PHILOSOPHICAL ROOTS 19 ------------------------���--� Soo also: • RentlDescartes 2Q-21 • Gordon Allport306-09 • Ha ns J. Eysenck 316-21 Walter Mischel 326-27 THE FOUR Melancholic: sad, fearful, depressed, TEMPERAMENTS poetic, and artistic. Choleric: fiery, energetic, OF PERSONALITY and passionelS. Galen Claudius Galenus, better humors determine Sanguine: warm-hearted, known as "Galen of Pergamon" he Roman philosopher and personality cheerful, optimistic, and (now Borgama in Turkey) was IN CONTEXT a physician Claudius Galen type 8Swell as - confident. Roman physician. surgeon, All things are combinations Inclinations toward and philosopher. His fathor, APPROACH four basic elements: T formulateda concept of of cert ain illnesses. Aolius Nicon, was a wealthy personality types based on the Hwnorism earth. air, lire, and water. Greek architect who provided ancient Greek theory of humorism, · him with a good education BEFORE which atl8mpted to explain the If one of the humors develops cases, cures may Include purging and opportunities to travel. c.400ocs Greek physician '>V · workings of the human body. excessively. the corresponding and blood·letting. For example, a Galen settled in Romo and a Hippocr tes says that the The roots of humorism go back personalitytype begins to dominate. person acting selfishly is overly served emperors, including qualiues of the four elemems The qualities of these lO Empedocles(c.495-435 BCE),a A sanguine person has too much sanguine, and has too much blood; MarcusAurelius, as principal are reflected m bodyflu1ds. elementscan be found in four Greek philosopher who suggested blood (sanguisin Latin) and is thisremedied is by cutting down physician. He learned about corresponding humors that different qualities of the four warm·hearted, cheerful. optimistic, on meat, or by making small cuts trauma care while treating c.326BCE Greek philosopher (fluids) that affect the basic elements-earth(cold and and confident, but can be selfish. A into the veins to release blood. professional gladiators, and ArlslOlle names four sources functioning of our bodies. dry), air (warm and wet), fire (warm phlegmatic person, suffering from Galen's doctrines dominated wrote more than 500 books of happiness: sensual (hedone). end dry), and water (cold and excess phlegm (phlegmatik6sin medicine until the Renaissance. on medicine. He believed the malarial (propraieum). ethical best way to learn was through wet)-could explainthe existenceof Greek), isquiet, kind, cool. rational, when they began to decline in the (et.hikos). and logical (dia/ogike). dissecting animals and � all known substances. Hippocrates andconsistent, but can be slow and light of better research. In 1543, studying anatomy. However, AFTER Thesehumors also affect our (460-370 BCE), the "Father of shy. The choleric (from the Greek the physician Andreas Vesalius although Galen discovered emotions and behavior--our Medicine." developed a medical khole, meaning bile) personality is (1514-1564), practicing in Italy, 1643 AnalOmist Andreas tho functions of many intornol "temperaments." model based on these elements, fiery, suffering from excess yellow found more than 200 enors in Vesalius publishes On !.he organs, he made mistakes attributing their qualities to four bile. Lastly, the melancholic (from Galen's descriptions of anatomy, Fabric of !.heHuman Body in because he assumed that fluids within the body. These fluids the Greek me/as khole), who suffers but although Galen's medical ideas il81y. It illustral8s Galen's errors -..v the bodies of animals (such were called "humors" (from the from an excess of black bile, is were discredil8d, he later influenced and he is accused of heresy. as monkeys and pigo) wore Latin umor, meaning body fluid). 20th-century psychologists. In 1947, Temperamental problems are recognized by poetic and artistic exactly like those of humans. 1879 Wilhelm Wundt says Two hundred years later. Galen caused by an imbalance in leanings, which are often also Hans Eysenck concluded that There is debate over tho date that temperaments develop our humors ... expanded the theoryof humorism accompanied by sadness and fear. temperament is biologically based, of his death, but Galen was at in different proportions along inlO one of personality; he saw a and noted that the two personality least 70 when he died. two axes: "changeability" direct connection between the Imbalance in the humors traits he identified-neuroticism and "emotionality." � levels of the humors in the body According toGalen, some people andextraversion-echoed the Key works and emotional and behavioral are born predisposed to certain ancient temperaments. 1947 In Dimensions of ... so by restoring the balance inclinations-or "temperaments". temperaments.However. since Although humorism is no longer c.190 CB The Temperaments Personality. Hans Eysenck of our humors a physician can Galen's four l8mperaments­ temperamental problems are caused part of psychology, Galen's idea cure our emotional and c.t90 CB The Natural Facu/tios suggests personality IS based sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, by imbalancesof the humors. he that many physical andmental c.t90 CB Three Treatises on tho on two dimensions. behavioral problems. and melancholic-are based on the claimed they can be cured by diet illnesses are connected forms the Nature of Science balance of humors in the body. and exercise. In more extreme basis of some modem therapies. • 20 PHILOSOPHICAL ROOTS 21 ---------------------------------- See also: Galen 18-19 • William James 38-45 • Sigmund Freud 92-99 THERE ISA In a letter to the French philosopher Marin Mersenne, Descartes explains that the pineal gland is the "seat of thought." and so must '' REASONING SOUL be the home of the soul, "because the one cannot be separated from There is a great the other." This was important, difference between because otherwise the soul would mind and body. IN THIS MACHINE not be connected to any solid part Rene Descartes of the body, he said, but only to the psychic spirits. Descartes imagined the mind '' Rene Descartes was born in and body interacting through an La Haye en Touraine (now awareness of the animal spirits called Descartes), France. He that were said to flow through the IN CONTEXT contracted tuberculosis from body. The mind. or soul, residing An analogy for the mind his mother, who died o few APPROACH in the pineal gland, located deep Taking his inspiration from the days after he wasb o rn, and Mind/bodydualism within the brain, was thought to French formal gardens of Versailles. remained weak his entire life. sometimes become aware of the with their hydraulic systems that From the age of eight, he was BEFORE moving spirits, which then caused supply water to the gardens and educated at the Jesuit college 4th century DC£ Greek conscious sensation. In this way, their elaborate fountains, Descartes of La Flilcho, Anjou, whore he philosopher Plato claims that the body could affect the mind. describes the spirits of the body began the habit of spending the body is from the material Likewise, the mind could affect operating the nerves and muscles each morning In bod, due world. but the soul. or mind. the body by causing an outflow of like the force of water, and "by this to his poor health, doing is from the immortal world animal spirits to a particular region means to cause motion in all the "systematic meditatlon"­ of ideas. of the body, initiating action. parts." The fountains were controlled about philosophy, science, and mathematics. From 1612 by a fountaineer, and here Descartes 4th century DC£ Greek to 1628, he contemplated, found an analogy for the mind. He philosopher Aristotle says traveled, and wrote. In 1649, explained: "There is a reasoning that the soul and body are he was invited to teach Queen soul in this machine; it has its inseparable: the soul is the Christina of Sweden, but her principal site in the brain, where it aotual!ty of the body. early-morning demands on his is like the fountaineer who must be time, combined w ith o harsh AFTER at the reservoir, whither all the climate, worsened his health; 1710 lh A Treat.iseConce rning pipes of the machine are extended, he died on February 11, 1650. the Principles of Human when he wishes to start, stop, or in Officially, the cause of death was pneumonia, but some Knowledge, Anglo·Irish some way alter their actions." he idea that the mind and seated in the brain's pineal gland While philosophers still argue as historians believe that he philosopher George Berkeley body are separate and doing the thinking, while the body to whether the mind and brain are was poisoned to stop claims that the body is merely T different dates backto Plato is like a machine that operates by somehow different entities, most the Protestant Christina the perception of the mind. and the ancient Greeks, but it was "animal spirits." or fluids,flowing psychologists equate the mind converting to Catholicism. 1904 In DoesConsciousness the 17th-century philosopher Rene through the nervous system to with the workings of the brain. Keyworka Exist? Will! am James asserts Descartes who first described in cause movement. This idea had However, in practical terms, the that consciousness Is not a detail the mind-body relationship. been popularized in the 2nd century distinction between mental and Descartes wrote De Homine ("Man"), 1637 Discourse on tho Method separate entity but a function by Galen, who attached it to his physical health is a complex one: 1662 Do Hom/no (written 1633) his first philosophical book, in 1633, Descartes 1llustrated the pineal of particular experiences. theory of the humors; but Descartes the two being closely linked when gland. a single organ in the brain 1647 The Description of tho in which he describes the dualism was the first to describe it in detail, mental stress is said to cause ideally placed to unitethe sights and Human Body of mind and body: the nonmaterial and to emphasize the separation soundsof the two eyes an d the two physical illness, or when chemical 1649 Tho Passions of tho Soul mind, or "soul," Descartes says, is of mind and body.