːʋɨ 68. banana Urali, Vanchivayal 1 puːʋɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ʋajʌpʌjʌm Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 puːʋɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ʋajʌpʌjʌm Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 puːʋɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ʋajʌpʌjʌm Tamil 1 puː Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ʋajʌpʌjʌm Malayalam 1 puːʋɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ʋajʌpʌjʌm

Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ʋajʌpʌjʌm 66. fruit Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ʋajʌpʌjʌm Muthuvan, Itticity 1 pʌjʌm Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ʋajʌpʌjʌm Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 pʌjʌm Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ʋaɕʌpʌɕʌm Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 pʌjʌm Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ʋaɕʌpʌɕʌm Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 pʌjʌm Mannan, Kumily 1 baɕʌpʌɕʌm Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 pʌjʌm Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ʋaɕʌpʌɕʌm Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 pʌjʌm Mannan, Kodakallu 1 baɕʌpʌɕʌm Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 pʌjʌm Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ʋaɕʌpʌɕʌm Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 pʌjʌm Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ʋaɕʌpʌɕʌm Mannan, Vattamedu 1 pʌɕʌm Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ʋɑjʌpʌjʌm Mannan, Veliyampara 1 pʌɕʌm Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ʋɑjʌpʌjʌm

Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ʋaɭʌpʌɭʌm Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ɛɾi Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 baɭʌpʌɭʌm Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ɛɾi Tamil 1 ʋɑːɻʌpʌɻʌm Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ɛɾi Malayalam 1 ʋɑːɻʌpʌɻʌm Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ɛɾi Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ɛɾi 69. wheat Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ɛɾi Muthuvan, Itticity 1 kot̪ʌmbɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ɛɾi Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 kot̪ʌmbɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ʌɾɪmʌɳi Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 kot̪ʌmbɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ʌɾi Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 kot̪ʌmbɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 ʌɾi Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 kot̪ʌmbɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ʌɾɪmʌɳi Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 kot̪ʌmbɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ʌɾi Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 kot̪ʌmbɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ʌɾi Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 kot̪ʌmbɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ʌɾi Mannan, Vattamedu 1 kot̪ʌmbɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ʌɾi Mannan, Veliyampara 1 kot̪ʌmbɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ʌɾi Mannan, Kumily 1 kot̪ʌmbɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 ʌɾɪɕi Mannan, Kovilmala 1 kot̪ʌmbɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 ʌɾ̪isi Mannan, Kodakallu 1 kot̪əmɨ Tamil 2 ʌɾ̪isi Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 kot̪ʌmɨ Malayalam 1 ʌɾi

Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 kot̪ʌmbe 72. potato Urali, Poovandikudi 1 goːd̪ʌmbɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 goːd̪ʌmbɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 2 uɾəɳɖʌkɛːŋŋɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 kot̪ʌmbɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 uɾəɳɖʌkɛjʌŋŋɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 kot̪ʌmbɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 uɾəɳɖʌkɪjʌŋŋɨ Tamil 1 goːd̪ʌmbɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 uɾəɳɖʌkɛjʌŋŋɨ Malayalam 1 goːd̪ʌmbɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 uɾəɳɖʌkɪjʌŋŋɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 uɾəɭʌkɪjʌŋgɨ 70. millet Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 uɾəɭʌkɪjʌŋgɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 tʃoɭəkʌm Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 uɾəɭʌkɪjʌŋgɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 tʃoɭəkʌm Mannan, Vattamedu 2 uɾəɭʌkɪɕʌŋgɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 tʃoɭəkʌm Mannan, Veliyampara 2 uɾəɭʌkɪɕʌŋgɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 tʃoɭukʌm Mannan, Kumily 2 uɾəɭʌkɪɕʌŋgɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 tʃoɭəkʌm Mannan, Kovilmala 2 uɾəɭʌkɪɕʌŋgɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 tʃoɭəkʌm Mannan, Kodakallu 2 uɾəɭʌkɪɕʌŋgɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 tʃoɭəkʌm Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 uɾʌɭʌkɪɕʌŋŋɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 tʃoɭəkɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 uɾəɭʌkɪɕʌŋgɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 tʃoɭʌm Urali, Poovandikudi 1 uɾunɖʌkɑ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 tʃoɭʌm Urali, Vanchivayal 2 uɾuɭʌkɪɭʌŋŋɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 tʃoɭʌm Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 uɾuɭʌkɪɭʌŋŋɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 tʃoɭʌm Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 uɾuɭʌkɪɭʌŋŋɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 tʃoɭʌm Tamil 2 uɾəɭʌkɪɻʌŋŋɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 tʃoɭʌm Malayalam 2 uɾəɭʌkɪɻʌŋŋɨ

Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 tʃoɭʌm 73. eggplant Urali, Poovandikudi 2 ɪɾɨŋgɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 2 ɪɾɨŋgɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 kʌt ̪t ̪rikkɑi Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 tʃoɭʌm Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 kʌt̪t̪ɪɾɪkɑi Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 tʃoɭʌm Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 kʌt ̪t ̪rikkɑi Tamil 1 t ̪oːɭʌm Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 kʌt̪t̪ɪɾɪkɑi Malayalam 1 tʃoːɭʌm Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 kʌt ̪t ̪rikkɑi Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 kʌt ̪t ̪rikkɑi 71. rice Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 kʌt̪t̪rikkɑi Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ɛɾi Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 4 bʌd̪ənɪŋgai

Mannan, Vattamedu 1 kʌt̪t̪ɪɾi Mannan, Kumily 1 moɭʌkɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 kʌt̪t̪ɪɾi Mannan, Kovilmala 1 muɭʌkɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 kʌt̪t̪ɪɾi Mannan, Kodakallu 1 muɭakɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 kʌt̪t̪ɪɾi Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 muɭʌkɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 kʌt̪t̪ɪɾi Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 muɭʌkɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 kʌt̪t̪ɪɾi Urali, Poovandikudi 1 mɪɭɑhɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 kʌt̪t̪ɾi Urali, Vanchivayal 1 mɪɭʌhɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 kʌt̪t̪ʌɾɪkɑ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 moɭʌkɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 2 ʋʌjd̪ɪli Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 moɭʌkaj Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 kʌt ̪t ̪rikkɑi Tamil 1 meɭəhʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 kʌt ̪t ̪rikkɑi Malayalam 1 muɭʌkɨ Tamil 1 kʌt ̪t ̪rikkɑi Malayalam 3 ʋʌɻut̪ʌnəŋʌ 76. turmeric

Muthuvan, Itticity 1 mʌɲdʒʌl 74. groundnut Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 mʌɲdʒʌlɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 nɪlʌkʌɖəlʌɪ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 mʌɲdʒʌɭɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 nɛlʌkʌɖʌlʌ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 mʌɲdʒʌɭɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 0 No Entry Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 mʌɲdʒʌl 1 nɪlʌkʌɖəlʌɪ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 mʌɲdʒʌ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 kʌɖʌɭʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 mʌɲdʒʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 nɪləkʌɖəlʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 mʌɲdʒɑ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 0 No Entry Mannan, Vattamedu 1 mʌɲdʒʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 kʌɖʌɭi Mannan, Veliyampara 1 mʌɲdʒɑ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 0 No Entry Mannan, Kumily 1 mʌndʒə Mannan, Vattamedu 0 No Entry Mannan, Kovilmala 1 mʌɲdʒʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 0 No Entry Mannan, Kodakallu 1 mʌɲdʒʌ 1 kʌɖʌɭʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 mʌɲtʃʌ Mannan, Kumily 0 No Entry Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 mʌndʒə Mannan, Kovilmala 0 No Entry Urali, Poovandikudi 1 mʌɲdʒɑ 1 kʌɖʌɭʌ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 mʌɲdʒɑ Mannan, Kodakallu 0 No Entry Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 mʌɲdʒʌɭ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 0 No Entry Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 mʌɲdʒʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 0 No Entry Tamil 1 mʌndʒʌɭ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 kʌɖʌɭʌ Malayalam 1 mʌɲɲʌɭ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 kʌɖʌɭʌ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 0 No Entry 77. garlic 1 nɪlʌkʌɖəlʌɪ Muthuvan, Itticity 2 ʋeɭɭʌʋeŋgajʌm Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 nɪləkʌɖəlʌ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 ʋeɭɭʌʋeŋgajʌm Tamil 1 nɪləkʌɖəlʌ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 ʋeɭɭʌʋeŋgajʌm Malayalam 0 No Entry Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ʋeɭɭuɭɭi 1 kʌɖʌɭʌ 2 ʋeɭɭʌʋeŋgajʌm

Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 ʋeɭɭʌʋeŋgajʌm 75. chili Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ʋeɭɭuɭɭi Muthuvan, Itticity 1 moɭʌkɨ 2 ʋeɭɭʌʋeŋgajʌm Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 mɔɭʌkɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 ʋeŋgajʌm Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 muɭʌkɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ʋeɭt ̪t ̪uɭɭi Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 muɭʌkɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 2 ʋeɭɭʌʋɔŋgajʌm Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 moɭʌkɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ʋeɭut ̪t ̪uɭɭi Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 muɭʌkaj 2 ʋeɭɭʌʋɔŋgajʌm Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 muɭʌkɨ Mannan, Kumily 2 beɭɭʌbɔŋgajʌm Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 muɭʌkɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 3 ʋəɭɭʌpuːɖɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 muɭʌkɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 3 ʋeɭɭʌpuɖɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 muɭʌkɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 ʋeɭɭʌʋeŋgajʌm

Mannan, Thinkalkadu 3 ʋeɭɭʌpuɖɨ Malayalam 1 koːɭifɭʌʋʌɾ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ʋeɭut ̪t ̪uɭɭi Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ʋeɭut ̪t ̪uɭɭi 80. tomato Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 3 ʋəɭɭʌpuːɖɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 t̪ʌkkɑɭi Paliya, Lebbakandam 3 ʋeɭɭʌpuːɖɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 t̪ʌkkɑɭi Tamil 3 puːɳɖɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 3 uɾəɳɖʌkʌt̪t̪ɾɪkaj Malayalam 1 ʋeɭut ̪t ̪uɭɭi Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 t̪ʌkkɑɭi

Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 t̪ʌkkɑɭi 78. onion 3 kʌt̪t̪ɾɪpʌjʌm Muthuvan, Itticity 2 iːɾʌʋɛŋgajʌm Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 t̪ʌkkɑɭi Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 iːɾʌʋɛŋgajʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 3 kʌt̪t̪ɾɪkaj Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 iːɾʌʋɛŋgajʌm Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 t̪ʌkkɑɭi Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 ʋɛŋgajʌm Mannan, Vattamedu 2 koʈʈuɕuɳɖa Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 iːɾʌʋɛŋgajʌm Mannan, Veliyampara 1 t̪ʌkkɑɭi Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 ʋɔŋgajʌm 2 koʈʈuɕuɳɖa Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 ʋɛŋgajʌm Mannan, Kumily 2 koʈʈuɕuɳɖa Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 uɭɭi Mannan, Kovilmala 2 koʈʈuɕuɳɖa Mannan, Vattamedu 2 ʋɔŋgajʌm Mannan, Kodakallu 2 koɖʌtʃuɳɖɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 uɭɭi Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 koʈʈuɕuɳɖa 2 ʋɔŋgajʌm Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 t̪ʌkkɑɭi Mannan, Kumily 2 bɔŋgajʌm Urali, Poovandikudi 1 t̪ʌkkɑli Mannan, Kovilmala 2 bɔŋgajʌm Urali, Vanchivayal 1 t̪ʌkkɑliː Mannan, Kodakallu 2 bɔŋgajʌm Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 t̪ʌkkɑɭi Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 ʋɔŋgajʌm Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 t̪ʌkkɑɭi Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 bɔŋgajʌm Tamil 1 t̪ʌkkɑɭi Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ulli Malayalam 1 t̪ʌkkɑɭi Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ulli Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 iːɾʌʋɛŋgajʌm 81. cabbage Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 uɭɭi Muthuvan, Itticity 1 moʈʌkosɨ Tamil 1 uɭɭi 2 moʈʌkosɨ Malayalam 1 uɭɭi Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 moʈʌkosɨ

2 moʈʌkosɨ 79. cauliflower Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 moʈʌkosɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 0 No Entry 2 moʈʌkosɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 0 No Entry Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 moʈʌkosɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 0 No Entry 2 moʈʌkosɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 0 No Entry Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 moʈʌkosɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 0 No Entry 2 moʈʌkosɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 0 No Entry Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 moʈʈʌkɾosɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 0 No Entry Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 moʈʌkosɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 0 No Entry 2 moʈʌkosɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 0 No Entry Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 mɔʈʌkɾɔts Mannan, Veliyampara 0 No Entry Mannan, Vattamedu 1 moʈʈʌkɾoɕɨ Mannan, Kumily 0 No Entry Mannan, Veliyampara 1 moʈʈʌkɾosɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 0 No Entry Mannan, Kumily 2 mɔʈʌkoʋisɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 0 No Entry 3 mɔʈʌkoʋisɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 0 No Entry Mannan, Kovilmala 2 moʈʌkoːʋisɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 0 No Entry 3 moʈʌkoːʋisɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 0 No Entry Mannan, Kodakallu 1 moʈʈʌkɾosə Urali, Vanchivayal 0 No Entry Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 moʈʈʌkɾoɕɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 0 No Entry Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 moʈʈʌkɾosə Paliya, Lebbakandam 0 No Entry Urali, Poovandikudi 2 moʈʌkoːʋisɨ Tamil 1 koːɭifɭʌʋʌɾ 3 moʈʌkoːʋisɨ

Urali, Vanchivayal 3 koʋiːsɨ 84. meat Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 mɔʈʌkoɕɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 2 kʌɾ̪i Paliya, Lebbakandam 3 koʋiːsɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 kʌɾ̪i Tamil 1 muʈʈʌkoːsɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 kʌɾi 2 muʈʈʌkoːsɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 kʌɾi Malayalam 4 kjɑbedʒɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 kʌɾi 82. oil Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 kʌɾi Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 kʌɾi Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ɛɳɳʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 kʌɾi Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ɛɳɳʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 2 kʌɾi Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ɛɳɳʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 2 kʌɾi Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ɛɳɳʌ Mannan, Kumily 2 kʌɾi Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ɛɳɳʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 2 kʌɾi Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ɛɳɳʌ Mannan, Kodakallu 2 kʌɾi Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ɛɳɳʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 kʌɾi Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ɛɳɳʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 kʌɾi Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ɛɳɳʌ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 iɾʌtʃi Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ɛɳɳʌ 2 kʌɾi Mannan, Kumily 1 ɛɳɳʌ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ɪɾʌtʃi Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ɛɳɳʌ 2 kʌɾi Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ɛɳɳʌ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 kʌɾ̪i Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ɛɳɳʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 kʌɾ̪i Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ɛɳɳʌ Tamil 1 ɪɾʌtʃi Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ennɑ Malayalam 1 ɪɾʌtʃi Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ennɑ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ɛɳɳʌ 85. fat Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ɛɳɳʌ Muthuvan, Itticity 2 kojɨppɨ Tamil 1 ɛɳɳʌ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 kojəppɨ Malayalam 1 ɛɳɳʌ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 kojəppɨ 83. salt Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 kojəppɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 kojəppɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 uppɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 kojəppɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 uppɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 kojɨppɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 uppɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 kojɨppɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 uppɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 2 koɕuppɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 uppɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 nei Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 uppɨ 2 koɕuppɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 uppɨ Mannan, Kumily 2 koɕuppɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 uppɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 2 koɕuppɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 uppɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 2 kodʒuppɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 uppɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 koɕəppɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 uppɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 koɕuppɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 uppɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 2 kojɨppɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 uppɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 nei Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 uppɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 koɭuppɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 uppɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 koɭuppɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 uppɨ Tamil 2 koɻuppɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 uppɨ Malayalam 1 neij Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 uppɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 uppɨ 86. fish Tamil 1 uppɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 min Malayalam 1 uppɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 miːn

Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 miːn Mannan, Veliyampara 1 mɔʈʈʌ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 min Mannan, Kumily 1 mɔʈʈʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 miːn Mannan, Kovilmala 1 mɔʈʈʌ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 miːn Mannan, Kodakallu 1 mɔʈʈʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 min Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 moʈʈɑ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 min Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 mɔʈʈʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 min Urali, Poovandikudi 1 muʈʈɑ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 min Urali, Vanchivayal 1 moʈʈɑ Mannan, Kumily 1 min Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 muʈʈʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 miːn Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 muʈʈʌ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 miːn Tamil 1 muʈʈʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 min Malayalam 1 muʈʈʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 min Urali, Poovandikudi 1 miːn 89. cow Urali, Vanchivayal 1 miːnɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 3 maɖɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 miːn Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 3 pɛɕɨmaɖɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 miːn Muthuvan, Kavakudi 3 maɖɨ Tamil 1 miːnɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 3 maɖɨ Malayalam 1 miːn Muthuvan, Valsapetti 3 maɖɨ

Muthuvan, Kunchipara 3 maɖɨ 87. chicken Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 3 maɖɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 koji Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 pʌɕu Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 koji 3 maɖɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 koji Mannan, Vattamedu 3 maɖɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 koji Mannan, Veliyampara 3 maɖɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 koji Mannan, Kumily 3 pɛʈʈʌmaɖɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 koji Mannan, Kovilmala 3 maɖɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 koji Mannan, Kodakallu 3 maɖɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 koji Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 3 maɖɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 koɕi Mannan, Thinkalkadu 3 maɖɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 koɕi Urali, Poovandikudi 2 kʌnnɨkɑɭi Mannan, Kumily 1 koɕi Urali, Vanchivayal 1 pʌsu Mannan, Kovilmala 1 koɕi Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 3 maɖɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 koɕi Paliya, Lebbakandam 3 maɖɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 koɕi Tamil 1 pʌsu Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 koɕi Malayalam 1 pʌɕu Urali, Poovandikudi 1 kojɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 kojɨ 90. buffalo Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 koːɭi Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ɛɾumʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 koːɭi Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ɛɾɛmʌmaɖɨ Tamil 1 koːɻi Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ɛɾumʌ Malayalam 1 koːɻi Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ɛɾumaɖɨ

Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ɛɾumʌmaɖɨ 88. egg Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ɛɾumʌ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 mɔʈʈʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 pot̪t̪ɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 mɔʈʈʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ɛɾumʌ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 mɔʈʈʌ 2 pot̪t̪ɨmaɖɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 mɔʈʈʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ɛɾumʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 mɔʈʈʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ɛɾumʌ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 mɔʈʈʌ Mannan, Kumily 1 ɛɾumʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 mɔʈʈʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ɛɾumʌmaɖɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 mɔʈʈʌ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ɛɾumʌmaɖɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 mɔʈʈʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 pot̪t̪ɨ

Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ɛɾumʌ 93. tail Urali, Poovandikudi 3 kɑlʌn Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ʋalɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 eɾumʌ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ʋalɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ɛɾumʌ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 baːlɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ɛɾumʌ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ʋalɨ Tamil 1 eɾ̪umʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ʋalɨ Malayalam 1 eɾ̪umʌ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ʋalɨ 91. milk Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 baːlɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 baːlɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 palɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 2 t ̪okkɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 palɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 2 t ̪okkɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 palɨ Mannan, Kumily 2 t ̪okkɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 palɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 2 t ̪okkɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 palɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 baːlɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 palɨ 2 t ̪okkɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 palɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ʋalɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 palɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ʋalɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 palɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ʋɑlɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 palɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ʋɑlɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 palɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ʋalɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 palɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ʋalɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 palɨ Tamil 1 ʋɑlɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 palɨ Malayalam 1 ʋɑlɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 palɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 pɑlɨ 94. goat Urali, Vanchivayal 1 pɑlɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ɑːɖɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 palɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ɑːɖɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 palɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ɑːɖɨ Tamil 1 pɑlɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ɑːɖɨ Malayalam 1 pɑlɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ɑːɖɨ 92. horns Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ɑːɖɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ɑːɖɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 kombɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ɑːɖɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 kombɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ɑːɖɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 kombɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ɑːɖɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 kombɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 ɑːɖɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 kombɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ɑːɖɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 kombɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ɑːɖɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 kombɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ɑːɖɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 kombɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ɑːɖɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 kombɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ɑːɖɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 kombɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ɑːɖɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 kombɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ɑːɖɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 kombɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ɑːɖɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 kombɨ Tamil 1 ɑːɖɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 kombɨ Malayalam 1 ɑːɖɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 kombɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 kombɨ 95. dog Urali, Vanchivayal 1 kombɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 naji Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 kombɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 naji Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 kombɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 naji Tamil 1 kombɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 naji Malayalam 1 kombɨ

Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 naj Mannan, Veliyampara 2 tʃɔkkʌn Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 nɑjɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 kuɾʌŋgɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 nɑjɨ 2 tʃɔkkʌn Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 nɑjɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 2 tʃɔkkʌn Mannan, Vattamedu 1 nɑj Mannan, Kodakallu 2 tʃɔkkʌn Mannan, Veliyampara 1 naj Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 tʃɔkkʌn Mannan, Kumily 1 naj Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 tʃɔkkʌn Mannan, Kovilmala 1 naji Urali, Poovandikudi 1 kuɾʌŋgɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 naji Urali, Vanchivayal 1 kuɾʌŋgɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 nɑj Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 koɾʌŋgɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 naj Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 koɾʌŋŋɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 nɑjɨ Tamil 1 koɾʌŋŋɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 2 pʌʈʈi Malayalam 1 kuɾʌŋgɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 naji Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 nɑjɨ 98. mosquito Tamil 1 nɑjɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 7 kosiːsɪ Malayalam 1 nɑj Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 7 kosəkiːsɪ

Muthuvan, Kavakudi 7 koɕiːɕɪ 96. snake Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 7 koɕiːɕɪ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 pambɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 6 iːsɪ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 pambɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 koɕukɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 pambɨ 3 koɕukɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 pambɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 7 koɕɨkiːɕɪ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 pambɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 koɕukɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 pambɨ 3 koɕukɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 pambɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 5 mɪnd̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 pambɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 5 mɪnd̪ɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 pambɨ Mannan, Kumily 5 mɪnd̪ɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 pambɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 5 mɪnd̪ɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 pambɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 5 mɪnt̪ɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 pambɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 5 mɪnd̪ɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 pambɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 5 mɪnd̪ɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 pambɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 4 kod̪ɨkɑli Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 pambɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 4 kod̪ɨkɑli Urali, Poovandikudi 1 pɑmbɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 koɕɨʋi Urali, Vanchivayal 1 pɑmbɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 koɕukɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 pambɨ 3 koɕukɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 pambɨ Tamil 1 kosu Tamil 1 pɑmbɨ Malayalam 3 kot ̪ukɨ Malayalam 1 pɑmbɨ 99. ant 97. monkey Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ɪɾumbi Muthuvan, Itticity 1 koɾʌŋŋɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ɪɾəmbɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 koɾʌŋŋɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ɪɾumbi 3 ɛnəʋan Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ɪɾəmbɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 3 ɛnɨʋan Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ɪɾumbi Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 koɾʌŋŋɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ɪɾumbi 4 mʌn̪d̪i Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ɪɾumbɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 koɾʌŋŋɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ɪɾumbɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 koɾʌŋŋɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ʊɾumbɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 koɾʌŋŋɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 uɾumbɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 koɾʌŋŋɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 uɾumbɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 2 tʃɔkkʌn Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ʊɾumbɪ

Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ʊɾumbɪ Tamil 1 peːɾ̪ɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ʊɾumbɨ Malayalam 1 peːɾ̪ɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ʊɾumbɪ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 uɾɨmbɨ 102. man Urali, Vanchivayal 1 uɾɨmbɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 2 aːmpəɭʌjaɭ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ɪɾəmbɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 ambuɭʌjaːɭɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ɛɾumbɨ 5 kʌjʌn Tamil 1 ɛɾumbɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 aːmpəɭʌjaɭ Malayalam 1 uɾumbɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 aːmpʊɭʌjaɭɨ

Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 aːmpʊɭʌjaɭɨ 100. spider Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 aːɳɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 4 ʋʌɳɳan Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 3 mʌnɨɕʌn Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 4 ʋʌɳɳan Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 aːɳɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 4 ʋʌɳɳan 5 kʌjiɾɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 4 ʋʌɳɳan Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ɑːɳpuɭɭʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 4 ʋʌɳɳan 2 ɑːɳpuɭɭʌ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 4 ʋʌɳɳan Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ɑːɳpuɭɭʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 5 urɭi 2 ɑːɳpuɭɭʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 4 bʌɳɳan Mannan, Kumily 1 ɑːɳpuɭɭʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 4 ʋʌɳɳan 2 ɑːɳpuɭɭʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 4 ʋʌɳɳan Mannan, Kovilmala 1 aːɳɨ Mannan, Kumily 4 ʋʌɳɳan Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ɑːɳpuɭɭʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 4 bʌɳɳan 2 ɑːɳpuɭɭʌ Mannan, Kodakallu 4 bʌɳɳan Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 aɳmʌkkʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 4 ʋʌɳɳan Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 aːɳɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 4 ʋʌɳɳan Urali, Poovandikudi 3 mʌnɨɕʌn Urali, Poovandikudi 3 mʌnnɑ Urali, Vanchivayal 3 mʌnɨtʃʌn Urali, Vanchivayal 3 mʌnnɑ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 aːmpuɭʌ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 tsɛlʌn̪d̪i Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 aːmpuɭʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 tʃɛlʌn̪t ̪i Tamil 1 aːɳɨ Tamil 2 tʃɪlʌn̪t ̪i Malayalam 4 puɾuʃʌn Malayalam 1 eʈʈukɑli 103. woman 101. name Muthuvan, Itticity 4 pɛmpɛɭʌjaɭ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 peːɾ̪ɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 4 pɛmbʊɭʌjaɭɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 peːɾɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 4 pɔmpʊɭʌjaɭ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 peːɾ̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 4 pɛmbʊɭʌjaɭɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 peːɾɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 4 pɔmpʊɭʌjaɭɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 peːɾɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 3 pɛɳɳɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 peːɾɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 3 pɛɳɳɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 peːɾɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 3 pɛɳɳɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 peːɾɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 4 pɛɳpuɭɭʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 peːɾɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 4 pɛɳpuɭɭʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 peːɾɨ Mannan, Kumily 4 pɛɳpuɭɭʌ Mannan, Kumily 1 peːɾɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 3 pɛɳ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 peːɾɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 4 pɛɳpuɭɭʌ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 peːɾɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 3 peɳmʌkkʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 peːɾɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 3 pɛɳɳɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 peːɾɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 2 peŋgɑɭi Urali, Poovandikudi 1 peːɾɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 2 peŋgɑli Urali, Vanchivayal 1 peːɾɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 4 pɛmpuɭʌ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 peːɾɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 4 pɛmpuɭʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 peːr

Tamil 3 pɛɳɳɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ʌmmʌ Malayalam 1 st ̪ri Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ʌmmʌ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ʌmmʌ 104. child Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ʌmmʌ Muthuvan, Itticity 3 kuɲdʒɪ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ʌmmʌ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 3 kuɲdʒɪ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ʌmmʌ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 3 kuɲdʒɪ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ʌmmʌ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 3 kuɲdʒɪ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ʌmmʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 3 kuɲdʒɪ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ʌmmɑ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 3 kuɲdʒɪ Mannan, Kumily 2 t̪ʌɭɭʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 3 kuɲdʒɪ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ʌmmʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 3 kuɲdʒɪ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ʌmmʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 puɭɭʌ 2 t̪ʌɭɭʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 kuɲdʒɪpuɭɭʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 t̪ʌɭɭʌ 1 puɭɭʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ʌmmʌ 3 kuɲdʒɪpuɭɭʌ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ʌmmɑ Mannan, Kumily 1 puɭɭʌ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ʌmmɑ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 puɭɭʌ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ʌmmʌ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 puɭɭʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ʌmmʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 pʊɭɭʌ Tamil 1 ʌmmʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 pʊɭɭə Malayalam 1 ʌmmʌ

Urali, Poovandikudi 1 pullɑ 107. older brother Urali, Vanchivayal 1 pullɑ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 4 koɭʌnd̪ʌ Muthuvan, Itticity 4 ʌɳɳʌn Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 pɪɭɭʌ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 4 ʌɳɳʌn Tamil 1 puɭɭe Muthuvan, Kavakudi 4 ʌɳɳʌn Malayalam 2 kuʈʈi Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 4 ʌɳɳʌn Muthuvan, Valsapetti 4 ʌɳɳʌn 105. father Muthuvan, Kunchipara 4 ʌɳɳʌn Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ʌppʌn Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 4 ʌɳɳʌn Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ʌppʌn Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 4 bʌlijʌʌɳɳʌn Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ʌppʌn Mannan, Vattamedu 2 ʌtʃ.ʌn Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ʌppʌn Mannan, Veliyampara 1 t̪ʌmmʌn Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ʌppʌn Mannan, Kumily 2 ʌtʃ.ʌn Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ʌppʌn Mannan, Kovilmala 2 ʌtʃ.ʌn Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ʌppʌn Mannan, Kodakallu 1 t̪ʌmmʌn Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ʌppʌn Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 t̪ʌmmʌn Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ʌppʌn Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 ʌtʃ.ʌn Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ʌppʌn Urali, Poovandikudi 3 tʃeʈʈʌn Mannan, Kumily 1 ʌppʌn Urali, Vanchivayal 3 tʃeʈʈʌn Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ʌppʌn Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 4 ʌɳɳʌn Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ʌppʌn Paliya, Lebbakandam 4 ʌɳɳʌn Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 4 t̪ʌnd̪aɾɨ Tamil 4 ʌɳɳen Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ʌppʌn Malayalam 3 dʒeʃʈʌn

Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ʌppʌn 108. younger brother Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ʌppʌn Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ʌppʌ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 t̪ʌmbi Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 ʌjjʌ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 t̪ʌmbi Tamil 1 ʌppe Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 t̪ʌmbi Malayalam 3 ʌtʃhʌn Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 t̪ʌmbi Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 t̪ʌmbi 106. mother Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 t̪ʌmbi Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ʌmmʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 t̪ʌmbi

Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 t̪ʌmbi Mannan, Vattamedu 2 ɪɭeːʋʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 t̪ʌmbi Mannan, Veliyampara 4 ɪɭʌjʌpɛŋga Mannan, Veliyampara 1 t̪ʌmbi Mannan, Kumily 2 ɪɭeːʋʌ Mannan, Kumily 1 t̪ʌmbi Mannan, Kovilmala 0 No Entry Mannan, Kovilmala 1 t̪ʌmbi 2 ɪɭeːʋʌ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 t̪ʌmbi Mannan, Kodakallu 2 ɪɭeːʋʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 t̪ʌmbi Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 ɪɭeːʋɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 t̪ʌmbi Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 ɪɭeːʋʌ 3 ʌʋaɭʌ Urali, Poovandikudi 3 ʌnɪjʌt ̪t ̪i Urali, Poovandikudi 1 t̪ʌmbi Urali, Vanchivayal 3 ʌnɪjʌt ̪t ̪i Urali, Vanchivayal 1 t̪ʌmbi Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 t̪ʌnkʌɕɪ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 t̪ʌmbi Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 t̪ʌŋgʌtʃi Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 t̪ʌmbi Tamil 1 t̪ʌŋgʌtʃi Tamil 1 t̪ʌmbi Malayalam 3 ʌnudʒʌt ̪t ̪i Malayalam 2 ʌnudʒʌn 111. son 109. older sister Muthuvan, Itticity 3 kʌjjən Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ʌkkɑ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 mʌkʌn Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ʌkkʌ 3 kʌjʌn Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ʌkkʌ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 3 kʌjjən Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ʌkkʌ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 3 kʌjjən Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ʌkkʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 mʌkʌn Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ʌkkʌ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 3 kʌjjən Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ʌkkʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 3 kʌjjən Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 bʌlɪjʌʌkkʌn Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 3 kʌjjən 1 ʌkkɑ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 mʌkʌn Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ʌkkɑ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 mʌkʌn 1 ʌkkʌ Mannan, Kumily 1 mʌkʌn 2 t̪ʌʋʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 mʌkʌn Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ʌkkɑ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 mʌkʌn Mannan, Kumily 1 ʌkkɑ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 mʌkʌn 2 t̪ʌʋʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 mʌkʌn Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ʌkkɑ Urali, Poovandikudi 2 kotʃɑɾɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ʌkkɑ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 mʌhʌn Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ʌkkɑ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 mʌhʌn 2 t̪ʌʋʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 mʌkʌn Mannan, Thinkalkadu 3 pɛːt ̪t ̪i Tamil 1 mʌhʌn Urali, Poovandikudi 4 tʃeɖʌt ̪t ̪i Malayalam 1 mʌkʌn Urali, Vanchivayal 4 tʃeɖʌt ̪t ̪i Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ʌkkʌ 112. daughter Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ʌkkʌ Muthuvan, Itticity 2 pɪɭɭʌ Tamil 1 ʌkkʌ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 pɪɭɭʌ Malayalam 4 dʒeʃʈʌt ̪t ̪i Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 pɪɭɭʌ

Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 0 No Entry 110. younger sister Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 mʌkʌɭ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 t̪ʌnkɑ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 pɪɭɭʌ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 t̪ʌŋkɑ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 pʊɭɭʌɪ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 t̪ʌŋkɑ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 pʊɭɭʌ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 t̪ʌŋkɑ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 mʌkʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 t̪ʌŋgʌtʃi Mannan, Veliyampara 1 mʌkʌ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 t̪ʌŋkɑ Mannan, Kumily 1 mʌkʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 t̪ʌnkɑ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 mʌkʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 t̪ʌnkɑ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 mʌkʌ

Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 mʌkʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 pɛɳ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 mʌkʌ Urali, Poovandikudi 4 peŋgali Urali, Poovandikudi 3 peŋgɑli Urali, Vanchivayal 4 peŋgali Urali, Vanchivayal 1 mʌhʌɭ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 6 pɔɳɖaʈi Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 mʌkʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 6 pɔɳɖaʈi Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 mʌkʌ Tamil 3 mʌnʌivi Tamil 1 mʌhʌɭ Malayalam 2 bhɑɾjʌ Malayalam 1 mʌkʌɭ 115. boy 113. husband Muthuvan, Itticity 4 ampəɭʌkuɲdʒi Muthuvan, Itticity 7 kɛʈʈɪjon Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 4 ambuɭʌkuɲtʃi Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 6 ʋiʈʈɨambʌɭʌjaɭɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 4 ampəɭʌkuɲdʒi Muthuvan, Kavakudi 4 puɾusʌn Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 4 ampəɭʌkuɲdʒi 8 koɾʌʋʌn Muthuvan, Valsapetti 4 ampəɭʌkuɲdʒi Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 7 kɛʈʈɪjʌvʌn Muthuvan, Kunchipara 4 ɑːɳkundʒi Muthuvan, Valsapetti 7 kɛʈʈɪjon 5 ɑːɳkundʒi 9 tʃɛŋŋaɾɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 4 ɑːɳkundʒi Muthuvan, Kunchipara 5 ʋiʈʈukɑɾʌn 5 ɑːɳkundʒi Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 aːɳɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 4 ɑɳguɲtʃi 8 koɾʌʋʌn Mannan, Vattamedu 3 aːɳpuɭɭʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 5 ʋiʈʈukɑɾʌn Mannan, Veliyampara 3 aːɳpuɭɭʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 aːɳ Mannan, Kumily 3 aːɳpuɭɭʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 aːɳ Mannan, Kovilmala 3 ɑːɳpuɭɭʌ Mannan, Kumily 1 aːɳɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 3 aːɳpuɭɭʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 aːɳɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 3 aːɳpuɭɭʌ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 aːɳ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 3 aːɳpuɭɭʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 aːɳ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 kotʃɑɾɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 aːɳ Urali, Vanchivayal 3 ɑmbuɭɭʌ Urali, Poovandikudi 2 t̪ʌn̪t̪ɑɾɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 aɳpɔɭʌpʌjjʌn Urali, Vanchivayal 2 t̪ʌn̪t̪ɑɾɨ 3 aɳpɔɭʌpʌjjʌn Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 4 puɾʃʌn Paliya, Lebbakandam 3 aːmpuɭʌpɪɭɭʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 4 puɾusʌn Tamil 2 pʌijʌn Tamil 4 puɾʃʌn Malayalam 5 ɑːɳkuʈʈi Malayalam 3 bhʌɾt̪t̪ɑʋ 116. girl 114. wife Muthuvan, Itticity 6 pembuɭʌkuɲdʒi Muthuvan, Itticity 7 kɛʈʈɪjoɭ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 6 pembuɭʌkuɲtʃi Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 5 ʋiʈʈukɑɾi Muthuvan, Kavakudi 6 pembuɭʌkuɲdʒi 9 pəmbuɭʌjaɭɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 6 pembuɭʌkuɲdʒi Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 pɛɳɳɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 6 pembuɭʌkuɲdʒi Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 9 pəmbuɭʌjaɭɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 5 pɛɳguɲtʃi Muthuvan, Valsapetti 7 kɛʈʈɪjoɭ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 4 pɛɳpuɭʌpɪɭɭʌ 7 kuʈʈaɭɨ 6 pembuɭʌkuɲdʒi Muthuvan, Kunchipara 5 biʈʈukɑɾi Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 5 pɛɳguɲtʃi Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 pɛɳɳɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 3 pɛɳpuɭɭʌ 8 koɾʌt ̪t ̪i Mannan, Veliyampara 3 pɛɳpuɭɭʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 5 biʈʈukɑɾi Mannan, Kumily 3 pɛɳpuɭɭʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 pɛɳ Mannan, Kovilmala 3 pɛɳpuɭɭʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 pɛɳ Mannan, Kodakallu 3 pɛɳpuɭɭʌ Mannan, Kumily 1 pɛɳɳɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 3 pɛɳpuɭɭʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 pɛɳɳɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 3 pɛɳpuɭɭʌ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 pɛɳ Urali, Poovandikudi 2 peŋgɑli Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 pɛɳ Urali, Vanchivayal 3 pembuɭɭʌ

Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 4 pɛɳpuɭʌpɪɭɭʌ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ɪɾɑ Paliya, Lebbakandam 4 pɛɳpuɭʌpɪɭɭʌ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 4 ɾɑt ̪ri Tamil 1 poɳɳɛ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ɪɾəʈ Malayalam 5 pɛɳkuʈʈi Tamil 4 ɾɑt ̪ri Malayalam 4 ɾɑt ̪ri 117. day 119. morning Muthuvan, Itticity 2 n̪ɑɭɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 nɑɭɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 7 ʋɪjaʈɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 n̪ɑɭɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 7 ʋɪjaʈɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 n̪ɑɭɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 7 ʋɪjaʈɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 naɭ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 7 ʋɪjaʈɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 naɭ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 7 ʋɪjaʈɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 n̪ɑɭɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 7 ʋjaʈɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 3 d̪əʋsʌm Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 7 ʋɪjaʈɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 na Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 3 ɾaʋɪlə Mannan, Veliyampara 1 na 5 manʌm Mannan, Kumily 1 na bəɭɪtʃɪt̪ɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 na Mannan, Vattamedu 4 pɪlətʃeːkkɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 na Mannan, Veliyampara 4 pɪlətʃeːkkɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 na Mannan, Kumily 4 pɪlətʃeːkkɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 na Mannan, Kovilmala 4 pɪlʌtʃeːkkɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 3 d̪ɪʋʌsʌm Mannan, Kodakallu 4 pɪlətʃeːkkɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 3 t ̪iʋʌɕʌm Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 4 pɪlətʃekku Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 n̪ɑɭɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 4 pɪlətʃeːkkɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 ɳaɭ Urali, Poovandikudi 2 pulʌhɑlʌ Tamil 2 n̪ɑɭɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 kɑlʌt ̪t ̪e Malayalam 3 d̪ɪʋʌsʌm Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 kɑleːl Paliya, Lebbakandam 6 ʋɪdɪndʒɪɾɪtʃ 118. night Tamil 1 kɑle Muthuvan, Itticity 4 ɾɑt ̪ri Malayalam 3 ɾɑʋɪle

Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 4 ɾɑt ̪ri 120. noon Muthuvan, Kavakudi 4 ɾɑt ̪ri Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 4 ɾɑt ̪ri Muthuvan, Itticity 3 mʌt̪ɪjʌnʌm Muthuvan, Valsapetti 4 ɾɑt ̪ri Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 pʌhʌlɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 ɾaʋɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 pʌkʌl 3 ɾaʋɨ 3 mʌt ̪jʌnʌm Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 ɪɾʌʋɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 utʃ.ʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 3 ɾaji Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 pʌkʌl Mannan, Vattamedu 2 raʋɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 utʃ.ʌ 3 raʋɨ 2 pʌkʌl Mannan, Veliyampara 2 ɾaʋɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 utʃ.ʌ 3 ɾaʋɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 utʃ.ʌ Mannan, Kumily 2 ɾaʋɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 utʃ.ʌ 3 ɾaʋɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 utʃ.ʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 2 raʋɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 utʃ.ʌ 3 raʋɨ 2 pʌkʌl Mannan, Kodakallu 2 ɾaʋɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 utʃ.ʌ 3 ɾaʋɨ 4 pʌnneɳɖumaɳi Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 ɾaʋɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 2 pʌgʌl 3 ɾaʋɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 utʃ.ʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 raʋɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 utʃ.ʌ 3 raʋɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 utʃtʃɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ɪɾɑ Urali, Vanchivayal 2 pʌhʌlɨ

Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 3 mʌt ̪jʌnʌm Urali, Vanchivayal 3 ɪnnʌlʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 3 mʌd̪d̪ɪjʌnʌm Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 neːt̪t̪ɨ Tamil 3 mʌd̪jʌnʌm Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 neːt̪t̪ɨ Malayalam 1 uttʃʌ Tamil 1 neʈʈɨ Malayalam 3 in̪n̪ʌle 121. evening/afternoon 123. today Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ʌnd̪i 2 ʌnd̪i Muthuvan, Itticity 3 intrɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ʌnd̪i Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 ɪntɨ 2 ʌnd̪i 3 ɪntɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ʌnd̪ɪk Muthuvan, Kavakudi 3 ɪntɾəjkɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ʌnd̪i Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 3 ɪntəjkɨ 2 ʌnd̪i Muthuvan, Valsapetti 3 ɪntəjkɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ʌnd̪ɪk Muthuvan, Kunchipara 3 ɪntəjkɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ʌnd̪i Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 3 ɪntəjkɨ 2 ʌnd̪i Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 ɪntɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ʌnd̪i 3 ɪntɨ 2 ʌnd̪i Mannan, Vattamedu 4 ʋuɳɳakkɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ʌnd̪i Mannan, Veliyampara 4 uɳɳaːkk 2 ʌnd̪i Mannan, Kumily 4 uɳɳaːkk Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ʌnd̪ɪjoɖɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 4 ʋuɳɳakkɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ʌnd̪ɪjoɖɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 4 ʋuɳɳakkɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 ʌnd̪ɪjoɖɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 4 ʋuɳɳakkɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ʌnd̪ɪjoɖɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 4 ʋuɳɳakkɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ʌnd̪ɪjoɖɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 innɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ʌnt̪ɪjoɖɨ 2 innɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ʌnd̪ɪjoɖɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 innɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 4 mʌtʃtʃu 2 innɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 4 mʌtʃtʃu Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ɪn̪n̪ejkɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ʌnd̪i Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ɪn̪n̪ejkɨ 2 ʌnd̪i Tamil 3 intrɨ 3 sɑjʌmkʌlʌm Malayalam 1 in̪n̪ə Paliya, Lebbakandam 3 sɑjʌmkʌlʌm Tamil 3 sɑjʌmkʌlʌm 124. tomorrow Malayalam 2 sʌnd̪iə Muthuvan, Itticity 1 naɭə

Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 naɭə 122. yesterday Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 naɭə Muthuvan, Itticity 4 ɪnəʈɛkɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 n̪ɑɭɛjkɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 4 ɪnəʈɪk Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 naɭə Muthuvan, Kavakudi 4 ɪnəʈɪk Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 naɭə Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 4 ɪnəʈɪk Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 n̪aɭə Muthuvan, Valsapetti 4 ɪnəʈɛjkɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 n̪aɭə Muthuvan, Kunchipara 4 ɪnəʈɪk Mannan, Vattamedu 1 naɭə Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 4 ɪnəʈɪk Mannan, Veliyampara 1 naɭə Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 4 ɪnəʈik Mannan, Kumily 1 ɳaɭɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 2 n̪ɪnəʈ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 naɭə Mannan, Veliyampara 2 n̪ɪnəʈ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 naɭə Mannan, Kumily 2 n̪ɪnəʈ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 naɭə Mannan, Kovilmala 2 n̪ɪnəʈ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 n̪aɭə Mannan, Kodakallu 2 n̪ɪnəʈ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 nɑɭʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 n̪ɪnəʈ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 nɑɭʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 n̪ɪnəʈ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 n̪aɭə Urali, Poovandikudi 3 ɪnnʌlʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 n̪ɑɭɛjkɨ

Tamil 1 nɑɭe Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 ʋʌɾʃʌm Malayalam 1 n̪ɑɭe Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 ʋʌɾsʌm Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 ʋʌɾʃʌm 125. week Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 ʋʌɾʃʌm Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ʋɑɾ̪ʌm Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 ʋʌɾʃʌm Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ʋɑɾ̪ʌm Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 bʌɾɨtsʌm Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ʋɑɾ̪ʌm Mannan, Vattamedu 2 ʋʌɾɪjʌm Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ʋaɾʌm Mannan, Veliyampara 2 ʋʌɾsʌm Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ʋaɾʌm 3 kollam Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 ɑːjtʃtʃɑ Mannan, Kumily 2 bʌɾɪjʌm Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 ɑːtʃʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 2 bʌɾɪjʌm Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 ɑːjɪtʃʌ Mannan, Kodakallu 2 ʋʌɾɪjʌm Mannan, Vattamedu 2 ɑːtʃʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 aːɳɖɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 2 aːɕtʃʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 ʋʌɾɪɕʌm Mannan, Kumily 2 ɑːjtʃə Urali, Poovandikudi 2 ʋʌɾɪjʌm Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ʋaɾʌm Urali, Vanchivayal 2 ʋʌɾɪjʌm 2 ɑːtʃʌ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 ʋʌɾʃʌm Mannan, Kodakallu 2 oɾatʃ Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 ʋʌɾʃʌm Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 aːɻtʃʌ Tamil 2 ʋʌɾɪjʌm Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 ɑːjtʃʌ Malayalam 2 ʋʌɾʃʌm

Urali, Poovandikudi 2 ɑːjtʃtʃɑ 128. old Urali, Vanchivayal 2 ɑːjtʃtʃɑ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ʋaɾʌm Muthuvan, Itticity 2 pʌɭʌjʌt̪ɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ʋɑɾ̪ʌm Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 pʌɭɛjʌ Tamil 1 ʋɑɾ̪ʌm Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 pʌɭʌɕɨ Malayalam 1 ʋɑɾ̪ʌm Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 pʌɭɛjɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 pʌɭɛʋʌn 126. month 3 pʌɭɛʋʌn Muthuvan, Itticity 1 masʌm Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 pʌɭʌjʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 masʌm Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 3 pʌjmʌn Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 masʌm Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 pʌjki Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 masʌm Mannan, Vattamedu 3 pʌɕʌʋʌn Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 masʌm Mannan, Veliyampara 3 pʌɕʌʋʌn Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 masʌm Mannan, Kumily 3 pʌɕʌʋʌn Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 maɕʌm Mannan, Kovilmala 3 pʌɕʌʋʌn Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 matsʌm Mannan, Kodakallu 3 pʌɕʌʋʌn Mannan, Vattamedu 1 maɕʌm Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 3 pʌɕʌʋʌn Mannan, Veliyampara 1 maɕʌm Mannan, Thinkalkadu 3 pʌɕʌʋʌn Mannan, Kumily 1 maɕʌm Urali, Poovandikudi 2 pʌjʌd̪ɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 masʌm Urali, Vanchivayal 2 pʌjʌd̪ɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 maɕʌm Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 pʌɭʌɕɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 masʌm Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 pʌɭʌɕɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 masʌm Tamil 2 pʌɻʌjʌ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 mɑd̪ʌm Malayalam 2 pʌɻʌjʌt̪ɨ

Urali, Vanchivayal 1 mɑɕʌm 129. new Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 masʌm Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 mɑsʌm Muthuvan, Itticity 1 put ̪ijʌt̪ɨ Tamil 1 mɑsʌm 1 put̪t̪ʌn Malayalam 1 mɑsʌm Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 put̪t̪ʌn Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 put ̪uɕɨ 127. year Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 put̪ɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 2 ʋʌɾsʌm Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 put ̪uʋʌn Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 ʋʌɾsʌm Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 put̪t̪ʌn

Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 put̪t̪ʌn Mannan, Kumily 4 ʌɕəkkʌl Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 put ̪ijʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 kɛʈʈʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 put ̪uʋʌn 4 ʌɕɪkkʌl Mannan, Veliyampara 1 put ̪uʋʌn Mannan, Kodakallu 4 ʌɕəkkʌlɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 put ̪uʋʌn Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 4 ʌɕɪkkʌl Mannan, Kovilmala 1 put ̪uʋʌn 6 tʃʌnd̪ʌnat̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 put ̪uʋʌn Mannan, Thinkalkadu 3 moɕʌm Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 put ̪uʋʌn Urali, Poovandikudi 3 moɕʌm Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 put ̪uʋʌn Urali, Vanchivayal 5 kunʌʋɪllɑ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 pud̪ɪjʌ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 kɛʈʈʌt̪ɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 pud̪ɪjʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 kɛʈʈʌt̪ɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 put ̪uɕɨ 7 ɪɭukk Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 put ̪uɕɨ Tamil 1 kɛʈʈʌ Tamil 1 put ̪ijʌ Malayalam 3 moɕʌm Malayalam 1 put ̪ijʌt̪ɨ 132. wet 130. good Muthuvan, Itticity 1 n̪ʌnʌnʌn Muthuvan, Itticity 1 nʌllʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 n̪ʌnʌɕʌlɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 nʌllʌʋʌn Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 n̪ʌnʌɕʌlɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 n̪ʌllʌ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 n̪ʌnʌnʌnan Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 n̪ɛntɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 n̪ʌnʌnʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 nʌllʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 n̪ʌnʌɲɲʌ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 nɛllʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 n̪ʌnʌtʃi Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 n̪ʌllʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 n̪ʌnʌɲɲʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 n̪ʌllʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 n̪ʌnʌɲdʒej Mannan, Vattamedu 1 n̪ʌllʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 nʌnʌɲdʒʌt̪ɨ 3 nʌjʌmanʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 n̪ʌnʌɲdʒej Mannan, Veliyampara 3 nʌjʌmanʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 n̪ʌnʌɲdʒʌd̪ɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 n̪ʌllʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 nʌnʌɲdʒʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 nʌllʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 n̪ʌnʌɲtʃ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 nʌllʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 n̪ʌnʌɲdʒʌd̪ɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 3 nʌjʌmanʌt̪ɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 nʌnʌɲdʒu Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 n̪ʌllʌt̪ɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 nʌnʌɲdʒʌ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 nʌllʌd̪ɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 n̪ʌnʌɲɲʌ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 nʌllʌd̪ɨ 2 iɾʌmuɭɭʌ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 nʌllʌt̪ɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 iːɾ̪ʌmajɪɾʌkɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 n̪ʌllʌ Tamil 1 n̪ʌnʌndʒʌ Tamil 1 n̪ʌllʌ Malayalam 1 nʌnʌɲɲʌt̪ɨ Malayalam 1 n̪ʌllʌd̪ɨ 133. dry 131. bad Muthuvan, Itticity 2 oɳʌŋŋɪjʌ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 kɛʈʈʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 oɳʌŋŋɪkɪnʌ 2 tsaʈʈʌ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 oɳʌŋŋɪjʌ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 tsaʈʈʌ 5 kanʌʋʌn Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 tsaʈʈʌ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 oɳʌŋŋɪnʌ 4 ɛɕɨkɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 5 kanɛjʌ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 tsaʈɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 oɳʌŋŋɪjʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 tsaʈʈʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 uɳʌkkʌ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 tʃaʈʈʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 uɳʌŋŋɪjʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 4 ɛɕʊkkɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 3 ʋɛɖɪʋʌn Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 tsaʈʈʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 3 ʋəɖɪɲdʒʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 4 ʌɕukkʌl Mannan, Kumily 3 bəɖɪɲdʒej Mannan, Veliyampara 4 ʌɕɪkkʌl Mannan, Kovilmala 3 ʋəɖɪɲdʒʌt̪ɨ

Mannan, Kodakallu 3 bəɖɪɲdʒʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 3 kuɾɪjʌd̪ɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 uɳʌnt ̪ejʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 5 tʃʊɾɪjʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 uɳʌnd̪ʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kumily 3 kuɾɪjʌd̪ɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 t ̪uʋʌn̪t̪ʌd̪ɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 5 tʃʊɾɪjʌt̪ɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 t ̪uʋʌn̪t ̪u Mannan, Kodakallu 1 kuɲdʒʌt̪ɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 4 kaɲdʒʌt̪ɨ 3 kuɲdʒʌt̪ɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 4 kaɲdʒʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 5 tʃʊɾɪjʌ Tamil 2 uɳʌŋt̪ʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 5 tʃʊɾɪjʌt̪ɨ Malayalam 2 uɳʌŋŋijʌt̪ɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 2 koɾʌɲdʒʌd̪ɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 3 kuɾɪjʌd̪ɨ 134. long Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 6 tʃɪnnʌ Muthuvan, Itticity 3 n̪iːʈʌm Paliya, Lebbakandam 4 kuʈʈʌ 4 n̪iːʈʌm Tamil 4 kuɭɭʌjɑne Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 3 n̪iːʈʌm Malayalam 5 tʃeɾɪjʌt̪ɨ

4 n̪iːʈʌm 136. hot Muthuvan, Kavakudi 3 n̪iːʈʌm 4 n̪iːʈʌm Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ʃuːɖɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 n̪iːɭʌm Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 4 ʋʌmmʌn 4 n̪iːɭʌm Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 tsuɖɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 neɖɨppʌm Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 tsuːɖɨ 3 n̪iːʈʌm Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 tsuɖɨ 4 n̪iːʈʌm Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 tʃuːɖɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 nɛɖuppʌm Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 tʃuːɖɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 n̪iːɭʌm Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 tsuɖɨ 4 n̪iːɭʌm Mannan, Vattamedu 1 tʃuːɖɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 n̪iːɭʌm 3 bɛːʋʌn 3 n̪iːʈʌmɔɭɭʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 tʃuːɖɨ 4 n̪iːɭʌm 3 ʋɛːʋʌn Mannan, Vattamedu 2 nəɖɪjʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 tʃuːɖɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 2 nəɖɪjʌ 3 bɛːʋʌn Mannan, Kumily 2 nəɖɪjʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 tsuːɖɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 2 nəɖɪjʌt̪ɨ 3 bɛːʋʌn Mannan, Kodakallu 2 nəɖɪjʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 3 bɛːʋʌn Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 nəɖɪjʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 tʃuːɖɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 n̪iːɭʌmanʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 tʃuːɖɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 2 neɖɨkkʌm Urali, Poovandikudi 2 ʋekkɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 2 neɖɨkkʌm Urali, Vanchivayal 2 ʋekkɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 n̪iːɭʌm Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 tʃuːɖɨ 4 n̪iːɭʌm Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ʃuːɖɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 3 n̪iːʈʌm Tamil 1 tʃuːɖɑnʌ 4 n̪iːʈʌm Malayalam 1 tʃuːɖuɭɭʌ Tamil 1 n̪iɭʌ Malayalam 1 n̪iːɭʌmuɭɭʌd̪ɨ 137. cold

Muthuvan, Itticity 4 n̪əɾəŋgɨ 135. short 5 aːɾɪjʌ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 kuɲtʃi Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 5 aːɾɪnan Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 kuɲdʒʌʋʌn Muthuvan, Kavakudi 4 n̪ʌɾəŋgɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 6 tsɪnnʌ 5 aːɾɪpoɳʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 6 tsɪnnʌ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 t̪ʌɳut̪t̪ʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 6 tʃɪnnʌ 4 n̪əɾəŋgɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 kuɲdʒi Muthuvan, Valsapetti 4 n̪ʌɾəŋgʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 kuɲtʃi Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 t̪ʌɳut̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 kuɲtʃi 4 n̪əɾəŋgɨ

Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 5 aːɾɪjʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ɪɖʌt̪t̪ə Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 4 n̪əɾəŋgɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ɪɖʌt̪t̪ə Mannan, Vattamedu 1 t̪ʌɳut̪t̪ɛɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ɪɖʌt̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ 3 kuɖɪɾɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ɪɖʌt̪t̪ʌkoɖɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 3 uɭəɾʌ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ɪɖʌt̪t̪ɨ Mannan, Kumily 3 kuɖɪrɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ɪɖʌt ̪t ̪u Mannan, Kovilmala 3 kuɭɪɾ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ɛɖʌ 5 aːɾɪjʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ɛɖʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 3 uɭəɾɨ Tamil 1 ɛɖʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 3 kuɖɪɾɨ Malayalam 1 ɪɖʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 t̪ʌɳuppɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 3 kuɭiɾɨ 140. near Urali, Vanchivayal 3 kuɭiɾɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 5 kɪʈʈʌ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 3 kuɭɪɾɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 5 kɪʈʈʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 3 kuɭəɾɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 5 kɪʈʈʌ Tamil 2 kuɭun̪d̪e Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 5 kɪʈʈə Malayalam 1 t̪ʌɳut̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 5 kɪʈʈə

Muthuvan, Kunchipara 5 kɪʈʈʌ 138. right Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 5 kɪʈʈʌ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ʋʌlʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 5 kɪʈʈʌ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ʋʌlʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 5 kɪʈʈə Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ʋʌlʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 5 kɪʈʈʌ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ʋʌlʌ Mannan, Kumily 5 kɪʈʈə Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ʋʌlʌʋɛɾuppɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 5 kɪʈʈʌ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ʋʌlʌt̪t̪ɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 5 kɪʈʈə Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ʋʌlʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 5 kɪʈʈe Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ʋʌlʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 5 kɪʈʈʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ʋʌlʌt̪t̪ʌkoɖɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ʌɖɨt̪t̪ɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ʋʌlʌt̪t̪ʌkoɖɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 2 tʃeɾn̪d̪u Mannan, Kumily 1 bʌlʌt̪t̪əkoɖɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 3 pʌkkʌm Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ʋʌlʌt̪ɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 3 pʌkkʌm Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ʋʌlʌt̪t̪ə 5 kɪʈʈə Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ʋʌlʌt̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ Tamil 3 pʌkkʌt ̪t ̪ile Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ʋʌlʌt̪t̪ʌkoɖɨ Malayalam 4 ʌɾikʌt̪t̪ɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ʋʌlʌt̪t̪ɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ʋʌlʌt̪t̪ɨ 141. far Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ʋʌlʌ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 t ̪uːɾʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ʋʌlʌt̪ɨ 2 t ̪uːɾʌ Tamil 1 ʋʌlʌd̪ɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 t ̪uːɾʌm Malayalam 1 ʋʌlʌt̪ɨ 2 t ̪uːɾʌm

Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 t ̪uːɾɛ 139. left 2 t ̪uːɾɛ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ɪɖʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 t ̪uːɾʌ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ɪɖʌ 2 t ̪uːɾʌ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ɪɖʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 t ̪uːɾɛ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ɛɖʌ 2 t ̪uːɾɛ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ɪɖʌʋɛɾuppɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 t ̪uːɾʌ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ɪɖʌt̪t̪ɨ 2 t ̪uːɾʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ɪɖʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 t ̪uːɾɛ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ɪɖʌ 2 t ̪uːɾɛ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ɪɖʌt̪t̪əkoɖɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 t ̪uːɾʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ɪɖʌt̪t̪ʌkoɖɨ 2 t ̪uːɾʌ Mannan, Kumily 1 ɪɖʌt̪t̪əkoɖɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 2 t ̪ule

Mannan, Veliyampara 2 t ̪ulel Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 3 kuɲdʒɨ Mannan, Kumily 2 t ̪ulel Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 tsəɾɪjʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 2 t ̪ulʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 3 kuɲdʒʌt̪ɨ 3 nɛɖukʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 3 kuɲdʒɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 3 nəɖukə Mannan, Kumily 3 kuɲdʒʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 t ̪ulel Mannan, Kovilmala 2 tʃʊɾɪjʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 t ̪ulel Mannan, Kodakallu 2 tʃʊɾɪjʌt̪ɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 t ̪uːɾʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 3 kuɲtʃʌt̪ɨ 2 t ̪uːɾʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 tʃoɾɪjʌt̪ɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 t ̪uːɾʌ Urali, Poovandikudi 2 tʃeɾɪjʌd̪ɨ 2 t ̪uːɾʌ Urali, Vanchivayal 3 kuɲɲi Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 d̪uːɾʌm Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 tʃinnʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 t ̪uːɾʌm Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 tʃinnʌt̪ɨ 2 t ̪uːɾʌm Tamil 1 tʃinnʌ Tamil 1 d̪uːɾʌ Malayalam 2 tʃeɾut̪ɨ Malayalam 1 d̪uːɾe 144. heavy 142. big Muthuvan, Itticity 5 paɾʌm Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ʋɛlɪjʌ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 5 paɾʌm 5 ʋɪʈʈə̃n Muthuvan, Kavakudi 5 paɾʌm Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ʋɛlɪjʌ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 5 paɾʌm Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ʋɛlɪjʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 5 paɾʌm 5 ʋɪʈʈə 6 ʋɛjtɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ʋɛlɪjʌ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 kʌnʌmuɭɭʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ʋɛlɪjʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 5 paɾʌm 5 ʋəʈʈʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 4 iːɖɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ʋɛlɪjʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 tʃəɾɪjanʌkʌnʌm 5 ʋəʈʈʌ 3 tʃəɾɪjanʌkʌnʌm Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ʋɛlɪjʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 tʃəɾɪjanʌkʌnʌm Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 bʌllijʌ 3 tʃəɾɪjanʌkʌnʌm Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ʋʌlɪjʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 kʌnʌmuɭɭʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ʋʌlijʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 kʌnʌmuɭɭʌt̪ɨ 3 tʃəɾɪjanʌ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 tʃʌɾɪjanʌkʌnʌm Mannan, Kumily 1 bʌlɪjʌt̪ɨ 3 tʃʌɾɪjanʌkʌnʌm Mannan, Kovilmala 1 bʌlɪjʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 tʃəɾɪjanʌkʌnʌm Mannan, Kodakallu 1 bʌlɪjʌt̪ɨ 3 tʃəɾɪjanʌkʌnʌm Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 3 tʃəɾɪjanʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 3 tʃʌɾɪjanʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ʋʌlɪjʌt̪ɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 2 kʌʈʈi Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ʋʌlijʌd̪ɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 2 kʌʈʈi Urali, Vanchivayal 4 mojt ̪t ̪o Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 tʃəɾɪjanʌkʌnʌm Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 pɛɾɪɕɨ 3 tʃəɾɪjanʌkʌnʌm Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 peɾijʌt̪ɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 kʌnʌmanʌt̪ɨ Tamil 2 peɾijʌ Tamil 1 gʌnʌmʌɳɨ Malayalam 1 ʋʌlɪjʌt̪ɨ Malayalam 5 bhɑɾ̪ʌmuɭɭʌ

143. small 145. light Muthuvan, Itticity 1 tʃinnʌ Muthuvan, Itticity 2 kʌnʌmkuɾʌɲɲʌ 3 kuɲdʒʌt̪ɨ 5 pɑɾʌmɪllɑ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 3 kuɲdʒɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 5 paɾʌmkoɾʌʋɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 3 kuɲdʒɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 5 paɾʌŋŋɪlla Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 tʃinnʌ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 kʌnʌmkuɾʌʋʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 tʃinnʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 6 lesajʈɪɾɪkkɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 3 kuɲdʒɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 kʌnʌmɪllʌ

Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 kʌnʌmkuɾʌʋʌ 4 ʌɖɪjɪl Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 kʌnʌmɪllʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 4 ʌɖɪjoɖɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 3 kʌnʌmnat̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 4 ʌɖil Mannan, Veliyampara 3 kʌnʌnat̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 2 kiːɭɨ Mannan, Kumily 3 kʌnʌnat̪t̪ɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 kiːɭə Mannan, Kovilmala 3 kʌnʌnat̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ 2 kiːɭɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 4 ʌɭʌʋajɨ 2 kiːɭə Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 3 kʌnʌmnat̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 kiːɭə Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 kʌnʌmtʃuɾɪjʌt̪ɨ 2 kiːɭə Urali, Poovandikudi 1 kʌʈʈikoɾʌʋɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 3 t̪ɑːɭe Urali, Vanchivayal 5 pɑɾʌmɪllɑ Tamil 4 ʌɖile Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 kʌnʌmɪllat̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ Malayalam 3 t̪ɑːɻe Paliya, Lebbakandam 6 lesa Tamil 6 lesɑɳɨ 148. white Malayalam 2 kʌnʌmkuɾʌɲɲʌ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ʋɛɭut̪t̪ʌ

Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ʋɛɭɭʌ 146. above Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ʋɛɭut̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 3 mɪnd̪an Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ʋɛɭɭʌ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 3 mɪd̪an Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ʋɛɭuppɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 mɪt ̪aɪ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ʋɛɭuppɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 3 mɪd̪an Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 bɛɭut̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 3 mɪd̪an Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ʋɛɭɭʌ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 3 mɪd̪an Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ʋəɭɭət̪ɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 3 mɪd̪an Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ʋeɭɭʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 3 mɯd̪anɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 ʋəɭɭət̪ɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 2 mit̪ɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 bəɭɭət̪ɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 2 mit ̪t ̪oɖɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ʋəɭɭət̪ɨ Mannan, Kumily 2 mit̪ɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ʋeɭɭʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 2 miːt̪ɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ʋəɭɭəjanʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 2 mit ̪t ̪oɖɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ʋelɨt̪t̪ʌd̪ɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 mit ̪t ̪oɖɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ʋellʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 mit ̪t ̪oɖɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ʋəɭɭə Urali, Poovandikudi 1 melɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ʋɛɭɭʌ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 melɨ Tamil 1 ʋɛɭɭʌ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 meːlə Malayalam 1 ʋɛɭut̪t̪ʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 meɭə Tamil 1 mele 149. black Malayalam 4 mukʌɭil Muthuvan, Itticity 1 kʌrt ̪t ̪a

Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 kʌɾut̪t̪ʌʋʌn 147. below Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 kʌrt̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 2 kɪɭɭʌn Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 kʌrt ̪t ̪a Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 kɪɭɭʌn Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 kʌɾuppɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 kɪɭɭʌj Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 kʌrt ̪t ̪a Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 kɪɭɭʌn Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 kʌrt̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 kɪɭɭʌj Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 kʌrt ̪t ̪a Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 kɪɭɭʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 kʌrt̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 kɪɭɭʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 kʌrt ̪t ̪a Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 kɪɭɭʌ Mannan, Kumily 1 kʌrt̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 kiɕə Mannan, Kovilmala 1 kʌrt̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 4 ʌɖɪjoɖɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 kʌrt̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kumily 4 ʌɖiːl Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 kʌrt̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 4 ʌɖi Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 kʌrt̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 kiɕə Urali, Poovandikudi 1 kʌɾɨppɨ

Urali, Vanchivayal 1 kʌɾɨppɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 oɳɳɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 kʌɾuppɨ Tamil 1 on̪n̪ɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 kʌrt̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ Malayalam 1 on̪n̪ɨ Tamil 1 kʌɾuppu Malayalam 1 kʌɾuppɨ 152. two

Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ɾ̪ʌɳɖʌ 150. red Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ɾʌɳɖɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 3 tsəʋət̪t̪ʌ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ɾ̪ʌɳɖɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 4 tʃɛkəɲŋɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ɪɾʌɳɖʌ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 3 tsəʋət̪t̪ʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ɾʌɳɖɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 3 tsəʋət̪t̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ɾʌɳɖɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 3 tsəʋət̪t̪ʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ɪrʌŋɖɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 3 tʃɛʋət̪t̪ʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ɪrʌŋɖɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 3 tʃɔʋət̪t̪ʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ɪɾʌɳɖɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 3 tsoʋət̪t̪ʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ɪɾʌɳɖɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 3 tʃɔʋʌt̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 ɪɾʌɳɖɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 5 tʃɪʋʌlʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ɪɾʌɳɖɨ Mannan, Kumily 2 tʃɔmʌppɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ɪrʌŋɖɨ 5 tʃɔmʌlʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ɪɾʌɳɖɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 5 tʃumʌlʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ɪɾʌɳɖɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 3 tʃɔʋʌt̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 2 sennɖu Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 3 tʃɔʋʌt̪t̪ʌd̪ɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 2 sennɖu Mannan, Thinkalkadu 5 ɕomʌlʌ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ɾʌɳɖɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ɕuʋʌn̪t̪ɑɾʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ɾ̪ʌɳɖɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 tʃuʋʌn̪d̪ʌ Tamil 1 ɾ̪ʌɳɖɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 tʃɛhʌppɨ Malayalam 1 ɾ̪ʌɳɖɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 tʃɛhʌppɨ Tamil 2 tʃoʋʌppu 153. three Malayalam 2 tʃuʋʌppɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 2 muːntɾɨ

Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 muːntɾɨ 151. one Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 muːntɾɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 2 ɔntɾɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 muːntɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ɔntɨ 2 muːntɨ 2 ɔntɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 muːntɾɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 ɔntɾɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 muːntɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 ɔntɾɨ 2 muːntɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 ɔntɾɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 muːntɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ɔntɨ 2 muːntɨ 2 ɔntɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 muːntɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ɔntɨ 2 muːntɨ 2 ɔntɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 muːɳɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ɔntɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 muːɳɨ 2 ɔntɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 muːɳɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 oɳɳɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 muːɳɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 oɳɳɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 muːɳɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 oɳɳɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 muːɳɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 oɳɳɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 muːn̪n̪ɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 oɳɳɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 muːnɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 oɳɳɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 muːnɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 oɳɳɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 muːnɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 onnu Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 muːɳɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 onnu Tamil 1 muːn̪n̪ɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 oɳɳɨ Malayalam 1 muːn̪n̪ɨ

154. four Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ɑːɾɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 aːrɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 n̪alɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 aːrɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 naːlɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 aːrɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 naːlɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 aːrɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 naːlɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 aːrɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 naːlɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ɑːɾɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 naːlɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 aːrɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 n̪aːlɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 aːrɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 n̪alɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 aːrɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 naːlɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ɑːɾɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 naːlɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ɑːɾɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 naːlɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 aːrɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 naːlɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 aːrɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 naːlɨ Tamil 1 ɑːɾu Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 n̪aːlɨ Malayalam 1 ɑːɾɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 naːlɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 nɑːlɨ 157. seven Urali, Vanchivayal 1 nɑːlɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 naːlɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 2 ɛːɭɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 n̪aːlɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ɛːjɨ Tamil 1 nɑːlɨ 2 ɛːɭɨ Malayalam 1 nɑːlɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 ɛːɭɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 ɛːɭɨ 155. five Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 ɛːɭɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ɛːjɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ʌɲdʒɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ɛːjɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ʌɲdʒɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ɛːjɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ʌndʒɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 2 ɛːɭɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ʌndʒɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 2 ɛːɭɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ʌndʒɨ Mannan, Kumily 3 ɛːɕɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ʌndʒɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 2 ɛːɭɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ʌndʒɨ 3 ɛːɕɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ʌɲdʒɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 3 ɛːɕɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ʌndʒɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 ɛːɭɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ʌndʒɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 ɛːɭɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 ʌndʒɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ejɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ʌndʒɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ejɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ʌɲdʒi Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 ɛːɭɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ʌɲdʒ Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 ɛːɭɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ʌndʒɨ Tamil 1 eːɻɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ɑɲtʃɨ 2 eːɻɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ʌɲtʃɨ Malayalam 1 eːɻɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ʌɲdʒɨ 2 eːɻɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ʌndʒɨ 158. eight Tamil 1 ʌndʒɨ Malayalam 1 ʌndʒɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ɛʈʈɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ɛʈʈɨ 156. six Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ɛʈʈɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 aːrɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ɛʈʈɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 aːrɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ɛʈʈɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 aːrɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ɛʈʈɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 aːrɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ɛʈʈɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 aːrɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ɛʈʈɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ɛʈʈɨ

Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ɛʈʈɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 pʌt̪t̪ɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 ɛʈʈu Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 pʌt̪t̪ɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ɛʈʈɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 pʌt̪t̪ɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ɛʈʈɨ Tamil 1 pʌt̪t̪ɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ɛʈʈu Malayalam 1 pʌt̪t̪ɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ɛʈʈɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 jeʈʈɨ 161. eleven Urali, Vanchivayal 1 jeʈʈɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 pʌt̪ɪnoɳɖrɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ɛʈʈɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 pʌt̪ɪnoɳɖrɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ɛʈʈɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 pʌt̪ɪnoɳɖrɨ Tamil 1 ɛʈʈɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 pʌt̪ɪnontɨ Malayalam 1 ɛʈʈɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 pʌt̪ɪnoɳɖrɨ

Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 pʌt̪ɪnontɨ 159. nine Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 pʌt̪ɪnontɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ompʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 panɔn̪n̪ɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ombʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 pʌt̪ɪnoɳɖrɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ompʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 pʌt̪ɪnoɳɳɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ompʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 pʌt̪ɪnoɳɳɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ompʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 pʌt̪ɪnoɳɳɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ompʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 pʌt̪ɪnoɳɳɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ompʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 pʌt̪ɪnoɳɳɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ɔmbot̪ɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 pʌt̪ɪnoɳɳɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ombʌt̪ɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 pʌd̪ɨnonɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ompʌt̪ɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 pʌd̪ɨnonɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 ombʌt̪ɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 pʌt̪ɪnoɳɳɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 onpʌt̪ɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 pʌd̪ɪnon̪n̪ɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ombot̪ɨ Tamil 1 pʌd̪inonn̪u Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ombʌt̪ɨ Malayalam 1 pʌd̪ɪnon̪n̪ɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ombʌt̪ɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ombʌd̪ɨ 162. twelve Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ombʌd̪ɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 pʌnd̪ɾʌɳɖɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ompʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 pʌnnəɳɖɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ombot̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 pʌnnəɳɖɨ Tamil 1 ompʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 pʌnd̪ɾʌɳɖɨ Malayalam 1 onpʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 pʌnnəɳɖɨ

Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 pʌnd̪ɾʌɳɖɨ 160. ten Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 pʌnnəɳɖɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 pʌt̪t̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 pʌnd̪ɾʌɳɖɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 pʌt̪t̪ɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 pʌnnəɳɖɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 pʌt̪t̪ɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 pʌnd̪ɾʌɳɖɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 pʌt̪t̪ɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 pʌnnəɳɖɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 pʌt̪t̪ɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 pʌnnəɳɖɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 pʌt̪t̪ɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 pʌnd̪rəɳɖɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 pʌt̪t̪ɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 pʌnnəɳɖɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 pʌt̪t̪ɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 pʌnnəɳɖɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 pʌt̪t̪ɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 pʌn̪t̪ɨɾeɳɖɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 pʌt̪t̪ɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 pʌn̪t̪ɨɾeɳɖɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 pʌt̪t̪ɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 pʌnnəɳɖɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 pʌt̪t̪ɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 pʌnnəɳɖɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 pʌt̪t̪ɨ Tamil 1 pʌn̪d̪ɾʌɳɖɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 pʌt̪t̪ɨ Malayalam 1 pʌn̪d̪ɾʌɳɖɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 pʌt̪t̪ɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 pʌt̪t̪ɨ

163. twenty Muthuvan, Kunchipara 3 ɛːʋʌn Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 3 ɛːʋʌn Muthuvan, Itticity 1 iɾ̪uʋʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 3 ɛːʋʌn Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ɪɾuʋʌd̪ɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 aːɾɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ɪɾuʋʌd̪ɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 aːɾɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ɪɾuʋʌd̪ɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 aːɾɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ɪɾuʋʌd̪ɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 aːɾɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ɪɾuʋʌd̪ɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 aːɾɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ɪɾupʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 aːɾɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ɪɾupət̪ɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 aːɾɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ɪɾupʌt̪ɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 3 emʌn Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ɪɾuʋʌd̪ɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 3 emʌn Mannan, Kumily 1 ɪɾuʋʌd̪ɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 aːɾɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 iɾ̪uʋʌt̪ɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 jɑɾ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ɪɾupʌt̪ɨ Tamil 1 jɑɾ̪u Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ɪɾupʌt̪ɨ 2 jɑɾ̪u Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ɪɾupʌt̪ɨ Malayalam 1 ɑːɾ̪ɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ɪɾuʋʌd̪ɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ɪɾuʋʌd̪ɨ 166. what? Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ɪɾuʋʌd̪ɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ɪɾupʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 2 ɛnd̪ən Tamil 1 iɾ̪uʋʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 ɛnd̪ʌn Malayalam 1 iɾupʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 ɛnd̪ə̃n Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 ɛnd̪ən 164. one hundred Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ɛnd̪ɨ 2 ɛnd̪ɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 nuːɾɨ 2 ɛnd̪ən Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ɳuːɾu Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 ɛnd̪ən Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 nuːɾɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ɛnd̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 nuːɾɨ 2 ɛnd̪ɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 nuːɾɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ɛnd̪ʌ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 nuːɾɨ 2 ɛnd̪ʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 nuːɾɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 2 end̪ʌnet̪t̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 nuːɾɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 2 ɛnd̪ən Mannan, Vattamedu 1 nuːɾɨ Mannan, Kumily 2 end̪ʌnet̪ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 nuːɾɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ɛnd̪ɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 nuːɾɨ 2 ɛnd̪ɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ɳuːɾɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 2 ɛnd̪ʊk Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ɳuːɾɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 end̪ʌnet̪t̪ɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 nuːɾɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ɛnd̪ə Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ɳuːɾu 2 ɛnd̪ə Urali, Poovandikudi 1 nuːɾɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 enne Urali, Vanchivayal 1 nuːɾɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ennʌ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 nuːɾɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ɛnnʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ɳuːɾɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ennʌ Tamil 1 nuːɾɨ Tamil 1 ennʌ Malayalam 1 nuːɾɨ Malayalam 1 en̪t̪ɨ 165. who? 2 en̪t̪ɨ

Muthuvan, Itticity 3 əːʋʌn 167. where? Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 3 ɛːʋʌn Muthuvan, Itticity 4 ɛd̪uk Muthuvan, Kavakudi 3 ɛːʋʌn Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 4 ɛd̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 3 ɛːʋʌn Muthuvan, Kavakudi 4 ɛd̪uk Muthuvan, Valsapetti 3 ɛːʋʌn Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 4 ɛd̪ɨ

Muthuvan, Valsapetti 4 ɛd̪uk Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ɛt̪t̪ɾʌ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ɛːɖəjːkɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ɛt̪t̪əɾʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ɛːɖə Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ɛt̪t̪ɪnʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ɛːɖə Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ɛt̪t̪ɪnə Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ɛːɖə Mannan, Kumily 1 ɛt̪t̪ɪnʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ɛːɖə Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ɛt̪t̪ɪnʌ Mannan, Kumily 1 ɛːɖeːkɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ɛt̪t̪ɪnə Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ɛːɖə Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ɛt̪t̪ʌnʌ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ɛːɖə Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 et̪t̪ɾʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ɛːɖekku Urali, Poovandikudi 1 et̪t̪ʌɾʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ɛːɖɐ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 et̪t̪ɨɾɑ Urali, Poovandikudi 2 eɲːge Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 ɛʋəɭəʋɨ 3 eɲːge Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ɛt̪t̪ɪnʌ Urali, Vanchivayal 3 eɲːgegi Tamil 1 ɛt̪t̪ʌne Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 ɛŋgɛ Malayalam 1 ɛt̪t̪ɾʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 eɲːge 3 eɲːge 170. what kind? Tamil 2 eŋgɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 3 ɛːd̪ɨsʌɪs Malayalam 1 ɛʋiɖe Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 ɛnd̪ʌn

Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 end̪ʌʃʌjɪs 168. when? 3 end̪ʌʃʌjɪs Muthuvan, Itticity 2 ɛppʌn Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 ɛnd̪ɛn Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 ɛppʌm Muthuvan, Valsapetti 3 ɛːd̪ɨɕʌɪs Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 ɛppʌn Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 end̪ʌʃʌjɪs Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 ɛppʌm 3 end̪ʌʃʌjɪs Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 ɛppʌm Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 3 ɛːd̪ɨɕʌɪs Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 ɛppʌm Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 0 ɴø ɛɴθɾʏ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 ɛppʌm Mannan, Vattamedu 2 end̪ʌntʃʌjɪs Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 ɛppo 3 end̪ʌntʃʌjɪs Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ɛppʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 7 ɛkʌt̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ 2 ɛppʌ Mannan, Kumily 2 ɛnd̪ɛn Mannan, Veliyampara 2 ɛppʌnɛ Mannan, Kovilmala 7 ɛhʌt̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kumily 2 ɛppɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 end̪ʌnt̪ʌɾʌm Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ɛppʌ 2 end̪ʌnt̪ʌɾʌm 2 ɛppʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 7 ɛkʌt̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 2 jəppɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 8 end̪əllam Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 ɛppɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 4 ennʌt̪t̪ʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 ɛppɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 5 eŋgunʌullʌd̪ɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ebbʌ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 3 ɛnnʌʃʌjɪs Urali, Vanchivayal 3 emblen Paliya, Lebbakandam 3 ennʌtʃʌjɪs Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ɛppʌ Tamil 6 ɛppʌɖipʌʈʈʌ 2 ɛppʌ Malayalam 1 ɛn̪t̪ut̪ʌɾʌm Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 ɛppʌm Tamil 2 ɛppo 171. this Malayalam 2 ɛppoɭ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ɪt̪ɨ

Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 ɪʋʌn 169. how many? Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ɪt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ɛt̪t̪ɾʌ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 ɪʋʌn Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ɛt̪t̪ʌɾʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ɪt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ɛt̪t̪əɾʌ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ɪt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ɛt̪t̪ɾʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ɪt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ɛt̪t̪əɾʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ɪt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ɛt̪t̪ɾʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ɪt̪ɨ

Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ɪt̪ɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 ɪt̪əllam Mannan, Kumily 1 ɪt̪ɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 2 ɪd̪ellɑ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ɪt̪ɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 2 ɪd̪ellɑ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ɪt̪ɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 ɪt̪ɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ɪt̪ɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 ɪt̪ɨkəllam Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ɪt̪ɨ Tamil 1 iʋei Urali, Poovandikudi 1 id̪ɨ Malayalam 1 iʋʌ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 id̪ɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ɪt̪ɨ 174. those Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ɪt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 at̪ɨmot̪t̪ʌm Tamil 1 id̪ɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 0 No Entry Malayalam 1 it̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 3 ʌʋʌ

Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 3 ʌʋʌn 172. that Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 3 ʌʋʌn Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 at̪ɨmot̪t̪ʌm 3 ʌʋʌn 2 ʌhʌt̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kumily 4 ullʌt̪əllam Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 4 ullʌt̪əllam Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 at̪ɨmot̪t̪ʌm Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ullʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ʌt̪t̪ʌnʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ullʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ʌt̪ellam Mannan, Kumily 1 ullʌt̪ɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ʌd̪ellɑ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ullʌt̪ɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ʌd̪ellɑ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ʌt̪ɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ʌt̪ɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ʌt̪əkəllam Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ʌt̪ɨ 4 ʌt̪əkəllam Urali, Poovandikudi 2 ɕed̪ɨ Tamil 3 ʌʋei Urali, Vanchivayal 2 ɕed̪ɨ Malayalam 3 ʌʋʌ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ʌt̪ɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ʌt̪ɨ 175. same Tamil 1 ʌd̪ɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 2 oɾ̪eːmɑt ̪iɾi Malayalam 1 ʌt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ontɨpolə

Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ontɨpolə 173. these Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 4 oɾɛɕʌjɪs Muthuvan, Itticity 2 ɪt̪umot̪t̪ʌm Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ontɨpolə Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 0 No Entry Muthuvan, Kunchipara 4 oɾɛɕiɾɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 iʋʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 onnɨtʃɨpoɳə Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ɪvʌn Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ɔɾɨpolə Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 ɪt̪ɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 4 oɾɛtʃʌjɪs Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 ɪt̪ɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 4 oɾɛtʃʌjɪs Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 ɪt̪ɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 oɾepolə Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 ɪt̪ɨ 5 mɔt̪t̪ʌma Mannan, Vattamedu 2 ɪt ̪umot̪t̪ʌm Mannan, Kovilmala 1 oɾ̪upoːle 3 ɪhʌt̪t̪ʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 4 oɾɛɕʌjɪs Mannan, Veliyampara 2 ɪt̪ɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 4 oɾɛɕʌjɪs Mannan, Kumily 2 ɪt̪əllam Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 oɾepolə Mannan, Kovilmala 2 ɪt̪əllam Urali, Poovandikudi 3 kɑnɑnʌllʌd̪ɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 2 ɪt̪umot̪t̪ʌm Urali, Vanchivayal 1 onnɨpolʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 ɪt̪t̪ʌnʌ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 oɾeːmat̪ɪɾɪ

Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 oɾepolə Malayalam 2 muɻuvʌn Tamil 2 oɾ̪eːmɑt ̪iɾi 3 muɻuvʌn Malayalam 1 oɾ̪upoːle 178. broken 176. different Muthuvan, Itticity 1 oɖʌnʌ Muthuvan, Itticity 4 pʌlʌtʃʌjɪs Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 oɖʌnokkʌɳʌ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ʋɛrɨʋaɾɛ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 4 t̪ɔɳənɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 ʋɪt ̪jasʌm Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 oɖʌnʌ 4 pʌlʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 oɖʌnʌ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ʋɛɾeʋɛɾe Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ɔɖʌɲɲɨpit̪ɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ʋɛɾeʋɛɾe Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 poʈʈɪɕə Muthuvan, Kunchipara 5 ɕiɾʌllʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ɔɖʌɲdʒɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 bɪt ̪jasʌm Mannan, Vattamedu 1 uɖʌndʒejʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 bɪt ̪jasʌm Mannan, Veliyampara 1 uɖʌndʒʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 4 pʌlʌtʃʌjɪs Mannan, Kumily 1 uɖʌndʒejʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 4 pʌlʌtʃʌjɪs Mannan, Kovilmala 1 uɖʌɲdʒʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 bɔɾeboɾe Mannan, Kodakallu 1 uɖʌɲtʃʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 bɔɾeboɾe Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 uɖʌɲtʃʌd̪ɨ 4 pʌlʌtʃʌjɪs Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 pɔʈʈijen Mannan, Kodakallu 4 pʌlʌɕʌjɪs Urali, Poovandikudi 3 ɕʌlli Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ʋɔɾevoɾe Urali, Vanchivayal 2 poʈʈijʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 ʋɪt ̪jasʌm Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 uɖʌɲdʒʌt̪ɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 3 kanɑmoɕɑ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 uɖʌɲtʃʌt̪ɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 2 ʋɪt̪t̪ɪjɑɕʌm Tamil 1 uɖʌndʒʌ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 4 pʌlʌɕʌjɪs Malayalam 2 poʈʈijʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ʋɛɾeʋɛɾe Tamil 1 ʋɛɾeʋɛɾe 179. few Malayalam 2 vɛt ̪t ̪jɑsʌm Muthuvan, Itticity 6 ot̪t̪ɪɾɪ

Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 6 ut̪t̪ɪɾɪ 177. whole Muthuvan, Kavakudi 6 ot̪t̪ɪɾɪ Muthuvan, Itticity 4 mɔt̪t̪ʌm Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 6 ot̪t̪ɪɾɪ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 4 mɔt̪t̪ʌmɐ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 6 ot̪t̪ɪɾɪ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 mujmʌn Muthuvan, Kunchipara 6 ɪt̪t̪ɪɾɪ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 4 mɔt̪t̪ʌm Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 kuɾʌtʃɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 4 mɔt̪t̪ʌm Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 kuɾʌtʃ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 4 mɔt̪t̪ʌm Mannan, Vattamedu 5 oɾɪt̪t̪ənʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 mujmʌn Mannan, Veliyampara 5 oɾɪt ̪t ̪nʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 mujmʌn Mannan, Kumily 5 oɾɪt̪t̪ənʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 5 ɔt̪t̪ɛ Mannan, Kovilmala 5 oɾɪt̪t̪ənʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 4 mɔt̪t̪ʌmɐ Mannan, Kodakallu 5 oɾɪt̪t̪ənʌ Mannan, Kumily 2 muɕuʋʌn Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 5 oɾət̪t̪ʌnʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 4 mɔt̪t̪ʌmɐ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 3 ʌɭʌʋʌ Mannan, Kodakallu 4 mɔt̪t̪ʌmɐ 5 oɾɪt ̪t ̪nʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 4 mɔt̪t̪ʌmɐ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 kuɾʌtʃɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 muɕuʋʌn Urali, Vanchivayal 4 ɕʌhʌlʌ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 mujɨʋʌne Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 koɲdʒʌm 2 mujɨʋʌne Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 koɲdʒʌm Urali, Vanchivayal 1 mujmʌn Tamil 2 koɲdʒʌm Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 6 muɭukkʌ Malayalam 1 kuɾʌttʃɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 muɭuvʌn 6 muɭuvʌn 180. many Tamil 3 muɻu Muthuvan, Itticity 10 koɭɭʌ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 10 koɭɭʌ

Muthuvan, Kavakudi 10 koɭɭʌ Urali, Vanchivayal 3 mott̪ ʌm̪ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 10 koɭɭʌ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 4 puːɾʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 10 koɭɭʌta̪ Paliya, Lebbakandam 4 puːɾʌ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 10 koɭɭʌ Tamil 1 ɛllɑm Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 11 mʌlʌmpolɛ Malayalam 1 ɛllɑm Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 kuːɖʌlɨ 3 ott̪ ɪɾi̪ 182. eat, he ate Mannan, Vattamedu 6 ʌnekʌm Muthuvan, Itticity 2 tɪnnɨ,̪ tɪntənan̪ 7 ʌnekʌm Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 tɪnnɨ,̪ tɪnt̪ ʌɳʌj̪ Mannan, Veliyampara 6 kʌnekʌm Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 tɪnnɨ,̪ tɪntəɳɛj̪ 9 kʌnekʌm Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 tɪnnɨ,̪ tɪntʌnɛ̪ Mannan, Kumily 6 kʌnekʌm Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 tɪnnɨ,̪ tɪnd̪ ̪ʌtʃ 7 ʌnamʌ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 tɪnnɨ,̪ tɪntɛ̪ 8 ʌnamʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 tɪnnɨ,̪ tɪntɛj̪ 9 kʌnekʌm Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 tɪnnɨ,̪ tɪnd̪ ̪ʌj Mannan, Kovilmala 8 kʌneːma Mannan, Vattamedu 3 tɪn,̪ tʊɳɳɛɨ̪ 9 kʌneːma Mannan, Veliyampara 2 tɪnnɨ,̪ tuɳeːj̪ 11 mʌnʌmpolɛ 3 tɪnnɨ,̪ tuɳeːj̪ Mannan, Kodakallu 6 kʌnekʌm Mannan, Kumily 2 tɪnnɨ,̪ tuɳeːj̪ 9 kʌnekʌm 3 tɪnnɨ,̪ tuɳeːj̪ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 5 oɾʊkumɪ Mannan, Kovilmala 3 tɪn,̪ tuɳeːj̪ 6 kʌnekʌm Mannan, Kodakallu 2 tɪnnɨ,̪ tuɳeːj̪ 9 kʌnekʌm 3 tɪnnɨ,̪ tuɳeːj̪ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 6 kʌnekʌm Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 tɪnnɨ,̪ tuɳejʌ̪ 9 kʌnekʌm 3 tɪnnɨ,̪ tuɳejʌ̪ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 kuːɖɨd̪ʌl Mannan, Thinkalkadu 3 tɪn,̪ tʊɳɳɨ̪ Urali, Vanchivayal 3 utt̪ ɪɾi̪ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 tɪn̪ ̪tɪje,̪ tɪnnɨ̪

Urali, Vanchivayal 1 tɨnnɨhe,̪ tɪnnɨ̪ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 8 kʌnamʌ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 4 tʃappɪɖɨ, tʃappɪʈatʃɨ 9 kʌnamʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 tɪnnɨ,̪ tɪnd̪ ̪ʌtʃ 12 nɪɾʌjʌ Tamil 4 sɑppiɖeː, sɑppiʈʈɑn Paliya, Lebbakandam 12 nɪɾʌjʌ Malayalam 2 tɪnnɨ,̪ tin̪ ̪n̪u Tamil 4 ɾombʌ Malayalam 2 d̪hɑːɾɑɭʌm̪ 183. bite, he bit

181. all Muthuvan, Itticity 1 kʌɖi, kʌɖɪtʃɨɳan Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 kʌɖi, kʌɖɪɕnʌj Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ɛllam Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 kʌɖi, kʌɖɪɕʌɳʌj Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 4 puːɾʋɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 kʌɖi, kʌɖɪʃɨnɛ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 5 ʌtt̪ ɾʌjum̪ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 kʌɖi, kʌɖɪʃɨnɛ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ɛllam Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 kʌɖi, kʌɖɪtʃʌtɨ̪ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ɛllam Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 kʌɖi, kʌɖɪɕəntɛj Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ɛllam Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 kʌɖi 6 okkʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 kʌɖi, kʌɖɪtʃatʃ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 3 mott̪ ʌm̪ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 kʌɖi, kʌɖɪtʃaɲdʒ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ɛllam Mannan, Kumily 1 kʌɖi, kʌɖɪtʃaɲdʒ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ɛllam Mannan, Kovilmala 1 kʌɖi, kʌɖɪtʃə Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ɛllam Mannan, Kodakallu 1 kʌɖi, kʌɖɪtʃatʃ Mannan, Kumily 1 ɛllam Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 kʌɖi, kʌɖitʃ.ejʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ɛllam Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 kʌɖi, kʌɖɪtʃeːj 3 mɔtt̪ ʌmʌ̪ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 kʌɖi, kʌɖɪtʃu Mannan, Kodakallu 2 ɔtt̪ ʌ̪ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 kʌɖɪtʃɨhe, kʌɖɪtʃɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 3 mɔtt̪ ʌmʌ̪ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 kʌɖi, kʌɖɪtʃɪʈə Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ɛllam Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 kʌɖi, kʌɖɪtʃatʃ Urali, Poovandikudi 3 mott̪ ʌm̪

Tamil 1 kʌɖi, kʌɖittʃɑɳ 185. drink, he drank Malayalam 1 kʌɖi, kʌɖittʃu Muthuvan, Itticity 1 kuɖi, kuɖɪʃɨnan 184. he is hungry, was hungry Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 kuɖi Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 kuɖi, kuɖɪʃɨɳʌj Muthuvan, Itticity 2 pəɲdʒɨpɪɖɪkkət̪ɨt̪ɪn, Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 kuɖi, kuɖɪʃɨnan pəɲdʒɨpɪɖɪtʃɨnan Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 kuɖi, kuɖɪʃɨnɛj Muthuvan, Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 kuɖi, kuɖɪtʃəj Chempakathozhu 2 pəɲdʒɨpɪɖɪkʌt̪ɛ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 kuɖi, kuɖɪtʃəj Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 pəɲdʒɨpɪɖɪkkət̪ɨ, Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 kuɖi, kuɖɪtʃ.u pəɲdʒɨpɪɖɪʃɪɳʌj Mannan, Vattamedu 1 kuɖi, kuɖɪtʃ.ej Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 pəɲdʒɨpɪɖɪɕɳan Mannan, Veliyampara 1 kuɖi, kuɖɪtʃ.ej Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 pəɲdʒɨpɪɖɪkkət̪ɨ, Mannan, Kumily 1 kuɖi, kuɖɪtʃ.ej pəɲdʒɨpɪɖɪʃɪnaj Mannan, Kovilmala 1 kuɖi, kuɖɪtʃə Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 pəɲdʒɨpɪɖɪkkənʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 kuɖi, kuɖɪtʃ.ej Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 pəɲdʒɨpɪɖɪkkənɨ, pəɲdʒɨpɪɖɪɕu Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 kuɖi, kuɖɪtʃ.ejə Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 pəɲdʒɨpɪɖɪkkənt̪ɨ, Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 kuɖi, kuɖɪtʃ.ej pəɲdʒʌm pɪɖɪtʃu Urali, Poovandikudi 1 kuɖitʃɪhe, kuɖɪtʃu Mannan, Vattamedu 1 pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪkənə, Urali, Vanchivayal 1 kuɖitʃɪhe, kuɖɪtʃu pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪtʃeːj Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 kuɖi, kuɖɪɕatʃɨ 2 pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪkənə, Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 kuɖi, kuɖɪtʃ.ɪt̪ɨ pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪtʃeːj Tamil 1 kuɖi, kuɖittʃɑɳ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪkənə, Malayalam 1 kuɖi, kuɖittʃu pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪtʃ.u 2 pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪkənə, 186. he is thirsty, was thirsty pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪtʃ.u Muthuvan, Itticity 4 t̪ʌɳɳi ʋʌɾəppɨ, Mannan, Kumily 1 pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪkənə, t̪ʌɳɳi ʋʌɾʌt̪t̪ɨnan pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪtʃeːj Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 4 t̪ʌɳɳi ʋʌɾəppɨ 2 pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪkənə, Muthuvan, Kavakudi 4 t̪ʌɳɳi ʋʌɾəppɨ, pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪtʃeːj t̪ʌɳɳi Mannan, Kovilmala 1 pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪkkɪnə, ʋʌɾʌpɨpɪɖɪɕʌɳʌj pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪtʃ.ejə Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 4 t̪ʌɳɳi ʋʌɾəppɨ 2 pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪkkɪnə, Muthuvan, Valsapetti 4 t̪ʌɳɳi ʋʌɾəppɨ, pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪtʃ.ejə t̪ʌɳɳi Mannan, Kodakallu 1 pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪkənə, ʋʌɾʌpɨpɪɖɪɕənʌ pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪtʃeːjə Muthuvan, Kunchipara 4 t̪ʌɳɳi ʋʌɾəkənʌt̪ɨ 2 pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪkənə, Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 4 t̪ʌɳɳi ʋʌɾəkənʌ pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪtʃeːjə Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 4 t̪ʌɳɳi bʌɾəkənt ̪u, Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪkkɪnə, t̪ʌɳɳi bʌɾʌt̪t̪ut̻ɨ pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪtʃ.ejə Mannan, Vattamedu 3 t̪ʌɳɳi t̪ʌʋɪkkəɳɨ, 2 pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪkkɪnə, t̪ʌɳɳi t̪ʌʋɪtʃeːj pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪtʃ.ejə Mannan, Veliyampara 3 t̪ʌɳɳi t̪ʌʋɪkkəɳɨ, Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪkənə, t̪ʌɳɳi t̪ʌʋɪtʃeːj pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪtʃ.u Mannan, Kumily 3 t̪ʌɳɳi t̪ʌʋɪkkəɳɨ, 2 pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪkənə, t̪ʌɳɳi t̪ʌʋɪtʃeːj pʌɲdʒʌm pʊɖɪtʃ.u Mannan, Kovilmala 3 t̪ʌɳɳi t̪ʌʋɪkkəɳɨ, Urali, Poovandikudi 1 pʌnnʌm pɪɖɪkkɑ, t̪ʌɳɳi t̪ʌʋɪtʃeːj pʌnnʌm pɪɖɪtʃɪʈʈɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 3 t̪ʌʋɪkkənə, t̪ʌʋɪtʃ.eːj Urali, Vanchivayal 1 pʌnnʌm pɪɖɪkkunnu, Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 3 t̪ʌʋɪkkɪnə, pʌnnʌʋɑjɪɾun̪d̪u t̪ʌʋɪtʃ.ejə Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 3 pʌɕɪkkət̪ɨ, pʌɕɪjaɾɪtʃɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 3 t̪ʌɳɳi t ̪ahʌm Paliya, Lebbakandam 3 pʌɕikkɨd̪ɨ, pʌɕɪtʃatʃɨ eɖekɳɨ, t̪ʌɳɳi Tamil 3 pʌsikkɨd̪ɨ, pʌsɪtʃɨd̪ɨ t̪ʌʋikkʊnnu Malayalam 4 viɕʌkkun̪n̪u, viɕʌn̪n̪u Urali, Poovandikudi 1 d̪ɑhɪkkunnu,

d̪ɑhʌʋɑɪɾun̪d̪u

Urali, Vanchivayal 2 ʌnnɪtʃtʃeɾɪhɑ, Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 kɪɖʌ, kɪɖʌnd̪aːtʃ tʌnnɪtʃeɾɪɲtʃu Tamil 2 pʌɖu, pʌɖut̪t̪ɑːn Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 3 t̪ʌʋɪkkət̪ɨ, Malayalam 1 kiɖʌkkɨ, kiɖʌn̪n̪u t̪ʌhʌmajɪɾɪtʃ Paliya, Lebbakandam 3 t̪ʌɳɳi t̪ʌʋɪkkət̪ɨ, 189. sit down, he sat down t̪ʌɳɳi t̪ʌʋɪtʃeːj Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ɪɾɨ, ɪɾɨnas Tamil 1 d̪ɑhʌmɑjiɾikkɨd̪ɨ, Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ɪɾəʋɨ d̪ɑhʌmɑjiɾɨn̪d̪ʌd̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ɪɾ̪i, ɪɾɨɳɛj Malayalam 1 d̪ɑːhikkun̪n̪u, d̪ɑːhittʃu Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ɪɾəʋɨ, ɪɾunnan Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ɪɾɨ, ɪɾɨnaɕ 187. sleep, he slept Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ɪɾɨ, ɪɾun̪n̪an Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ɪɾɨ, ɪɾəʋɪntɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 oɾʌŋŋɨ, oɾʌŋŋɪnan Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 iɾɨ, ɪɾunnej Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 oɾʌŋŋɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ɪɾɨ, ɪɾɨnd̪əːj Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 oɾʌŋŋɨ, oɾʌŋŋɪkɪɳʌj Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ɪɾɨ, ɪɾɨnd̪əːj Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 oɾʌŋŋɨ, oɾʌŋŋɪnɛ Mannan, Kumily 1 ɪɾɨ, ɪɾund̪ej Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 uɾʌŋŋɨ, uɾʌŋŋila Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ɪɾɨ, ɪɾund̪ej Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 oɾʌŋŋɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ɪɾə, ɪɾənd̪eːj Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 oɾʌŋŋɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ɪɾɨ, ɪɾənd̪ejʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 uɾʌŋŋɨ, uɾʌŋgi Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ɪɾɨ, ɪɾɨnd̪əːj Mannan, Vattamedu 1 uɾʌŋgɨ, uɾʌŋgeːj Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ɪɾin̪d̪ɪje, ɪɾun̪d̪u Mannan, Veliyampara 1 uɾʌŋŋɨ, uɾʌŋŋijej Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ɪɾɨn̪d̪ɨke, ɪɾun̪d̪u Mannan, Kumily 1 uɾʌŋŋɨ, uɾʌŋŋijej Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ɪɾɨ, ɪɾɨnd̪ɪʈʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 uɾʌŋŋɨ, uɾʌŋŋijej Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 ukkʌɾɨ, ɪɾun̪n̪atʃɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 uɾʌŋgənɨ, uɾʌŋgeːj Tamil 2 ukkʌɾɨ, ukkɑɳd̪ɑn Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 uɾʌŋŋɨ, uɾʌŋŋijejə Malayalam 1 ɪɾ̪i, ɪɾun̪n̪u Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 uɾʌŋgɨ, uɾʌŋgeːj Urali, Poovandikudi 1 uɾʌŋgu, uɾʌŋgi 190. give, he gave Urali, Vanchivayal 1 uɾʌŋgɨ, uɾʌŋgi Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 t ̪uːŋgɨ, t̪uːŋgɪʈə Muthuvan, Itticity 1 t̪a, t̪ʌnd̪ʌnan Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 oɾʌŋŋɨ, oɾʌŋŋɪjatʃɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 t̪ɑ Tamil 1 oɾeŋŋɨ, oɾeŋŋɨnɑn Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 t̪a, t̪ʌnd̪ʌj Malayalam 1 uɾʌŋŋɨ, uɾʌŋŋi Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 t̪a, t̪ʌnd̪ʌnan Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 t̪a, t̪ʌnd̪ʌʃ 188. lie down, he lay down Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 t̪ɑ, t̪ʌn̪d̪ɑn Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 t̪ɑ, t ̪ʌn̪ d̪ʌt ̪ɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 kɪɖʌ, kɪɖʌnʌnan Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 t̪a, t̪ʌnd̪ʌj Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 kɛɖʌʋɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 2 t̪ʌɾɨ, t̪ʌnd̪aɲtʃ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 kɪɖʌ, kɪɖʌɳaj Mannan, Veliyampara 2 t̪ʌɾɨ, t̪ʌnd̪ɛj Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 kɛɖʌʋɨ, kɛɖʌnan Mannan, Kumily 2 t̪ʌɾɨ, t̪ʌnd̪at̪ɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 kɪɖʌkɨ, kɪɖʌn̪n̪atʃɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 2 t̪ʌɾɨ, t̪ʌnd̪aɲtʃ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 kɪɖʌ, kɪɖʌʋɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 2 t̪ʌɾɨ, t̪ʌnd̪atʃ. Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 kɪɖʌ, kɪɖʌʋəj Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 t̪ʌɾɨ, t̪ʌnd̪atʃ.ɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 kɪɖʌʋɨ, kɪɖʌnnɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 t̪ʌɾɨ, t̪ʌnd̪aɲtʃ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 kɪɖʌ, kɪɖʌnd̪ej Urali, Poovandikudi 4 t̪ʌn̪t̪e, t̪ʌn̪t ̪u Mannan, Veliyampara 1 kɪɖʌ, kɪɖʌnd̪ej Urali, Vanchivayal 4 t̪ʌn̪t̪ɨke, t̪ʌn̪t̪ɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 kɪɖʌ, kɪɖʌnd̪ej Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 3 koɖɨ, t̪ʌn̪t ̪atʃɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 kɪɖʌ, kɪɖʌnd̪ej Paliya, Lebbakandam 3 koɖɨ, t̪ʌn̪n̪atʃɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 kɪɖʌ, kɪɖʌnd̪aːtʃ Tamil 1 t̪ɑ, t̪ʌn̪d̪ɑn Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 kɪɖʌ, kɪɖʌnd̪ejʌ Malayalam 1 t̪ɑ, t̪ʌn̪n̪u Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 kɪɖʌkeːk, kɪɖʌnd̪u Urali, Poovandikudi 1 keɖʌn̪d̪o, keɖʌn̪d̪u 191. it burns, it burned Urali, Vanchivayal 1 keɖʌn̪t̪ɨke, keɖʌkɑ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 pʌɖɨ, pʌɖət̪t̪ɪʈə Muthuvan, Itticity 4 t ̪ipɪɖɪʃɨnə, t ̪ipɪɖɪʃɨnaj

Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 3 ɛɾɪjʌt̪ɛ Tamil 3 tʃɑhɑd̪e, tʃɛʈʈɑn Muthuvan, Kavakudi 3 t ̪i pʊɖitʃnʌj, Malayalam 2 tʃɑkʌɾud̪ɨ, tʃʌt ̪t ̪u ɛɾɪɳɨɳaj 4 t ̪i pʊɖitʃnʌj, 193. don’t kill, he killed ɛɾɪɳɨɳaj Muthuvan, Itticity 1 kollaɾɨ, kontasɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 3 ɛɾɪjɪt̪ɛ, ɛɾunnan Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 kɔntʌlʌjanɛ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 3 ɛɾənə, ɛɾənaʃ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 kont̪ʌɭəjʌ, kont̪aɕɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 3 ɛɾɪjɪntə Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 kɔntalat̪ɨ, kɔntnan Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 3 ɛɾɪjɪntə, kʌt̪t̪ɪpit̪ɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 kont̪ʌɭəjʌ, kont̪aɕɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 3 ɛɾijʌt̪ɨ, kʌt̪t̪ɪnt ̪e Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 kolleɾɨ, kontaɾɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 kɑnd̪ənʌ, kɑnd̪ɪjejə Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 kolleːɾɨ, kontɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 kɑnd̪ənʌ, kɑnd̪ɪjejə Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 kɔlləɳɖɑ, kɔnteːn Mannan, Kumily 1 kɑnd̪ənʌ, bənd̪əːj Mannan, Vattamedu 1 kollat̪ə, koɳɳantʃ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 kɑnd̪ənʌ, kɑnd̪ɪjej Mannan, Veliyampara 1 kollat̪ə, koɳɳantʃ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 kɑnd̪ənət ̪ɨ, kʌt ̪t ̪ijeːj Mannan, Kumily 1 kollat̪ə, koɳɳantʃ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 kɑnd̪ənʌ, kɑnd̪ɪjejə Mannan, Kovilmala 2 koɳɳakɑt ̪e, Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 kɑnd̪ənʌ, kʌt̪t̪i koɳɳantʃɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 3 eɾɪjunnu, kʌt ̪t ̪i Mannan, Kodakallu 1 kollat̪e, konnatʃ Urali, Vanchivayal 2 kʌt ̪t ̪unnu, kʌt ̪t ̪i Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 koɳɳakɑt ̪e, Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 3 ɛɾɪjʌt̪ɨ koɳɳantʃɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 3 ɛɾɪjid̪ɨ, ɛɾɪɲɲatʃɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 kollat̪ə, koɳɳantʃ Tamil 3 ɛɾɪjid̪ɨ, ɛɾɨndʒʌd̪ɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 kollɪllɑ, konnu Malayalam 2 kʌt ̪t ̪unnu, kʌt ̪t ̪i Urali, Vanchivayal 1 kollɪllɑ, konnu

Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 3 tʃakʌʋəjkʌkuɖat̪ɨ, 192. don’t die, he died tʃakʌʋətʃɨjʌ Muthuvan, Itticity 4 tsʌt̪t̪ʌlat̪t̪ɨ, Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 kollat̪ə, koɳɖatʃɨ tsʌt̪t̪ənan Tamil 1 kollʌd̪d̪e, konnɑn Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 4 tsaʋʌn pɔkkʌlʌjʌt̪ɨ Malayalam 1 kollʌɳɖʌ, kon̪n̪u Muthuvan, Kavakudi 3 tsakʌkuɖat̪ɨ, tsʌt ̪t ̪u 4 tsakʌkuɖat̪ɨ, tsʌt ̪t ̪u 194. fly, it flew Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 4 tsʌt̪t̪ʌlat̪t̪ɨ, Muthuvan, Itticity 1 paɾɨ, paɾɪ tsʌt̪t̪ənan Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 paɾɨ, Muthuvan, Valsapetti 4 tsʌt̪t̪ʌlat̪t̪ɨ, Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 paɾɨ, paɾɪpokʌɳaj tsʌt̪t̪əkoɳaj Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 paɾɪ po, paɾɪ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 tʃakɑɖɨ, tʃʌt ̪t ̪u pokkənaj Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 3 tsakəːɾə, tsʌt ̪t ̪an Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 paɾɪpokən, 4 tsakəːɾə, tsʌt ̪t ̪an paɾɪpokənaj Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 3 tsakəːɾə, tsʌt ̪t ̪an Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 paɾɨ, paɾɪpit̪ɨ 4 tsakəːɾə, tsʌt ̪t ̪an Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 paɾɪ po, paɾɪ pit̪ɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 2 tʃakɑt̪ə, tʃʌt̪t̪eːj Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 paɾɪ po, paɾɪ poji Mannan, Veliyampara 2 tʃakɑt̪ə, tʃʌt̪t̪eːj Mannan, Vattamedu 1 paɾɨ, paɾɪ mʌɳɖɪjeːj Mannan, Kumily 2 tʃakɑt̪ə, tʃʌt̪t̪eːj Mannan, Veliyampara 1 paɾɨ, paɾɪjatʃɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 2 tʃakɑt̪ɨ, tʃʌt̪t̪ejə Mannan, Kumily 1 paɾɨ, paɾɪ mʌɳɖɪjeːj Mannan, Kodakallu 2 tʃakʌpəɖat̪ɨ, tʃʌt ̪t ̪eːj Mannan, Kovilmala 1 paɾɨ, paɾɪjaɲdʒɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 tʃakɑt̪ɨ, tʃʌt̪t̪ejə Mannan, Kodakallu 1 paːɾənʌ, paːɾi Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 tʃakɑt̪ə, tʃʌt̪t̪eːj Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 paɾɨ, pʌɾʌnd̪ejɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 sɑhɨɭɑ, tʃʌt ̪t ̪u Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 pʌɾʌ, Urali, Vanchivayal 1 tʃɑhɨɭɑ, tʃʌt ̪t ̪u pʌɾʌnd̪ɨmʌɳɖɪjeːj Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 tʃakʌkuɖat̪ɨ, Urali, Poovandikudi 1 pɑːɾʈike, pɑːɾʈi tʃʌt ̪t ̪uponʌ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 pʌɾʌn̪t̪ɨke, pʌɾʌn̪t̪ɨ 3 tʃakʌkuɖat̪ɨ, Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 pʌɾʌn̪n̪əpo, tʃʌt ̪t ̪uponʌ pʌɾʌd̪upojɪɾɨtʃɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 tʃakʌpəɖat̪ɨ, Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 pʌɾʌ, pʌɾʌnd̪ɪɾɪtʃɨ tʃʌt ̪t ̪upoɳʌt̪ɨ

100

Tamil 1 pɑɾɨ, pʌɾʌn̪d̪ʌd̪ɨ 197. go, he went Malayalam 1 pʌɾʌkkɨ, pʌɾʌn̪n̪u Muthuvan, Itticity 1 po, pɪjan 195. walk, he walked Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 po, Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 poː, pokkʌɳaj Muthuvan, Itticity 1 nʌɖʌʋɨ, nʌɖʌɳʌnan Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 poː, pokkʌɳaj Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 nʌɖʌkkɨ, Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 poː, poji Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 n̪ʌɖʌ, n̪ʌɖʌn̪n̪ɛj Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 po, pɪjan Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 nʌɖʌʋɨ, nʌɖʌn̪n̪an Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 poː, pit̪ɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 n̪ʌɖʌkkɨ, n̪ʌɖʌjt̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 po, pojjan Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 nʌɖʌʋɨ, nʌɖʌn̪n̪an Mannan, Vattamedu 2 mʌɳɖɨ, mʌɳɖɪjeːj Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 nʌɖʌʋnʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 2 mʌɳɖɨ, mʌɳɖɪjeːj Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 n̪ʌɖʌ, n̪ʌɖʌn̪n̪u Mannan, Kumily 1 poː, pojɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 nʌɖʌ, nʌɖʌn̪d̪ɨ 2 mʌɳɖɨ, mʌɳɖɪjeːj Mannan, Veliyampara 1 nʌɖʌ, nʌɖʌnd̪atʃ Mannan, Kovilmala 2 mʌɳɖɨ, mʌɳɖɪjeːj Mannan, Kumily 1 nʌɖʌ, nʌɖʌn̪ɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 2 mʌɳɖɨ, mʌɳɖɪjeːj Mannan, Kovilmala 1 nʌɖʌ, nʌɖʌnd̪ʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 mʌɳɖɨ, mʌɳɖɪjejɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 nʌɖʌ, nʌɖʌnd̪atʃ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 mʌɳɖɨ, mʌɳɖɪjeːj Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 n̪ʌɖʌ, n̪ʌɖʌnd̪ejʌ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 pɔkke, poːjɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 nʌɖʌ, nʌɖʌnd̪ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 pɔkke, poːjɨ mʌɳɖɪjeːj Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 poː, pojɪɾɪtʃɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 nʌɖʌn̪n̪uhe, Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 po, pojatʃɨ nʌɖʌnnu Tamil 1 poː, poːnɑn Urali, Vanchivayal 1 nʌɖʌn̪n̪uhe, Malayalam 1 poːku, poːji nʌɖʌnnu Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 nʌɖʌnd̪upo, 198. come, he came nʌɖʌnd̪atʃɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 nʌɖʌ, nʌɖʌnd̪atʃ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ʋɑ, ʋʌn̪d̪ɑnan Tamil 1 n̪ʌɖɨ, n̪ʌɖʌn̪d̪ʌn Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ʋa Malayalam 1 n̪ʌɖʌkkɨ, n̪ʌɖʌn̪n̪u Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ʋɑ, ʋʌn̪d̪ʌɳaj Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ʋɑ, ʋʌn̪d̪ɑnan 196. run, he ran Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ʋɛː, ʋʌn̪d̪ʌnan Muthuvan, Itticity 1 oːɖɨ, oːɖinɑn Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ʋɑ, ʋʌn̪d̪ɑn Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 oːɖɨ, Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ba, Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 oːɖɨ, oːɖɪjɛj Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ba, bʌnd̪ʌd̪ɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 oːɖɨ, oːɖɪknɑn Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ʋʌɾɨ, ʋʌnd̪ɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 oːɖɨ, oːɖɪtnɛ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ʋʌɾɨ, ʋʌnd̪ej Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 oːɖɨ, Mannan, Kumily 1 ba, bʌnt ̪u Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 oːɖɨ, oːɖɪpojɪntɛ 1 bʌɾɨ, bʌnt ̪u Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 oːɖɨ, oːɖi Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ʋʌɾɨ, ʋʌnd̪eːj Mannan, Vattamedu 1 oːɖɨ, oːɖi Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ʋʌɾɨ, ʋʌnd̪eːj Mannan, Veliyampara 1 oːɖɨ, oːɖɪjatʃ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ʋʌɾɨ, ʋʌnd̪ej Mannan, Kumily 1 oːɖɨ, oːɖi Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ʋʌɾɨ, ʋʌnd̪eːj Mannan, Kovilmala 1 oːɖɨ, oːɖɪjandʒ Urali, Poovandikudi 2 ʋʌn̪d̪ɪje, vʌn̪d̪u Mannan, Kodakallu 1 oːɖɨ, oːɖɪmʌɳɖɪjeːj Urali, Vanchivayal 2 ʋʌn̪d̪ɨke, ʋʌn̪d̪u Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 oːɖɨ, oːɖɪjantʃ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ʋɑ, ʋʌn̪d̪atʃɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 oːɖɨ, oːɖɪjantʃ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ʋɑ, ʋʌn̪d̪atʃɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 2 mʌnɖɪke, Tamil 1 ʋɑ, ʋʌn̪d̪ɑn mʌnɖɪpojɨ Malayalam 1 ʋʌɾ̪ikʌ, ʋʌn̪n̪u

Urali, Vanchivayal 2 mʌnɖɪke, mʌnɖi 199. speak, he spoke Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 oːɖɨ, oːɖɪʈə Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 oːɖɨ, oːɖɪd̪en Muthuvan, Itticity 2 peːsɨ, pesɨknɑn Tamil 1 oːɖɨ, oːɖinɑn Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 peːɕɨ, Malayalam 1 oːɖɨ, oːɖi

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Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 peːɕɨ, peɕɨjaj Muthuvan, Kunchipara 3 pɑːɾɨ, pʌt ̪t ̪ɑn 4 pʌjʌmɪɖɨ, Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 3 paɾɨ, pʌjʌmɪʈɨkoɖɨt̪əɳʌj Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 paɾɨ, kʌɳɖɛːj Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 peːɕɨ, peɕɪkənan 3 paɾɨ, kʌɳɖɛːj Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 peːsɨ, pesinɑn Mannan, Vattamedu 1 noːkkɨ, nokkəj 4 pʌjʌmɪɖɨ, Mannan, Veliyampara 1 nokkɨ, nokkijatʃ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 peːɕɨ, peɕɨjɛj Mannan, Kumily 1 ɳokkɨ, ɳokki Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 peːɕɨ, Mannan, Kovilmala 1 nokkɨ, nokkijeːj Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 pʌɾʌ, pʌɾʌɲɲu Mannan, Kodakallu 2 kɑːɳ, kʌnɖeːj Mannan, Vattamedu 3 tʃollɨ, tʃollijɪjɛɪ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 nokkɨ, Mannan, Veliyampara 3 tʃollɨ, tʃollɪjatʃ. nokkijantʃ Mannan, Kumily 3 tʃollɨ, tʃollɪjʌt̪ɨ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ɳokkɨ, ɳokkijeːj Mannan, Kovilmala 3 tʃollɨ, tʃollɪjatʃ. Urali, Poovandikudi 1 noːkike, nokki Mannan, Kodakallu 3 tʃollɨ, tʃollɪjatʃ. Urali, Vanchivayal 1 noːkike, nokki Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 3 tʃollɨ, tʃollɪjatʃ. Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 3 pɑːɾɨ, pʌt ̪t ̪ɑtʃ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 3 tʃollɨ, tʃollijɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 3 pɑːɾɨ, pʌt ̪t ̪ɑtʃ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 pʌɾʌ, pʌɾʌɲdʒɑ Tamil 3 pɑːɾɨ, pʌt ̪t ̪ɑn Urali, Vanchivayal 1 pʌɾʌɲtʃɨke, Malayalam 1 noːkkɨ, nokki pʌɾʌɲtʃu Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 3 tʃollɨ, tʃollɪjatʃ. 202. I (1st sg.) Paliya, Lebbakandam 3 tʃollɨ, tʃollɪjatʃ. Muthuvan, Itticity 1 nɑnɨ Tamil 2 peːsɨ, pesinɑn Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 nan Malayalam 1 pʌɾʌjukʌ, pʌɾʌɲɲu Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 n̪aːnɨ

200. listen, he heard Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 nɑnɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 n̪an Muthuvan, Itticity 1 keɭɨ, keʈʈənan Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 n̪aːnɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 kɛːɭɨ, Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 nɑn Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 kɛːɭɨ, kɛttɨɳaj Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 n̪aːnɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 keɭɨ, kɛʈʈʌɳaj Mannan, Vattamedu 2 ɛːn Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 keɭɨ, keʈʌnɛjt̪ɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 2 ɛːn Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 keːɭɨ, keːʈʈaɾɨ Mannan, Kumily 2 ɛːn Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 kɛːɭɨ, kɛkənɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 2 ɛːn Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 kɛːɭɨ, kɛttɛi Mannan, Kodakallu 2 ɛːn Mannan, Vattamedu 1 koɭ, keːʈʈeːj Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 ɛːn Mannan, Veliyampara 1 koɭ, keːʈʈeːj Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 ɛːn Mannan, Kumily 1 kokkɨ, keːʈeːj Urali, Poovandikudi 1 nɑn Mannan, Kovilmala 1 kokkɨ, keːʈeːj Urali, Vanchivayal 1 nɑnɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 kɔkkənɨ, keːʈeːj Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 nɑn Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 kəːɭɨ, keʈʈejɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ɲɑːn Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 koɭ, keːʈʈeːj Tamil 1 nɑn Urali, Poovandikudi 1 keʈe, keʈʈu Malayalam 1 ɲɑːn Urali, Vanchivayal 1 keʈe, keʈʈu Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 kɛːɭɨ, kɛʈatʃ. 203. you (2nd sg.informal) Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 kɛːɭɨ, kɛʈatʃ. Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ni Tamil 1 keɭɨ, keʈʈɑn Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ni Malayalam 1 keɭkɨ, keʈʈu Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ni

201. look, he looked Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ni Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ni Muthuvan, Itticity 3 pɑːɾɨ, pʌt ̪t ̪ɨnan Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ni Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 3 paɾɨ, Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ni Muthuvan, Kavakudi 3 pɑːɾɨ, pʌt ̪t ̪ɛj Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 n̪iː Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 3 pɑːɾɨ, pʌt ̪t ̪ʌɳʌj Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ni Muthuvan, Valsapetti 3 pɑːɾɨ, pʌt ̪t ̪ʌnɛj Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ni

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Mannan, Kumily 1 ni Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ʌʋən Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ni Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ʌʋʌn Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ni Tamil 1 ʌʋʌn Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ni Malayalam 1 ʌʋʌn Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ni Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ni 206. she (3rd sg. feminine) Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ni Muthuvan, Itticity 2 ʌʋəɭɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ni Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 ʌʋʌɭɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ni Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 ʌʋəɭɨ Tamil 1 ni Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 ʌʋəɭɨ Malayalam 1 n̪iː Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ʌʋʌɭ

2 ʌʋʌɭ 204. you (2nd sg.formal) Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ʌʋʌ Muthuvan, Itticity 2 nɪŋŋʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ʌʋʌɭ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 nɪŋŋʌ 2 ʌʋʌɭ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 nɪŋŋʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 ʌʋəɭɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 nɪŋŋʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ʌʋʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 nɪŋgɛ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ʌʋʌ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 nɪŋgɑ Mannan, Kumily 1 ʌʋʌɭ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 nɪŋgə 2 ʌʋʌɭ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 nɪŋŋʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ʌʋʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ni Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ʌʋʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 2 nɪŋŋʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ʌʋʌ Mannan, Kumily 1 ni Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ʌʋʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ni Urali, Poovandikudi 2 ʌʋʌɭɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 2 nɪŋgɛ Urali, Vanchivayal 2 ʌʋʌɭɑɾɨ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 niŋgɛ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ʌʋʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ni Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ʌʋʌɭ Urali, Poovandikudi 2 nɪŋgɑ 2 ʌʋʌɭ Urali, Vanchivayal 2 nɪŋgɑ Tamil 1 ʌʋʌɭ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 2 nɪŋgɛ 2 ʌʋʌɭ Paliya, Lebbakandam 2 nɪŋgɛ Malayalam 1 ʌʋʌɭ Tamil 2 n̪iːŋgʌ 2 ʌʋʌɭ Malayalam 1 n̪i 207. we (1st pl.inclusive) 205. he (3rd sg.masculine) Muthuvan, Itticity 1 nʌmmʌ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ʌʋʌn Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 nʌmmʌ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ʌʋʌn Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 nʌmmʌ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ʌʋən Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 nʌmmʌ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ʌʋən Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 nʌmmʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ʌʋʌn Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 nʌmmʌ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ʌʋʌn Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 nʌmmʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ʌʋən Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 nʌmmʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ʌʋʌn Mannan, Vattamedu 2 nʌŋgɨ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ʌʋʌn Mannan, Veliyampara 2 nʌŋgʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ʌʋʌn Mannan, Kumily 2 nʌŋgɨ Mannan, Kumily 1 ʌʋʌn Mannan, Kovilmala 2 nʌŋgɨ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ʌʋən Mannan, Kodakallu 2 nʌŋgɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ʌʋʌn Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 nʌŋgʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ʌʋʌn Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 nʌŋgʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ʌʋʌn Urali, Poovandikudi 1 nʌmmɑ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ʌʋʌn Urali, Vanchivayal 1 nʌmmɑ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ʌmʌn Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 nʌmmʌ

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Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 nʌmmʌ Mannan, Vattamedu 1 nɪŋgɛ Tamil 1 n̪ʌmmɨ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 nɪŋgɛ Malayalam 1 n̪ʌmmʌɭ Mannan, Kumily 1 nɪŋgɛ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 niŋgɛ 208. we (1st pl. exclusive) Mannan, Kodakallu 1 niŋgɛ Muthuvan, Itticity 2 ɛːŋŋʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 n̪iŋgɛ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 2 ɛŋŋʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 nɪŋgɛ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 2 ɛŋgʌ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 nɪŋgʌ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 2 ɛŋŋʌ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 nɪŋgʌ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 2 ɛŋgʌ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 nɪŋgɛ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 2 ɛŋŋʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 nɪŋŋʌ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 2 ɛŋŋʌ Tamil 1 n̪iŋgʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 2 ɛːŋŋʌɭɨ Malayalam 1 n̪ɪŋŋʌɭ

3 ɛːŋŋʌɭɨ 210. they (3rd pl.) Mannan, Vattamedu 2 ɛŋgɛ Mannan, Veliyampara 2 ɛŋgʌ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 ʌʋɛŋgʌ Mannan, Kumily 2 ɛːŋgɨ Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 ʌʋʌŋŋʌ Mannan, Kovilmala 2 ɛŋgə Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 ʌʋəŋgʌ Mannan, Kodakallu 2 ɛŋgə Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 ʌʋʌŋŋʌ Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 2 ɛŋgɛ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 ʌʋɛŋgɛ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 2 ɛːŋgɨ Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 ʌʋəɾɨ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 jʌŋge Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 ʌʋəɾɨ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 jʌŋgʌ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 ʌʋʌɾɨ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 nʌŋgə Mannan, Vattamedu 1 ʌʋəɾɨ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 nʌŋgʌ Mannan, Veliyampara 1 ʌʋəɾɨ Tamil 1 nʌŋgʌ Mannan, Kumily 1 ʌʋəɾɨ Malayalam 3 ɲʌŋŋʌɭ Mannan, Kovilmala 1 ʌʋəɾɨ Mannan, Kodakallu 1 ʌʋəɾɨ 209. you (2nd pl.) Mannan, Chinnaparakudi 1 ʌʋʌɾɨ Muthuvan, Itticity 1 nɪŋŋʌ Mannan, Thinkalkadu 1 ʌʋəɾə Muthuvan, Chempakathozhu 1 nɪŋŋʌ Urali, Poovandikudi 1 ʌʋʌmmɑɾɨ Muthuvan, Kavakudi 1 n̪iŋgʌ Urali, Vanchivayal 1 ʌʋʌɾɨ Muthuvan, Kozhiyala 1 nɪŋŋʌ Mala Pulaya, Dendukombu 1 ʌʋəɾɨ Muthuvan, Valsapetti 1 nɪŋŋʌ Paliya, Lebbakandam 1 ʌʋəga Muthuvan, Kunchipara 1 nɪŋgʌ Tamil 1 ʌʋʌŋgɨ Muthuvan, Thalayirappan 1 nɪŋŋʌ Malayalam 1 ʌʋʌɾ Muthuvan, Kurathikudi 1 nɪŋŋʌ

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Appendix C: Recorded Text Test (RTT)

Appendix C1 Recorded Text Testing Procedures

The extent to which speakers of related linguistic varieties understand one another can be studied by means of tape-recorded texts. Such studies investigate whether speakers of one variety understand a narrative text of another variety and are able to answer questions about the content of that text. The accuracy with which subjects answer these questions is taken as an index of their comprehension of that speech form. From the percentage of correct answers, the amount of intelligibility between speech forms is inferred. The recorded text testing used in this survey is based on the procedures described in Casad 1974 and Blair 1990. Short, personal experience narratives are deemed to be most suitable for recorded text testing in that the content must be relatively unpredictable and the speech form should be natural. Folklore or other material thought to be widely known is avoided. A three to five minute story is recorded from a speaker of the regional vernacular, and then checked with a group of speakers from the same region to ensure that the spoken forms are truly representative of that area. The story is then transcribed and a set of comprehension questions is constructed based on various semantic domains covered in the text. Normally, a set of fifteen or more questions is initially prepared. Some of the questions will prove unsuitable – perhaps because the answer is not in focus in the text, or because the question is confusing to native speakers of the test variety. Unsuitable questions are then deleted from the preliminary set, leaving a minimum of ten final questions for each RTT. To ensure that measures of comprehension are based on subjects’ understanding of the text itself and not on a misunderstanding of the test questions, these questions must be recorded in the regional variety of the test subjects. This requires an appropriate dialect version of the questions for each RTT at each test location. In the RTTs used in this study, test subjects heard the complete story text once, after which the story was repeated with test questions and the opportunities for responses interspersed with necessary pauses in the recorded text. Appropriate and correct responses are directly extractable from the segment of speech immediately preceding the question, such that memory limitations exert a negligible effect and indirect inference based on the content is not required. Thus the RTT aims to be a close reflection of a subject’s comprehension of the language itself, not of his or her memory, intelligence, or reasoning. The average or mean of the scores obtained from subjects at one test location is taken as a numerical indicator of the intelligibility between speakers of the dialects represented. In order to ensure that the RTT is a fair test of the intelligibility of the test variety to speakers from the regions tested, the text is first tested with subjects from the region where the text was recorded. This initial testing is referred to as the hometown test. The hometown test serves to introduce subjects to the testing procedure in a context where intelligibility of the dialect is assumed to be complete since it is the native variety of test subjects. In addition, hometown testing ensures that native speakers of the text dialect could accurately answer the comprehension questions used to assess understanding of the text in non-native dialect areas. Once a text has been hometown tested with a minimum of ten subjects who have been able to correctly answer the selected comprehension questions, with an average score of 90% or above, the test is considered validated. It is possible that a subject may be unable to answer the test questions correctly simply because he or she does not understand what is expected. This is especially true with unsophisticated subjects or those unacquainted with test-taking. Therefore a very short pre-test story with four questions is recorded in the local variety before beginning the actual testing. The purpose of this pre-test is to teach the subject what is expected according to the RTT procedures. If the subject is able to answer the pre-test questions, it is assumed that he or she would serve as a suitable subject. Each subject then participates in the hometown test in his or her native variety before participating in RTTs in non-native varieties. Occasionally, even after the pre-test, a subject fails to perform adequately on an already validated hometown test. Performances of such subjects are eliminated from the final evaluation, the assumption being that uncontrollable factors unrelated to the intelligibility of speech forms are skewing such test results. In this study, subjects performing at levels of less than 80% on their hometown test were eliminated from further testing.

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When speakers of one linguistic variety have had no previous contact with that represented by the recorded text, test scores of the subjects from the test point tend to be more similar – especially when the scores are in the higher ranges. Such consistent scores are often interpreted to be closer reflections of the inherent intelligibility between speech forms. If the sample of subjects (a minimum of ten) accurately represents the speech community being tested in terms of the variables affecting intelligibility, and the RTT scores show such consistency, increasing the number of subjects should not significantly increase the range of variation of the scores. However, when some subjects have had significant previous contact with the speech form recorded on the RTT, while others have not, the scores usually vary considerably, reflecting the degree of learning that has gone on through contact. For this reason, it is important to include a measure of dispersion which reflects the extent to which the range of scores varies from the mean. This is known as the standard deviation. On an RTT with 100 possible points (that is, 100 percent), a standard deviation of more than 12 to 15 is considered high. If the standard deviation is relatively low, say 10 and below, and the mean score for subjects from the selected test point is high, the implication is that the community as a whole probably understands the test variety rather well, either because the variety in the RTT is inherently intelligible or because the variety has been acquired rather consistently and uniformly throughout the speech community. If the standard deviation is low and the mean RTT score is also low, the implication is that the community as a whole understands the test variety rather poorly and that regular contact has not facilitated learning of the test variety to any significant extent. If the standard deviation is high, regardless of the mean score, one implication is that some subjects have learned to comprehend the test variety better than others. In this last case, inherent intelligibility between the related varieties may be mixed with acquired proficiency, which results from learning through contact. The relationship between RTT scores and their standard deviation can be seen in the following chart:

Standard Deviation HIGH LOW Situation 1 Situation 2 HIGH Many people understand the story Most people understand the story. well, but some have difficulty. Average Score Situation 3 Situation 4 Many people cannot understand the Few people are able to LOW story, but a few are able to answer understand the story. correctly.

High standard deviations can result from other causes such as inconsistencies in the circumstances of test administration and scoring, or differences in attentiveness or intelligence of subjects. Researchers involved in recorded text testing need to be aware of the potential for skewed results due to such factors, and to control for them as much as possible through careful test development and administration. Questionnaires administered at the time of testing can help researchers discover which factors are significant in promoting contact, which facilitates acquired intelligibility. Travel to or extended stays in other dialect regions, intermarriage between dialect groups, or contacts with schoolmates from other dialect regions are examples of the types of contact that can occur. In contrast to experimentally controlled testing in a laboratory or classroom situation, the results of field-administered methods such as the RTT cannot be completely isolated from potential biases. Recorded texts and test questions will vary in terms of their relative difficulty and complexity, or of the clarity of the recording. Comparisons of RTT results from different texts need to be made cautiously. It is therefore recommended that results from RTTs not be interpreted in terms of fixed numerical thresholds, but rather be evaluated in light of other indicators of intelligibility such as lexical similarity, dialect opinions, and reported patterns of contact and communication. In general, however, RTT mean scores of around 80% or higher with accompanying low standard deviations are usually taken to indicate that representatives of the test point dialect display adequate understanding of the variety represented by the recording. Conversely, RTT means below 60% are interpreted to indicate inadequate intelligibility.

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Appendix C2 Recorded Text Tests Stories

Four stories were collected during this survey. Out of four, three of them collected for dialect area study (two from Muthuvan language variety and one from Mannan variety) and one from Malayalam (Bilingualism study among Muthuvan and Mannan), the state language of Kerala. The following chart gives the list of information about the stories.

Name of the story Speech variety or Language People group ‘Snake’ Muthuvan Tamil Muthuvan ‘Our life style’ Muthuvan Malayalam Muthuvan ‘Elephant’ Mannan Mannan ‘My childhood days’ Malayalam Malayalees

In each story, the back ground information of storyteller, the phonetic transcription, gloss and free translation of story and questions and expected answer are given. The following codes are used in the transcription.

Code Meaning \n Sentence number \p Phonetic transcription of text \g Word-by-word English gloss of transcribed text \f Free (natural) English translation of text \q English translation of question \a Expected answer for question Past Past tense Future Future tense Cont Continuous tense

Appendix C2.1 Muthuvan Recorded Text Tests

Snake Story

This story was told on March 27, 2002, by Mr. I., a 45 year old male with 5th grade education. He is a mother tongue speaker of Muthuvan, born in Mattupetti, brought up and currently living in Kozhiyala settlement, Idukki District, Kerala.

\n 1 \p ʌɳɖʊ muːn̪ɨ masʌt̪t̪ɛjkɨ mɛttʌkaʈʈɨli t̪ottʌt̪t̪ə k mʌɾund̪ɨ ɛ d ɨ t ̪t ̪ɨ pijən \g two three months-of before here plantation-to pesticide take-(past) go-(past) \f Two or three months ago, I went to the plantation with pesticides.

QUESTION 1 \q What did he take when he went to the field? \a Pesticide

\n 2 \p ʋijaʈəkɨ ɛɾɪt ̪t̪əlɪt ̪ɨ ɛɭumbi ʋɪjaʈɨ oɾu p ʌt ̪t u mʌɳɪkkuɭ pʌnnʌɳɖɨ mʌɳɪkkuɭɭukkɨ \g morning early rise up-(past) morning one ten o’clock-within twelve o’clock-within

\p mʌɾund̪ɨ ʌɖɪɕɪnɪkkənɛt ̪ɨkkɨ pijə \g pesticide to spray go-(past) \f I got up early in the morning, and went to spray the pesticide, to finish work at 10 or 12 o’clock.

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QUESTION 2 \q When did he go to spray pesticide? \a Morning

\n 3 \p ʌppʌm i-ɛːlʌt ̪t̪oʈʈʌt ̪t̪ɪl mʌɾund̪um kʌlʌkkɪ pʌmbun-sɛttɪlumajɪʈʈɨ \g then this-cardamom-plantation-in medicine-with mix-(past) pumbu-tent-with

\p ʌkkʌɾʌt ̪t̪ʌɳɖɛ ʌkkʌɾɛ sɛllʌppʌneːt ̪t̪ɨ sellʌppʌnʌɖət ̪əɳɖeɾəhɛj ʌt ̪i l ɨ mɪd̪anik \g next mountain next side Chellan’s-father near Chellan’s father land boundary that place to-above

\p ʌɖ ɪt ̪ɨ mɪd̪anɪk piːppʌn i-ʋʌɭɭɪ oɾsʌjɖɨ ʋʌɭɭi pɔʈʈɪpɪjʌ \g spray-(past) above when-go this-belt one-side belt broke-(past) \f With the mixed pesticide and a pumpset I went to the cardamom plantation on the hill, near the land of Chellan’s father. When I went to the upperside to spray the insecticide, one side of my belt broke.

\n 4 \p poʈʈɪpoʋʌ i oɾumʌɾɪppəkkɨ ʋɛjttɨ kuːɖulɨ ʋɛjttɨ paɾʌm t ̪aŋŋa kalə oɾumʌɾɪppɨ \g when it broke this one side weight more weight weight carry leg one side

\p kalɨnʌ meːɕənʌ mʌlʌʋaɾʌmʌ \g leg-my slip-(past) steep.hill \f My leg slipped on the steep hill when more weight came on my one side, since one belt had broken.

\n 5 \p ʌppʌ ʌŋŋɛɖɛjkɨ kalɨ mit ̪ɕɪʋiʈənan ɛŋŋʌɖʌjkkɨ ʌŋŋʌɖʌjkkɨ i-oɾu eːlʌm muʈʈɨkk \g when to that side leg slip-(past) here there this-one cardamom bottom

\p muːʈɪkkɪjə pambɨ kʌɖɪɕɪnen \g under (foot) snake bite-(past) \f When my leg slipped there, and I put my foot underneath a cardamom bush, a snake bit me.

QUESTION 3 \q What bit him? \a Snake

\n 6 \p ʌnɪ-ʋʌnd̪ɨ ivɛn end̪en kʌɖɪɕɪneːn ɛntɨ peːɖiɕɨ ʋʌnd̪ɨ pʌmbu sɛttɪlə tuːkkɪ \g I come-(past) what is it bite-(past) this-what fear-(past) come-(past) snake in-shed take-(past)

\p ʌŋgʌɖɛ ʌŋgɨ ɪʈʈənɨ a-mʌd̪aɖɪl poj mʊɭɭʊːt ̪t̪ɪnɨ ʋʌn̪d̪ʌ ond̪ʌ t ̪eː ɭ ɨ \g to there there put towards-above go-(past) thorn injected come-(past) scorpion sting

\p kʌɖɪɕanʌ ɛ n t ɾʌt ̪ɨ pakkʊt ̪ukʊ pambɪnɛːm kʌɳɖɪllʌ ʌppʌm t ̪eːɭɪnɛːm kʌɳɖɪllʌ \g what is that when-it-look snake didn’t see at that time scorpion see-not \f I feared about what had bitten me and I came and threw the pump set into the hut. I went to the upper side and searched it, to see whether a thorn pierced me or a scorpion had stung me.

\n 7 \p ʌʋəʈʈʌj kalɨ mɔ t ̪t ̪ʌ m pʌjʌŋkkʌɾʌ ʋeːtʌnʌ \g at that time leg full great pain \f At that time my leg started to really hurt.

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\n 8 \p ʌʋʌnɪɾun̪̪d̪ɨ oːɖɪ sɛʈʈɪlɨ pijə̃ \g from there run-(past) in the hut go-(past) \f From there I ran to the hut.

QUESTION 4 \q How did he come to the hut? \a Running

\n 9 \p ɕɛʈʈilɨ pijə̃ oɾokɭas t ̪ʌɳɳim kuɖɪɕʌtum kalil kɛʈʈijə \g in the hut go-(past) one glass water bite in the leg tie-(past) \f After coming to the hut, I drank one glass of water and tied the leg.

QUESTION 5 \q How many glasses of water did he drink? \a One

\n 10 \p kɛʈʈi ʌʋʌlɪl kɛʈʈi kɔɾʌŋn̪ɛɾt̪t̪ɪkk ɪɾunnu kɔɾʌjɛ pʌtʃʌmɛɾund̪ɛlɨ puːɕɪ p at ̪t ̪ɛ oɳtɾum \g tie-(past) there tie for some time sit-(past) some herbal medicine paste look-(past) nothing

\p ʋɛːd̪ʌnʌ kɔɾʌjɪlʌ \g pain didn’t decrease \f Even though I tied my leg, and put some herbal medicine on it, the pain didn’t decrease.

QUESTION 6 \q What kind of medicine did he put on his leg? \a Herbal medicine

\n 11 \p ɪnɪ pambɨ ɛnt ̪uk-tɪkkuɳɖaj-aj ɪ t ̪ʊ ʌt ̪ɪl ɛ -ɪɾun̪n̪ɨ pɪnnɛ ʋɛɖ t ̪ʌɖ ɪ ʋɛʈʈɪjɛɖut ̪t̪ɨ ku t ̪t ̪ɪ \g - snake understand-understood from-there then cut-(past) tree cut-(past) leaning

\p ʌʋʌlɪɾunnɨ ʋʌnd̪ɨ ʌʋʌlil ottʌkalʌleːnnɨ t ̪ʊːŋŋi t ̪ʊːŋŋi t ̪ʊːŋŋi t ̪ʊːŋŋi t ̪ʊːŋŋi ɪt ̪ɨ kɪɭɭaɖɨ \g from there come-(past) from there on one leg hang hang hang hang hang here downward

\p t ̪ʌɾɛ j kk ɨ ʋʌnd̪ɛ \g downward come-(past) \f Then I cut a stick, and with the help of this I walked on one leg and came to the bottom.

QUESTION 7 \q What did he cut ? \a A stick

\n 12 \p pɪnnɛ ʌʋʌlil aɭɪlə kʌjɾʌɭɛ kʌɳɖʌt ̪um ʋiɖɨ vʌɾɛjkkɨ ɛ ɖ u t ̪t ̪ɨ ʋʌnd̪aɾɨ \g then there people young people see-(past) carried to house carry come-(past) \f Then there I saw youngsters and they took me to the house.

QUESTION 8 \q Who took him to the house? \a Young people

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\n 13 \p ʋiʈʈɪlɛɖut ̪t̪ɨ ʋʌnd̪ɨ ʌʋəliliɾun̪nɨ ʋiʈʈɪlɨ kɛɖʌnʌppʌm n̪ʌmmʌɭaɭɪluɭɭʌ mʌɾund̪ɛllam \g carried to house come-(past) from-there in the house when lie in our midst medicines

\p ʋɛtʃə pat̪t̪ʌppʌnum koɾʌjɪllʌ \g put look-(past) cured-not \f I came to this house, lay down there, and applied the medicine which we have; but the pain didn’t decrease.

\n 14 \p pɪnnɛ nʌmmʌɭɨ kʌt ̪ɪɾoli naɾʌjʌɳʌnɨ ʌʋʌnʈʈik ɛɖut̪t̪əpoji muppʌt̪ɨ naɭɨ kɛɖʌnʌ kɛɖʌ \g then our Kathiroli Narayanan to his side carry-go-(past) 30 days days lying \f Then I was taken to the Kathiroli Narayanan and I was there for 30 days.

QUESTION 9 \q How many days was he there? \a 30 days

\n 15 \p mʌɾund̪ɨ ʋɛtʃɨ muppʌt̪am pʌkkʌmt ̪an i-ʋɛsʌm t ̪i ɳ ɖ an \g medicine put 30th day poison finished \f We applied medicine there, and on the 30th day the poison was taken out.

\n 16 \p aɳʌt ̪ʌ pambɨ i- kɔmbeːɾɪmuːkkʌn \g this type snake komperi murkan \f This type of snake is the komberi murkan.

QUESTION 10 \q What kind of snake was that? \a Komberi murkan

Our Life Style

This story was told on April 5, 2002, by Mr. K., a 65 year old male with no education. He is a mother tongue speaker of Muthuvan, born, brought up and currently living in Thalayirappan settlement, Idukki District, Kerala.

\n 17 \p ŋŋum bʌlɪjʌ-aːɭukʌɭɨ petʃuːɾɨ kuɲdʒʌɭe poɳʌm kɑʈukɨ pɑmbyɭʌkʌi \g our big-people comments-(fut) child go-(should) to forest Pampalalcay \f The old people will say, children, we have to go to Pampala.

\n 18 \p pɑmpʌlɑ kuɾiɾiɭu t ̪ɑʋ ɨ um poːn ʌɳoɖɨ bʌlijɑɭukʌɭɨ kuʈʈɑppɨ puːɳɖɨ kuɲdʒʌɭɛke \g Pampala cage put place in go-will to there big-people cage on back children-all

\p mut ̪ukʌt ̪edut ̪ɨ vetʃɨ pokɑɳɨ \g shoulder-take-(past) put go-(ing) \f The old people are going to Pampala for fishing, along with a cage and children on their back.

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\n 19 \p vijɛt ̪ʌlɨ kɔɖut ̪aɳu atilev-pi koɖut̪t̪ʌkuʌ \g go-(past) where in get toghether river-in go-(past) gathering \f They will get together on the riverside.

\n 20 \p aːtil poj kuːɖi ɛːɾaveʈʈɨ kuɖumʌɖʌʋɑn \g river-in go-(past) gather-(past) bamboo-cutting cage-make-(ing) \f After gathering on the riverside, they will start cage making by cutting bamboo.

QUESTION 1 \q What were they cutting to make cages? \a Bamboo

\n 21 \p kuɖuməɖaʋʌ ɛːɾa veʈʈi eɖ ʌt ̪ɨ bʌlijaɭukʌɭɨ kuʈuvela tɔʈʌŋunɨ \g cage-to make bamboo cutting take-(past) big-people cage-making-work start-(ing)

\p ɾat ̪ɾiʌkkɨ kuʈuvelajaɳɨ bʌlijaɭukʌɭɨ \g night-whole cage-make-(ing)-is big-people \f The old people are working to make cages all night.

QUESTION 2 \q What were the old people doing all night? \a Cage making

\p kudaʋokke mʌɖɨɲdʒɨ ɛɖɨtɨ ɛnd̪ʌntʃɛjvʌɾɨ ʋad̪ʌɾʌʋajokkɛ t ̪et ti keʈʈi kɔɳɖəɖɔɾɨ \g cage-all spin-(past) take-(past) what-do-(will) door-mouth join-(past) tie-(past) bring-(past) put-(will) \f They will put the cage (in the river) after making and tying its mouth.

QUESTION 3 \q Which part of the cage was tied? \a Mouth

\n 22 \p kɔɳɖə iʈʈɨ mineːɾum kuʈʈilɛ \g bring-(past) put-(past) fish enter-(will) cage-in \f Fish will enter into the cage, when it is put (on the water).

QUESTION 4 \q What will enter in the cage? \a Fish

\n 23 \p mineɾunkikɨ ɪd̪e mat ̪iɾijuɭɭa kuʈʈa bɪɭipoɾɨ kuʈʈʌjeɖut ̪ɨ ʋɛjje kuʈʈʌjeɖut ̪ɨ \g fish enter-(will) this-likewise cage call-(pre-cont) cage-take-(past) put-(will) cage-take-(past)

\p vɛjje kuʈʈʌjeɖut ̪ɨ ʋɛntɨ \g put-(will) cage-take-(past) thus \f They will ask to put the cage like this when the fish will enter into the cage.

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QUESTION 5 \q What did the old people ask for? \a Cage

\n 24 \p min tʃeɾi kuʈʈa eɖ u t ̪i pokaɳi oɾoɾa kuʈʈʌjaɳɨ miːnɨ tʃeɾiɲʌɖʌkəɳə nʌd̪ɨ \g fish turn-(past) cage take-(past) go-(ing) one by one cage-is fish turn-(ing) put-(ing) that

\p eɖ u t ̪ɨ puʋɪɳʌt ̪aɳɨ mut ̪uvilɨ puʋiɳʌt̪t̪aɳɨ i mu t ̪i ːl ɛ mut ̪ɪlɨ puːɳɖəɖut̪t̪ɨ \g take-(past) on-shoulder-is on-shoulder load this on-shoulder-on on-shoulder load take-(past)

\p ʋʌɾɪkʌjaːɳɨ puɳɖɨ \g come-(ing) carry \f They will turn the fish over (into a cage), carry the cage and go. They will take cages full of fish. They will be coming, carrying the load on their shoulders.

QUESTION 6 \q How were they bringing the fish? \a Taking on the shoulder

\n 25 \p ɛ ɖ ət ̪t ̪ɨ ʋʌnd̪ɨ okkɛnʌŋ ʋiːttukkɨ pʌɳkum kuːɾʌ-okkʌ ʋɛʃʈɨ ʌkkimum \g take-(past) come-(past) to-all house-in share share-all put-(past) all of them

\p tʃaːɾɔkkə ʋɛtʃɨ aːnt keŋŋ-ɔkkə beːjɪtʃɨ t̪ɪntɨ ʌntɨ kɪɖʌppakum \g curry-all-making put-(past) that day root-all cook-(past) eat-(past) that day lie-(past) \f They will share the fish which they brought to each and every house and they will make curry and eat it along with cooked roots and then they will sleep.

\n 26 \p ɪppʌttənaːɭəjkɨ pɪttənaɭəjkum t ̪eːɖan poːɳʌm bʌlɪjaːɭukʌɭɨ poːkkaːɳɨ keŋŋjəppɪan \g next day next day to-search go-(should) big-people go-is take-to root \f The old people will go the next day also, to collect roots (and to fish).

\n 27 \p keːŋŋʌ ɪt ̪t ̪vɛ j j ɨ ʌnd̪ijoʈʌnd̪i nalu mʌɳi aːkum bʌlɪjʌjaːɭukʌɭ ɾiː t ̪ɪkkə kɛŋŋʌ \g root take-(past) put-(past) evening-by four o’clock become-(will) big-people come-when root

\p kaːjokkə ɪʈʈɨ \g root-all scratch \f Usually the old people will come by the evening at around 4 o’clock, after collecting roots.

QUESTION 7 \q At what time will they come after taking roots? \a Four o’clock

\n 28 \p ɛ ɖ at ̪t ̪ɨ ʋʌnd̪ɨ end̪ʌn tʃɛjjuːɾɨ kudʒʌɭə-keŋa okkɛ ɛɖut ̪tɨ̪ pije poi t ̪i j t ̪o kke \g take-(past) take-(past) what do-(fut) children-all root-all take-(past) go-(past) go-(past) fire-all

\p ɛ ɖ u t ̪t ̪e bʌɾʌkɔkke eɖutt ̪ ̪ɨ t̪iʋeppɨ tijokke ʋetʃtʃɨ kudʒʌɭɨ keŋa tʃuʈʌt ̪ʌm \g take-(past) firewood-all take-(past) fire-put-(ing) fire-all put-(past) children root cook in fire

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\p t ̪iːtijum kɛt ̪ʌjumaŋɨ kuɲdʒʌɭɨ kuɲdʒʌɭɨ pɪnnə kɛkʌjadɑd̪ɪɾɪkkillʌllo \g eat-is cry-is children children then cry-not sit \f The children will take the roots and burn them in the fire, using firewood. They will eat it and will usually cry (since that is their nature).

\n 29 \p pɔj kudɪjɪɖuvʌɾɨ kuːɖʌjiʈʈʌ ɪɾupʌɾɨ ɪɾun̪n̪ʌppʌm ɪɾʌɳɖɨ kuɖikkaɾaɳɨ ɪɾəkkʌnʌt ̪ɨ \g go-(past) put-(will) cage put cage sit-is sit-(past)-when two settlements-people-were sit-(ing) \f One time there were two settlements which were using the fishing place.

QUESTION 8 \q People from how many settlements are there? \a Two

\n 30 \p oɾu kuɖɪkkaɾɨ ʌntik kɛɾuvɛɾɛ oɾu kuɖikkaːɾɨ ɑːttɪlum ɪɾəppʌɾɨ \g one settlement-people evening-in finish-go-(will) one settlement-people river-in sit-(will) \f The people from one settlement would leave by the evening while the others would start.

\n 31 \p ʌntik t ̪ʌn n ɛ ɛnd̪d̪ʌn tʃɛjjum kiːɭɨ nɪn̪n̪u aːnʌ ʋʌɾum \g evening-in itself what do-(will) down from elephant come-(will) \f During the evening the elephant would come from below.

QUESTION 9 \q Who will come from below? \a Elephant

\n 32 \p bʌnt ʋaɾʌt ̪t̪ɪlɨ attuveijɛ bʌnd̪ʌ aːnʌ \g come-(past) on the way river-way come-(past) elephant \f While the elephant was coming, it came from the riverside.

QUESTION 10 \q Which way was the elephant coming? \a From the riverside

\n 33 \p bʌnd̪ʌ ɛnd̪ɨɕejʋʌɾ ʌnnajum okkʌ oɾʌkkʌm aːnʌ ʋ ʌn t ̪ʌt ̪ɨ t ̪ɪkkəlʌ oɾɛt ̪əɳɨkəb \g come-(past) what do-(will) that time all sleep-(ing) elephant come-(ing) know-(not) no one \f Nobody knew that the elephant had come, because all of them were sleeping.

QUESTION 11 \q Why did nobody know about the arrival of the elephant? \a All were sleeping

\n 34 \p ŋũm aːnʌ bʌnd̪ʌt ̪ɨm I kundʒɪlənɨ tʃʌʋəʈi kɔntʌppʌnaɳu bʌlɪjaːɭukʌɭɨ ʌɾɪjun̪n̪ʌt ̪ɨ \g this elephant come-(past) this child-to hit-(past) kill-(past) when big-people know-(past) \f The old people only came to know that the elephant had come, when it had hit and killed a child.

QUESTION 12 \q How did the elephant kill the child? \a By hitting

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Appendix C2.2 Mannan Recorded Text Tests

Elephant

This story was told on March 6, 2002, by Mr. K., a 45 year old male with 4th grade education. He is a mother tongue speaker of Mannan Pasha, born and brought up in Kamblikandam village. He is currently living in Kodakallu Settlement, Adimali Panchayat, Idukki District, Kerala.

\n 35 \p ʌjjaʋɛ, oɾu ɳant̪a t̪o ʈʈʌma ʋɛʈʈʌʋʌkekɨ oɳɳa eŋgɨ oɾʌɲdʒaɾɨ aɭkʌ aːɾɨ ɛːɭʌ ʋʌɾɛkkɨ ʌngʌ poːnɨ \g dear-younger-brother one day plantation to-cut one-day we one-five-six people six-seven almost there go(past) \f Dear younger brother, one day we five, six people or almost six, seven people, went to make a plantation.

QUESTION 1 \q Why did they go there? \a To cut a plantation

\n 36 \p n̪I eːlɨ mʌɲdʒɪ-kuʃi oːɖaʋɨ, oːri a mit ̪t̪oɖɪlɨ nɪɾʌppɪllɛ \g you respond Manjakuzhi small river cross-(past) that upside plain-isn’t it? \f You tell me, we crossed the small Manjakuzhi river, and there is a flat piece of land, isn’t there?

\n 37 \p a nɪɾʌpɪl poːjəppoɻʌt ̪t̪ejkkum ɛŋgɨ eːɭaɭ p o j ʌt ̪ɪl munbʌɕɪkkɨ pojʌ oːɖiʋaːŋŋ \g that plain-in when-we-go we seven people go-in-that road-ahead go-(past) run-(past) \f When we passed the level land, they, those among the seven of us who were at the front, started to run.

QUESTION 2 \q How many people went there? \a Seven

\n 38 \p mɪnnəkkɨ pojʌ oːɖi ʋʌnd̪ɨ eŋgaɭkɨ mɪlloɖɨ bʊːŋd̪ʌt̪um pɪnnə oːɖi mʌɳɳa \g front direction go-(past) run-(past) come-(past) our people front fall-(past)-down then run-(past) go- (cont)

\p eŋgʌɭə buʈʈu \g we leave-(past) \f Those who were going at the front, ran hard and came to us and fell down in front of us. After that, they left us.

\n 39 \p ʌpʌm i koɖɪpotta poːji ʌɖɪkkun̪n̪ʌt ̪um i anə kʌɳɖoɳʌ oɖən̪n̪ʌt ̪ɨ ʌpʌm it ̪ɨ \g at that time this bush go-(past) from the downside that elephant see-(past) run-(ing) at that time this

\p eŋgaɭkɨ tikkɪllʌ \g for us don’t know \f At this time we didn’t know that they saw the elephant under the bushes that that was why they were running.

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QUESTION 3 \q Why did they run? \a Because they saw the elephant

\n 40 \p aːɾɨ nəɖijʌ mamənukum enakkum t ̪ɪkkɪllʌ \g Who? long uncle-and me-and don’t know \f We, my uncle, who is tall, and I didn’t know it.

\n 41 \p ʌŋŋʌnə tʃeːɾɛ eːɭaːjum oːɖijanʌ ɪppʌt ̪t̪ʌl ʌɖitʃɨ ʌppʌm kʌɖʌɕikkɨ eːnʌ eːn nɪkkənət ̪ɨ \g thus together seven people run-(ing) that bush under at that time end am stand-(ing) \f I was the last person when seven of us were running together through the bushes.

\n 42 \p kʌɖʌɕɪkkɨ eːnəkkɨ nɪkkinɪppo i anʌ ʋɾu mugəɾʌm ʋʌlɪjoɾu mugəɾʌm mat ̪ɪɾɪja iŋŋʌnə \g at the end for me when stand-(ing) this elephant a face big-one face like that this way

\p mɪlloːʈəkkɨ bʌɾəɳʌt ̪ɨ \g to the front come-(ing) \f When I was standing at the end, this elephant was coming forward with his big face.

QUESTION 4 \q How was the elephant’s face? \a Big

\n 43 \p ɪt ̪ɨ kʌŋɖʌt ̪um eːn kʌd̪ʌɾɪjʌt ̪um pʊɾʌkoɖinʌ \g this see-(past) I cry-(ing) back-run-(past) \f I cried and ran back when I saw it.

\n 44 \p oːɖiʋʌn̪n̪ʌpoːɭt ̪t̪eːjkkum mɪnnaːɾo t ̪oʈʈʌkaɾajɪkʌnə ʋaʈʈɪjʌ oɾu mʌɾʌm \g when-run-(past) come-(past) somebody in the past workers in the farm cut-(past) one tree

\p tʃaɲdʒoːɳ ʋʌɳɳʌm kɪɖʌkkɨnɨ \g turned-down this fall-(past) down \f When I ran back, there was a tree cut by some farm workers, turned down and laid on the ground.

QUESTION 5 \q How was the tree lying? \a Turned downwards

\n 45 \p put ̪uʋʌnʌt ̪an bəʈʈɪjʌ mʌɾʌm \g newly cut-(past) tree \f A tree which was recently cut.

QUESTION 6 \q When was the tree cut? \a Recently/ newly

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\n 46 \p ʌppʌm mʌɾʌt ̪t̪ikk ʌɖɪjoːɖə ʋʌnd̪ʌd̪um oːɖi ʋʌɾɛʋukkɨ ɪŋŋʌnə paːɖupɛʈʈʌm I t ̪ʌɖ ɪn aː l \g at that time to the tree through-downside come-(past) run-(past) to come thus struggled that tree-of

\p I anaːkkɨ kʌʋʌtʃːu poʋʌ pʌttʌt ̪ə ʋʌɳɳʌm i t ̪ʌɖi ʌɖɪjoːɖɨ ʋʌnd̪u pukkʌt ̪um \g that elephant-to cross go able-(Negative) thus that tree through-down come-(past) bend-(past)

\p iː aːnʌ bʌŋd̪ɨ I t ̪ʌɖi kʌɖʌ t ̪ʌɖi ʋʌnɖɨ aːnʌ mut ̪əʋɪlajʌppoɻeːt ̪t̪ejkkum \g that elephant come-(past) that tree beneath tree come-(past) elephant on the shoulders

\p anaːkkɨ oːɖəʋʌt ̪ukkɨ pʌttat ̪aːji \g elephant to-run able-(Negative past) \f We struggled to pass underneath the tree. The tree was almost touching the ground, so that the elephant could not pass underneath it. The elephant could not run because the foot of the tree blocked the shoulders of the elephant.

QUESTION 7 \q Which part of the tree blocked the elephant? \a Bottom

\n 47 \p ʌppʌm eːn ɪt̪ɨ kʌɳɖʌt̪um eːn mɪnnakkɨ oːɖijaːnʌ \g at that time I this see-(past) I to the front run-(past) \f When I saw this, I ran to the front.

\n 48 \p beʈʈijɪʈʈʌ pʌɖʌkeːl oːɖi oːɖi poːji oɾu mʌɾʌkʌppɨkaːl poːlum ʋɪɾumbʌ en kaːlɨ \g cut-(past) bushes-on run-(past) run-(past) go-(past) one tree-pit-leg up-to come-(future) my leg

\p iː ʋeɾʌkʌt ̪t̪ɪl ɪɖʌŋgɪjenə \g that root-inside-in trap-(past) \f When I was running on top of the bushes which were cut down, I came near the pit of a tree and my leg got trapped in a root.

QUESTION 8 \q What happened to his leg when he was running on top of the bushes? \a His leg got trapped in a root.

\n 49 \p ɪɖʌŋgɪjʌtum ̪ en ʌʋɪɖə ɪɾɪkkɨ aːnʌ mɪlloːɖɨ ɛnɨ nokkɪ nɪkki \g when it trap-(past) I there sit-(ing) elephant in front to-us look-(past) stand-(ing) \f The elephant was standing there and watching me when I was trapped and sat there.

\n 50 \p ʌppʌm aːnʌ nokkɪ nɪkkɪnɪppʌm i n̪aːji muɾumʌt ̪t̪uk aːnʌjum nɪɾʌŋgi nɪn̪ʌŋgi \g thus elephant look-(past) when-it-standing that dog bark-(ing) also-elephant slip-(past) slip-(pasts)

\p ɪŋŋʌnə tʃəjkiʈʈə ɪɾikkijɛ \g thus do-(past)-near sit-(ing-past) \f While the elephant was standing and watching, (and the dog was barking), it started to slide (under the tree).

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\n 51 \p ʌpʌm en oɾu pɾʌkaɾʌt ̪t̪ɪl I kaːlɨ uːɾɪ ɛɖʌt ̪t̪ʌt̪um ʌppʌɖet ̪t̪ekkɨ ɛːn ʌɖijoːʈʈɨ \g at this time I one manner in which that leg loose-(past) when-take-(past) that time I to the down

\p koʈʈijanɨ \g fall-(past) down \f Meanwhile, I got my leg loose and I fell down to the ground.

QUESTION 9 \q What happened to him when he got his leg loose? \a Fell down

\n 52 \p koʈʈijanʌt ̪um pɪnnə ʋɪllɨ kʌppʌjʊɳɖa engʌl mut ̪uʋul \g when fall-(past) down this don’t have-tapioca with-us on-shoulder \f When I fell down, I had tapioca on my shoulder.

QUESTION 10 \q What was on his shoulder? \a Tapioca

Appendix C2.3 Malayalam Recorded Text Tests

My Childhood Days

This story was told on February 6, 2002, by Mr.S., a 26 year old male with 12th grade education. He is a mother tongue speaker of Malayalam, born, brought up and currently living in Karunapuram village, Idukki District, Kerala.

\n 53 \p ɛntɛ tʃɛɾʊppʌt ̪t̪ɪl ɲʌŋŋʌɭkɨ ʋiːʈɪlə d̪aɾaɭʌm pʌɕukkʌɭɔkkɛ-ʊɳɖajɪɾʊn̪n̪ʊ \g my at-small-age we-have house-in many cows-had \f In my childhood days we had so many cows in our home.

\n 54 \p ʌpʌm iː pʌɕʊʋɪntɛ palɨ tʃajʌkkʌɖʌjɪlɔkkɛ koɖʊt ̪t̪aɳɨ ɲʌŋŋʌɭɨ tʃɪlʌvɨ kʌɻɪɲɲoɳɖɪɾʊn̪n̪ʌt ̪ɨ \g that-time this cow’s milk tea shop-in give-ing-by we expense had been-sustained \f Our expense had been met by selling this cow’s milk in the teashops.

QUESTION 1 \q How did they meet their expenses? \a By selling milk

\n 55 \p ʌpɔ ɛllad̪ɪʋʌsʌʋʊm ɲʌŋŋʌɭʊɖɛ ʌmmʌ ʌɖɨt ̪t̪ʊɭɭʌ pʌɾʌmbɪlɔkkə poji pʊllokkɛ \g that-time all-days ours mother nearby field-in-the go-(past) grass

\p t ʃ ɛ t ̪t ̪i -kɔɳɖʊʋʌn̪n̪ɨ I pʌɕʊʋɪnɨ koɖʊkkʊm \g cut-(ing)-bring(past)-come(past) this to-cow give-(future) \f During that time daily our mother will go to the nearby fields to collect grass for the cows.

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QUESTION 2 \q From where did his mother collect grass for the cows? \a Nearby fields

\n 56 \p oɾʊd̪ɪʋʌsʌm ɛntɛ ʌmmedɛ kʊːɖʌt ̪t̪ɪl ɲanʊm pʊllɨ tʃɛt ̪t̪an ʋeːɳɖɪ pojɪ \g one day my mother’s along-with I-too grass to cut for-go-(past) \f One day I also went for grass cutting, along with my mother.

\n 57 \p ʌmmʌ ʌʋɪɖɛ pʊllɨtʃɛt ̪t̪ɪkkɔɳɖɪɾʊn̪n̪ʌpɔ ɛnikkɨ kʌɭɪkkan oɾʊ kʊt ̪t̪ɪjɛ kuːt ̪t̪ɪnɨ kɪʈʈɪ \g mother there grass-was-cutting-that time to-me to-play a child to friendship get-(past) \f While my mother was collecting the grass, I got a child to play along with me.

\n 58 \p ɲanʊm aː kʊʈʈɪjʊmajɪʈɨ ʋiːʈʈɪlɛ kʌɾʊt ̪t̪ʌ pʌɕʊʋɪntɛ kʌt ̪ʌjɔkkɛ ɪŋŋʌnɛ pʌɾʌɲɲɨ pʊllɨ tʃɛt ̪t̪ɪkoɳɖɪɾɪkkɛjʌ \g I-too that with that child in the house black cow’s stories like this say-(ing) grass has been cutting \f That child and I were cutting the grass while we were telling the stories of the black cow in the house.

QUESTION 3 \q Which cow’s story were they telling? \a Black cow’s

\n 59 \p iːkʊʈʈɪjʊɖɛ kʌjjiloɾʊ ʌɾɪʋa ʊɳɖajɪɾʊn̪n̪ʊ \g this child’s in the hand-a knife had \f That child had a knife in her hand.

QUESTION 4 \q What was in her hand? \a A knife

\n 60 \p ɪʋɨɭɨ kʌd̪ʌjɔkkɛ pʌɾʌɲɲukoɳɖɪɾɪkkʊmpoɭ iː ʌɾɪʋakoɳɖɨ oɾʊ kaʈʈʊʋʌɭɭɪkɨʈʈɨ oɾʊ ʋɛʈʈɨ \g she this stories was telling-that time this knife-with a forest-plant a cut \f While telling the stories, she struck a forest plant with this knife.

QUESTION 5 \q What did she do with the knife? \a Struck the forest plant

\n 61 \p pʌkʂɛ ʋɛʈʈɛnte ʋʌlʌt ̪ɨ kʌjjɪkkɪʈʈa koɳɖʌt ̪ɨ \g but cut-my right to hand hit-that \f But the knife struck my hand.

\n 62 \p ʋʌlʌt ̪ɨ kʌɪ mʊɾɾɪɲɲɨ ɾɛkt ̪t̪ʌm oɻʊkʊʋan t ̪ʊɖʌŋŋi \g right hand wound-(past) blood to flow start-(past) \f My right hand was wounded and started bleeding.

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QUESTION 6 \q Which hand did he got wounded? \a Right hand

\n 63 \p iː ɾɛkt ̪t̪ʌm kʌɳɖɨ ɲan peːɖitʃtʃɨ kʌɾʌɲɲu \g this blood see-(past) I afraid-(past) cry-(past) \f I cried because I was afraid when I saw the blood.

\n 64 \p ɲan kʌɾʌjʊn̪n̪ʌt ̪ɨ keʈʈoɳɖɨ ʌmmʌ oːɖi ʋʌn̪n̪ʊ \g I cry-(ing)-that by hear-(ing) mother run-(past) come-(past) \f My mother came running when she heard me cry.

QUESTION 7 \q How did his mother come there? \a Running

\n 65 \p n̪okkijʌppʌm ɛntɛ kʌɪ mʊɾɾiɲɲɨ tʃoɾʌ oɻʊkikoɳɖɪɾɪkkʌja \g when-looking my hand wound-(past) blood flow-(ing) \f She found that my hand was wounded and that blood was flowing.

\n 66 \p ʌppoɻət ̪t̪ɛjkkɨ ʌmmʌ oːɖɪtʃɛn̪n̪ɨ ʌɖʊt ̪t̪ʌ ʋiːʈʈɪl tʃɛn̪n̪ɨ t ̪ʊɳi ʋaŋŋɪtʃoɳɖɨ \g at-that-moment mother come-(past)-go-(past) nearby in the house go-(past) cloth buy-(past)-bring- (past)

\p ʋʌn̪n̪ɛntə kʌɪ ʋɛtʃtʃɨ kɛʈʈi \g come-(past)-my hand put tie-(past) \f Then my mother went to a nearby house and brought a cloth and tied my hand with it.

QUESTION 8 \q What did his mother bring from a nearby house? \a Cloth

\n 67 \p pɪnnɛ ɲʌŋŋʌɭʊɖɛ ʌɖʊt ̪t̪ʊɭɭʌ oɾʊ tʃeʈʈʌnɛ ʋɪʈʈɨ dʒiːppɨ ʋɪɭɪtʃtʃoɳɖɨ \g then ours nearby an elderman send-(past) jeep call-(past)-bring-(past)

\p ʋʌn̪n̪ɨ ɛnnɛ ʌɖut̪t̪ʊɭɭʌ oɾaɕʊpʌt̪t̪ɾi koɳɖʊpoɪ \g come-(past) me nearby a hospital carry-(past)-away \f Then a jeep was called by sending a person nearby and took me to a nearby hospital.

QUESTION 9 \q Whom did they send for calling the jeep? \a An elderly person nearby

\n 68 \p aɕʊpʌt ̪t̪ɾi koɳɖɨpoɪ kʌjjɨ t ̪ʊnnɪkeʈʈi \g hospital carry-(past)-away hand stitch-(past) \f They stitched my hand in the hospital.

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\n 69 \p aɾɨ kʊt ̪t̪ɪkkɛʈʈɔɳɖajiɾʊn̪n̪ʊ kʌjkkɨ \g six stitching had been to the hand \f There were six stitches in my hand.

QUESTION 10 \q How many stitches were in his hand? \a Six

\n 70 \p iː sʌmbʌʋʌm ɛnɪkkɨ mʌɾʌkkan pʌttət ̪t̪ɪllat ̪t̪ʌ oɾʊ ʌnʊfʌʋʌma \g this event to me to forget able (negative) a experience-is \f This is an unforgettable experience in my life.

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Appendix C3 Record Text Testing responses

A. Language Assistant Biodata 1. Date: 7. a. Mother tongue: 2. Name: b. Language at home: 3. Sex: 8. Father’s MT: 4. Age: 9. Mother’s MT: 5. Education: 10. Spouse’s MT: 6. a. Birthplace: 11. Lived or stayed in another place: b. Brought up 12. Travel outside area; how often: c. Current residence: d. (If moved) How long:

B. Post HTT questions Where do you think the person who told this story is from? a. Is the speech good? b. [If not good] What is not good about it? Is this the way people talk in your village? Did you hear any mixing with another language?

C Post RTT questions In what language do you think the story was told? a. Where do you think the storyteller is from? b. What helps you know the storyteller is from that place? Is the speech good? a. [if not good] What is not good about it? Is the speech pure? a. [if not pure] In what way is the speech not pure? Is the storyteller’s speech a little different or very different from your speech? a. [if different] In what way is it different (pronunciation, words, style)? How much of the story did you understand? (If subject is from a specific place, the following questions are asked). How many times have you gone to the area where you said the storyteller is from? How often do people from that area come to your village? 8. Which story was most difficult/easy to understand? [asked at a few test sites after the final story]

Codes used in the table

Story Site Other SNK Snake story KZL Kozhiyala NA Not applicable Q Question Our life style OLS TLR Thalayirappan MT Mother tongue Edu Education story Mother ELP Elephant story KVK Kavakudi Lg Language MT tongue MCD My childhood Subject KDK Kodakallu Sub-ID days story identity KLY Kumily TTL Total KNP Karunapuram PCT Percentage

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Appendix C3.1 Recorded Text Testing in Kozhiyala

Appendix C3.1.1 Subject biodata, part I

Sub-ID Sex Age Edu Birthplace Brought up Now How long MT Lg at home KZL01 M 42 2 Kundala Kozhiyala Kozhiyala 35 years Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha KZL02 F 55 0 Valsapetty Valsapetty Kozhiyala 38 years Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha KZL03 M 20 2 Kozhiyala Kozhiyala Kozhiyala NA Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha KZL04 M 35 2 Idamalakudi Idamalakudi Kozhiyala 5 years Muthuvan Pasha Our Language KZL05 M 20 4 Kozhiyala Kozhiyala Kozhiyala NA Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha KZL06 M 26 4 Thirthamalai Kozhiyala Kozhiyala 5 years Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha KZL07 M 20 4 Kozhiyala Kozhiyala Kozhiyala NA Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha KZL08 F 40 0 Kundala Kozhiyala Kozhiyala NA Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha KZL09 F 40 0 Suryanelli Suryanelli Kozhiyala 20 years Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha KZL10 F 35 0 Don’t know Don’t know Kozhiyala Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha KZL11 F 20 0 Kozhiyala Kozhiyala Kozhiyala NA Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha

Appendix C3.1.2 Subject biodata, part II

Sub-ID Father’s MT Mother’s MT Spouse’s MT Lived in other place Travel outside area KZL01 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Ernakulam KZL02 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Palani, Madura KZL03 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Edamulakkal (6 months) Adimali, Chinnar KZL04 Our Language Our Language Our Language No Marayur, Ernakulam KZL05 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Palani KZL06 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Munnar (3 months) Tamil Nadu KZL07 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha NA No Munnar KZL08 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Madura KZL09 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No No KZL10 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Madura KZL11 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No No

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Appendix C3.1.3 HTT scores (Snake story) and Post HTT responses

Sub-ID Sex Age Edu Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 TTL PCT 1 2a 2b 3 4 KZL01 M 42 2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 From our place Yes NA Yes No KZL02 F 55 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 95 95 Not asked Yes NA Yes No KZL03 M 20 2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 90 90 From our kudi Yes NA Yes No KZL04 M 35 2 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 95 95 From Muthuvan Yes NA Yes No KZL05 M 20 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 From our village Yes NA Yes No KZL06 M 26 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 From our village Yes NA Yes No KZL07 M 20 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 From our place Yes NA Yes Malayalam mixing KZL08 F 40 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 From our kudi Yes NA Yes No KZL09 F 40 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 From our village Yes NA Yes No KZL10 F 35 0 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 0 10 10 80 80 Our language Yes NA Yes No KZL11 F 20 0 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 90 90 Our language Yes NA Yes No

Average score: 95 Standard deviation: 6.5 Number: 11

Appendix C3.1.4 RTT scores (My childhood days)

Sub-ID Sex Age Edu Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 TTL PCT KZL01 M 42 2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 KZL02 F 55 0 10 10 0 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 80 80 KZL03 M 20 2 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 95 95 KZL04 M 35 2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 KZL05 M 20 4 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 0 10 80 80 KZL06 M 26 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 90 90 KZL07 M 20 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 95 95 KZL08 F 40 0 10 5 0 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 80 80 KZL09 F 40 0 10 5 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 85 85 KZL10 F 35 0 10 5 10 10 10 0 0 10 10 10 75 75 KZL11 F 20 0 10 5 10 0 10 10 5 10 10 10 80 80

Average score: 87 Standard deviation: 9 Number: 11

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Appendix C3.1.5 Post RTT responses

Sub-ID 1a 1b 1c 2a1 2b1 3a 3b 4a 4b 5 6 7 8 KZL01 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Yes NA Yes NA Yes NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked KZL02 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Yes NA Yes NA Yes NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked KZL03 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Yes NA Yes NA Yes NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked KZL04 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Yes NA Yes NA Yes NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Snake story KZL05 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Yes NA Yes NA Yes NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Snake story KZL06 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Yes NA Yes NA Yes NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Equally KZL07 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Yes NA Yes NA Yes NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Snake story KZL08 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Yes NA Yes NA Yes NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Equally KZL09 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Yes NA Yes NA Yes NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Equally KZL10 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Yes NA Yes NA Yes NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Equally KZL11 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Yes NA Yes NA Yes NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Equally

Appendix C3.2 Recorded Text Testing in Thalayirappan

Appendix C3.2.1 Subject biodata, part I

Sub-ID Sex Age Edu Birthplace Brought up Now How long MT Lg at home TLR01 M 35 0 Thattekanam Thattekanam Thalayirappan 10 years Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha TLR02 F 25 0 Thalayirappan Thalayirappan Thalayirappan NA Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha TLR03 M 30 0 Thalayirappan Thalayirappan Thalayirappan NA Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha TLR04 F 25 0 Thalayirappan Thalayirappan Thalayirappan NA Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha TLR05 F 25 3 Thalayirappan Thalayirappan Thalayirappan NA Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha TLR06 F 25 0 Thalayirappan Thalayirappan Thalayirappan NA Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha TLR07 M 30 0 Koranjinakudi Koranjinakudi Thalayirappan 15 years Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha TLR08 F 50 0 Thalayirappan Thalayirappan Thalayirappan NA Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha TLR09 M 37 0 Churakkattu Churakkattu Thalayirappan 25 years Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha TLR10 M 36 0 Thalayirappan Thalayirappan Thalayirappan NA Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha TLR11 M 48 0 Machchiplavu Machchiplavu Thalayirappan 28 years Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha

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Appendix C3.2.2 Subject biodata, part II

Sub-ID Father’s MT Mother’s MT Spouse’s MT Lived in other place Travel outside area TLR01 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No No TLR02 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No No TLR03 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Parappayar, Idamalakudi No TLR04 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Adimali TLR05 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No No TLR06 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Kottayam TLR07 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Adimali TLR08 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No No TLR09 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No No TLR10 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No No TLR11 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Koladi

Appendix C3.2.3 HTT scores (Our life style story) and Post HTT responses

Sub-ID Sex Age Edu Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 TTL PCT 1 2a 2b 3 4 TLR01 M 35 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 120 100 From our place Yes NA Yes No TLR02 F 25 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 110 92 From our place Yes NA Yes No TLR03 M 30 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 120 100 From our place Yes NA Yes No TLR04 F 25 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 120 100 From our kudi Yes NA Yes No TLR05 F 25 3 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 110 92 Our Ammavan Yes NA Yes No TLR06 F 25 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 110 92 Our father Yes NA Yes No TLR07 M 30 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 110 92 From our kudi Yes NA Yes No TLR08 F 50 0 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 110 92 Don’t know Yes NA Yes No TLR09 M 37 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 120 100 Kani said it Yes NA Yes No TLR10 M 36 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 120 100 From this kudi Yes NA Yes No TLR11 M 48 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 120 100 Thalayirappan Yes NA Yes No

Average score: 96 Standard deviation: 4.2 Number: 11

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Appendix C3.2.4 RTT scores (Snake story) and Post RTT responses, part I

Sub-ID Sex Age Edu Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 TTL PCT 1a 1b TLR01 M 35 0 10 10 10 0 0 10 10 10 10 10 80 80 Mixed with Tamil Marayur TLR02 F 25 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 90 90 Muthuvan Marayoor or Kattamudi TLR03 M 30 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 Tamil mixed Muthuvan Marayur TLR04 F 25 0 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 95 95 Tamil mixed Muthuvan Don’t know TLR05 F 25 3 10 5 10 10 0 0 10 10 10 10 75 75 Not asked Not asked TLR06 F 25 0 0 0 10 10 10 10 10 0 0 10 60 60 Tamil mixed Muthuvan Don’t know TLR07 M 30 0 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 90 90 Muthuvan Kunchipetti or Kattamudi TLR08 F 50 0 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 95 95 Not our language Marayur TLR09 M 37 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 Not from here Kattamudi, Kuchipetti TLR10 M 36 0 10 5 10 0 10 10 10 0 10 10 75 75 Related language Muttom side TLR11 M 48 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 Tamil mixed Muthuvan East side/ Kattamudi

Appendix C3.2.5 RTT scores (Snake story) and Post RTT responses, part II

Sub-ID 1c 2a1 2b1 3a 3b 4a 4b TLR01 Influence of Tamil Yes NA Yes NA Little different Influence of Tamil TLR02 One lady is here from there Yes NA Yes NA Not asked Not asked TLR03 18 years I was there Yes NA Yes NA Little different Tamil mixing TLR04 NA Yes NA Yes NA Little different Not asked TLR05 Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked TLR06 NA Some adding Not asked Not asked Not asked Big difference Not asked TLR07 Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked Little different Not asked TLR08 Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked Very different Language TLR09 Tamil mix Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked Yes Tamil mixing TLR10 Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked Different Not asked TLR11 Our lg is close with Malayalam Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked

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Appendix C3.2.6 RTT scores (Snake story) and Post RTT responses, part III

Sub-ID 5 6 7 8 Remarks TLR01 Fully understood Yes, once Yes, some relatives are there Not asked TLR02 Fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked TLR03 Fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked TLR04 Fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked TLR05 Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked She quickly quit the test, seeing her husband TLR06 Didn’t understand Not asked Not asked Not asked She did not understand the story TLR07 Not fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked TLR08 Full Not asked Not asked Not asked TLR09 Fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked TLR10 Fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked TLR11 Except some words Not asked Not asked Not asked

Average score: 87 Standard deviation: 13.1 Number: 11

Appendix C3.2.7 RTT scores (My childhood days) and Post RTT responses, part I

Sub-ID Sex Age Edu Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 TTL PCT 1a 1c 2a1 1b TLR01 M 35 0 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 90 90 Malayalam Not asked Yes Not asked TLR02 F 25 0 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 95 95 Malayalam Not asked Yes Not asked TLR03 M 30 0 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 90 90 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Not asked TLR04 F 25 0 10 5 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 85 85 Malayalam Not asked Yes Not asked TLR06 F 25 3 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 90 90 Malayalam Not asked Yes Not asked TLR07 F 25 0 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 80 80 Malayalam Not asked Yes Not asked TLR08 M 30 0 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 95 95 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Not asked TLR09 F 50 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 Malayalam Not asked Yes Not asked TLR10 M 37 0 10 5 0 10 0 10 10 10 0 10 65 65 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Not asked TLR11 M 36 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Not asked

127

Appendix C3.2.8 RTT scores (My childhood days) and Post RTT responses, part II

Sub-ID 2b1 3a 3b 4a 4b 5 6 7 8 TLR01 NA Yes NA No mixing NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Snake story easily understood TLR02 NA Yes NA No mixing NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Snake story easily understood and like more TLR03 NA Not asked NA Not asked NA Not asked Not asked Not asked Equally understood, I like snake story more TLR04 NA Yes NA Not asked NA Not asked Not asked Not asked Story from our place easily understood TLR06 NA Not asked NA Not asked NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Story from our place easily understood TLR07 NA Yes NA No mixing NA Not fully understood Not asked Not asked Story which in our own language TLR08 NA Not asked NA Not asked NA Not asked Not asked Not asked Our life style story more understood TLR09 NA Yes NA Not asked NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Our life style story more understood TLR10 NA Not asked NA Not asked NA Not asked Not asked Not asked Our life style story understood more TLR11 NA Not asked NA Not asked NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Our life style story understood more clearly

Average score: 89 Standard deviation: 10.5 Number: 10

Appendix C3.3 Recorded Text Testing in Kavakudi

Appendix C3.3.1 Subject biodata, part I

Sub-ID Sex Age Edu Birthplace Brought up Now How long MT Lg at home KVK01 M 61 0 Kavakudi Kavakudi Kavakudi NA Muthuvan Pasa Muthuvan Pasa KVK02 M 30 5 Idamalakudi Kavakudi Kavakudi 18 years Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha KVK03 M 50 0 Kavakudi Kavakudi Kavakudi NA Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha KVK04 M 38 0 Kavakudi Kavakudi Kavakudi NA Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha KVK05 M 22 5 Kavakudi Kavakudi Kavakudi NA Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha KVK06 M 21 6 Chingukudi Chingukudi Kavakudi 3 months Muthuva with Muthuva with Tamil Tamil KVK07 M 36 0 Kavakudi Kavakudi Kavakudi NA Muthuvan Pasa Muthuvan Pasa KVK08 M 20 0 Shettukudi Kavakudi Kavakudi 15 years Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha KVK09 M 21 5 Kavakudi Kavakudi Kavakudi NA Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha KVK10 F 40 0 Kavakudi Kavakudi Kavakudi NA Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha KVK11 F 55 0 Irattayar Irattayar Kavakudi 10 years Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha

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Appendix C3.3.2 Subject biodata, part II

Sub-ID Father’s MT Mother’s MT Spouse’s MT Lived in other place Travel outside area KVK01 Muthuvan Pasa Muthuvan Pasa Muthuvan Pasa No Pallimal, Tamil Nadu KVK02 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Andra Pradesh, Palani KVK03 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Madura, Kothamangalam KVK04 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Trivandrum, Coimbatore KVK05 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No No KVK06 Muthuva with Tamil Muthuva with Tamil Muthuvan Pasha No No KVK07 Muthuvan Pasa Muthuvan Pasa Muthuvan Pasa No Adimali, Pollachi, Idamalakudi KVK08 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha NA No No KVK09 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Marayur (hostel) Ernakulam KVK10 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No No KVK11 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No No

Appendix C3.3.2 RTT scores (Snake story) and Post RTT responses, part I

Sub-ID Sex Age Edu Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 TTL PCT 1a 1b KVK01 M 61 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 90 90 Our language Tamil Nadu side KVK02 M 30 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 Our language Don’t know KVK03 M 50 0 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 90 90 Muthuvan Pasha From our kudi KVK04 M 38 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 Muthuvan Pasha Not from our kudi KVK05 M 22 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 90 90 Our language Lekkam kudi KVK06 M 21 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 Our language Like our language KVK07 M 36 0 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 90 90 Like our speech Not asked KVK08 M 20 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 90 90 Muthuvan Pasha From our kudi KVK09 M 21 5 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 5 10 10 85 85 Muthuvan Pasha From our kudi KVK10 F 40 0 10 5 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 85 85 Muthuvan Not asked KVK11 F 55 0 10 5 10 0 10 10 10 10 0 10 75 75 Muthuvan Pasha Not asked

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Appendix C3.3.3 RTT scores (Snake story) and Post RTT responses, part II

Sub-ID 1c 2a1 2b1 3a 3b 4a 4b 5 6 7 8 KVK01 Cardom Plant Yes NA Yes NA No difference NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked KVK02 NA Yes NA Yes NA No difference NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked KVK03 Not asked Yes NA Yes NA No difference NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked KVK04 Word difference Yes NA Not asked NA Little different Some Fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked KVK05 It is nearby place Yes NA Yes NA No difference NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked KVK06 NA Yes NA Yes NA No difference NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked KVK07 NA Yes NA Yes NA Not asked NA Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked KVK08 Not asked Yes NA Yes NA No difference NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked KVK09 Not asked Yes NA Yes NA No difference NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked KVK10 NA Not asked NA Not asked NA No difference NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked KVK11 NA Yes NA Yes NA No difference NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked

Average score: 87 Standard deviation: 13.1 Number: 11

Appendix C3.3.4 RTT (Our life style) scores and Post RTT responses, part I

Sub-ID Sex Age Edu Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 TTL PCT 1a 1b KVK01 M 61 0 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 110 92 Our language Beyond Adimali KVK02 M 30 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 120 100 Muthuvan Pasha Kurathikudi KVK03 M 50 0 10 0 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 83 Muthuvan Pasha Kurathikudi KVK04 M 38 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 120 100 Muthuvan Pasha Kurathikudi KVK05 M 22 5 10 0 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 0 10 80 67 Muthuvan Pasha Don’t know KVK06 M 21 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 110 92 Muthuvan Pasha Kurathikudi KVK07 M 36 0 10 0 10 0 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 90 75 Don’t know Don’t know KVK08 M 20 0 5 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 0 10 85 71 Muthuvan Don’t know KVK09 M 21 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 120 100 Muthuvan Pasha Padikappu KVK10 F 40 0 10 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 10 10 0 0 70 58 Muthuvan Not asked KVK11 F 55 0 10 10 0 10 5 10 10 10 10 0 0 0 75 63 Muthuvan Pasha Not asked

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Appendix C3.3.5 RTT (Our life style) scores and Post RTT responses, part II

Sub-ID 1c 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b 5 6 7 8 KVK01 Malayalam mix Yes NA Yes NA No NA Fully No Few nearby Not asked KVK02 Malayalam mix Yes NA Yes NA Little Not asked Almost No Few nearby Not asked KVK03 Malayalam mix Yes NA Yes NA Little Not asked Fully Few days Few nearby Not asked KVK04 Malayalam mix No Not asked For them NA Little Not asked Fully No Few nearby Not asked KVK05 NA Not asked NA Not asked NA Little Not asked Fully Not asked Not asked Not asked KVK06 Malayalam mix Yes NA Not asked NA Little Not asked Fully I lived there Not asked Not asked KVK07 NA For them NA Not asked NA Little Language Not fully Not asked Not asked Not asked KVK08 NA Not asked NA Not asked NA Little Word Almost No Not asked Not asked KVK09 Not asked For them NA Not asked NA Little Word Almost No Some times Not asked KVK10 NA Not asked NA Not asked NA Not asked NA Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked KVK11 NA Not asked NA Not asked NA Little Not asked Not fully Not asked Not asked Not asked

Average score: 82 Standard deviation: 15.8 Number: 11

Appendic C3.4 Recorded Text Testing in Kodakallu

Appendix C3.4.1 Subject biodata, part I

Sub-ID Sex Age Edu Birthplace Brought up Now How long MT Lg at home KDK01 M 34 0 Thopramkudi Kodakallu Kodakallu 30 years Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha KDK02 M 19 0 Kodakallu Kodakallu Kodakallu NA Our Language Our Language KDK03 M 25 3 Kodakallu Kodakallu Kodakallu NA Mannan Petch Mannan Petch KDK04 M 24 6 Panikkankudi Panikkankudi Kodakallu 4 years Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha KDK05 F 37 0 Udumpanchola Udumpanchola Kodakallu 30 years Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha KDK06 M 25 3 Mazhuvadi Kattathi Kodakallu 12 years Mannan Petch Mannan Petch KDK07 F 40 0 Vathikudi Ettekkar, Adimali Kodakallu 5 months Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha KDK08 F 36 3 Valiyathovala Valiyathovala Kodakallu 2 years Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha KDK09 F 20 9 Kodakallu Kodakallu Kodakallu 6 years Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha KDK10 F 35 0 Panikkankudi Ettekkar, Kallar Kodakallu 30 years Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha

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Appendix C3.4.2 Subject biodata, part II

Sub-ID Father’s MT Mother’s MT Spouse’s MT Lived in other place Travel outside area KDK01 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Palakkadu-6 years Palakkad KDK02 Our Language Our Language NA Angamali-1 year Ernakulam KDK03 Mannan Petch Mannan Petch Mannan Petch Kattapana-1 year Ernakulam KDK04 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No No KDK05 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No No KDK06 Mannan Petch Mannan Petch Mannan Petch No Munnar, Udumpanchola KDK07 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No Kovilmala KDK08 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No Kumily KDK09 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Adimali -Tribal Hostel Trivandrum KDK10 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No Tamil Nadu

Appendix C3.4.3 HTT scores (Elephant story) and Post HTT responses

Sub-ID Sex Age Edu Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 TTL PCT 1 2a 2b 3 4 KDK01 M 34 0 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 90 90 From our place Yes NA Yes No KDK02 M 19 0 10 10 0 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 85 85 From Yes NA Yes Malayalam mix Kodakallu KDK03 M 25 3 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 From our place Yes NA Yes No KDK04 M 24 6 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 85 85 From our place Yes NA Yes No KDK05 F 37 0 10 10 10 10 5 0 10 10 10 10 85 85 From our Yes NA Yes No home KDK06 M 25 3 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 Mannan Pasha Yes NA Yes Malayalam mix KDK07 F 40 0 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 95 95 Among us Yes NA Yes No KDK08 F 36 3 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 90 90 Our language Yes NA Yes No KDK09 F 20 9 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 90 90 Kodakallu Yes NA Old speak Not asked pure KDK10 F 35 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 90 90 Kodakallu Yes NA Not asked Not asked

Average score: 95 Standard deviation: 5 Number: 10

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Appendix C3.4.4 RTT scores (My childhood days) and Post RTT responses, part I

Sub-ID Sex Age Edu Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 TTL PCT 1a 1c 1b KDK01 M 34 0 10 10 0 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 80 80 Malayalam NA Don’t know KDK02 M 19 0 5 5 10 10 5 10 0 10 10 10 70 70 Malayalam NA Don’t know KDK03 M 25 3 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 95 95 Malayalam NA Don’t know KDK04 M 24 6 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 95 95 Malayalam Not asked Not asked KDK05 F 37 0 10 5 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 85 85 Malayalam Not asked Not asked KDK06 M 25 3 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 5 10 85 85 Malayalam Not asked Not asked KDK07 F 40 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 Don’t know Not asked Not asked KDK08 F 36 3 10 5 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 85 85 Malayalam Not asked Not asked KDK09 F 20 9 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 95 95 Malayalam Not asked Not asked KDK10 F 35 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 95 95 Malayalam Not asked Not asked

Appendix C3.4.5 RTT scores (My childhood days) and Post RTT responses, part II

Sub-ID 2a1 2b1 3a 3b 4a 4b 5 6 7 8 KDK01 Yes NA Not asked NA Little different Word Fully Not asked Not asked Not asked KDK02 Yes NA No Not asked Little different Don’t know Fully Not asked Not asked Not asked KDK03 Yes NA No Not asked Little different Don’t know Fully Not asked Not asked Not asked KDK04 Yes NA Yes NA Different Different Fully Not asked Not asked Not asked KDK05 Almost No problem Yes NA No difference NA Half Not asked Not asked Not asked KDK06 Yes NA No Not asked Little different Word Fully Not asked Not asked Not asked KDK07 Yes NA Don’t know NA Don’t know NA Fully Not asked Not asked Not asked KDK08 Not asked NA Not asked NA Not asked NA Not Not asked Not asked Not asked KDK09 Yes NA Yes NA Little different Word Fully Not asked Not asked Not asked KDK10 Yes NA Yes NA Not asked NA Fully Not asked Not asked Not asked

Average score: 89 Standard deviation: 9 Number: 10

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Appendix C3.5 Recorded Text Testing in Kumily

Appendix C3.5.1 Subject biodata, part I

Sub-ID Sex Age Edu Birthplace Brought up Now How long MT Lg at home KLY01 F 21 3 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha KLY02 F 48 0 Maniyarankudi Vattamedu Kumily 3 days Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha KLY03 M 44 4 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha KLY04 M 33 0 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha KLY05 M 42 0 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA Inavan Petch Inavan Petch KLY06 M 31 5 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha KLY07 F 29 3 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA Inavan Petch Inavan Petch KLY08 M 45 4 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA Inavan Petch Inavan Petch KLY09 M 18 10 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha KLY10 M 51 5 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA Inavan Petch Inavan Petch KLY11 M 44 3 Kattappana Kumily Kumily 40 years Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha KLY12 M 80 0 Mulapara Mulapara Kumily 30 years Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha KLY13 M 26 10 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha KLY14 M 28 7 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha KLY15 M 22 4 Kumily, Thovala Kumily Kumily NA Inavan Petch Inavan Petch KLY16 F 42 0 Panikkankudi Vathikudi Kumily 25 years Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha KLY17 M 52 4 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA Inavan Pasha Inavan Pasha KLY18 M 32 4 Kattappana Kattappana Kumily 10 years Inavan Petch Inavan Petch KLY19 F 45 0 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha KLY20 F 33 0 Kovilmala Kovilmala Kumily 25 years Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha

Appendix C3.5.2 Subject biodata, part II

Sub-ID Father’s MT Mother’s MT Spouse’s MT Lived in other place Travel outside area KLY01 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No No KLY02 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No Tamil Nadu KLY03 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Maniyarankudi (2-months) Trivandrum

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Sub-ID Father’s MT Mother’s MT Spouse’s MT Lived in other place Travel outside area KLY04 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No No KLY05 Inavan Petch Inavan Petch Inavan Petch No No KLY06 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Adimali (1 month) Ernakulam, Trissur KLY07 Inavan Petch Inavan Petch Inavan Petch No Adimali KLY08 Inavan Petch Inavan Petch Inavan Petch Perumkalakudi (6 years) Kovalam, Tamil Nadu KLY09 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No Thodupuzha KLY10 Inavan Petch Inavan Petch Inavan Petch Adimalikudi (3 months) Trivandrum, Madura KLY11 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No Trivandrum KLY12 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No No KLY13 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Ullada Pasha No Trivandrum, Ernakulam KLY14 Mannan Pashag Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Madras (2 months) Alleppy, Palakkad KLY15 Inavan Petch Inavan Petch NA Meghamala, Tamil Nadu (6 months) Kottayam KLY16 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No No KLY17 Inavan Pasha Inavan Pasha Inavan Pasha Meghamala, Tamil Nadu (3 months) Thiruvalla KLY18 Inavan Petch Inavan Petch Inavan Petch Andra Pradesh (3 months) No KLY19 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No No KLY20 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No No

Appendix C3.5.3 RTT scores (Elephant story) and Post RTT responses, part I

Sub-ID Sex Age Edu Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 TTL PCT 1a 1b 1c KLY01 F 21 3 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 Our speech Don’t know NA KLY02 F 48 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 Mannan Kumily kudi Speech KLY03 M 44 4 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 95 95 Mannan Not in Kumily Tune difference KLY04 M 33 0 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 5 0 10 80 80 Our speech Maniyarankudi Not asked KLY05 M 42 0 10 10 10 10 5 10 0 10 0 10 85 85 Our Pasha Not in our kudi Not asked KLY06 M 31 5 10 10 10 0 10 0 10 10 10 10 100 100 Our speech Not our place Tune difference KLY07 F 29 3 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 90 90 Mannan Don’t know NA KLY08 M 45 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 Our speech From our place It is good language KLY09 M 18 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 5 10 85 85 Our speech Kovilmala Language, stories KLY10 M 51 5 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 95 95 Our speech Not from our kudi Tune different

135

Sub-ID Sex Age Edu Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 TTL PCT 1a 1b 1c KLY11 M 44 3 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 90 90 Our speech No specific place Mannan is same KLY12 M 80 0 10 10 10 0 5 10 10 10 10 10 85 85 Mannan Don’t know NA KLY13 M 26 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 Mannan May be from our kudi Not asked KLY14 M 28 7 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 Mannan From our kudi Not asked KLY15 M 22 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 Mannan From outside Malayalam mix KLY16 F 42 0 10 10 10 10 5 10 0 10 0 10 85 85 Mannan Don’t know NA KLY17 M 52 4 10 10 10 0 10 0 10 10 10 10 80 80 Our speech Chinnapara Speech KLY18 M 32 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 Mannan May be king’s sound Heard in radio KLY19 F 45 0 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 0 10 85 85 Mannan Don’t know NA KLY20 F 33 0 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 5 10 10 85 85 Mannan Kovilmala Speech

Appendix C3.5.4 RTT scores (Elephant story) and Post RTT responses, part II

Sub-ID 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b 5 6 7 8 KLY01 Yes NA Yes NA Little different Tune Fully understood NA NA NA KLY02 Yes NA Yes NA Not asked NA Fully understood NA NA NA KLY03 Yes NA Yes NA Little different Tune Fully understood NA NA NA KLY04 Yes NA Yes NA No difference NA Fully understood NA NA NA KLY05 Yes NA Yes NA No difference NA Fully understood NA NA NA KLY06 Yes NA I don’t think Some mixing Not asked NA Fully understood NA NA NA KLY07 Yes NA No Not asked Little different Tune Fully understood NA NA NA KLY08 Yes NA Yes NA Not asked NA Fully understood NA NA NA KLY09 Yes NA Yes Malayalam mix Little different Word Fully understood NA NA NA KLY10 Yes NA Yes NA Little different Tune Fully understood NA NA NA KLY11 Yes NA Yes NA No difference NA Fully understood NA NA NA KLY12 Yes NA Yes NA No difference NA Fully understood NA NA NA KLY13 Yes NA Yes NA Little different Word Fully understood NA NA NA KLY14 Yes NA Yes NA No difference NA Not asked NA NA NA KLY15 Yes NA No Malayalam mix Little different Word Fully understood NA NA NA KLY16 Yes NA Yes NA No difference NA Fully understood NA NA NA KLY17 Yes NA No Malayalam Little different Tune Fully understood No Yes NA

136

Sub-ID 2a 2b 3a 3b 4a 4b 5 6 7 8 words KLY18 Yes NA No Not asked Little different Tune Fully understood Some times Yes Not asked KLY19 Yes NA Yes NA No difference NA Fully understood No Not asked NA KLY20 Yes NA Yes NA No difference NA Fully understood Some times Yes NA

Average score: 92 Standard deviation: 7.7 Number: 20

Appendix C3.5.5 RTT scores (My childhood days story) and Post RTT responses, part I

Sub-ID Sex Age Edu Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 TTL PCT 1a 1b 1c 2a1 KLY01 F 21 3 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 95 95 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Yes KLY02 F 48 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Yes KLY03 M 44 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 95 95 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Yes KLY04 M 33 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Yes KLY05 M 42 0 10 0 0 10 5 10 0 10 5 10 60 60 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Yes KLY06 M 31 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Yes KLY07 F 29 3 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 90 90 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Yes KLY08 M 45 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Yes KLY09 M 18 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Yes KLY10 M 51 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Yes KLY11 M 44 3 10 5 10 0 10 10 10 10 5 10 80 80 Malayalam Not asked Not asked Yes

Appendix C3.5.6 RTT scores (My childhood days story) and Post RTT responses, part II

Sub-ID 2a1 2b1 3a 3b 4a 4b 5 6 7 8 KLY01 Yes NA Yes NA Yes NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Elephant story KLY02 Yes NA Yes NA Yes NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked KLY03 Yes NA Yes NA Yes NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked KLY04 Yes NA Yes NA Not asked NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked KLY05 Yes NA Yes NA Not asked NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked KLY06 Yes NA Yes NA Not asked NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked KLY07 Yes NA Yes NA Yes NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Elephant story

137

Sub-ID 2a1 2b1 3a 3b 4a 4b 5 6 7 8 KLY08 Yes NA Yes NA Yes NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Both in the same way KLY09 Yes NA Yes NA Yes NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Malayalam story was easy KLY10 Yes NA Yes NA Yes NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked KLY11 Yes NA Yes NA Yes NA Fully understood Not asked Not asked Not asked

Average score: 93 Standard deviation: 12.5 Number: 11

Appendix C3.6 Recorded Text Testing in Karunapuram

Appendix C3.6.1 Subject biodata, part I

Sub-ID Sex Age Edu Birthplace Brought up Now How Mother Lg at home long tongue KNP01 F 35 10 Vellathuvel Vellathuvel Karunapuram 20 years Malayalam Malayalam KNP02 M 38 12 Karunapuram Karunapuram Karunapuram NA Malayalam Malayalam KNP03 F 55 2 Kottayam Kottayam Karunapuram 29 years Malayalam Malayalam KNP04 M 63 5 Kottayam Kottayam Karunapuram 30 years Malayalam Malayalam KNP05 M 53 8 Kottayam Kottayam Karunapuram 30 years Malayalam Malayalam KNP06 F 25 12 Karunapuram Karunapuram Karunapuram NA Malayalam Malayalam KNP07 M 21 10 Karunapuram Karunapuram Karunapuram NA Malayalam Malayalam KNP08 M 53 4 Kottayam Kottayam Karunapuram NA Malayalam Malayalam KNP09 F 50 4 Pampadi Pampadi Karunapuram 30 years Malayalam Malayalam KNP10 M 28 3 Karunapuram Karunapuram Karunapuram NA Malayalam Malayalam KNP11 M 21 12 Karunapuram Karunapuram Karunapuram NA Malayalam Malayalam KNP12 F 46 10 Puthuppalli Karunapuram Karunapuram NA Malayalam Malayalam

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Appendix C3.6.2 Subject biodata, part II

Sub-ID Father’s mt Mother’s mt Spouse’s mt Lived in other place Travel outside area KNP01 Malayalam Malayalam Malayalam Bangalore (1 year) Bangalore KNP02 Malayalam Malayalam Malayalam Bangalore (1 year) Widely travelled KNP03 Malayalam Malayalam Malayalam Bombay (3 months) Widely travelled KNP04 Malayalam Malayalam Malayalam Mundakayam, Vallakadavu Trivandrum, Ernakulam KNP05 Malayalam Malayalam Malayalam No No KNP06 Malayalam Malayalam Malayalam No Kottayam KNP07 Malayalam Malayalam Malayalam No Coimbatore KNP08 Malayalam Malayalam Malayalam No No KNP09 Malayalam Malayalam Malayalam No Bangalore KNP10 Malayalam Malayalam Malayalam Bangalore (2 months) Kottayam KNP11 Malayalam Malayalam Malayalam Thiruvalla (2 years) Widely travelled KNP12 Malayalam Malayalam Malayalam Punjab (5 years) Jammu-Kashmir

Appendix C3.6.3 HTT scores (My Childhood Days story) and Post HTT responses

Sub-ID Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 TTL PCT 1 2a 2b 3 4 KNP01 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 From our place Yes NA Yes No mixing KNP02 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 From our place Yes NA Yes No mixing KNP03 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 From our place Little different Not asked Not asked Not asked KNP04 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 From our place Yes NA One word No mixing KNP05 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 From our place Yes NA Yes No mixing KNP06 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 From our place Yes NA Yes No mixing KNP07 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 From our place Yes NA Yes No mixing KNP08 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 From our place Yes NA Yes No mixing KNP09 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 90 90 From our place Yes NA Yes No mixing KNP10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 From our place Yes NA Yes No mixing KNP11 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 From our place Yes NA One word No mixing KNP12 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 100 From our place Yes NA Yes No mixing

Average score: 99 Standard deviation: 2.89 Number: 12

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Appendix D: Language Use, Attitude and Vitality questionnaires (LUAV)

Appendix D1 Language Assistant Biodata

1. Date: 2. Name:7 3. Gender: 4. Age: 5. Education: 6. a. Birthplace: b. Brought up: c. Current residence: d. (If moved) How long: 7. a. Mother tongue: b. Language in home: 8. Spouses MT: 9. Mother’s MT: 10. Father’s MT: 11. Lived or stayed in another place: 12. Travel outside area; how often:

Appendix D2 Sociolinguistic questionnaires

Language use

2. What language do you use- a. to speak with your parents? b. with children? c. with your friends in your village? d. with outsiders (merchants, government officials etc)? e. in your private prayer?

Language attitudes

5. Which is your favourite language? 6. Do young people in your community feel good about your language? 7. What language do your people (young people) like to speak when they go out? 8. Would your old people be happy if young people spoke Malayalam/Tamil in the home? 9. What language should a Muthuvan woman use with her young child? 10. Would you be happy if your child only spoke Malayalam/Tamil? 12a. In which settlement is the Muthuvan language spoken most purely? 12b. Why do you say that it is pure? 12c. In which settlement is the next most pure Muthuvan language spoken? 13. Do you feel that the Muthuvan language is as good as Malayalam/Tamil?

7For the privacy of the respondents, names have been removed from this data.

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Language vitality

3a. What language do your children speak first? 3b. How old are your children when they start to speak Malayalam or Tamil? 3d. What language do educated children (that have lived in hostels) use with their parents and other villagers? 4. Do the young people know the Muthuvan language as well as the old people do? 11. Would you allow your son or daughter to marry someone from outside of your community? 15. Do you think that, when your children have grown up, they will still speak the Muthuvan language?

Bilingualism

1. What are the languages you can speak? 16a. Can you read and write? 16b. And, if so, in which language? 17. Which language do you understand better, Malayalam or Tamil? 18. Do you fully understand the language (Malayalam) spoken by Malayalis or that you hear on the radio?

Appendix D3 LUAV Responses

Abbreviations used in the tables:

NA Not applicable KVK Kavakudi NR No response TLR Thalayirappan MT Mother tongue KDK Kodakallu KZL Kozhiyala KLY Kumily Edu Education KVM Kovilmala Lg Language

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Appendix D3.1 LUAV questionnaire responses from Muthuvan

Appendix D3.1.1 Subject biodata, part I

Sub-ID Sex Age Edu Birthplace Brought up Now How long KZL01 M 42 2 Kundala Kozhiyala Kozhiyala 35 years KZL02 F 55 0 Valsapetty Valsapetty Kozhiyala 38 years KZL03 M 20 2 Kozhiyala Kozhiyala Kozhiyala NA KZL06 M 26 4 Thirthamalakudi Kozhiyala Kozhiyala 5 years KZL07 M 20 4 Kozhiyala Kozhiyala Kozhiyala NA KZL12 M 45 5 Mattupetti Kozhiyala Kozhiyala 40 years KZL13 M 43 5 Kundala Kundala Kozhiyala 38 years KZL14 M 23 7 Kozhiyala Kozhiyala Kozhiyala NA KZL15 M 23 3 Kozhiyala Kozhiyala Kozhiyala NA KZL16 M 70 3 Muttom Muttom Kozhiyala 6 years KZL17 M 30 2 Byzenvally Kozhiyala Kozhiyala 25 years TLR01 M 35 0 Thattekanam Thattekanam Thalayirappan 10 years TLR02 F 25 0 Thalayirappan Thalayirappan Thalayirappan NA TLR03 M 30 0 Thalayirappan Thalayirappan Thalayirappan NA TLR06 F 25 0 Thalayirappan Thalayirappan Thalayirappan NA TLR07 M 30 0 Koranjinakudi Koranjinakudi Thalayirappan 15 years TLR08 F 50 0 Thalayirappan Thalayirappan Thalayirappan NA TLR09 M 37 0 Churakkattu Churakkattu Thalayirappan 25 years TLR10 M 36 0 Thalayirappan Thalayirappan Thalayirappan NA TLR11 M 48 0 Machchiplavu Machchiplavu Thalayirappan 28 years KVK02 M 30 5 Idamalakudi Kavakudi Kavakudi 18 years KVK03 M 50 0 Kavakudi Kavakudi Kavakudi NA KVK04 M 38 0 Kavakudi Kavakudi Kavakudi NA KVK07 M 36 0 Kavakudi Kavakudi Kavakudi NA KVK08 M 20 0 Shettukudi Kavakudi Kavakudi 15 years KVK09 M 21 5 Kavakudi Kavakudi Kavakudi NA

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Sub-ID Sex Age Edu Birthplace Brought up Now How long KVK12 M 36 2 Kavakudi Kavakudi Kavakudi NA KVK13 M 40 3 Kavakudi Kavakudi Kavakudi NA KVK14 M 67 5 Kavakudi Kavakudi Kavakudi NA KVK15 M 31 5 Kavakudi Kavakudi Kavakudi NA KVK16 M 22 8 Kavakudi Kavakudi Kavakudi NA KVK17 M 75 0 Kavakudi Kavakudi Kavakudi NA KVK18 F 50 0 Kavakudi Kavakudi Kavakudi NA

Appendix D3.1.2 Subject biodata, part II

Sub-ID MT Lg at home Lived in other place Travel outside area KZL01 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Ernakulam KZL02 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Palani, Madura KZL03 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Edamulakkal (6 months) Adimali, Chinnar KZL06 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Munnar (3 months) Tamil Nadu KZL07 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Munnar KZL12 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Kundala (1 years) Andhra Pradesh KZL13 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Rajapalayam (1 month) Trivandrum, Madura, Coimbatore KZL14 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Theni, Palani, Thodupuzha KZL15 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Idamalakudi (3 months) No KZL16 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Madura, Palani KZL17 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Selam, Palani TLR01 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No No TLR02 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No No TLR03 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Idamalakudi No TLR06 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Kottayam TLR07 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Adimali TLR08 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No No TLR09 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No No TLR10 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No No TLR11 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Koladi

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Sub-ID MT Lg at home Lived in other place Travel outside area KVK02 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Andhra Pradesh, Palani KVK03 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Madura, Kothamangalam KVK04 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Trivandrum, Coimbatore KVK07 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Adimali, Pollachi, Idamalakudi KVK08 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No No KVK09 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Marayur Ernakulam KVK12 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Palani, Adimali KVK13 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Adimali, Coimbatore KVK14 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Widely travelled KVK15 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Ernakulam, Trissur, Madura KVK16 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No Trivandrum, Palani KVK17 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha Idamalakudi (6 years) Widely travelled KVK18 Muthuvan Pasha Muthuvan Pasha No No

Appendix D3.1.3 Questionnaire responses 1–2e

Sub-ID Sex Age Edu 1 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e KZL01 M 42 2 Muthuvan, Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Malayalam Tamil KZL02 F 55 0 Muthuvan, Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Malayalam (not fluent) Muthuvan KZL03 M 20 2 Muthuvan, Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan Both Muthuvan Malayalam Muthuvan KZL06 M 26 4 Muthuvan, Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan, Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan Malayalam KZL07 M 20 4 Muthuvan, Malayalam Muthuvan NA Muthuvan, Malayalam Muthuvan Malayalam KZL12 M 45 5 Muthuvan, Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Malayalam Tamil KZL13 M 43 5 Muthuvan, Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Malayalam Tamil, Muthuvan KZL14 M 23 7 Muthuvan, Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan, Malayalam Malayalam Malayalam KZL15 M 23 3 Muthuvan, Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan, Malayalam Muthuvan, Malayalam Malayalam KZL16 M 70 3 Muthuvan, Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan KZL17 M 30 2 Muthuvan, Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Malayalam Muthuvan

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Sub-ID Sex Age Edu 1 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e TLR01 M 35 0 Muthuvan, Malayalam, Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Malayalam Muthuvan Mannan TLR02 F 25 0 Muthuvan, Malayalam, Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Malayalam Muthuvan Mannan TLR03 M 30 0 Muthuvan, Malayalam Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Malayalam Muthuvan TLR06 F 25 0 Muthuvan, little Malayalam Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Malayalam Muthuvan TLR07 M 30 0 Muthuvan, little Malayalam Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Malayalam No habit of prayer TLR08 F 50 0 Muthuvan, Malayalam Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Malayalam Muthuvan TLR09 M 37 0 Muthuvan, Malayalam Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Malayalam Muthuvan TLR10 M 36 0 Muthuvan, little Malayalam Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Malayalam (but not Muthuvan good) TLR11 M 48 0 Muthuvan, Malayalam Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Malayalam Muthuvan KVK02 M 30 5 Muthuvan, Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Their language Muthuvan KVK03 M 50 0 Muthuvan, Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Their language Muthuvan KVK04 M 38 0 Muthuvan, Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan KVK07 M 36 0 Muthuvan, Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Their language Muthuvan KVK08 M 20 0 Muthuvan, little Malayalam, Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan little Tamil KVK09 M 21 5 Muthuvan, Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan Muthuvan Both Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan KVK12 M 36 2 Muthuvan, Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan KVK13 M 40 3 Muthuvan, little Malayalam, Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan Tamil KVK14 M 67 5 Muthuvan, little Malayalam, Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Their language Muthuvan Tamil KVK15 M 31 5 Muthuvan, Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan KVK16 M 22 8 Muthuvan, Malayalam, little Muthuvan Both Both Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan Tamil KVK17 M 75 0 Muthuvan, little Malayalam, Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Malayalam, Tamil Muthuvan little Tamil KVK18 F 50 0 Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan

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Appendix D3.1.4 Questionnaire responses 3a–7

Sub-ID 3a 3b 3c 3d 4 5 6 7 KZL01 Muthuvan Schooling onwards Muthuvan Both Yes Muthuvan, Malayalam Yes Muthuvan KZL02 Muthuvan Above 10 years Muthuvan Muthuvan Yes Muthuvan Yes Malayalam, Muthuvan KZL03 Muthuvan 10 years old Muthuvan Muthuvan Yes Malayalam Yes Muthuvan KZL06 Muthuvan 6 years old Muthuvan Muthuvan Yes Muthuvan, Malayalam Yes Malayalam, Muthuvan KZL07 Not asked Not asked Both Not asked Yes Not sure (both) Yes Malayalam, Muthuvan KZL12 Muthuvan Schooling onwards Muthuvan Both Yes Muthuvan, Malayalam Yes Muthuvan KZL13 Muthuvan Above 5 years Muthuvan Muthuvan Yes Muthuvan Yes Muthuvan KZL14 Muthuvan 6 years old Both Muthuvan Yes Muthuvan, Malayalam Yes Malayalam KZL15 Muthuvan 6 years old Muthuvan Both Yes Tamil Yes Malayalam, Muthuvan KZL16 Muthuvan 6 years old Muthuvan Muthuvan Yes Tamil Yes Muthuvan KZL17 Muthuvan 7 years old Muthuvan Both Yes Muthuvan Yes Muthuvan, Malayalam TLR01 Muthuvan 10 years old Muthuvan Both Yes Malayalam Yes Malayalam TLR02 Muthuvan 10 years old Muthuvan Both Yes Malayalam Yes Malayalam TLR03 Muthuvan Schooling onwards Muthuvan NA Yes Malayalam Some do not use Malayalam TLR06 Muthuvan Schooling onwards Muthuvan NA Yes Muthuvan Yes Muthuvan TLR07 Muthuvan 8 years old Muthuvan NA Yes Muthuvan Yes Muthuvan TLR08 Muthuvan 3 years onwards Muthuvan NA Yes Muthuvan Yes Malayalam TLR09 Muthuvan 9 years old Muthuvan NA Yes Malayalam No Malayalam, Muthuvan TLR10 Muthuvan 10 years old Muthuvan NA Yes Muthuvan Yes Malayalam TLR11 Muthuvan Schooling onwards Muthuvan NA Yes Malayalam I don’t know Muthuvan KVK02 Muthuvan Above 7 years Muthuvan NA Yes Muthuvan Yes Both KVK03 Muthuvan Above 12 years Muthuvan NA Yes Muthuvan Yes Muthuvan KVK04 Muthuvan 6 years old Muthuvan NA Yes Muthuvan Yes Our language KVK07 Muthuvan 8 or 9 years old Muthuvan NA Yes Muthuvan Yes Muthuvan KVK08 Muthuvan 7 years old Muthuvan Muthuvan Yes Muthuvan Yes Muthuvan KVK09 Muthuvan 10 years old Muthuvan NA Yes Malayalam Yes Malayalam KVK12 Muthuvan Schooling onwards Muthuvan NA Yes Malayalam Yes Malayalam KVK13 Muthuvan Schooling onwards Muthuvan NA Yes Muthuvan Yes Malayalam KVK14 Muthuvan Above 5 years Muthuvan NA Yes Tamil, Muthuvan Yes Muthuvan

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Sub-ID 3a 3b 3c 3d 4 5 6 7 KVK15 Muthuvan Above 8 years Muthuvan Muthuvan Yes Muthuvan Yes Muthuvan KVK16 Muthuvan Above 7 years Muthuvan Both Yes Muthuvan Yes Educated like Malayalam KVK17 Muthuvan Above 8 years Muthuvan NA Yes Muthuvan Malayalam Muthuvan (education) KVK18 Muthuvan Above 10 years Muthuvan Muthuvan Yes Muthuvan Yes Muthuvan

Appendix D3.1.5 Questionnaire responses 8–12c

Sub-ID 8 9 10 11 12a 12b 12c KZL01 Yes Muthuvan Yes No, it is an offence All are same NA NA KZL02 Yes Muthuvan Good thing No All are same NA NA KZL03 No problem Muthuvan Yes No Kozhiyala Since I like it Swamiyarala KZL06 Yes Muthuvan Yes No All are same NA NA KZL07 Yes Muthuvan No objection No All are same NA NA KZL12 Yes Muthuvan Yes No, it is an offence All are same NA NA KZL13 Don’t like Muthuvan No No Tamil Muthuvan Not asked NA area KZL14 No Muthuvan No No All are same NA NA KZL15 We don’t often Muthuvan No objection No All are same NA NA speak KZL16 No objection Muthuvan Often speak No Not asked NA Not asked Muthuvan KZL17 Yes Muthuvan Yes No All are same NA NA TLR01 Yes Muthuvan Yes Yes, except Mannan Marayur Tamil mixed villages Other Tamil area TLR02 Yes Muthuvan Yes Yes, except Mannan Marayur Tamil mixed villages Not asked TLR03 Yes Muthuvan No, should speak No, it is an offence Thalayirappan Not Tamil mixed Marayur Muthuvan TLR06 Some people Muthuvan Yes, not fully No Don’t know NA NA don’t like it pleasant TLR07 Yes Muthuvan Yes, learning Yes Thattekanam Style Kurathikudi Malayalam

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Sub-ID 8 9 10 11 12a 12b 12c TLR08 No problem Muthuvan Yes Yes I don’t know NA NA TLR09 Now no Muthuvan No problem Now no problem Kattamudi Sweetness Thalayirappan problem TLR10 Yes Muthuvan No problem Yes I don’t know NA NA TLR11 Yes Malayalam Yes I don’t like Thalayirappan No influence of Tamil Don’t know KVK02 Don’t like Muthuvan Yes, education No Marayur for us NA Other settlements KVK03 Don’t like Muthuvan Don’t like Don’ like Vattavada Not asked Not asked KVK04 They don’t like Muthuvan No No Idamalakudi Not asked Not Kurathikudi KVK07 Don’t like Muthuvan No No Kavakudi NR Idamalakudi KVK08 Yes Muthuvan Yes No Kavakudi Good understanding Valsapetti KVK09 Yes Muthuvan Both No All are same NA NA KVK12 Yes Muthuvan Both No All are same NA NA KVK13 Yes Muthuvan No, group identity No All are same NA NA KVK14 They will speak Muthuvan They will speak No Except Adimali Not asked Not asked Muthuvan Muthuvan KVK15 They like Muthuvan We don’t allow No Among Tamil Not asked Not asked Muthuvan KVK16 Yes Muthuvan No; language No Idamalakudi Pure Not asked maintenance KVK17 Yes Muthuvan Don’t like Don’t like Except Adimali We speak original Chinnar and Chinnar KVK18 Muthuvan Both No No problem Nowhere NA NA

Appendix D3.1.6 Questionnaire responses 13–18

Sub-ID 13 14 15 16a 16b 17 18 KZL01 Yes Yes Yes Yes Malayalam Malayalam Yes KZL02 Yes Yes Both No NA Tamil Not full KZL03 Yes Yes Yes Yes Malayalam Equal Yes KZL06 Yes Yes Yes Yes Malayalam, Tamil Equal understanding KZL07 Yes Yes Yes Yes Malayalam Malayalam Yes KZL12 Yes Yes Yes Yes Malayalam, Tamil Malayalam Yes

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Sub-ID 13 14 15 16a 16b 17 18 KZL13 Yes Yes Yes Yes Tamil, English Equal Yes KZL14 Yes Yes Yes Yes Malayalam, English Equal Yes KZL15 No, inferior Yes Yes Yes Malayalam, Tamil Malayalam Yes KZL16 Yes Yes Yes Yes Tamil Tamil Yes KZL17 Yes Yes Yes Yes Malayalam Malayalam Yes TLR01 Yes Yes Yes No NA Malayalam Yes TLR02 Yes Yes Yes No NA Malayalam Yes TLR03 Yes Yes Yes (?) No NA Equal Yes TLR06 Yes Yes Yes No NA Malayalam Yes TLR07 Yes, for us Yes Yes No NA Malayalam Not fully TLR08 Yes Yes Not asked No NA Malayalam Yes TLR09 Yes Yes Both No NA Malayalam Yes TLR10 Yes Yes Yes No NA Malayalam Not fully TLR11 Yes Yes Not sure No NA Malayalam Not asked KVK02 Yes Yes Yes Yes Tamil Tamil Yes KVK03 Yes Yes Yes No NA Tamil Yes KVK04 Yes Yes Yes No NA Equal Yes KVK07 Yes Yes Yes No NA Tamil Yes KVK08 Yes Yes Not asked No NA Tamil Yes KVK09 Yes Yes Yes Yes Malayalam Malayalam Yes KVK12 Not asked Yes Yes Yes Tamil Tamil Not fully KVK13 Yes Yes Yes Yes Tamil Tamil Yes KVK14 Yes, for us Yes Yes Yes Tamil Tamil Yes, Tamil KVK15 Yes Yes Yes Yes Tamil Equal Yes KVK16 Yes Yes Yes Yes Malayalam Malayalam Yes KVK17 Yes Yes Yes, in village No NA Tamil Yes, Tamil KVK18 Yes Yes Both No NA Both Not fully

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Appendix D3.2 LUAV questionnaire responses from Mannan

Appendix D3.2.1 Subject biodata, part I

Sub-ID Sex Age Edu Birthplace Brought up Now How long KDK01 M 34 0 Thopramkudi Kodakallu Kodakallu 30 years KDK02 M 19 0 Kodakallu Kodakallu Kodakallu NA KDK04 M 24 6 Panikkankudi Panikkankudi Kodakallu 4 years KDK06 M 25 3 Mazhuvadi Kattathi Kodakallu 12 years KDK07 F 40 0 Vathikudi Ettekkar Kodakallu 5 months KDK08 F 36 3 Valiyathovala Valiyathovala Kodakallu 2 years KDK09 F 20 9 Kodakallu Kodakallu Kodakallu 6 years KDK10 F 35 0 Panickenkudi Ettekkar Kodakallu 30 years KDK11 M 19 4 Kodakallu Kodakallu Kodakallu NA KDK12 M 28 4 Kanjikuzhi Chinnaparakudi Kodakallu 2 years KDK13 F 23 0 Kodakallu Kodakallu Kodakallu NA KDK14 M 44 0 Valiyathovala Valiyathovala Kodakallu 24 years KLY01 F 21 3 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA KLY06 M 31 5 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA KLY07 F 29 3 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA KLY08 M 45 4 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA KLY09 M 18 10 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA KLY10 M 51 5 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA KLY13 M 26 10 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA KLY16 F 42 0 Panikkankudi Vathikudi Kumily 25 years KLY18 M 32 4 Kattappana Kattappana Kumily 10 years KLY19 F 45 0 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA KLY21 M 47 2 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA KLY22 M 36 10 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA KLY23 M 26 0 Murikkattukudi Murikkattukudi Kumily 9 years KLY24 M 25 4 Kattappana Kumily Kumily 17 years KLY25 F 33 0 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA

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Sub-ID Sex Age Edu Birthplace Brought up Now How long KLY26 F 45 0 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA KLY27 F 49 0 Kumily Kumily Kumily NA KLY28 F 45 0 Maniyarankudi Maniyarankudi Kumily 2 weeks KLY29 F 42 2 Kanchiyar Kanchiyar Kumily 30 years KLY30 M 33 0 Adimali Adimali Kumily 16 years KVM01 M 48 3 Kanchiyar Kanchiyar Kovilmala 20 years KVM02 F 35 0 Murikkattukudi Murikkattukudi Kovilmala 20 years KVM03 F 24 10 Kovilmala Kovilmala Kovilmala NA KVM04 F 37 0 Kovilmala Kovilmala Kovilmala NA KVM05 M 24 10 Kovilmala Kovilmala Kovilmala NA KVM06 M 20 10 Kovilmala Kovilmala Kovilmala NA KVM07 F 31 0 Kovilmala Kovilmala Kovilmala NA KVM08 M 31 2 Rasingapuram Rasingapuram Kovilmala 18 years KVM09 M 58 1 Murikkattukudi Murikkattukudi Kovilmala 30 years KVM10 M 45 0 Thopramkudi Thopramkudi Kovilmala 22 years KVM11 F 27 0 Kovilmala Kovilmala Kovilmala NA KVM12 F 18 10 Kovilmala Kovilmala Kovilmala NA KVM13 F 47 0 Kanchiyar Kanchiyar Kovilmala 25 years

Appendix D3.2.2 Subject biodata, part II

Sub-ID MT Lg at home Spouse’s MT Lived in other place Travel outside area KDK01 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Palakkad (6 years) Palakkad KDK02 Our Language Our Language NA Angamali (1 year) Ernakulam KDK04 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No No KDK06 Mannan Petch Mannan Petch Mannan Petch No Munnar, Udumpanchola KDK07 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No Kovilmala KDK08 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No Kumily KDK09 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Adimali (Tribal Hostel) Trivandrum KDK10 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No Tamil Nadu KDK11 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha NA Panikkankudi (2 months) Trissur

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Sub-ID MT Lg at home Spouse’s MT Lived in other place Travel outside area KDK12 Mannan Petch Mannan Petch Mannan Petch Karnataka (2 years) Karnataka KDK13 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No No KDK14 Mannan Petch Mannan Petch Mannan Petch No Adimali KLY01 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No No KLY06 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Adimali (1 month) Ernakulam, Trissur KLY07 Inavan Petch Inavan Petch Inavan Petch No Adimali KLY08 Inavan Petch Inavan Petch Inavan Petch Perumkala (6 years) Kovalam, Tamil Nadu KLY09 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No Thodupuzha KLY10 Inavan Petch Inavan Petch Inavan Petch Adimali (3 months) Trivandrum, Madura KLY13 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Ullada Pasha No Trivandrum, Ernakulam KLY16 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No No KLY18 Inavan Petch Inavan Petch Inavan Petch Andhra Pradesh (3 months) No KLY19 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No No KLY21 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No No KLY22 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Kollam (3 years) Trivandrum, Kollam KLY23 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha NA Tamil Nadu (3 years) Kambam, Kochi, Kottayam KLY24 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Valiyathovala (3 months) Trivandrum, Periyakandam KLY25 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Malayalam No Kottayam, Tamil Nadu KLY26 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha NA No Tamil Nadu KLY27 Inavan Petch Inavan Petch Inavan Petch No Adimali KLY28 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No No KLY29 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No Theni KLY30 Inavan Pasha Inavan Pasha Inavan Pasha No Vyga, Aluva KVM01 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No Madras KVM02 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No Trivandrum, Devikulam KVM03 Nanga Petch Nanga Petch Nanga Petch Thiruvalla (4 years) Widely travelled KVM04 Inavan Petch Inavan Petch Inavan Petch No Kumily, Kanjikuzhi KVM05 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Pathanamthitta (3 months) No KVM06 Inavan Petch Inavan Petch Inavan Petch No Chadayamangalam, Alleppy KVM07 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Alleppy (till 10th age) Alleppy KVM08 Inavan Pasha Inavan Pasha Inavan Pasha Thodupuzha (2 years) Pala

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Sub-ID MT Lg at home Spouse’s MT Lived in other place Travel outside area KVM09 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No Thodupuzha KVM10 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mysore (6 months) Trivandrum KVM11 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha No No KVM12 Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Tribal hostel Pampanar KVM13 Inavan Petch Inavan Petch Inavan Petch No Ernakulam

Appendix D3.2.3 Questionnaire responses 1–2e

Sub-ID Sex Age Edu 1 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e KDK01 M 34 0 Mannan, Mannan Mannan Mannan Malayalam Mannan Malayalam KDK02 M 19 0 Mannan, Mannan Mannan Mannan Malayalam Mannan Malayalam KDK04 M 24 6 Mannan, Mannan Mannan, Mannan, Malayalam Malayalam Mannan Malayalam Malayalam KDK06 M 25 3 Mannan, Mannan Mannan Mannan, Malayalam Malayalam and Mannan Malayalam, Tamil Tamil KDK07 F 40 0 Mannan, Mannan Mannan Mannan Malayalam Mannan Malayalam KDK08 F 36 3 Mannan, Mannan Mannan Mannan Malayalam Mannan Malayalam, Tamil KDK09 F 20 9 Mannan, Both Mannan, Mannan, Malayalam Malayalam Both Malayalam, Malayalam Muthuvan KDK10 F 35 0 Mannan, Mannan Mannan Mannan Malayalam Mannan Malayalam KDK11 M 19 4 Mannan, Mannan Mannan Mannan, Malayalam Malayalam Mannan Malayalam KDK12 M 28 4 Mannan, Both Mannan Mannan, Malayalam Malayalam Mannan Malayalam, Tamil KDK13 F 23 0 Mannan, Mannan Mannan Mannan Malayalam Mannan Malayalam KDK14 M 44 0 Mannan, little Mannan Mannan Mannan Malayalam Mannan

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Sub-ID Sex Age Edu 1 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e Malayalam KLY01 F 21 3 Mannan, Mannan Mannan Mannan Malayalam Mannan Malayalam, Tamil KLY06 M 31 5 Mannan, Mannan Mannan Mannan, Malayalam Malayalam Mannan Malayalam, Tamil, little English KLY07 F 29 3 Mannan, Mannan Mannan Mannan Malayalam Mannan Malayalam, little Tamil KLY08 M 45 4 Mannan, Mannan Mannan, Mannan, Malayalam Malayalam Mannan Malayalam, Tamil Malayalam KLY09 F 18 10 Mannan, Mannan Mannan Mannan Malayalam Malayalam Malayalam, Tamil KLY10 M 51 5 Inavan Petch, Mannan More Malayalam Mannan, Malayalam Malayalam Both Malayalam KLY13 M 26 10 Mannan, Mannan Mannan Mannan Malayalam Mannan Malayalam, Tamil KLY16 F 42 0 Mannan, little Mannan Mannan Mannan Mannan Mannan Malayalam KLY18 M 32 4 Mannan, Mannan Mannan, Mannan, Malayalam Malayalam Mannan Malayalam, Tamil Malayalam KLY19 F 45 0 Mannan, Mannan Mannan Mannan Malayalam Mannan Malayalam, little Tamil KLY21 M 47 2 Mannan, Mannan Mannan Mannan Malayalam, Tamil Mannan Malayalam, Tamil KLY22 M 36 10 Mannan, Mannan Malayalam Malayalam Malayalam Mannan Malayalam, Tamil KLY23 M 26 0 Mannan, Both Mannan, Inavan Petch Malayalam Mannan Malayalam, Tamil Malayalam, Tamil KLY24 M 25 4 Mannan, Both Mannan, Inavan Petch Malayalam Mannan Malayalam, Tamil Malayalam KLY25 F 33 0 Mannan, Mannan Mannan Mannan Malayalam, Tamil Mannan

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Sub-ID Sex Age Edu 1 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e Malayalam, Tamil KLY26 F 45 0 Mannan, Mannan Inavan Petch Inavan Petch Malayalam, Tamil Inavan Malayalam, Tamil Petch KLY27 F 49 0 Inavan Petch, Mannan Inavan Petch Inavan Petch Malayalam Inavan Malayalam Petch KLY28 F 45 0 Mannan, Mannan Mannan Mannan Malayalam Mannan Malayalam KLY29 F 42 2 Mannan, Mannan Mannan, Mannan, little Malayalam Mannan Malayalam, Tamil Malayalam Malayalam KLY30 M 33 0 Mannan, Mannan Mannan, Mannan Malayalam Mannan Malayalam Malayalam KLY31 F 34 0 Mannan, Mannan Inavan Petch Inavan Petch Malayalam Inavan Malayalam, little Petch Tamil KLY19 F 45 0 Mannan, Mannan Mannan Mannan Malayalam Mannan Malayalam, little Tamil KLY32 M 52 5 Inavan Petch, Mannan Mannan, little Inavan Petch Malayalam Inavan Malayalam, Tamil Malayalam Petch KVM01 M 48 3 Mannan, Mannan Mannan Mannan Malayalam Mannan Malayalam, Tamil KVM02 F 35 0 Mannan, Mannan Mannan Mannan Malayalam Mannan Malayalam KVM03 F 24 10 Mannan, Mannan Mannan Mannan Malayalam Mannan Malayalam KVM04 F 37 0 Mannan Mannan Mannan Mannan Malayalam Mannan KVM05 M 24 10 Mannan, Mannan Malayalam Both Malayalam Both Malayalam KVM06 M 20 10 Mannan, Both Mannan Both Malayalam Mannan Malayalam KVM07 F 31 0 Mannan, Mannan Mannan Mannan Malayalam Mannan Malayalam KVM08 M 31 2 Mannan, Tamil Mannan Mannan Mannan Malayalam Mannan KVM09 M 58 1 Mannan, Mannan Both Both Malayalam Mannan

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Sub-ID Sex Age Edu 1 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e Malayalam KVM10 M 45 0 Mannan, Both Mannan Mannan Malayalam Mannan Malayalam KVM11 F 27 0 Mannan, Mannan Mannan Mannan Malayalam Mannan Malayalam KVM12 F 18 10 Mannan, Both Malayalam Both Malayalam Mannan Malayalam, Tamil KVM13 F 47 0 Mannan, Mannan Both Mannan Malayalam Mannan Malayalam

Appendix D3.2.3 Questionnaire responses 3a–6

Sub-ID 3a 3b 3c 3d 4 5 6 KDK01 Mannan 3 years old Mannan Some speak Malayalam Yes Malayalam Some speak Malayalam KDK02 Mannan 5 years old Mannan Some speak Malayalam No Malayalam Yes KDK04 Mannan After 2.5 years Mannan Some speak Malayalam Yes Malayalam Yes, but not everyone KDK06 Mannan After 8 years Mannan Both Yes Mannan Yes KDK07 Mannan After 3 years (can Mannan Mannan Yes Mannan Yes understand) KDK08 Mannan 8 years old Mannan Mannan, Malayalam Yes Tamil Yes KDK09 Mannan 3 years old Mannan Mannan, Malayalam Yes Mannan Yes KDK10 Mannan 5 years old Mannan Mannan Yes Mannan Yes KDK11 Mannan After 2.5 years Both Mannan with parents Yes Mannan Yes KDK12 Mannan 3 years onwards Mannan Mannan, Malayalam Yes Not asked Yes KDK13 Mannan 3 years old (begin to Mannan Mannan No Mannan I don’t know understand) KDK14 Mannan 5, 6 years old Mannan Mannan No Mannan Yes KLY01 Mannan 5 years old Mannan Mannan No Malayalam Yes, Most of them KLY06 Mannan After 5 years old Mannan Some speak Malayalam Almost Mannan Yes KLY07 Mannan 4 years old (depends on Mannan More Malayalam Yes Mannan I don’t know family) KLY08 Mannan 10 years old Both Mannan Yes Mannan I don’t know KLY09 Mannan Schooling onwards Mannan Mannan Yes Malayalam Yes

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Sub-ID 3a 3b 3c 3d 4 5 6 KLY10 Inavan Schooling onwards Both Both No Both Yes, but not everyone Petch KLY13 Mannan 10th year (no teaching) Mannan Mannan Yes Mannan Yes KLY16 Mannan Schooling onwards Mannan I don’t know Yes Mannan Yes KLY18 Mannan Above 5 years Both Mannan Yes Both Yes KLY19 Mannan 4 years old Mannan Some speak Malayalam Yes Mannan Yes KLY21 Mannan 4 years old Mannan Mannan, Malayalam Yes Mannan Yes KLY22 Inavan After 6 years Mannan Malayalam No Malayalam Yes Petch KLY23 Inavan 5 years onwards Mannan Both Not fully Inavan Petch Yes Petch KLY24 Mannan Nursery schooling Mannan Our language Yes Mannan Yes KLY25 Mannan Schooling onwards Mannan Mannan Yes Mannan They like Malayalam more KLY26 Inavan Schooling onwards Mannan Both Yes Inavan Petch Yes Petch KLY27 Inavan Schooling onwards Mannan Inavan Petch Yes Inavan Petch They like Malayalam Petch more KLY28 Mannan 5 years old Mannan Malayalam Yes Mannan, I don’t know Malayalam KLY29 Mannan 10 years old Mannan More Malayalam Yes Mannan Yes KLY30 Mannan 5-10 years old (depends Mannan Mannan Yes Mannan Yes on family) KLY31 Inavan Depends on families Both Inavan Petch Yes Inavan Petch Not exactly having Petch KLY32 Mannan 4 years old Mannan Malayalam Yes Both Yes KVM01 Inavan After 5 years Mannan Both Yes Mannan No, they want to shift Petch KVM02 Mannan Schooling onwards Both Both Yes Mannan Yes, but using more Malayalam KVM03 Mannan 4 years, (Schooling Not sure Malayalam Yes Both Yes onwards) KVM04 Mannan Schooling onwards Mannan Mannan Yes Mannan I don’t know.

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Sub-ID 3a 3b 3c 3d 4 5 6 KVM05 Mannan After 5 years old Both No Not Mannan Yes asked KVM06 Mannan 2 years old Mannan Both Yes Mannan Yes KVM07 Mannan After 10 years Mannan Both Yes Mannan Yes KVM08 Mannan 4 years old Mannan Mannan Yes Mannan Yes, KVM09 Mannan Schooling onwards Both More Malayalam Yes Mannan No, especially in market KVM10 Mannan 10 years old Both Both Little Mannan Yes different KVM11 Mannan 5 years old Mannan More Malayalam Yes Mannan Yes KVM12 Mannan Schooling onwards Mannan Both No Malayalam Yes KVM13 Mannan 3 years old Both More Mannan Yes Mannan I can’t say

Appendix D3.2.3 Questionnaire responses 7–11

Sub-ID 7 8 9 10 11 KDK01 Malayalam Some people don’t like Mannan Yes No KDK02 Both, no problem in using Yes Mannan Yes Yes Mannan KDK04 Malayalam, Mannan Some like Mannan Some like No KDK06 Malayalam Some people don’t like Mannan Yes Yes KDK07 Mannan Most people don’t like Mannan We don’t like Yes KDK08 Malayalam Some like Mannan Some like Yes KDK09 Mannan, Malayalam Yes, except some Malayalam No, should know MT No, only in-group people (education) marriage KDK10 Both No Mannan Yes Yes KDK11 Malayalam Some people don’t like Mannan Yes Some will allow KDK12 Mannan, Malayalam Yes Mannan It is not good Yes, it is good KDK13 Mannan Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked KDK14 Mannan No Mannan No, should know MT No, we don’t like it KLY01 Mannan among ourselves I don’t know Mannan Yes Yes KLY06 Malayalam No Mannan No No, community maintanance

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Sub-ID 7 8 9 10 11 KLY07 Malayalam Some like Mannan Yes Yes KLY08 Only Malayalam Yes Mannan Yes I like from our community KLY09 Malayalam No Mannan Yes Yes KLY10 More Malayalam Yes Inavan Petch Yes It is good and bad KLY13 Mannan among ourselves My parents like Mannan No Yes Mannan KLY16 Mannan among ourselves No Mannan No No KLY18 Mannan among ourselves Some people don’t like Mannan Yes, (development) Yes KLY19 Mannan among ourselves Yes Mannan Yes Yes KLY21 Malayalam Yes Mannan No Yes KLY22 Malayalam Yes Inavan Petch It is not good Yes KLY23 Mannan among ourselves Yes Inavan Petch Yes, but it suspects Yes, but community doesn’t KLY24 Our language They don’t feel bad Mannan No I have no objection KLY25 Mannan among themselves Yes, some don’t like Mannan or Yes Yes Malayalam KLY26 Mannan among ourselves Yes Inavan Petch Yes Yes KLY27 Only Malayalam Yes, some people don’t Inavan Petch Yes Yes, with other tribes like (Paliyan) KLY28 Malayalam Yes Mannan No Yes KLY29 Malayalam, Mannan Some will scold Our traditional No, our language will Yes, if they follow our Language shift traditions KLY30 Malayalam No, they like Mannan Mannan I don’t have any I don’t like Pasha problem KLY31 Malayalam, Inavan Petch No, they will use filthy Malayalam Yes Yes words KLY32 Both Yes Mannan (lg No I like both maintenance) KVM01 Malayalam Yes Mannan No, should keep No, but that is happening tradition KVM02 Both Yes Mannan Yes No KVM03 Mannan Yes Mannan Yes Yes, but should maintain

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Sub-ID 7 8 9 10 11 tradition KVM04 Both Yes, and not provoking Mannan Yes, but should not Yes forget MT KVM05 Malayalam Yes Both Yes, but should not Yes forget MT KVM06 Mannan among ourselves No problem Mannan No No KVM07 Malayalam No problem Mannan Not asked No problem. KVM08 Mannan Yes Mannan Not asked No problem, in-group is good. KVM09 Malayalam Yes Mannan Yes We don’t have such a desire KVM10 Malayalam No Mannan No, if they are educated No KVM11 Mannan Yes Mannan Not going to happened Yes KVM12 Malayalam No problem Mannan Not asked No, should keep family relations KVM13 Mannan Yes Mannan Yes No problem

Appendix D3.2.3 Questionnaire responses 12a–13

Sub-ID 12a 12b 12c 13 KDK01 Only Kodakallu No mixing Nowhere Yes KDK02 Kodakallu No mixing Not asked Yes KDK04 Chinnappara Using only Mannan Kozhiyala It is not bad KDK06 Kodakallu Not mixed Kozhiyala Yes KDK07 All are same NA NA Yes KDK08 I don’t know NA NA Yes KDK09 Anachal Using Mannan even with Malayalis I don’t know Yes KDK10 I don’t know NA NA Yes KDK11 Chinnapparakudi Using Mannan even in outside Kodakallu Yes KDK12 Chinnapparakudi They speak only Mannan Kodakallu Yes KDK13 Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked KDK14 All are same NA NA Yes

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Sub-ID 12a 12b 12c 13 KLY01 Not asked NA NA Yes KLY06 I can’t say NA NA Yes KLY07 I don’t know NA NA Yes for us KLY08 Kumily Isolated Mannan settlement Kozhimala Yes KLY09 Adimali They speak pure language Kumily Yes KLY10 Nowhere NA NA Yes KLY13 Kumily Other areas are little different I don’t know Yes KLY16 No NA NA Yes KLY18 Kumily Not asked Kozhimala Yes KLY19 Kumily Not asked Not asked Yes KLY21 All are same NA NA Yes KLY22 Our own colony Good tone and simple Nowhere Yes KLY23 All are same NA NA Yes KLY24 Kumily I know that only I don’t know Yes KLY25 Kumily Other areas are little different I don’t know Yes KLY26 All are same NA NA Yes KLY27 All are same NA NA Yes KLY28 All are same NA NA Not asked KLY29 Kumily Isolated Mannan settlement I don’t know Yes KLY30 All are same NA NA Yes KLY31 I don’t know NA NA Yes KLY32 Kumily Other area have tone difference Adimali Yes, better KVM01 Kumily, Variyam Contact with outsiders is less Variyam Yes KVM02 All are same NA NA Yes KVM03 I don’t know NA NA Yes KVM04 All are same NA NA No difference KVM05 I don’t know NA NA Yes KVM06 Kumily Using Mannan even to outsiders I don’t know Yes KVM07 Kumily Using only Mannan Not asked Yes KVM08 Kovilmala Not asked Not asked Yes KVM09 All are same NA NA Yes

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Sub-ID 12a 12b 12c 13 KVM10 Kovilmala Other area have tone difference Kodakallu Yes KVM11 I don’t know NA NA Yes KVM12 Kumily Using Mannan even in town I don’t know Yes KVM13 All are mixed NA NA Yes

Appendix D3.2.3 Questionnaire responses 15–18

Sub-ID 15 16a 16b 17 18 KDK01 Yes Yes Malayalam Malayalam Yes KDK02 Yes No NA Malayalam Yes KDK04 Yes Yes Malayalam Malayalam Yes KDK06 Yes, both Yes Malayalam Malayalam Yes KDK07 Yes I can read Malayalam Malayalam Except speedily KDK08 Yes Yes Malayalam Malayalam Yes KDK09 No, Malayalam No NA Malayalam Yes KDK10 Yes No NA Malayalam Yes, not like MT KDK11 Yes Yes, little Malayalam Malayalam Yes KDK12 Yes Yes Malayalam, but little Malayalam Yes KDK13 Not asked Not asked NA Not asked Not asked KDK14 Yes No NA Malayalam Yes KLY01 Yes Yes Malayalam Malayalam Almost KLY06 Yes Yes Malayalam and Tamil Malayalam Yes KLY07 Yes Yes Malayalam Malayalam Yes KLY08 No Yes Malayalam and Tamil Malayalam Yes KLY09 Yes Yes Malayalam and Tamil Malayalam Yes KLY10 25% Yes Malayalam and Tamil Both are equal Yes KLY13 Yes Yes Malayalam, Tamil, English Both are equal Yes KLY16 Yes No NA Malayalam No, little KLY18 Yes Yes Malayalam Not asked Not asked KLY19 Yes No NA Malayalam Yes KLY21 Yes No NA Both are equal Yes

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Sub-ID 15 16a 16b 17 18 KLY22 Yes, coming less used Yes Malayalam, English, Tamil Both are equal Yes KLY23 Yes No NA Malayalam Yes KLY24 Yes Yes Malayalam Malayalam Yes KLY25 Yes No NA Malayalam Yes KLY26 Yes No NA Malayalam Yes KLY27 Not asked No NA Malayalam Yes KLY28 Not asked Not asked NA Not asked Not asked KLY29 I don’t know Yes, little Malayalam Malayalam Not fully KLY30 I don’t know No NA Malayalam Yes KLY31 Malayalam may come Yes Malayalam, little Malayalam Yes KLY32 Yes Yes Malayalam and Tamil Malayalam Yes KVM01 Yes, near future Yes Malayalam Malayalam Yes KVM02 Yes No NA Malayalam Yes KVM03 No Yes Malayalam Malayalam Yes KVM04 Yes No NA Malayalam Yes KVM05 Yes Yes Malayalam, and little English Malayalam Yes KVM06 Yes Yes Malayalam, English Malayalam Yes KVM07 Not asked No NA Malayalam Yes KVM08 They know Yes Tamil Both are equal Yes KVM09 Little use Yes, little Malayalam Malayalam Yes KVM10 More Malayalam No NA Malayalam Yes KVM11 Yes No NA Malayalam Yes KVM12 No, think as shameful Yes Malayalam Malayalam Yes KVM13 Yes No NA Malayalam Yes

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Appendix E: Village Information Questionnaires (VIQ) and Language Information Questionnaires (LIQ)

Appendix E1 Village Information Questionnaires

1. Name of the village? 2. Description about the village? 3. Nearest town? 4. Nearest bus stop? 5a. Nearest primary school? 5b. Nearest high school? 5c. Nearest college? 6. Who are the other tribas and casts in this village? 7. What are the languages that are spoken in this village? 8. Did you have literacy class in your village? 9. How many people are literate in your village? 9a. How many people who are above 35 years are literate? 9b. How many people between the ages of 16 to 30 are literate? 10a. Do your children stop education before 10th grade? 10b. If yes, from which grade?

Appendix E2 Village Information Questionnaires responses

Appendix E2.1 Subject Biodata

Date Location Work People Sub-ID Sex Age Edu 18/01/02 Chinnaparakudi VIQ & LIQ Mannan MA01 M 25 10 19/01/02 Kodakallu VIQ & LIQ Mannan MA02 M 45 4 22/01/02 Thinkalkadu VIQ & LIQ Mannan MA03 M 32 1 28/01/02 Kumily VIQ & LIQ Mannan MA04 M 56 2 30/01/02 Vattamedu VIQ & LIQ Mannan MA05 M 67 0 31/01/02 Kovilmala VIQ & LIQ Mannan MA06 M 48 4 25/02/02 Veliyampara VIQ & LIQ Mannan MA07 M 25 8 30/01/02 Maniyarankudi LIQ Mannan MA08 M 35 10 21/01/02 Kurathikudi VIQ & LIQ Muthuvan MU01 F 60 0

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Date Location Work People Sub-ID Sex Age Edu 26/02/02 Kunchipara VIQ & LIQ Muthuvan MU02 M 42 0 05/02/02 Thalayirappan VIQ Muthuvan MU03 F 55 0 14/02/02 Kavakudi VIQ & LIQ Muthuvan MU04 M 67 5 13/02/02 Valsapetti VIQ & LIQ Muthuvan MU05 M 31 2 15/02/02 Itticity VIQ & LIQ Muthuvan MU06 M 27 12 27/03/02 Kozhiyalakudi VIQ & LIQ Muthuvan MU07 M 20 3 28/01/02 Kumily VIQ & LIQ Paliyan PL01 F 47 0 12/02/02 Dendukombu VIQ & LIQ Mala Pulaya MP01 M 40 5

Appendix E2.2 Village Information Questionnaires responses

Appendix E2.2.1 Questions 1–3

Sub-ID 1 2 3 MA01 Chinnaparakudi Adimali block, Adimali Panchayat Adimali MA02 Kodakallu Adimali block, Adimali Panchayat Peechadu MA03 Thinkalkadu Settlement Nedumkandam block, Udumpanchola Panchayat Muniyara or Nedumkandam MA04 Kumily Mannakudi Azhutha block, Kumily Panchayat Kumily MA05 Vattamedu (Maniyarankudi) Idukki block, Vazhathoppu Panchayat Tadiyampadu MA06 Kovilmala Kattappana block, Kanchiyar Panchayat Kattappana MA07 Veliyampara Mankulam block, Mankulam Panchayat Mankulam MU01 Nellimala, Kurathikudi Adimali block, Adimali Panchayat Irumbupalam (Adimali) MU02 Kunchipara Kothamangalam block, Kuttampuzha Panchayat Pooyamkutti, Kuttampuzha MU03 Thalayirappankudi Adimali block, Adimali Panchayat Machiplavu and Adimali MU04 Kavakudi Devikulam block, Marayor Panchayat Marayur MU05 Valsapetti Devikulam block, Vattavada Panchayat Kandallor, Koviloor MU06 Itticity Tribal Colony Adimali block, Adimali Panchayat Anachal MU07 Kozhiyalakudi Mankulam block, Mankulam Panchayat Anakulam PL01 Lebbakandam, Paliyakudi Azhutha block, Kumily Panchayat Kumily MP01 Dendukombu Devikulam block, Kandallor Panchayat Kovilkadavu

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Appendix E2.2.2 Questions 4–5b

Sub-ID 4 5a 5b MA01 Adimali (4 kms) Chinnaparakudi DPEP, till 4th class Adimali MA02 Peechadu (5 kms), Adimali-Mankulam root Peechadu, (single school in village) Plamala MA03 Nedumkandam road (4kms), Muniyara (4 kms) Kuthukal Silvamala, (Anganvadi in village) Chemmannar MA04 Kumily (2 kms) Lebbakandam Govt tribal school Kumily Town MA05 Maniyarankudi Kochuvazhathopu (2.5 kms) Kochuvazhathopu MA06 Kovilmala Kovilmala Sworaj MA07 Mankulam (2 kms) Veliyampara (English medium school) Mankulam MU01 Irumbupalam (average 15 kms) Kurathikudi Not asked MU02 Mlavana (8 kms) Pinavoor (till 7th) Pooyamkutti MU03 Machiplavu and Adimali (3 to 5 kms) Not asked Not asked MU04 Marayur (4 kms) Vengapara (1 km) Marayur MU05 Koviloor (7 kms) Valsapetti Urkkad MU06 Anachal (1.5 kms) Thokkupara Thokkupara MU07 Perumbankuthu (7 kms) Anakulam (single school in village) Mankulam PL01 Kumily (1 km) Kumily Kumily MP01 Kovilkadavu (2 kms) Marayur Marayur

Appendix E2.2.3 Questions 5c–7

Sub-ID 5c 6 7 MA01 Adimali Urali (1 family), Ulladan (4 families) Mannan Pasha and Malayalam MA02 Not asked 2 couples (Tamil-Mannan, Tamil-Muthuvan) Mannan Pasha and Malayalam MA03 Nedumkandam Not asked Malayalam, Mannan Pasha, Tamil MA04 Kumily Town Paliyar Mannan Pasha, Malayalam, Tamil MA05 Vazhathopu (6 kms) 1-Araya family Mannan Pasha, Malayalam MA06 Sworaj Ulladan (6 families) Malayalam, Tamil MA07 Munnar Muthuvan Mannan, Malayalam, Tamil MU01 Not asked Not asked Not asked MU02 Pooyamkutti 250 Malayalees in Kallolimedu Muthuvan, Malayalam

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Sub-ID 5c 6 7 MU03 Not asked Mannan Not asked MU04 Kandallor No Muthuvan Pasha, Tamil, little Malayalam MU05 Not asked NA Muthuvan Pasha, Tamil, little Malayalam MU06 Munnar Mannan Muthuva Pasha, Malayalam, Tamil MU07 Mankulam NA Muthuvan Pasha, Malayalam PL01 Kumily Mannan Malayalam, Tamil, Mannan MP01 Adimali NA Tamil

Appendix E2.2.4 Questions 8–10a

Sub-ID 8 9 9a 9b 10 10a MA01 Yes, 1995-96 30 % Yes, 15 people 30 people Yes Below 8th female, 10th (male) MA02 Yes Yes Not asked Not asked Yes Below 5th MA03 Yes, 1992-1994 25% 5% 20% Yes Below 10th female, 12th (male) MA04 Yes, 5 years ago Some learned 10%h 75% Yes Below 12th MA05 Yes, for one year All, except old Very rare Most of them Yes 10th onwards MA06 Yes, 1985 Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked MA07 Yes, some years ago 80% 60% 100% Yes Below 9th MU01 1997 (not successful) Don’t know None 25% Yes Not asked MU02 Yes 25% Not asked Not asked Yes After 7 MU03 Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked MU04 Yes, 5 years ago 25% 5% 20% Yes After 4th MU05 Yes, 5 years ago 55% 5% 50% Yes After Primary MU06 Yes 70% 10% 65% Yes Below 10th MU07 Yes, some years ago 25% 15% 80 people Yes 4th onwards PL01 Yes, only 5 months 25% Don’t know Don’t know Yes Below 10th MP01 Yes, 5 years ago 25% 1% 24% Yes They study up to 10th

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Appendix E3 Language Information Questionnaires

1. What is the name you call your mother tongue? 2. What do other people call your speech variety? 3. Is there any other name for your language? 4. Do any other people speak your language? 5a. Does your language have any variation? 5b. (If yes) Where are the places where people speak the same as you? 5c. Where are the places where they speak differently? 6. What other languages do your people speak? 7. What language do you use- a. in the home? b. among yourselves? c. with other tribes? d.a. with Malayalis? d.b. with Tamiliyans? d.c. with government officials? d.d. at the market? d.e. in the work field? 8a. Do your people have difficulty speaking Malayalam/Tamil (LWC)? 8b. (If yes) who are they? 9. Do your parents like to educate their children in your language? 10. Which language do your people prefer? 11. Do your people like to have development activities in your language? 12a. Is there any literature or study about your language? 12b. (If yes) what are they? 13. How much time do you spend out of your settlement? 14. Do your people marry from outside your community? 15a. Is there anyone among you who doesn’t speak your language? 15b. (If yes) who are they? 16. How many people are literate among you? 17. What is the general attitude of your people towards education? 18a. Do your children stop their education before they reach at least 10th standard? 18b. (If yes) in which class? 19. Do you think that after 50 years your language will still be spoken?

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Appendix E4 Language Information Questionnaires responses

Appendix E4.1 Questions 1–5b

Sub-ID Location 1 2 3 4 5a 5b MA01 Chinnapara Mannan Mannan No Yes, few living Yes Except Kumily Pasha Pasha in our village MA02 Kodakallu Mannan Mannan No Some Yes Except Kumily, lengthened style is there Pasha Pasha Muthuvan MA03 Thinkalkadu Mannan Mannan No Merchants in Yes, Malayalam No response Pasha Pasha this area influence MA04 Kumily Mannan Mannan No Yes, those No NA Pasha Pasha who have contact MA05 Vattamedu Mannan Mannan No Some people No, little doubt NA Pasha Pasha about Kumily MA06 Kovilmala Mannan Mannan No Yes, few Yes, only tune is Kattappana, Anchuruli, Mankulam, Pasha Pasha people changing Maniyarankudi, Vazhavara MA07 Veliyampara Inavan Inavan No Not asked Yes Except Kumily Pasha Pasha MA08 Maniyarankudi Mannan Mannan No No Yes Adimali, Kovilmala, Kattappana, Idukki Pasha Pasha MU01 Kurathikudi Muthuvan Muthuvan Not asked Not asked Yes Mamala, Padikappu, Thumbipara, Kallumedu, Pasha Pasha Churakettu, Metnappara, Pinavarkudi, Anchammail, Ozhuvathadam, Thattekanam, Thalayirappan MU02 Kunchipara Muthuvan Muthuvan No No Yes Kurathi Pasha Pasha MU04 Kavakudi Muthuvan Muthuvan No No Yes, Tamil Tamil influenced areas Pasha Pasha influenced Muthuvan MU05 Valsapetti Muthuvan Muthuvan Not asked Few teachers Yes No direct answer Pasha Pasha and officials MU06 Itticity Muthuvan Not asked Not asked Not asked Yes, 3 differences Kuthukal, Iruttala, Nellipetti, Vengapara, Pasha Kochukudi (Palakkadu-30 families), Koranginimuttam (near Bodinayikkam)

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Sub-ID Location 1 2 3 4 5a 5b PL01 Kumily Tamil Tamil Not asked Not asked Yes, some style Not asked differences MP01 Dendukombu No direct Not asked Not asked Few No Mishinvayal, Cheruvadu, Nashivayal, answer Muthuvan Kummittamkuzhi, Pattikadu, Churakulam people

Appendix E4.2 Questions 5c –7dc

Sub-ID 5c 6 7a 7b 7c 7da 7db 7dc MA01 Kumily Malayalam, Mannan Mannan Pasha Malayalam Malayalam Malayalam Malayalam Tamil Pasha MA02 Kumily Malayalam, Mannan Mannan Pasha Their language, Malayalam Tamil Malayalam Tamil Pasha Malayalam or Tamil MA03 Not asked Malayalam, Mannan Mannan Pasha NA Their language Their Their language Tamil Pasha language MA04 NA Malayalam, Mannan, Mannan, Malayalam Malayalam Tamil Malayalam Tamil Malayalam Malayalam MA05 NA Mannan, Mannan, Mannan, Mannan, Malayalam Tamil Malayalam Malayalam Malayalam Malayalam Malayalam MA06 Adimali, Kumily Malayalam, Mannan Mannan Pasha Mannan Pasha Not asked Not asked Not asked Tamil Pasha MA07 Kumily Not asked Inavan Pasha Inavan Pasha Mixed Not asked Not asked Not asked MA08 Kumily, Mankulam; Malayalam, Mannan Mannan Pasha Young use Not asked Not asked Not asked they have Tamil Tamil Pasha Malayalam influences MU01 Kattamudi, Malayalam Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Malayalam Not asked Not asked Kuthirayala, Pasha Pasha Pasha Plamala, Kozhiyala MU02 Marayoor Malayalam Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Mixed Mixed Not asked Pasha Pasha Pasha MU04 Non Tamil Malayalam, Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Mixed language Not asked Not asked influenced areas little Tamil Pasha Pasha Pasha MU05 Adimali area Tamil, little Muthuvan Muthuvan Muthuvan Malayalam Tamil Their language

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Sub-ID 5c 6 7a 7b 7c 7da 7db 7dc Malayalam Pasha Pasha Pasha MU06 Kurathikudi and Tamil, Muthuvan Muthuvan Mixed Mixed Not asked Not asked Chinnar side; tune Malayalam Pasha Pasha difference PL01 Not asked Tamil, Paliya Pasha Paliya Pasha Malayalam, Malayalam, Not asked Not asked Mannan, Tamil Tamil Malayalam MP01 Kandallor, Marayur, Tamil, Tamil but our Tamil but our Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked Perumala, Malayalam own dialect own dialect Kizhandur, Puthoor, Karayur

Appendix E4.3 Questions 7dd–11

Sub-ID 7dd 7de 8a 8b 9 10 11 MA01 Mannan Not asked Yes Below 10, above 40 years old Yes, otherwise they We prefer Mannan, other Yes will forget Malayalam MA02 Malayalam Mannan Yes Children and Old Yes Mannan, Malayalam for Yes Pasha future MA03 Not asked Not asked Yes Below 6, above 50 years old Yes Mannan first; then Yes Malayalam, Tamil MA04 Not asked Not asked Yes Not asked Yes Malayalam Yes, except young MA05 Malayalam, Mannan Yes Old females Except young people, Young like Malayalam, Yes Mannan and all are happy old Mannan Malayalam MA06 Not asked Not asked Yes Children and old people Lack of desire; but Malayalam and Mannan Yes, our using Mannan traditions MA07 Not asked Not asked Yes Below 10, above 50 years old Yes, but other area Not asked Yes seems different MA08 Not asked Not asked Yes Below 10, above 50 years old Yes Malayalam and Mannan Not asked MU01 Not asked Not asked Not asked NA Yes Malayalam Yes MU02 Not asked Not asked Yes Not asked Yes Muthuvan, Malayalam Yes MU04 Not asked Not asked Yes Children, illiterate, old, Not asked Muthuvan Pasha Yes

171

Sub-ID 7dd 7de 8a 8b 9 10 11 women MU05 Not asked Not asked Yes Children and Old Yes Muthuvan, Malayalam Yes and English MU06 Not asked Not asked Yes Uneducated, old and women Yes, should not forget Muthuvan Pasha Yes MT PL01 Not asked Not asked All can Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked speak Tamil MP01 Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked Difficulty in speaking Not asked Yes Malayalam

Appendix E4.4 Questions 12a–15b

Sub-ID 12a 12b 13 14 15a 15b MA01 Yes, it is Mannan story, songs and Daily (workers), ladies 2,3 Yes, no problem No NA here history by KIRTHADS times in a month MA02 No NA Men twice in a week and No, we don’t like No NA female once MA03 No NA Once in a week Yes No NA MA04 Yes One book in Kanchiyar Often Yes No NA Panchayat office MA05 Yes Mannan Bhasha Padavali, Male very often and female if Yes No NA Song books necessary MA06 Yes Literacy book Usually once in a week Yes, now no problem No NA MA07 No NA Usually Yes, but old people don’t No NA MA08 Not asked NA Usually males Yes Not asked Not asked MU01 No NA Once in a week (male) Yes, but community don’t No NA MU02 No NA Usually go No No NA MU04 No NA Continuously No Not asked Not asked MU05 Not asked NA Male (once in a week) No, we don’t allow No NA MU06 No NA Only men usually go out No No NA PL01 Not asked NA Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked MP01 No NA Daily No, we will not allow Not asked NA

172

Appendix E4.5 Questions 16–19

Sub-ID 16 17 18a 18b 19 MA01 30% Positive Yes, Before 10th (male), before 7th We are not sure economic (female) problem MA02 25% Positive Yes Below 5th We don’t know MA03 25% Positive Yes By10th (male), before 10th Yes (female) MA04 85% of young and Children are not much Yes Before 12th Yes children interested MA05 Most of them Positive, children are Yes Before 10th No, youngsters are reluctant to reluctant speak MA06 70% Not asked Yes Before 10th No, the situation is changing though we desire MA07 80% Positive Yes After 8th No, using Malayalam in outside MA08 Very rare in Not asked Yes Before 12th Not asked number MU01 Not asked Positive Yes Below 7th Yes MU02 30% Positive, but economic Yes After 4th and before 7th No, chance to speak Malayalam problem MU04 5% Positive Not asked NA Yes MU05 25% Positive Yes After 4th class Yes MU06 5% ladies, 65% Lack of interest Yes By 8th (male), 5 or 6th Yes men, 10% old (female) PL01 Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked Not asked MP01 Not asked Not asked Not asked NA Yes

173

Appendix F: Tribal population of Idukki District (ITDP report: 1999)

Appendix F1 Muthuvan

No Settlement No of Families Panchayat Block 1 Shevankudi 45 Munnar Devikulam 2 Chikkanamkudi 75 Munnar Devikulam 3 Singukudi 50 Munnar Devikulam 4 Kalakoodukudi 18 Munnar Devikulam 5 Kozhiyalakudi 60 Munnar Devikulam 6 Subramanyankudi 18 Munnar Devikulam 7 Kampanikudi 60 Munnar Devikulam 8 Vellavara 20 Munnar Devikulam 9 Idamalakudi (Nemmanal) 15 Munnar Devikulam 10 Idamalakudi (Thenparakudi) 18 Munnar Devikulam 11 Idamalakudi (Kizhpattham) 16 Munnar Devikulam 12 Ambalaparakudi 18 Munnar Devikulam 13 Valayamparakudi 15 Munnar Devikulam 14 Mulakurumakudi 20 Munnar Devikulam 15 Komalikudi 12 Munnar Devikulam 16 Meenkutthi 30 Munnar Devikulam 17 Parakudi 22 Munnar Devikulam 18 Iddalipara 75 Munnar Devikulam 19 Nooradi 18 Munnar Devikulam 20 Parappayar 45 Munnar Devikulam 21 Chennaippara 12 Munnar Devikulam 22 Andavankudi 80 Munnar Devikulam 23 Kandatthukudi 20 Munnar Devikulam 24 Vellakkasham 22 Munnar Devikulam 25 Shettukudi 45 Munnar Devikulam 26 Idamalakudi (Puthukkudi) 30 Munnar Devikulam

174

No Settlement No of Families Panchayat Block 27 Idamalakudi (Nadu kudi) 20 Munnar Devikulam 28 Idamalakudi (Gudalarkudi) 18 Munnar Devikulam 29 Idamalakudi (Valiyakudi) 15 Munnar Devikulam 30 Shappukkashukudi 22 Munnar Devikulam 31 Udumpanpara 15 Munnar Devikulam 32 Iruppukalkudi 18 Munnar Devikulam 33 Pattham 23 Munnar Devikulam 34 Keezhuvalayampara 15 Munnar Devikulam 35 Kavakkadukudi 25 Munnar Devikulam 36 Kalakudi 16 Munnar Devikulam 37 Lekkam 45 Munnar Devikulam 38 Kundala 60 Munnar Devikulam 39 Kozhippannakkudi 12 Shanthanpara Devikulam 40 Aduvilanthankudi 22 Shanthanpara Devikulam 41 Nagappettikudi 10 Kandalloor Devikulam 42 Mangapara kudi 27 Kandalloor Devikulam 43 Ullavayal 38 Kanthalloor Devikulam 44 Thirthamalakudi 73 Kanthalloor Devikulam 45 Sussannikudi 6 Kanthalloor Devikulam 46 Chempadikudi 17 Kanthalloor Devikulam 47 Kulachchivayal 44 Kanthalloor Devikulam 48 Swamiyarala 59 Vattavada Devikulam 49 Valsapetti 64 Vattavada Devikulam 50 Kudallarkudi 60 Vattavada Devikulam 51 Kutthukalkudi 35 Marayur Devikulam 52 Iruttalakudi 45 Marayur Devikulam 53 Kammalamkudi 43 Marayur Devikulam 54 Thayannamkudi 17 Marayur Devikulam 55 Puthukkudi, Olikkudi, Vellakkallu 94 Marayur Devikulam 56 Nellipetti 50 Marayur Devikulam 57 Kavakudi 38 Marayur Devikulam

175

No Settlement No of Families Panchayat Block 58 Periyakudi 36 Marayur Devikulam 59 Karppurakudi 15 Marayur Devikulam 60 Vengapara 14 Marayur Devikulam 61 Chempakathozhu 107 Chinnakanal Devikulam 62 Tangukudi 60 Chinnakanal Devikulam 63 Pachchappulkudi 27 Chinnakanal Devikulam 64 Kattamudi 87 Adimali Adimali 65 Kuthirayala (Muthuvan, Mannan) 42 Adimali Adimali 66 Thattekkannan 47 Adimali Adimali 67 Plamala 61 Adimali Adimali 68 Padikappu 62 Adimali Adimali 69 Anchamyle (Muthuvan, Mannan, Mala Arayan) 54 Adimali Adimali 70 Thalayirappan 36 Adimali Adimali 71 Nuromkara (Muthuvan, Mannan) 47 Adimali Adimali 72 Kurathikudi 180 Adimali Adimali 73 Avanpara 12 Adimali Adimali 74 Valara, Padayidumbu, Kulamankuzhi 40 Adimali Adimali 75 Veliyampara 22 Adimali Adimali 76 Ozhuvathadam (Muthuvan, Mala Aryan) 69 Adimali Adimali 77 Anachal (Muthuvan, Mannan) 53 Vellathuval Adimali 78 Pethalkudi, Mutthanmudi, Irupathekkar 33 Byzenvalley Adimali 79 Chokramudi 51 Byzenvalley Adimali 80 Komalikudi 62 Byzenvalley Adimali 81 Panikkankudi (Muthuvan Mala Arayan) 18 Konnathadi Adimali

176

Appendix F2 Mannan

No Settlement No of Families Panchayat Block 1 Kuthirayala (Muthuvan, Mannan) 42 Adimali Adimali 2 Korangatti (Mannan, Mala Arayan, Ulladan) 89 Adimali Adimali 3 Machchiplavu 54 Adimali Adimali 4 Chattupara 62 Adimali Adimali 5 Kodakallu 61 Adimali Adimali 6 Thumbipara kudi 49 Adimali Adimali 7 Kodappara 17 Adimali Adimali 8 Chinnapara 240 Adimali Adimali 9 Anchamyle (Muthuvan, Mannan, Mala Arayan) 54 Adimali Adimali 10 Pettimudi 95 Adimali Adimali 11 Thalamalikudi 82 Adimali Adimali 12 Nuromkara (Muthuvan, Mannan) 47 Adimali Adimali 13 Anachal (Muthuvan, Mannan) 53 Vellathuval Adimali 14 Thalumkandam 130 Munnar Devikulam 15 Veliyampara 148 Munnar Devikulam 16 Aruvilamchal 48 Senapathi Nedumkandam 17 Kattuthimala 10 Senapathi Nedumkandam 18 Thinkalkadu 68 Udumpanchola Nedumkandam 19 Namari 16 Udumpanchola Nedumkandam 20 Mangkuthi 26 Udumpanchola Nedumkandam 21 Thuvalmavadi (Mannan,Urali) 15 Udumpanchola Nedumkandam 22 Paratthodu 3 Udumpanchola Nedumkandam 23 Ezhukumala 7 Udumpanchola Nedumkandam 24 Potthakkalli 11 Nedumkandam Nedumkandam 25 Valiyathovala 26 Pampadumpara Nedumkandam 26 Murikkattukudi (Mannan, Ulladan) 378 Kanchiyar Kattappana 27 Pampadikuzhi (Mannan, Urali, Ulladan, Mala Arayan) 169 Kanchiyar Kattappana 28 Kozhimala ( Mannan, Ulladan) 382 Kanchiyar Kattappana

177

No Settlement No of Families Panchayat Block 29 Anchchuruli 27 Kanchiyar Kattappana 30 Valiyakandam (Mannan, Ulladan) 21 Kattappana Kattappana 31 Kundalampara 12 Kattappana Kattappana 32 Sivalingakudi 31 Kattappana Kattappana 33 Vazhavara (Nankicity) 8 Irattayar Kattappana 34 Perumkala 67 Vazhathoppu Idukki 35 Vattamedu 52 Vazhathoppu Idukki 36 Maniyarankudi 44 Vazhathoppu Idukki 37 Mandipara 17 Vazhathoppu Idukki 38 Vatthikudi 51 Vatthikudi Idukki 39 Thopramkudi 32 Vatthikudi Idukki 40 Pathinaramkandam 5 Vatthikudi Idukki 41 Pazhayarikandam 12 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 42 Mazhuvadi 64 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 43 Mandipara 8 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 44 Kumily 310 Kumily Azhutha

Appendix F3 Mala Arayan

No Settlement No of Families Panchayat Block 1 Korangatti (Mannan, Mala Arayan, Ulladan) 89 Adimali Adimali 2 Anchamyle (Mannan, Mala Arayan, Muthuvan) 54 Adimali Adimali 3 Churakattan (Mala Arayan, Ulladan) 87 Adimali Adimali 4 Ozhuvathadam (Mala Arayan, Muthuvan) 69 Adimali Adimali 5 Konnathadi 67 Konnathadi Adimali 6 Kompodinjal 22 Adimali Adimali 7 Panikkankudi (Mala Arayan, Muthuvan) 18 Adimali Adimali 8 Panamkutti 14 Adimali Adimali 9 Muniyara 5 Adimali Adimali 10 Kutthukal 27 Udumpanchola Nedumkandam 11 Matthaipara 72 Upputhara Kattappana

178

No Settlement No of Families Panchayat Block 12 Punnapara 6 Upputhara Kattappana 13 Vanmavu 2 Upputhara Kattappana 14 Katthitheppan 4 Upputhara Kattappana 15 Vakkathhi 3 Upputhara Kattappana 16 Mulla 5 Upputhara Kattappana 17 Kannampadi 7 Upputhara Kattappana 18 Kizhkanam 44 Upputhara Kattappana 19 Memari 3 Upputhara Kattappana 20 Kollatthikavu 4 Upputhara Kattappana 21 Pulimarampallam 2 Upputhara Kattappana 22 Palakavu 29 Upputhara Kattappana 23 Pampadikuzhi 42 Kanchiyar Kattappana 24 Vattakkanni 13 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 25 Puchhapra 233 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 26 Kulapram 113 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 27 Valiyamthodu 13 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 28 Kozhipalli 73 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 29 Naliyani 184 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 30 Thadiyanal 29 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 31 Koovakandam 39 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 32 Metthodi 164 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 33 Pumala 105 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 34 Parambukadu 17 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 35 Verimattam 27 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 36 Uppukunnu 107 Udumpannore Ilamdesham 37 Moolakadu 89 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 38 Chelakadu 31 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 39 Peringachery 172 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 40 Venniyani 63 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 41 Valpara 32 Vannapuram Ilamdesham 42 Mampara 47 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham

179

No Settlement No of Families Panchayat Block 43 Vellellu 50 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 44 Vellakayam 78 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 45 Pattayakudi 7 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 46 Kuvapuram 49 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 47 Mullankutthi 37 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 48 Vellilamthodi 48 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 49 Patthikavala 27 Kudayatthoor Ilamdesham 50 Thadoormala 98 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 51 Panthaplavu 27 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 52 Morkadu 47 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 53 Kuvapalli 79 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 54 Chakkikavu 18 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 55 Kothakutthi 19 Thodupuzha Municipality Thodupuzha 56 Vadakkumuri 12 Thodupuzha Municipality Thodupuzha 57 Ellumpuram 19 Muttam Thodupuzha 58 Idavetti 13 Idavetti Thodupuzha 59 Perumkala 12 Vazhathoppu Idukki 60 Vattamedu 4 Vazhathoppu Idukki 61 Maniyarankudi 7 Vazhathoppu Idukki 62 Vatthikudi 1 Vatthikudi Idukki 63 Upputhodu 29 Vatthikudi Idukki 64 Periyarvalley 17 Vatthikudi Idukki 65 Kannikkan 58 Arakkulam Idukki 66 Chakkimali 30 Arakkulam Idukki 67 Valaketti 20 Arakkulam Idukki 68 Karippilangadu 45 Arakkulam Idukki 69 Koovapalli 95 Arakkulam Idukki 70 Annoor 110 Arakkulam Idukki 71 Kumbamkanam 22 Arakkulam Idukki 72 Ilapalli 65 Arakkulam Idukki 73 Peradi 35 Arakkulam Idukki

180

No Settlement No of Families Panchayat Block 74 Urumpallu 25 Arakkulam Idukki 75 Mullakanam 28 Arakkulam Idukki 76 Kappakanam 30 Arakkulam Idukki 77 Valiyamavu 31 Arakkulam Idukki 78 Mutthiyurundayar 9 Arakkulam Idukki 79 Kulamavu 30 Arakkulam Idukki 80 Memuttam 50 Arakkulam Idukki 81 Valiyakandam 25 Arakkulam Idukki 82 Pathipalli 106 Arakkulam Idukki 83 Pulikkathadam 30 Arakkulam Idukki 84 Peringadu 20 Arakkulam Idukki 85 Idadu 55 Arakkulam Idukki 86 Muttam 28 Arakkulam Idukki 87 Pazhayarikandam 8 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 88 Mylapuzha 3 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 89 Venmani 38 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 90 Thallakanam 18 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 91 Katthipparathadam 30 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 92 Kirithodu 32 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 93 Punnayar 1 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 94 Chelachuvadu 25 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 95 Kattingu 14 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 96 Kochuchelachuvadu 12 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 97 Churulipathal 6 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 98 Periyarvalley 4 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 99 Manthipara 1 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 100 Ezhukambi 5 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 101 Valadi 30 Vandiperiyar Azhutha 102 Planthadam 88 Peerumedu Azhutha 103 Pullikkanam 4 Elappara Azhutha 104 Ulumpuni 20 Elappara Azhutha

181

No Settlement No of Families Panchayat Block 105 Kongadu 14 Peruvanthanam Azhutha 106 Koyinadu 4 Peruvanthanam Azhutha 107 Moozhikkal 172 Peruvanthanam Azhutha 108 Urumpikkara 138 Kokkayar Azhutha 109 Narakampuzha 65 Kokkayar Azhutha 110 Meloram 26 Kokkayar Azhutha 111 Mukkulam 35 Kokkayar Azhutha

Appendix F4 Urali

No Settlement No of Families Panchayat Block 1 Karadikuzhi 13 Upputhara Kattappana 2 Matthaipara 36 Upputhara Kattappana 3 Mulletthu 10 Upputhara Kattappana 4 Punnapara 34 Upputhara Kattappana 5 Thekkuthottam 27 Upputhara Kattappana 6 Vanmavu 13 Upputhara Kattappana 7 Katthitheppan 23 Upputhara Kattappana 8 Vakkathhi 22 Upputhara Kattappana 9 Mulla 55 Upputhara Kattappana 10 Kannampadi 28 Upputhara Kattappana 11 Kizhkanam 6 Upputhara Kattappana 12 Memari 62 Upputhara Kattappana 13 Kollatthikavu 26 Upputhara Kattappana 14 Pulimarampallam 8 Upputhara Kattappana 15 Kodalipara 49 Kanchiyar Kattappana 16 Kanchiyar 9 Kanchiyar Kattappana 17 Pampadikuzhi 42 Kanchiyar Kattappana 18 Poovanthikudi 41 Ayyappankovil Kattappana 19 Mattukatta 26 Ayyappankovil Kattappana 20 Chenninaykkan 14 Ayyappankovil Kattappana

182

No Settlement No of Families Panchayat Block 21 Thoovalmavadi 7 Udumpanchola Nedumkandam 22 Nadukani 62 Nelliyamattam Ilamdesham 23 Thumpichi 32 Nelliyamattam Ilamdesham 24 Kozhipalli 30 Nelliyamattam Ilamdesham 25 Metthotti 20 Nelliyamattam Ilamdesham 26 Malayinchi 13 Udumpannore Ilamdesham 27 Venniyani 6 Udumpannore Ilamdesham 28 Valpara 13 Vannapuram Ilamdesham 29 Pattayakudi 225 Vannapuram Ilamdesham 30 Pazhayarikandam 1 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 31 Mazhuvadi 3 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 32 Venmani 71 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 33 Thallakanam 43 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 34 Punnayar 1 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 35 Churulipathal 3 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 36 Kolumpan Colony 40 Vazhathoppu Idukki 37 Perumkala 1 Vazhathoppu Idukki 38 Maniyarankudi 2 Vazhathoppu Idukki 39 Karippilangadu 35 Arakkulam Idukki 40 Peradi 80 Arakkulam Idukki 41 Mutthiyurundayar 1 Arakkulam Idukki 42 Valiyamavu 2 Arakkulam Idukki 43 Memuttam 25 Arakkulam Idukki 44 Vanchivayal 35 Vandiperiyar Azhutha

183

Appendix F5 Ulladan

No Settlement No of Families Panchayat Block 1 Korangadi 29 Adimali Adimali 2 Churakattan 43 Adimali Adimali 3 Murikattukudi 189 Kanchiyar Kattappana 4 Pampadikuzhi 42 Kanchiyar Kattappana 5 Kozhimala 191 Kanchiyar Kattappana 6 Valiyakandam 10 Kattappana Kattappana 7 Nadukani 13 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 8 Naliyani 7 Velliyamattam Ilamdesham 9 Illichari 7 Muttam Thodupuzha 10 Shankarapalli 5 Muttam Thodupuzha 11 Vatthikudi 34 Vatthikudi Idukki 12 Thopramkudi 11 Vathikudi Idukki 13 Pathinaramkandam 5 Vathikudi Idukki 14 Pazhayarikandam 271 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 15 Mylapuzha 79 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 16 Venmani 8 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 17 Thallakanam 5 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 18 Punnayar 35 Kanjikuzhi Idukki 19 Valangchal 12 Peruvanthanam Azhutha 20 Meloram 12 Kokkayar Azhutha 21 Vadakkemala 12 Kokkayar Azhutha

184

Appendix F6 Mala Pulayan

No Settlement No of Families Panchayat Block 1 Vannanthurakudi 10 Kanthalloor Devikulam 2 Karshanad Colony 10 Kanthalloor Devikulam 3 Champakadu 54 Kanthalloor Devikulam 4 Churakkulam 106 Kanthalloor Devikulam 5 Mishyanvayal 63 Kanthalloor Devikulam 6 Pongampally 40 Kanthalloor Devikulam 7 Kanakkayamkudi 31 Kanthalloor Devikulam 8 Mathrika Colony, Muniyara 35 Kanthalloor Devikulam 9 Palapetti 53 Kanthalloor Devikulam 10 Dendukombu 98 Kanthalloor Devikulam 11 Nachivayal 11 Marayoor Devikulam 12 Sheruvadu 69 Marayoor Devikulam 13 Puravayal 15 Marayoor Devikulam 14 Alampetty 43 Marayoor Devikulam 15 Ichampetty 41 Marayoor Devikulam 16 Pattikkadu 23 Marayoor Devikulam 17 Kumittamkuzhi 123 Marayoor Devikulam 18 Karimutti 18 Marayoor Devikulam 19 Kodappallam 17 Marayoor Devikulam

185

Appendix F7 Paliyan

No Settlement No of Families Panchayat Block 1 Vandanmedu 3 Vandanmedu Kattappana 2 Kadashikadavu 11 Vandanmedu Kattappana 3 Anakkara 59 Vandanmedu Kattappana 4 Hemakadavu 14 Vandanmedu Kattappana 5 Anniyartholu 37 Vandanmedu Kattappana 6 Chakkupallam 93 Chakkupallam Kattappana 7 Painavu 6 Vazhathoppu Idukki 8 Paliya Kudi 160 Kumily Azhutha

Appendix F8 Mala Vedan

No Settlement No of Families Panchayat Block 1 Block 20 Nedumkandam Nedumkandam 2 Plantation 10 Karimkunnam Thodupuzha 3 Kodikutthy 5 Karimkunnam Thodupuzha

Appendix F9 Mala Pandaram

No Settlement No of Families Panchayat Block 1 Planthadam 4 Peerumedu Azhutha 2 Moozhikkal 2 Peruvanthanam Azhutha

186

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