Journal of the Thomas Nast Society Vol

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Journal of The Thomas Nast Society Vol. 13 No. 1 1999

President's Message ALICE CAULKINS

Nast on the Cover of Time RICHARD SAMUEL WEST

Thomas Nast's Holidays JEFFREY EGER

Dearest Sallie... Sarah Nast, the Woman Who Inspired Thomas Nast CHRISTINE JOCHEM

3D from 2D: An Authentic Re-creation of JOHN BATTRAM Thomas Nast's Santa Claus Costume AND JEFFREY EGER

Clement Moore and Thomas Nast: Santa Claus in the Big Apple JEFFREY EGER

Update: The World of Thomas Nast JOHN ADLER

Thomas Nast and David Ross Locke: Mocking Birds of a Feather PAUL P. SOMERS, JR.

Thomas Nast and the New York Illustrated News, Part IV: The War Between the States JEFFREY EGER

Allusion and Illusion: The Robinson Crusoe of Thomas Nast JEFFREY EGER

Contributors

ii; Journal of The Thomas Nast Society Vol. 13 No. 1 1999 The Journal of The Thomas Nast Society is published annually by The Thomas Nast Society, a non-profit, tax-exempt organization. Its address is the Morristown-Morris Township Public Library, 1 Miller Road, Morristown, N.J. 07960, (Telephone: 973-538- 3473). The Journal is a benefit of membership in the Society. All correspondence should be sent to the Morristown address. Manuscripts are welcome. Please contact the editor for more information.

Officers of the Society: Alice Caulkins, President; Christine Jochem, Treasurer.

Board of Trustees: William R. Battey (honorary), Alice Caulkins, Chris Jochem, Jeffrey Eger, Marian R. Gerhart (honorary), Draper Hill (honorary), Ken Miller, Nancy Miller, Thomas Nast III (honorary), Michael Rockland, and Richard Simon.

Editor: Jeffrey Eger Researcher: Asa Eger Layout and Design: Shalit Design Works

President's Message

We're late. We're late, for a very important date. For the rest of the world bent on sitting in the foxholes until Y2K passed overhead, Nast-o-philes simply ignored the acronym and slogged through the time warp until all the "i's* were dotted and the at's" crossed. We are back with an ever-mounting critical mass of new Nast perspectives. Two articles focus on Nast and his Santa Claus creation. A vignette about Mrs. Nast offers insights into Nast's favorite collaborator. Another collaborator, Petroleum Nasby, is given a thorough going-over. Nast's continuing work at The New York Illustrated News cov ers the beginning years of the Civil War. Though his Civil War illustrations for Harper's Weekly became legendary, his earlier work provided fertile ground for soon-to-be realized greatness. A classic literary work, Robinson Crusoe, is analyzed in the light of Nast's many interpretations of the book. Another arti cle explaining how Nast continued his career after Harper's Weekly is the first in a series of Nast's short-lived connections to a number of magazines in the 1890s. A special pictorial essay pays homage to Nast's vision of holidays. We urge our devoted readers to submit articles which expand the universe according to Thomas Nast. Surely that would not be too much to ask, to keep "them damn pictures" flowing.

Alice Caulkins President of The Thomas Nast Society

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••aw TOSS, josre >», iu» PUCK, Tsacsns. Nast on the Cover of Time more years. Byl888, Tid-Bits was a by Richard Samuel West weekly of nearly all fresh material, not primarily a reprint sheet, so the owners changed the name (to "Time") and raised Time began publication on August 23, the price to ten cents, in recognition of 1884, as Tid-Bits, a humor magazine its status as a full-fledged competitor to "containing original matter and selec Life, Puck, Judge, and Texas Shiftings, tions from the best books, newspapers, America's leading humor magazines, all and periodicals in the world." It was of which sold for a dime. published by John V. Lovell, who spe In the 20 months of Time's existence, cialized in cheap paperback printings of W H Bradshaw was president of the literary classics and contemporary mid publishing company and John D. Adams dle-brow fiction. At two cents an issue, was editor of the magazine. During Tid-Bits was the cheapest magazine on Time's first year, A. Coles was the chief the newsstand. Even though the early cartoonist, assisted by G. R. Brill. Both issues were printed on poor paper and were competent caricaturists and Time contained almost no original material, did good work during the 1888 presiden its low price was its selling point and it tial campaign for the Republican cause. sold well. During the 20 months of Exactly a year after the name change, on Lovell's ownership, the magazine gradu June 29, presumably because the maga ally became more and more respectable, zine's fortunes were languishing, benefiting from a pleasant face-lift and a Thomas Nast's work began appearing in greater amount of original content. Time. In addition to the charming cover When Lovell sold out in April 1886 to a self-portrait, Nast redrew the magazine's group of investors calling themselves the nameplate, and contributed a double- Time Publishing Company, the maga spread cartoon on Tammany, patronage, zine was a respectable competitor to the and the new Republican administration. comic Life magazine, rather than a In that issue, Adams announced that cheap repository of clipped jokes. The Thomas Nast would draw two cartoons a new owners improved the paper stock week for the magazine to make its and raised the price to five cents but, "Republicanism stronger." This was a inexplicably, kept the old name for two curious claim indeed since Nast had sup- Page 2

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ported Cleveland in the late election followed a predictable pattern. He drew (even working in the pay of the most of his inspiration from the news of Democratic National Committee). On Washington, Albany, City Hall, and safer ground, Adams called Nast, "The Europe. Very few of his Time cartoons best known cartoonist in the United were social satires and none was liter States" saying, "[h]is hand has lost none ary. There were several obligatory of its cunning, and vice and folly will sit Christmas and New Years cartoons and more uneasily in high places, because about the same on the weather. But, if politics will not in future demand all of anything, Nast's touch was heavier in Mr. Nast's attention; but social, race and Time than it had been in other more seri literary foibles will also be the targets of ous journals for which he drew in the late his good-humored and refined satire." eighties and early nineties. Some of his This turned out to be a promise large Time cartoons are down-right baroque, ly unfulfilled. Nast's cartoons for Time with labored drawings and virtually Page 3

I unintelligible captions. But others, such (12/7/89). This was a time-worn charge, as those printed in the portfolio that fol having been leveled at Puck and its lows, show Nast at his brightest in the Germanic owners for a decade. It's a par final phase of his career. ticularly strange one when linked to Later in the year, when Harper and praise for Nast, since he was German- Brothers published Nast's "Christmas born. Drawings for the Human Race," Adams Perhaps these were the comments of took the opportunity to slur Time's com a frustrated man. Time's time, by this petition. "Mr. Nast's drawing appeals to time, was nearly up. In the February 22 all ages and conditions....Always refined, issue, the publishers announced that good-humored and American, Mr. Nast's Time would merge immediately with drawing is in refreshing contrast to the Munsey's Weekly, another Republican coursely conceived cartoons of foreign humor magazine in the Life mold. It was draftsmen, whose work is current in an inauspicious beginning of the decade some illustrated papers in this city," for Nast. While he would work for a half dozen magazines and newspapers dur ing the next ten years, none of the asso ciations would be long-lasting, renumer- ative, or professionally satisfying. Page 4 Page 5 Page 6

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The following is an incomplete chronology of cartoons by Thomas Nast for Time Magazine.

1889 6/29 • Cover: "Planted Newly with the 'Time'" (self-portrait) • CS(Center Spread):" 'A Time for Private Stomaching"* - Shakespeare. "The course of (Victorious) love never did run smooth." (Tammany, patronage, and GOP) 7/6 • Cover: The Esthetic Jersey Lily's Triumph Over the Prussian Eisen Und Blut Wurst. "Pretty sort of treatment for a military man." - Patience. (Bismarck and the Samoan Islands controversy) • P. 3: Page: John Gilbert. "An Actor and a Gentleman." (portrait) • CS: Making Political Capital. No hypocrisy is stamped on this measure./No false pretences, unfair discriminations./ No false arguments, flimsy pretexts and prepos terous claims. (Gov. David Hill and the tariff on whiskey) 7/13 • Cover: A Prohibition Wake. Both parties happy over it. (The whiskey issue) • CS: No Foreign Sunday for U.S. This Nation has rights that even foreigners are bound to respect. N.B. - It's dangerous for Dutch Uncles to masquerade as Uncle Sam. (Sunday blue laws) 7/20 • Cover: More Protection Necessary. Do have an extra session of Congress and put an end to this weather monopoly! (the hot weather) • CS: The Winning Theodore Roosevelt. Stick to your saddle and don't be bounced! (TR as Civil Service Reform Commissioner) 7/27 • Cover: Annexation the Only Remedy. Uncle Sam: "That's not quite English, you know; but you can make it quite American." (Annexation of Canada) • CS: The Rising of the Usurpers. And the sinking of the liberties of the people. (Trusts compromising American liberty) 8/3 • Cover: "It Goes Much Against My Stomach" - Shakespeare's "Comedy of Errors" William Tell Switzerland: "Pardon; I thought it was an apple." (German refugees in Switzerland) • CS: The Brass Mercury Is Going Up. The bigger the swindle, the greater the faith of the investing public. (Wall Street boom) •HnLHHH •

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8/10 • Cover: What the Spirit of Columbus Will Discover this Time. Time —1892. Place - New York, but not Central Park. (Site selection for the Columbian Exposition) • CS: Where Protection Does Not Protect. Uncle Sam (the duty payer): I thought I voted for - or against - what did I vote for? John Bull (the non-duty payer): Until you are able to pass an act of Congress to govern supply and demand, I buy with "British gold." Gold is the standard, and every Yankeee has his price, you know. (British buying American property) 8/17 • Cover: Another Fontaine Ble(a)u—After a Nap. (General Boulanger ousted) • CS: A Modern Stained Glass Window. The free love path open dis-united (U.S) laws on marriage and divorce. (Divorce laws) 8/24 • Cover: Why Not. His Highness (the Prince of Royal Figure Heads): It's your show. (Prince Albert's profligacy) • CS: The Greatest Diplomactic Dilemma of Our Time. Capturing the Nations with One Syndicate. Busy B. to Busy B.: What are we going to do about it? (British money purchasing American breweries) 8/31 • Cover: This Has the True Ring About It. Miss-Issippi Justice shows Massachusetts (?) Sullivan what she can do. (Mississippi Judge sentences boxer John L. Sullivan to one year of hard labor) • P. 3: page: Reprint of 8/17 cover. • CS: Crossing Her Pathway. "To pluck down justice from your awful bench:/To Trip the course of Law and blunt the sword~/That guards the peace and safety of your person." - Shakespeare. (Assassination of a California ex-Judge) 9/7 • Cover: Chairman C A. Dana Buttonholes U.S. It will attract the World's Fair; hence we cast our vote in its favor. (New York Sun proposes the sunflower as the nation's emblem) • CS: The Last Stare of Summer. (Only society's outcasts remain on vacation) 9/14 • Cover: Time for a Clean Sweep and General Purification. New York City (to Commissioner Coleman): Now, then, fire away and don't let us receive the World's Fair with a fleet of unslightly and unsavory dumping boats. (Coleman, Commissioner of Street Cleaning) • CS: The "Field" of Justice. California: To execute Justice like this would be a last ing disgrace to the State. Thanks to Governor Watterman and Judge Sawyer. (A California stay of execution) SPI

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9/21 •Cover: A Rum Lot. The Blue Ribbon Governor (Hill): Dem-me—John don't buy them up in a job lot and crush me. They are my only support and protection. (British money buying American distilleries) • CS: Adding Insult to Injury. Columbia: The wives and widows of the Union sol diers prefer starvation to dishonor. (Pension Commissioner Tanner insults GAR wives and widows) 9/28 • Cover: [S.S. Cox] (Obituary) • CS: A Few Timely Sketches. (Pension Bureau controversy, sagging bond market, 75th anniversary of the Star Spangled Banner) 10/5 • Cover: Free Trade Between States. Raw Wool: I am building this against those New England Republican free trade wool manufactories. Uncle Sam: I wonder where this thing is going to stop? (Ohio places a tariff on wool from New England) • CS: Autumnal Lights and Shades. The first dinner in town. (Woman dining out) 10/12 • Cover: Time" to Act. Ring up the players! (Opening of the theater season) • CS: Chicago's Exhibition—What More Can They Want? Little Columbus Vest/Did his level best/Tb sample a dear "dressed beef pie/He put in his thrust/And pulled out a ring trust,/And hung it on the nose of old greed-eye. (price-fixing by the Chicago Pig Trust) 10/19 • Cover: The White Quadruped on Uncle Sam's Hands. We hope the Pan-American visitors will not notice it! (The Fat Trust) • CS: Trickery In a High Position. One Sort of Walk Over. (Governor Hill and the state Democratic party convention) 10/26 • Cover: Alcohol Versus Water. Aqua Pura: I am no expense to the State, you fill these costly retreats, and you should be taxed accordingly. (Tax on alcohol) • CS: Our Artistic Sour Masher. Saloon Statesman: Oh! How he does tickle me! (Gov. Hill's opposition to an alcohol tax) 11/2 • Cover: That's the Kind of a Slippery Hill He is. Up one side and down the other. (Hill's contradictory positions) • CS: A Lesson in Time" from Father Time. If the system were only as dead as the Four, the American Commonwealth would be benefitted. (Ex-Mayor Oakley Hall's libel suit against historian James Bryce) Page 13

11/9 • Cover: The Old, Old Story in Wall Street. Give him tape enough - and you know the rest. (The dangers of stock speculation) • CS: Maintained by the Mites of the Masses, Already Taxed to the Limit of Endurance. (Germany's increased military spending) 11/16 • Cover: The Star Spangled Banner Forever Shall Wave - O'er the public school houses of the free and the homes of the brave! (Flying the flag over public schools) • CS: Long Live Our Sister Republic! Steady, child, don't be afraid of your own shad ow; the time for that has passed. You are of age now. (Celebrating the formation of France's new Republic) 11/23 • Cover: Two Napoleons at One Waterloo. "It's not my funeral." (Blaine and the 1892 presidential campaign) • CS: This Ought to Solve the Eastern Question. The Modern Crusade. - By the horn, not by the sword. (The owner of the New York Mail and Express offers a mil lion dollars to the Sultan of Turkey to become a Christian) 11/30 • Cover: Thanks, Awfully, for the Beautiful Supply of — First Citizen: The Anglo mania weather company has reported for the year — Second Citizen: That the stock is watered. (It's quite too, too Englis, you know.) (Wet weather) • CS: The American Eagle's Thanksgiving Toast. "To the patriotic bird that is sac rificed that I may spread." (Republics are not ungrateful after all.) 12/7 • Cover: Dom Pedro Not Between Crown and Axe, but Between Axe and Cash. The modern Vasco da Gama's discovery of a new method fro getting rid of Monarchs. (Dom Pedro of Brazil abdicating for a pension) • CS: Preparing for the Opening of Congress. (The Senate trying to placate the British lion) 12/14 • Cover: A Response in Time. Time: Don't disturb him, in his cutting up. (The Sultan of Turkey offers the owner of the Mail and Express five million piastres to become a Mohammedan) • CS: Down. "Merely this, and nothing more!" Yale - "Is there, is there, balm in Gilead?/Tell me—tell me; I implore!" Quoth Princeton's (Captain Poe) Raven, "Nevermore." (Yale-Princeton football) 12/21 • Cover: Christmas Time. (Time, Santa, and Mother Hubbard around a piano) • CS: Merry Christmas for All Nations. (Santa and ethnics on toboggan) Page 14

12/28 • Cover: [Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year] • CS: Time to Give In! The Chicago Juror the Greatest Discoverer yet! He Should Have the Next World's Fair! (Chicago is awarded the 1892 World's Fair)

1890 1/4 • Cover: The Birth of the New Year. • CS: New Year's Greeting. Our New Year's Card. This Reform rises far above partisanship. (The secret ballot) Time for the Civil Service Reform. President Quinine: No more shaking here, you are growing too big. (Civil service reform) 1/11 • Cover: •CS: 1/18 • Cover: May Time Roll Him Onward. In his triumpnat career, and my he live to direct the next Centennial Ball (1989). (Ward McAllister, arbiter of New York society) • CS: "La Grippe" a la Cossack. (The flu epidemic) 1/25 • Cover: •CS: 2/1 • Cover: An Everlasting Subject of Conversation. As far back as Time can remember, "the weather has been most extraordinary!" (the weather) • No CS. 2/8 • Cover: •CS: 2/15 • Cover: •CS: 2/22 • Cover: •CS: wm^amkwmmmmmmi

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Thomas Nast's Holidays which still stands at the top in an age of countless almanacs. Unfettered by the by Jeffrey Eger constraints of hard NEWS, Nast humor ously played with the notion of the calen THERE IS more to Nast than Santa dar. Holidays were only one type of sub Claus and Christmas. Throughout his ject matter at his beck and call. career at the House of Harper's, Nast When the news was slow, Nast allowed treated December as if it were his own himself the luxury of honoring special personal month. He knew what his fans days in the pages of Harper's. Some of wanted and he steadfastly delivered all his work was reverent and noble. He sorts of innovations to the American wanted people to solemnly reflect on Victorian Christmas iconography. But Washington's birthday, Decoration Day, other holidays were nearly as sacred. Any and Thanksgiving. New Year's Day and excuse to celebrate was fine with him. Fourth of July divided the year as natu During the early 1870s when Th. Nast rally as the change of seasons. Others, was at the height of his celebrity, the like St. Valentines Day and April Fools' public clamoured four even more. From Day allowed Nast a good dose of mirth 1871-1875, Nast produced and drew amidst the more serious political day-to (singlehandedly) Thomas Nast's Comic day doings. Here are some of the days Almanac, a yearly calendar pamphlet Nast found time to remember.

"HERE WE ARE AGAIN'!" Christmas and New Year's Day, Harper's Weekly, 1/5/78 Page 16

WEEKLY

VOL. XX11—NO. 1098.] NEW YORK, SATURDAY. JAXUAKY 12. 1

New Year's Day, Harper's Weekly, 1/12/78 Page 17

FOR THE FARM, GARDEN, AND FIRESIDE. VOL. L—No. 8.] NEW-YORK, SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 13. 1800.

St. Valentine's Day, Hearth and Home, 2/13/69 Page 18

George Washington's Birthday, Harper's Weekly, 2/27/75 9s9 aaaaH BBBBBBBBBHBBBBBH!IIWIII9S1

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All Fool's Day or April Fools Day, Harper's Weekly, All 111 Page 20

FOR THE FARM, GARDEN, AND FIRESIDE. VOL. L—No. 10.] NEW-YORK, SATURDAY, APRIL 3. ISI

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All Fool's Day or April Fool's Day, Hearth and Home, 4/3/69 Page 21

FOR THE FARM, GARDEN, AND FIRESIDE. VOL. 1.—NO. 1!».] 2SEW-YOKK, SATURDAY, MAY 1, 1800.

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Moving Day -May 1, Hearth and Home, 5/1/69 Page 22

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Decoration Day, Harper's Weekly, 5/31/84 Page 23

THE DAY AFTER. The Boy who had a very pleasant Fourth.

Independence Day, July 4, Harper's Weekly, 7/13/78 Page 24

HARrEK'S WEEKLY. IDKCEMBU; 7, 1>"8.

A DREAM.; p|| VZTOKX atfp AFTER THANKSGIVING DINNER

Thanksgiving Day, Harper's Weekly, 12/7/78 Page 25

FOR THE FARM, GARDEN, AND FIRESIDE. YOL. l.-Nu. 2.1 NEW-YORK; SATURDAY: JANUARY 2. 1SGS>.

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New Year's Day, Hearth and Home, 1/2/69

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Dearest Sallie... sisters, Mattie and Eliza — had moved to New York City from Philadelphia. Sarah Nast, the Woman The Edwards were not part of the afflu Who Inspired Thomas Nast ent New York social scene: Mr. Edwards by S.C. Jochem was a merchant and Mrs. Edwards sup plemented the household income for 745 Broadway as a "furnisher."J But LATE IN 1862 en route by boat from what they lacked in financial resources, Baltimore to Fortress Monroe, Thomas they made up for in laughter and a live Nast wrote a letter to his bride of little ly home life. more than a year, Sarah Edwards Nast, addressing her as "My dearest Sallie!" In his letter he described the "afful" time he had finding his boat in the Baltimore docks, how the trek up and down the muddy streets to have his boarding pass countersigned made him so tired and hungry he relished his dinner of "stake" and potatoes, and how "civelized" others on the boat turned out to be. His letter is filled with so many spelling and gram matical errors it is hard to imagine it was penned by a man who would play an important role in shaping American his tory. From 1859 until his death in 1902, perhaps the single most important per son in Thomas Nast's life was his wife, Sarah Edwards. What started as a sum mer infatuation, grew into a collabora tive partnership that transcended mere romance, or the work-a-day world of parenting and housekeeping. Sarah was Tommy's muse, his inspiration and often his model, while she in turn was his most enthusiastic supporter, critic and mentor. In the summer of 1859, Thomas Nast was introduced to Sarah Edwards. The Edwards family — father George Edwards, mother Sarah Leach Edwards, Sarah Edwards, and her two Page 27

The women of the Edwards house lisher. Though his grammar was poor hold were known for their intelligence and his spelling atrocious, the sentiment and wit, and their home became a popu came through loud and clear: it was with lar meeting place for many up-and-com Sallie that Thomas expressed his ing actors, artists and authors. In the thoughts and shared his ideas. She had days that predated radio and television become his "sounding board" and would as a means of entertainment, animated remain so until his death. discussions of everything from art to pol On his return from Italy, Tommy and itics, as well as musical and theatrical Sallie were married September 1861 in performances (sometimes complete with New York City, and took their honey scenery and invitations) made the moon at Niagara Falls. Edwards home a popular place to meet. Nast was a regular contributor to the ?4t^t>A Comic Monthly in 1859, and it was through the Monthly's publisher, Jesse Haney (who later wed Mattie Edwards), that Nast was first introduced to the Edwards. They dubbed him "roly-poly" but he was immediately accepted into the coterie of authors, artists, and actors who regularly congregated at the Edwards.' Nast was quickly drawn into the musical and theatrical productions, often working side-by-side with Sarah Edwards to illustrate a poem or design the invitations to the Edwards' annual Christmas program of the Theatre des Edwards. This easy acceptance must have pleased Nast because he had fallen immediately in love with Sarah, or In letters home, written by Sallie and Sallie, as he had come to call her. embellished with illustrations by Nast put his courtship of Sallie on Thomas, Sallie records their honeymoon hold to travel to England to cover the to Niagara Falls in almost travel-journal Heenan-Sayre fight for the New York style. Each coach stop, inn, and meal is Illustrated News, and then to travel to described and critiqued for service, Italy to cover Garibaldi's campaign. But cleanliness, or cost, with Nast's illustra before he sailed for England in February tions breathing life — and humor — into 1860, Nast and Sallie became engaged, her words. Nast's embellishments and throughout his absence he remained invariably depict Sarah as tall, slender, faithful, sending letters to Sallie with elegant, while drawing himself as a the same regularity as the commen short, disreputable-looking hayseed. taries and drawings he sent to his pub Page 28

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On their return from Niagara Falls, Shakespeare). Sallie did most of the Tommy and Sallie set up house on West writing — writing the household checks 44th Street in New York City. Following which Nast would sign when they were the tradition established by the completed, or drafting most of the corre Edwards, he and Sallie opened their spondence (to which Nast often added home on Sundays to a constant parade illustrations). Because Nast's grammar of friends and acquaintances. Everyone and penmanship were so poor, on the was welcome, from family and old occasions when Sallie was unable to pro friends from the days of parties and vide a written response to an invitation, plays at the Edwards to some of Nast's Tommy would respond with a cartoon or acquaintances from his tour of Italy some other small sketch. Sallie also while covering Garibaldi's campaign — often suggested the captions to his illus expatriates, often down on their luck. trations and made sure they were But despite Nast's outgoing personality, spelled correctly before they were sent to his love of attention, and his desire for his publishers! acceptance, Nast preferred to keep his home a sanctuary of privacy. The rest of the week was off limits to casual visi tors, allowing Nast to work with Sallie, his collaborator, at his side. Two years later, in 1863, Thomas and Sallie moved to Yorkville (now 89th Street and the East River). The follow ing year, 1864, they moved again, this time to 125th Street, near 5th Avenue, in Harlem. With the birth of Julia, the old est of Tommy's and Sallie's five children, the Nast household was expanding, and it was here that Nast built a studio behind the house. Sallie would often read to Thomas in this studio while he worked. Nast's formal education ended when he was 13 years of age, after only seven years of formal education, and English was his second language, so when Sallie read to him it was much more than just another way to pass the time. Sallie kept him informed of current events by read ing him the newspapers, and she contin ued his education by reading literature "Thomas Nast \va& in favor of wildii to him (Nast was especially fond of Sarah Nast as public conscience

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And Sarah Edwards encouraged protect them from Boss Tweed's hench Tommy. Not only was she responsible for men, real or imaginary. much of what he knew beyond his formal Life in Morristown must have agreed education, she also taught him social with Nast. He worked in his studio on graces, so necessary for the status he the second floor of his home, named Villa had achieved through his artwork. Fontana. Once or twice a week, he would By 1870, there were three young chil take the train into Manhattan to deliver dren in the Nast household — Julia, illustrations to his publishers. This Thomas Edwards, born in 1865, and meant that most of the time he was Sarah Edith, born in 1868 — and Nast working at home, surrounded by his was gearing up for his onslaught of family. In the early, affluent years in Tammany Hall. Feeling the safety of his Morristown, the Nast's employed Irish precious family threatened, Nast moved domestics from the neighborhood called them out to Morristown, New Jersey, to "Little Dublin," the ethnic Irish commu- Page 31 nity just blocks away from their their stockings for Santa to fill. And Macculloch Avenue home, to cook, clean, scenes of Morristown lurk in the back and help raise the children. This allowed ground of many drawings: the rooftop Sallie to spend even more time with and chimney of Villa Fontana, with a Tommy in his studio, reading to him, view of St. Peter's Church in the back suggesting subject material and writing ground, appear in Seeing Santa Claus; captions to accompany his drawings. storefronts on the Morristown Green Sallie would have been the first person provide a backdrop for a very unhappy to see Nast's work every time he com Thomas Edwards Nast in The Dear pleted a drawing or a painting. Little Boy That Thought Christmas Many of Nast's illustrations are Came Oftener. based on his family life at Villa Fontana. In 1881, Tommy and Sallie's oldest His children figure prominently in his daughter, Julia, held her coming out Christmas drawings. Interior views of party. Though the newspapers credit Mr. the Nast home — especially the fireplace Thomas Nast for this imaginative event, mantels — find we can be sure their way into the preparation illustrations of and organiza Mabel and Cyril C tion was carried Nast hanging out by Mrs. Thomas Nast.

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The "Young Maiden's Cooking New York City. The Twenty-Second Association," Nast's play on the Y.M.C.A. Regiment Band provided entertainment ("Young Mens1 Christian Association"), for the ball and the guest list included was organized by Sallie to teach young Generals Grant, Miles, Perry, and ladies of the community culinary arts. Penny, Colonel Arnold, Lieut.s Miller, Julia's coming-out party was held as a Fisk, Long and Seabury, and Theodore ball for the "Young Maiden's Cooking Frelinghuysen. The Young Maidens Association" in the Morristown Library wore demure short Swiss muslin gowns and Lyceum. But, unlike the dinner par with "fluffy white caps of the same mate 2 ties prepared by the "Young Maidens" rial" and an emblem such as a minia and frequently hosted in the Nast dining ture frying pan or crossed spoons, room of Villa Fontana, this party was stamped out of tin. The young men in 3 catered by Delmonico's restaurant of attendance "showed their admiration" Page 33

by wearing similar miniature culinary where Sallie's influence ended and emblems on their watch chains. Tommy's involvement (not to mention Suspended from the chandeliers were sense of humor) began, which speaks of large bouquets of kitchen utensils; the the closeness he and Sallie had. The line fronts of the proscenium boxes were dec between Nast's personal and profession orated with saucepans, skillets, al life was often blurred. gridirons, kitchen spoons, and quart Shrinking popularity of Nast's illus measures gathered in arrangements trative style, new technology in publish with vegetables and roses from neigh ing which rendered the use of wood borhood kitchen gardens. A special train engraving for illustrations obsolete, and — white flags fluttering in the night — a run of bad investments took their toll took guests back to new York City at on his finances. By the 1890s Nast, who 1:00AM. It would be hard to speculate had known great wealth, was deeply in Page 34

dept, often paying his doctor or dentist skill he did not have — had, in fact, — even the tax collector — in paintings relied on Sallie for — but the $4,000/year or drawings. The Irish domestics from salary was more than he could pass up. "Little Dublin" were gone, and Villa In one of his last letters to Sallie from Fontana was greatly in need of repairs. Guayaquil, Ecuador, he wrote of how Thomas Nast St. Hill recalls playing in good it felt to once more be able to pay the old fountain in the front yard of his the bills. grandparent's home — the fountain But how hard this must have been for from which Villa Fontana got its name both Thomas and Sallie. After over forty — which by 1900 was empty, filled only years together, Nast was forced to leave with dead dry leaves and large brown the one thing that gave his life stability toads. Sallie, left behind while Tommy and purpose. This separation effectively traveled across the country doing his ended their lifelong collaborative part "Chalk Talks," managed the Morristown nership and Nast was so saddened by household alone. leaving that he refused to allow family or Nast eventually accepted Theodore friends see him off when he departed Roosevelt's invitation to become the U.S. New York by steamer in July 1902. Five ambassador to Ecuador. He did not want months after arriving in Guayaquil, to accept the position, feeling it would Nast contracted yellow fever and died on require business and administrative December 7, 1902. Page 35

Sallie Nast managed to stay on in Sarah spent the last third of her life Villa Fontana for a few more years, but without Thomas. She truly loved and in 1906 and 1907 she was forced to hold admired her husband, and was one of his three separate auctions of her husband's greatest supporters, believing whole works in order to raise enough money to heartedly in Thomas' contributions to pay the bills. Eventually, she had to give the history of the United States. And as up the house as well, at which point she her great-grandson, William Battey, went to live with her daughter, Mabel recalls, even in advanced age, she never Nast Crawford. Sarah lived on at missed an opportunity to share an anec Mabel's house in New Rochelle, NY, dote about Thomas. until she died in 1932 at the age of 91.

Footnotes: 2. The Jerseyman, June 17, 1881. 1. A furnisher supplied articles or acces sories of dress, or equipped a person for 3. Ibid. work or service. Page 36

In Nast We Trust

"The Many Names of Santa Claus," (opposite) provided by Don Warning of Christmas Reproductions Inc., 1996 Page 37

3D from 2D: An Authentic For all those out there who remember with joy and awe a childhood close Re-creation of Thomas Nast's encounter with a true white-bearded Santa Claus Costume twinkle-eyed, reddish fur ball, this rein by John Battram and Jeffrey Eger carnation story is for you. Although St. Nicholas had his origins in fourth-century Turkey, Santa Claus HYBRIDS AND clones. A shopping pil was a decidedly 19th century American grimage to the commercially sacred local and European phenomenon. Many mall during the last Christmas season of European countries had and have some the closeout year of the last century version of an elderly patriarch of would confirm the ubiquitous cookie cut Christmas. ter image of today's Santa Claus. What was once original in the vision of 19th century Santa Creators has become a stale uninspired rent-a-wreck version of the Santa uniform. One size fits all; one beard fits all; one polyester tomato-col ored lounge pajama for the arctic region seems to satisfy our collective notion of HE MANY NAMES OF SANTA CLAUS what Clement Moore and especially ASHENCLOS (Nicholas carrying Ashes) N. GERMANY Thomas Nast dreamed up before mass BABBO NATA1E (Santa Claus) ITALY visualizers like TV, billboards, and the BESANA ITALY Internet standardized what few icons we BULLERGL05 (Nicholas with Bells) N. GERMANY DUN CHE LAD REN (Christmas CHd Man) CHINA still revere. FATHER CHRISTMAS GREAT BRITAIN FATHER CHRISTMAS (Before the 1917 Revolution) RUSSIA We are so complacent about the look GRANDFATHER FROST (Aner the 1917 Revolution) RUSSIA of Santa that we no longer see the KRISKRLNGIE (Sana Claus) PENNSYLVANIA, USA details because they have been blurred NLKLO (SL Nicholas) AUSTRIA NIKOLAI CHOODOVORITZ (Nicholas Miracle Maker) RUSSIA by familiarity. Street corner Santas with PHZE WOOL (Fur-dad Nicholas) N. GERMANY their bells ringing luring the passers-by FERE NOEL (Father Christmas) FRANCE to drop coins into the cardboard chimney SAINT A CLAUS (St Nicholas) NEW AMSTERDAM. USA SAMLKLOS CSt Nicholas) SWITZERLAND banks make us turn away from the "Yes SAN NICOLA (St Nicholas) ITALY Virginia, there is a Santa Claus" crowd. SANT NKOLAUS (St Nicholas) SWITZERLAND SANCTE CLAUS (SL Nicholas) NEW AMSTERDAM, USA Parents tell their children that all these SANTA CLAUS (St Nicholas) NEW YORK, USA guys in red are really Santa's helpers, as SANTKLOS (St Nicholas) SWITZERLAND if to say that up there at the North Pole, SCHLMMELRErnER (Nicholas on White Hone) GERMANY SLNT NLKLAES (St Nicholas) BELGIUM sitting on a carved throne of ice, is the SLNTERKLASS (St Nichous) HOLLAND head honcho pulling the strings of all the SVENTY N1CK0LY (St Nicholas) POLAND Santa "Droids" sent to imbue the shop SZENT NKHOLAZ (St Nicholas) HUNGARY TELAPOMIKULAS (Santa Claus) HUNGARY pers with the fresh pink blush of Tinsel THE HOLY MAN TYROL Town and the green jingle and whirr of TOMTA (Santa Oaus) SWEDEN cash machines. WELHNACHTSMAN (Christmas Man) GERMANY -163- Page 38

Whether an old bearded man in flow al authentic Santa Claus costume. With ing robes or a dwarf-like winter spirit, the encouragement and financial back the 19th century Santa Claus et alia ing of Old World Wisconsin, America's were re-defined by becoming an amalga largest outdoor museum interpreting mation of Dutch, English, and German rural life between 1840-1915, the Nast cultural traditions. Washington Irving, Santa project was under way. Clement Moore and Thomas Nast re Various libraries provided images drew the image in words and pictures, from Nast's two main Christmas publi using as their inspiration the Dutch cations: Santa Claus and his Works, a Sinterklass, the German Pelze Nichol color children's book published by and the English Father Christmas. McLoughlin Brothers in New York City; Along the way there were other word- and Christmas Drawings for the Human and image-makers, but the trinity of Race, a compilation of Nast's Harper's Santa-fiers must rest with these three Christmas drawings drawn over three men. Thomas Nast, the only artist of the decades. lot and the last to qualify the Santa Twenty-five Nast Christmas illustra image, had the distinct advantage of the tions and six color drawings were stud sociological observations of Irving and ied meticulously. Specific elements of the fantastic imagination of Clement these drawings were used as models to Moore. create the costume components. Nast's Santa did not come all at once. It slowly evolved through four decades, • BODY FORM AND SHAPE: "Caught," starting in the 1860s. At first Nast used December 24, 1881 the Moore description of Santa Claus in • SHOES, BUCKLED (BAITS): "Merry "A Night Before Christmas" (a.k.a. "A Christmas," January 4, 1879 Visit from St. Nicholas") almost verba • HAT: "Christmas in Camp," 1860; tim. But in time he felt confident in "Caught," 1881; "The Shrine of St. changing certain attributes of Santa to Nicholas," 1882 (?) better reflect his own vision. Santa • FUR SUIT AND ERMINE TRIM: Santa began as a Dutch dwarf and ended up as Claus and His Works, 1870 (six color a larger-than-life giant who could barely plates) McCain Archives Collection, fit into a chimney. Along the way, the University of South East Mississippi, man in fur went through speculative Hattiesburg transformations — some stuck; some • TOYS AND GIFTS on the body: "Merry trial balloons were discarded. Old Santa, January 1, 1881. How, then, to characterize the 19th- century Santa Claus created by Thomas Our research project yielded 14 attrib Nast? John Battram, a Wisconsin Santa utes and characteristics of Santa Claus Claus look-alike, interpreter and that Thomas Nast either originated or Christmas historian, was convinced that visualized for the first time. Nast's two dimensional drawings held 1. White Hair and bow mustache. the clues to fabricate a three dimension 2. Dwarf-like "Jolly Old Elf." Page 39

Nast illustrations helped to create the costume. Page 40

3. Always warm, smiling, adoring. derful body form with the bulbous body 4. He loved filling hanging stockings and ample buttocks. at the fireplace. During the search to determine the 5. Nast associated Santa with Mother animal source of the fur in the Nast Goose and Little Bo-Peep drawings, we talked with Savidusky's 6. Santa used the telephone to talk to Fur Manufacturers in Madison, children in 1884. Wisconsin. Savidusky's has been in busi 7. Nast placed Santa's home and ness since 1927. The company agreed to workshop at the North Pole in Santa create the fur suit over the body form. And His Works. Their fur expert learned his trade in 8. He established workshops for the Krakow, Poland and was familiar with production of toys. contemporary and historic furs in 9. Santa kept record books of Good Europe. The choice was between Girls and Good Boys. muskrat and sheared sheepskin. It was 10. Letters came to Santa from the decided that Tuscan burgundy sheared parents of "good boys and girls" and "bad sheepskin would have been the "red" fur boys and girls." available at that time, 1870. Bright red 11. The long clay pipe (sometimes in chemical dyes were not yet available. the cuff of his hat) came from Dutch tra Savidusky's secured four varied samples dition in Nieuw Amsterdam. of red burgundy furs. They were not eas 12. He placed a sprig of holly on ily acquired. The reddest burgundy was Santa's hat (reminiscent of Father selected. The tunic has a fancier rippled Christmas) finish using the natural curl of sheep 13. He originated the red suit (in fur) skin. The trousers and hat have a in the 1870s. smoother finish to the fur. The ermine 14. He drew Santa on the roof with trim was simulated from white sheared the sign of the chimney "Santa Claus sheepskin and fitch tails. Finding these Stop Here Please." This sign and phrase furs was quite a challenge for the furri were later used several times by Haddon er. The fur is from the province of Sundblom in his paintings of Santa Tuscany in Italy. Claus for The Coca-Cola Company in the Finding an Amish harness maker 1930s and 1940s. and a historic bootmaker was a less Nast also reinforced and improved arduous task. We had past experience the image of the sleigh with eight rein with these two craftsmen. Issac Miller, deer. Shipshewana, Indiana made the 3 1/2- Once the project was approved, the inch wide belt (his third such belt for us). search turned to finding a costume serv He also fabricated the solid brass buck ice experienced in working in fur. After le. He is a superb craftsman. several months of searching for a source The shoes were made by Cliff Pequet of fur, the Miller Armstrong Costume (Country Cordwainers), Middlebury, Service deferred to a professional fur Indiana. Cliff learned his historic boot manufacturer. MACS did make a won making at Colonial Williamsburg, Page 41

* - John Battram as Nast's Santa Claus

Virginia. Nast often used a soft leather butlers, etc.) in Olde English dress. slipper-like footwear for Santa Claus. These shoes are from the Revolutionary On those occasions when he used a more Period and earlier colonial times. The substantial shoe, English batts with the buckles on the shoes are molded in brass brass buckle were shown. These are from an authentic mold at Colonial shown best in "Merry Christmas," Williamsburg. (January 3, 1879). On December 4th, just three According to Cliff Pequet, by the weeks before Christmas, Thomas Nast's 1860s, wealthy people on the east coast paper Santa Claus became a living "Ho! dressed their help (drivers, footmen, Ho! Ho!" in three colorful dimensions. Page 42

Clement Moore and verses of the Christmas poem he was to read to his family later that Christmas Thomas Nast: Santa Claus evening. in the Big Apple Somehow the poem was copied by a By Jeffrey Eger visiting family friend who had it anony mously published a year later in a Troy, New York newspaper. Then it appeared IT IS hard to avoid it growing up in in a couple of almanacs in 1825. Year America. 'Twas the night before after year, the poem was printed in Christmas.... When the Saratoga trunk broadsides, newspapers, and school- of seasonal tinsel is dragged down from books. It was popular and known. It was the attic, that poem permeates every not until 1837 - a full fifteen years after decoration and every claptrap vestige of he penned the poem that Moore permit holiday iconography. When you hear it, ted his name to be associated with the it reconfirms your childhood. It lingers work when it appeared in an anthology like the night light in the hallway, reas called The New York Book of Poetry. suring and protective in its lilting narra Moore wanted to be taken seriously. He tive. I recently heard a recording of did not want to be known as the author Louis Satchmo Armstrong recite the of "A"Visit from St. Nicholas." Moore pre poem on the radio. His New Orleans ferred to be remembered as the author of saintly voice, as rough as magical sand A Compendious Lexicon of the Hebrew paper, was as full of wonder as dancing Language. But fate and quirky circum sugar plums. stance brought him fame with his little And yet it was written, so the story two-page narrative about Santa Claus goes, on the afternoon before Christmas who by the way is never called "Santa Day in 1822 by a well-to-do Professor of Claus" in the poem! Where did Moore Hebrew and religion who taught at the get his ideas? For sure he was familiar General Theological Seminary. Clement with Washington Irvings' description of C.Moore, the author of the poem, lived St. Nicholas in A History of New York. on the family farm (called Chelsea) in " And the sage Oloffe dreamed a what is now the Chelsea district of dream - and lo, the good St Manhattan. Then it was a 94-acre plot Nicholas came riding over the which today covers 19th-24th streets tops of the trees, in that self between Eighth and Tenth Avenues. same wagon wherein he brings Clement Moore, son of New York's sec his yearly presents to children; ond Episcopal Bishop and president of and he came and descended hard King's College, was a learned scholar of by... And he lit his pipe by the the Bible and was a sometime poet of fire, and sat himself down and turgid inspirational poetry. But on that smoked; and as he smoked, the afternoon on a sleigh ride to purchase a smoke from his pipe ascended holiday turkey at the Washington into the air, and spread like a Market, Moore jotted down the jingling cloud overhead... And when St. Page 43

Nicholas had smoked his pipe, doubt Nast knew this book intimately, he twisted it in his hatband, and because in 1864 he contributed an illus laying his finger beside his nose, tration of Santa Claus on a roof top to a gave the astonished Van book published by the same publisher, Kortlandt a very significant James Gregory. This Santa, paradoxical look; then mounting his waggon, ly enough, illustrated Moore's poem. It is he returned over the tree tops Nast's first Santa published in a book; and disappeared." he had previously published a furry But perhaps Moore was more famil stars and stripes Santa in Harper's iar with a small colorful brand new chil Weekly. dren's book, The Children's Friend, that What started off a Dutch elf as drawn appeared in 1820-21. The publisher of by Nast eventually transformed and the book happened to be a next-door blossomed into a full-blown Santa that neighbor of Moore's. In it, Santa Claus is we could pick out in a Santa police line mentioned (and illustrated), stockings up. Who was this guy? Partly it was the are hung, reindeer appear, parents guy in the mirror. Nast was short and sleep, etc. What more could Moore want? roundish. But, his ego inflated by his Don't discard things he thought - add - success as a Boss Tweed slayer and polit amplify - reach for the sky. In the quick ical Tammany Tiger tamer, had grown ness of a creative flash when one thinks massive. Mix Nast's own handlebar in rhymed tongues, the poem had writ moustache and his propensity to mug for ten itself. What had inspired Clement the camera with Tweed's belly and Moore that fortuitous day in lower impressive stature and presto - you Manhattan in 1822 may have revisited have Nast's large version of Santa, the Thomas Nast who was living on the one we know, love and fixate upon. West Side on 44th Street some forty Year after year Nast chipped away at years later. his old Santa and built up his new one. No doubt Nast was familiar with He added characters and situations "The Poem." What New Yorker didn't beyond the parameters that Clement know it? St. Nicholas was the patron Moore constructed. His easy confidence saint of Manhattan. New Yorkers were with his Santa Claus made his reading weaned on the poem that had been writ audience clamor for his seasonal crea ten in their city. In the late 1840s an ture. He met the challenge with ebul illustrated version (by Boyd) was pub lience. As busy as he was lambasting lished with a decidedly Dutch Santa fig and skewering politicians eleven months ure. Nast, then eight years old, may a year, he was just as active devising have seen this little book two years after new Christmas landscapes and reinter he arrived from Germany with his moth preting Moore's time tested old ideas er and sister. during the last month of any given year. In 1862 F.O.C. Darley, the highly As creative as Nast was in Santa- respected illustrator, published hig ver fying, he respected what Clement Moore sion of A Visit from St. Nicholas. No had provided as a road map of Christmas Page 44 cheer. But did Nast merely let Moore do The following presentation of the thinking and he do the drawing? If it Clement Moore's poem is written in works don't fix it, the saying goes. Nast Moore's hand. The appropriate images paid his respects respectfully but inno as drawn by Nast over many years sug vated when he could. Any imaginative gest Nast's reliance on the original artist over time will redefine a singular works as inspiration. motif so that it does not feel like a cook ie-cutter creation. Such was the distinc tion New Yorker Thomas Nast paid fel low Manhattanite Clement Moore. (j IH.<<( ~ju'V.i M- MckvlaJ.

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Update: Vincent Van Gogh; the Chinese- American Experience 1857-1892; and The World of Thomas Nast several Civil War and Reconstruction by John Adler themes. Additional topics, including presidential elections, and Nast and IT IS now four years since we envi Shakespeare appear during year 2000. sioned "The World of Thomas Nast" as a Draper Hill works regularly with CD-ROM project. While we have com HarpWeek as a consultant on Thomas pleted all the necessary indexing, CD- Nast. He has selected Nast's 100 best ROM presentation of it no longer makes cartoons and written scholarly explana economic or practical sense because too tions of most of them—many involved many CD-ROMs would be required. It is researching other periodicals of the conceivable that when DVD-ROMs time. We plan to publish a number of become more widely accepted in a year them on the Web during year 2000. or two, their greater storage capacity Finally, we are well along in prepar will be well-suited for the 2,200 Nast ing biographies of the characters whom cartoon compilation. Nast portrays in his cartoons. Our plan In the interim, we have posted dozens is this: when a viewer puts his or her of Nast cartoons from Harper's Weekly computer mouse on a character's face, on our free: www.harpweek.com and that character's name and biography www.thomasnast.com Websites. Topics will appear via hyperlink. include: Impeachment of Andrew Keep watching our site. We think Johnson; the relationships of Nast with you'll like what you see now and what Edgar Degas, and separately, with we have planned for the rest of the year.

For more information, go to www.harpweek.com & www.thomasnast.com Page 52 Page 53

Thomas Nast and David Ross Locke: Mocking Birds of a Feather by Paul P. Somers, Jr.

"Oh, Nasby, you ought to live next door. Why don't you? To wait six days for an answer is an eternity," wrote Thomas Nast on May 20, 1867, to David Ross Locke. Who was this man with whom the great satirist expressed such affini ty? And who was Nasby? 1

Nast's story is much more familiar to the readers of this journal than Locke's: Born in Landau, Germany in 1840, he came to New York City at the age of six. He studied drawing at the Academy of Design and in 1856 won a job with Frank Leslie's Illustrated Weekly. Illustration at that time being provided by drawings, not photographs, young Thomas drew for the New York Illustrated News and Harper's Weekly from 1858 to 1862. During the Civil War, his illustra tions for Harper's Weekly were extreme- Page 54 ly popular. He soon turned to a more While livening up the paper's contents emblematic, less reportorial style, which to increase circulation, he refined a ver was sometimes allegorical, nearly nacular narrator from his earlier always emotionally powerful. Thomas columns into Petroleum V (Vesuvius) Nast's contributions to the Union cause Nasby, a Copperhead preacher from during the Civil War have been widely Confedrit X Roads, Kentucky. (Clement noted. So effective a voice for the Union C. Vallindigham, the Ohio Copperhead did he become that Lincoln called him banished by the Lincoln administration "our best recruiting sergeant."2 for sedition.)5 This ignorant, racist, sex Nast's style evolved into caricature. ist figure of ridicule would make his cre During Reconstruction he took the ator famous. In 1865 Locke became edi Radical Republican side, flaying the tor of the Toledo Blade, which he would South and supporting the effort to make known throughout the nation. impeach Andrew Johnson. In 1872 he would crucify the liberal Horace Greeley on this same cross of appeasement. Later, he pilloried bigotry and was one of the few to stand by the disgraced President Grant. David Ross Locke was born in Vestal, New York, September 20, 1833, to labor er and self-proclaimed temperance man Nathaniel Reed Locke and Hester (Ross) Locke. Locke served as a printer's apprentice at age twelve. Moving to Ohio in 1853, he edited newspapers in Plymouth and Bucyrus. Barely twenty when he emigrated to Ohio, Locke was already committed to the temperance movement and the principles of the bur geoning Republican party. He was anti- slavery early on: In his inaugural edito rial in the Mansfield [Ohio] Herald, Locke proclaimed: "Politically, the Herald will be Republican, out and out. We shall oppose to the full extent of our ability, the further extension of the area of human bondage." 3 While publishing the Bucyrus [OH] Journal in the late 1850's, Locke helped runaway slaves 4 escape. In 1861 he relocated to Findlay ' CHUBCH or ST. VALLAKJUGUM." p. V. NASBY, PASTOR, and bought the Hancock Jeffersonian. Mil) HIS FXOCK. Page 71. Page 55

" Sunrsti LITTLE WHITE CHILDREN XO COMB TJHXO ME." Page 481.

This drawing accompanied a letter celebrating the defeat of the 14th Amendment in Ohio. In Ekkoes from Kentucky 296.

Locke is still studied as one of of the Letters struck brutal and powerful Literary Comedians, whose number blows against the Confederacy and its included Charles Farrar Browne Democratic sympathizers, verbal equiv ("Artemus Ward") Robert Henry Newell alents of Nast's uncompromising car ("Orpheus C. Kerr"), and many others. toons. Most notable was the man who went on Nast and Locke first met in 1867. to transcend the genre and become a Locke was already on the "A" list of giant of literature, Samuel Clemens James Redpath's Boston Lyceum ("Mark Twain"). Locke and his creation, Bureau, which also booked Artemus the boorish Petroleum V. Nasby, were Ward, Josh Billings and Mark Twain. national figures in the latter third of the Locke received the top rate of $200 per nineteenth century. The Nasby essays lecture. Audiences sometimes complained were influential in maintaining Union that his speech was too political (!)7 morale. President Lincoln, himself, was In 1873, Nast also "hit the circuit," at fond of them, reportedly saying: "for the Redpath's urging, and his combining genius to write these things I would sketches done on the spot with clever 6 gladly give up my office." character impersonations, was a great Like Nast a satirist rather than an success (except with Bennett's New York entertainer, Locke through the Nasby Herald, which was trying to pay Nast Page 56 back for caricaturing its editor). Paine Just before the Congressional elec tells of Nast's stage fright and of tions of 1866, President Andrew Johnson Redpath's observation that "never in his made a trip to Chicago for the unveiling long career had he seen a man so badly of a monument to moderate Democrat frightened" (275, 283-285). Stephen A. Douglas. He called the trip a The two satiric giants of the Union "swing around the circle," after the cam cause had known of and admired each paign swings he used to make backdn other for some time, when Locke wrote Tennessee. For support he took along to Nast, proposing that the artist pro General Ulysses Grant; Admiral David vide the drawings for a book to be writ Farragut, the hero of Mobile Bay; ten on the 1868 election campaign. Nast Secretary of State William Seward; and responded on March 23, 1867, with a Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles. plan for collaborating on a "panorama, (Nasby calls him "Giddy") with a lecture written by you, and if you Johnson's Swing around the Circle is would not care to deliver it yourself, I one of the most disastrous domestic could hire a competent actor to do so, political moves in American history. A who would get himself up to imperson combative man who relished the give ate the ideal 'Nasby' A book version might then follow." Nast also wrote: "I am glad you liked the sketch, and seeing that you had a photograph taken why don't you send a fellow a copy?"8 -nRHDiniini; Locke did not warm to the idea, and Nast subsequently suggested another book, Lives Taken by Nasby and Nast. £ TO;THEWB8T, According to biographer John M. T06KTBEB WITH Harrison, they discussed details of pub A XiXEH 07 IT$ HE£0* lication, but nothing ensued (170). Nast did, however, do the illustra tions for Swingin' Round the Cirkle, Which appeared in 1867. Nast drawings also appeared in Ekkoes from Kentucky (1868) and The Struggles (Social, Financial and Political) of Petroleum V. Nasby, a retrospective compilation pub lished in 1872, with an introduction by FETBOLETJM: V. NASBY, A DIMMOEAT OF THIRTY YEARS STAN DING. AND WHO Charles Sumner. There is considerable ALLU8 TUK HIS LICKEK 8TKAIQHT. repetition of drawings among the three Eaten* *yw4ta*1« AM «f Ou •••!», ta tk» jmc UH, toj. 0. HJJtBT * books Nast illustrated. Of the two dozen- iPWrislOfSwl THE AMEWCAI* SEWS COMPACT, Agents. plus, some appear in more than one of * 119& 121 NASSAU STBEET.H. T. the three books, sometimes under a dif ferent title. Page 57 and take of frontier politics, Johnson Wendell Phillips? A traitor at one end of was loath to refuse a challenge. And, as the line is as bad as a traitor at the he went out amongst 'em, Radical other!" Another heckler cried "Judas," Republican hecklers provided many and Johnson asked: "If I have played the challenges. Worse, he repeated the same Judas, who has been my Christ that I speech at each stop. Through the mira have played the Judas with? Was it cle of telegraphy, repetitive excerpts Thad Stevens? Was it Wendell Phillips? appeared daily in papers around the Was it Charles Sumner?"9 papers, with a belittling effect. He also Nasby and Nast pounced simultane passed out copies of the Constutition in ously on the hapless Johnson. each city and town. "Swinging around the Circle" is one of At Cleveland, a large crowd at his 33 9x12 foot panels from Nast's Grand hotel begged Johnson for a few words. Caricaturama, painted in 1868. This He unwisely complied, and was immedi panel is in the Joint Free Public Library ately met with a shout of "Hang Jeff of Morristown and Morris Township, Davis!" Johnson shouted back: "Why Morristown, NJ. (Grant is on a white don't you hang Thad Stevens and horse, Welles has a trident, Farragut is Page 58

"At Cincinnatti," sed he, I observed NASBTS HEW BOOK, the followin' order: 1.1 swung around the cirkle. 2.1 asked who wuz the Saviour ef I "Swingin' wuz Joodis Iskariot? 3.1 left the Constitooshn, the 36 Hound the Cirkle," States, and the flag with 36 stars Br PETROLEUM •. TStJiSBt, taii Fmaff wo tho C*»»r«* w» tka Soo ZH*pi*oaohmo\ onto it, in their hands. OkoUitti M* JfxcOioneu tka PrtnkUntt nasi y,XAnuoo^UPaotswt^tr)oAC^aOMersUa X *•**, Xantvalti/. Now, at Columbus, I shel vary it thusly: With E%U Dlwtr»doM by Thomas IML 1. The constitooshn, flag, and stars. lfmo. Price fj.60. 2. The Joodis Iskariot Biznis. 3. Swingin around the cirkle. runs**-* ixvoourt ormw o» VAIBT. •"fto (Pmldcot Itoonta) WM at thl» time, from an WVWl ptoMoktm Of to9}pa om-kvio, to addjtlou to hia otto oajM. Ifteratljr w*r» oat. rnahlnir •*»** thing At Stoobenville, agin, ez follows: •fMttha MM to oo* of tho party. * U»»« TOB asen th* VMDT r*ap»r*f* fNo, I ha»» not,' w*a th« aoB«»erj 1. Joodis Iskariot. <«kob Xoabvf* 'Thar* It a ofcap oot In Ohio,' r«- fnm«4 tka ProauWt.» who haa boaa wrtttof a *«rU» of Uttat* to tho nawapapora OT*r tha aicnotBro of Petro 2. Swingin around the cirkle. leum V. ftaebr. BOOM on* aeot m* it pajnpMot eolle*- tlos of thorn tho otto day. I ajn. going to Wrlto to P*> 3. Constitooshn, flag, and stars. (225- WotaufB. to rptta'dowB here, and Y Iphwid to toll him tto If ha will oommttaieat* tie talent to IM I will awap 226) tooM with him.' Thereupon he tea«t'w«Bt toe drawer Ei hta qoek. and takta* o»t too4 L*tttr»,' aat down end mod OM to th« ttsmvmnj, nodtoj: to their enjoyment or From Swingin Round the Cirkle It tho teraoornry excitement and nllaf which another man would hare (hand lnaglat* of win*.'* — Cterpew tar** $im apttntkt to Mt IfaUa 8mm. comes this report: "The President's 22d of February speech.—The Account thereof of One riding backwards. The other one is behind the Scenes.-Hopes and Fears of Secretary of State William Seward.)10 the Democracy.) "...it's my opinion that As Locke covered the tour, Nasby of the day-star uv glory hez arozen onto the course tagged along, the better to Dimocracy; that our night uv gloom is observe his man. He pointed out that over; and that, at larst, the government, the crowds were cheering for Grant, not or at least the only part we care about,— Johnson. At one small town, according the offisis,~is ourn. I heerd Androo to Nasby, there is only one man there to Johnson speak last nite! I stood beside meet the President, the "newly-appint- him!. I helpt hold him up! I SMELT HIS ed Postmaster," who explains that the BREATH. It's all rite! (p. 79) other nineteen Johnsonians deserted Note the allegations of drunkenness when they didn't get the office. "Androo against Johnson. He might have been wuz a goin to swing around the cirkle drunk in public once 12 (Grant was often for this one man, and leave the portrayed as a drunkard, but these Constooshn in his hands, but Seward reports, like Johnson's, owed much to checked him." n the Gerneral's political enemies for their Nasby reports the President's circulation). The press, Nast, and Nasby, account of his speaking strategy: however, didn't care. Misquoting and misrepresentation were even easier Page 59

Price Thirty Cents. Page 60

4d NASrS ALMANAC FOR 1872.

THE EAELY TEAINING OP NASBY. (Extract from an autobiography written by himself, bnt rendered in good English by a younger brother, who learned to spell iu his youuger days.) MODESTY being the most prominent trait in my character, it is with reluctance that 1 speak of myself. In this one par ticular, George Francis Train und myself are very much alike; the only difference being, G. F. manages to make a good liv ing out'of his modesty, while 1 don't. But, modest as J am, I must say that I am a most excellent man. Indeed, I com menced being good at a very early age, and built myself up on the best models. I was yet an infant when I read the af fecting story of the hacking down of the cherry-tree by George Washington, and his manly statement to his father that he could not tell a lie. I read the story, and it tilled me with a desire to surpass him. 1 was not going to allow any such boy as George Washington, if he did afterward get to be u Pres ident, excel me in the moralities. Immediately I seized n hatchet, and cut down the most valuable cherry-tree my father had; and, more, I dug up the roots und burned the branches, so that by no means could the variety be preserved; and I w ent a skating one Sunday, that I might confess the two faults, and be wept over and forgiven on account of my extreme truthful- i/ ness. The experiments were, I regret to say, partial failures. I was very-much like George Washington; but, the trouble was, my father didn't resembleGeorgeWashington's father to any alarming extent, which was essential to the success of mv scheme. "Did YOU cut down that cherry-tree 1"'

asked he. "Father, I can not tell a lie. I did it with my little hatchet," I answered, striking the proper attitude for the old gentleman to shed tears on me. But he didn't shed. He remarked that he had rather I had told a thousand lies than to have cut down that particular tree, and he whipped me till I was in a state of exasperating rawness. The same devotion to truth is characteristic of my children. Truth is their weakness. They read the samu story; but, alas! I had no horticultural tastes, and. therefore, no gar den, and, as a matter of course, no cherry-trees about my house. At the age of eight, my eldest hankered for a cherry-tree. " Where is the tree for me to hack ?" he perjH't- tially asked. At ten he planted one, and nursed it, and watered it, and pruned it, that at twelve he might hack it down, and manfully confess that he did It with hi* little hatchet! Since that I have planted trees for them. The moment a male child is born to me, I plant a cherry-tree for him. There have been ten cherry-trees about my house —there are ten decaying stnmps there now. to which I point with pride, as evidences of ihe entire devotion of my children to truth. I shall never be a President, but it seems to me there must be one in the fumilv. BBBBBBMHHHBBBBB'

Page 61 back then than they are today, with no The naive, well-meaning Horace technology readily available available Greeley made the fattest of targets for for recording words. Nast. When Greeley made a conciliatory Nast loved the merry-go-round image. speech to the Democrats at their conven Along with such other notables as Mark tion in Baltimore, urging them to "clasp Twain and Josh Billings, Locke con hands across the bloody chasm," Nast tributed to Nast's Almanac. The joke in turned the liberal orator's words into a "The Early Training of Nasby" is that sharp barb to be sunk again and again Nasby's father reversed the lesson of into his hide. Washington and the cherry tree and Neither Nast nor Nasby scrupled to whipped young Nasby for telling the avail himself of the ultimate weapon, the truth about his axemanship. linking of a politcal enemy with John It was at this time that Nast wrote on Wilkes Booth, despised assassin of the May 20, 1867: "Oh, Nasby, you ought to beloved Abraham Lincoln. In what has to live next door. Why don't you? To wait six be one of the most brutal of mainstream days for an answer is an eternity." American political cartoons, Nast drew Unfortunately, the lives of these kindred Greeley reaching across the grave of spirits would take separate courses. Abraham Lincoln to grasp the hand of Both were masters at waving the the ghost of John Wilkes Booth! bloody shirt. Page 62

THREE CHEERS FOR JEFFERSON GREELEY. Page 163. Page 63

When Greeley died a month after his defeat, newspapers that had supported him were quick to blame Nast's relentless ridicule, although Greeley's strenuous campaign itiner ary and his wife's protracted illness were contributing causes. While many scholars con tend that Nast was too harsh on the hapless Greeley, the cartoonist's contribution to Grant's reelection was considerable: Samuel Clemens wrote to him: "Nast, you more than any other man have won a prodigious victory for Grant-I mean, rather for Civilization and Progress. Those pictures were simply marvelous."14 Here's Locke in a similar vein—the jugular:

"A Psalm of Gladness.~The Veto of the Civil Rights Bill, and other Matters, occasion ing a Feeling of Thankfulness in the Minds of the Democracy"

I am a canary, a nightengale. A lark, am I. I raise my voice in song. I pour forth melojus notes

And Congris, even the Rump, hed decreed its [slavery's] death, and hed held forth its hand to Ethiopa. It passed a bill givin the Niggers their rites, and takin away from us our rites: Sayin, that nomore shel we sell em in the market place, or take their wives from em, Or be father to their children, Or make uv em conkebines aginst their will, Or force em to toil without hire, Or shoot em, ez we wuz wont to do under the old dispensashun, Or make laws for em wich didn't bind us as well.

But the President, even Androo, the choice uv Booth, said, Nay. And the bill wuz vetoed, and is no law; and our hearts is made glad.

The Ablishnist shel hang his hed; and we will jeer him, and flout him, and say unto him, "Go up, bald head!" and no bears shel bite us; for, lo! the President is our rock, and in him we abide. Blessed be Booth, who give us Androo. Blessed be the veto, which makes the deed uv Booth uv sum account to us. Blessed be Moses, who is a leadin us out uv the wilderness, into the Canaan flowin with milk and honey. PETROLEUM V. NASBY Lait Paster uv the Church of the New Dispensashun 15 Page 64

Both crusaders abhorred political Party—Nast began to fire his volleys patronage. from the pages of Harper's Weekly, the circulation of which tripled during the crusade. For example, he took Tammany Hall's own tiger and made it into a fearful sym bol of marauding lawlessness, to be used against Tweed in the 1871 election.

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In 1875 Tweed escaped from jail and fled to Spain, where he was arrested by customs officials who had seen the car toon. Unable to read English, they Nast's successful war against the thought he was wanted for the crime of Tweed Ring displayed his hatred of polit kidnapping. Tweed died in jail in 1878. ical patronage as wielded by the opposi "Them damned pictures," which he had tion Democratic party. It was through decried earlier, had finally led to his his battle against the Tweed Ring that ruin. he made his mark as one of America's Nasby distills the Democratic plat most powerful editorial cartoonists. form down to one word, misspelled, at William Magear Tweed ("Marcy" was that: "In what partikler hez Androo part of Nast's joke) and his Tammany Johnson showed hisself to be a Hall cronies ruled and plundered New Dimokrat? In the name uv Dimocrisy let York City from 1866 to 1871. Incensed me ask: WHERE IS THE OFFISES? by the corruption of Boss Tweed~and perhaps by his Irish Catholicism and the power he wielded for the Democratic HHH^^HH

Page 65

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The Cartoon that Captured Tweed. Page 66

NASBY'S DREAM OF PERFECT BLISS. Page 305.

In one of his earliest letters, Nasby Secures His Loaf.—Jollification." enumerates his qualifications for politi (Swingin 187-195). cal office: Nasby finally has finally received his 1.1 want an offis commission as Postmaster of Confedrit 2.1 need a offis X Roads, after assenting in writing to 3d. A offis wood suit me; there4, ten satrical distortions of the party plat 4th. I shood like to hev a offis. 16 form, the last of which is "Are yoo willin to contribute a reasonable per cent, uf In his illustration for "Nasby Dreams yoor salary to be used for the defeat uv He is a Genuine New York Aristocrat," objectionable congrismen in the disloyal Nast drew Nasby dining with Boss states North?" (Swingin 189). Tweed, Gov. Hoffman and other In this parade of "Demokrats," two Tammany grafters {Struggles, p. 552). grocers carry liquor, and an African- The consummation of Nasby's politi American lies on the floor of a wagon cal career as a "Dimocrat" came in under the foot of a grocer holding a sign, "Reward of Virtue.-The Virtuous Patriot "Niggers where they oughter be" ^kWmkmWsa^kWSSm

Page 67

NASBY DBEAMS HE IS A GENUINE NEW YORK ARISTOCRAT. Page 562.

(Swingin', 191). Nasby's explanation him by declining the offer. The next year, emphasizes that most of the marchers though, Locke pleaded for the life of an carry whiskey bottles and are in various Ohio soldier condemned to death for stages of drunkenness. ("Groceries" on desertion. Lincoln granted the request1? the frontier were licensed to dispense Together and separately, their contri liquor, a fact which contributed to their butions to Union morale were widely prominence in the humor as well as the acknowledged. In his discussion of the politics of the frontier.) Literary Comedians in Native American One last incident puts a fine point on Humor, Walter Blair lists among Locke's abhorrance of political patron Nasby's admirers General Grant and age: Lincoln was so taken by the Nasby James Russell Lowell, who wrote: "I am Papers that in 1863 he invited Locke to sure that political satire will have full visit and asked if there was any place he justice done it by that genuine and was qualified for that he might want. delightful humorist, the Rev. Petroleum 18 Locke went to Washington, visited for an v. Nasby et al". In addition to the hour with the President, but astonished praise of Lincoln and Samuel Clemens, Page 68 mentioned above, others acclaimed inspiration, as his own Republican party them: William Graham Sumner said of proved susceptible to corruption and his the Nasby letters and Nast's cartoons: hero, Ulysses S. Grant, proved to be "they were among the influences and quite mortal. Nast quit Harper's in agencies by which disloyalty in all its 1887, his effectiveness considerably forms was exposed and public opinion diminished. He had made investments assured on the right side." 19 Grant is which failed, and by 1902 had no choice reported to have said after his election in but to accept the post of U. S. Consul to 1868: "Two things elected me: the sword Guayaquil, Equador. He died there in of Sheridan [Federal troops enforced December of the same year. Negro voting rights in the South] and Although Locke led a busy and influ the pencil of Nast."20 ential life after the War, as a popular lec The influence of both men declined turer, reformer, New York newspaper late in their careers. In Nast's later editor, and businessman, for much of the years, he lost much of his direction and 1870s, he was associated with the New

PBOCESSION AT Co>\Tiii>BiT X ROADS. Page 302. Page 69

York Evening Mail, which was non-par The two men, one from New York City, tisan and didn't even carry the Nasby and the other from the small towns of letters. Like more than one wag, Locke Ohio, shared a love of freedom and fair came to regret his comic success-one ness and a talent-and a taste-for subscriber too many came into the Blade vicious satire. Separated by place of office demanding to see "Nasby." He birth and geography, they were united spent his last two years trying to dis by a love of freedom and the Union and tance himself from the comic persona a hatred of slavery and the South. that had brought him fame and fortune. Joining forces for a brief moment, they Nevertheless, Locke was prosperous and affected the course of history, as they prominent at the time of his death of made friends laugh and foes cry foul. tuberculosis in Toledo on February 15, 1888. Page 70

Footnotes [pseud.] (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1867), p. 212. 1 Two letters from Nast to Locke are in 12 George Fort Milton, The Age of Hate; the Locke Collection of the Rutherford B. Andrew Johnson and the Radicals (New Hayes Presidential Center and are quot York: Coward-Mcann, 1930), p. 367. ed in Harrison, pp. 168-170. (While denying that Johnson was drunk, 2 Albert Bigelow Paine, Th. Nast: His Milton is a quick to report that Grant Period and His Pictures. (New York: was.) Macmillan, 1904), p. 69 13 Thomas Nast, Nast's Illustrated ^ James C. Austin, Petroleum V. Nasby, Almanac for 1872, New York, Harper & david Ross Locke (Boston: G. K Hall, Brothers, 1872, p. 40 1965), p. 29 n. 16. 14 Paine, p. 263 4 Austin, p. 31 1° Locke, Swingin, pp. 138-142. ° John M. Harrison, The Man Who Made 1" David Ross Locke, Divers Views, Nasby (Chapel Hill: University of North Opinions, and Prophecies of Petroleum Carolina Press, 1965). See p. 77 for Rev. .V. Nasby, (Cincinnati: R.W Carroll, Peter Vail, reputedly the model for 1896): (orig ed. 1866), pp. 46-47. Nasby.

6 1' Robert S. Harper, Lincoln and the Blair, pp. 110, n. 3 Press. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1951), ' See Harrison, p. 183 for Twain's p. 187. remark. 1° Native American Humor (San 8 Harrison, pp. 168-170. Francisco: Chandler, 1960), p. 110, n.2. " Fay Warren Brabson, Andrew Johnson 19 Morton Keller, The ARt and Politics (Durham, N.C.: Seeman Printery, 1972), of Thomas Nast (New York: Oxford p. 166 University Press, 1968), p.43. 20 10 See Jeffrey Eger's excellent article, Keller, p.45 "Swinging Around the Circle: A Parody of a Parody of a Political Cartoon or a Stump Speech to be Read in Silk Top Hat to Jeering Crowds,": Journal of the Thomas Nast Society, (5 No.l), 1991: pp. 13-16 H David Ross Locke, "Swinging Round the Cirkle," by Petroleum V. Nasby Page 71

Thomas Nast and the New many of these drawings he signed his own name or his initials. It would have York Illustrated News been impossible for Nast to have been in Part IV: The War Between so many states at the same time. the States Tb the editors of the New York Illustrated News, Nast's greatest value by Jeffrey Eger was knowing the lay of the land in the armed confrontation of war. His months AT 20 years old, Thomas Nast had a at Garibaldi's side on the battlefields of resume that few artist journalists could Italy forced him to come to grips with match. Having covered John Brownfs functional art that reported the facts of execution, the Heenan-Sayers prize fight specific actions in space and time. It was in England and the Garibaldi campaign only later sitting in an office that the to liberate and unify Sicily and Italy, luxury of embellishment became part of Nast was a veteran of visual reporting in his job. Although the American Civil War the days before photography had yet to was the first major war to be pho make a serious impact on events to be tographed comprehensively, field artists documented for posterity. He had seen were widely used by newspapers because the world through his pencil; made a liv printing techniques did not allow photo ing by his pencil; and though he had not graphs to be used directly on the pages yet made his fortune, he had noticeable unless they were redrawn by a wood fame which would serve him in his next engraver. These artists could serve as chapter of his effervescent career. eyewitness interpreters capturing the Upon his return to New York City in spirit of a battle with small vignettes February 1861 from his European trip, taken from a series of quick sketches. It Nast breathed deeply and started work was these sketches that Nast later ing at the editorial office of the New York reworked. Illustrated News. He was assured of Nast's presence in New York City and more work than he could handle, so not on the War's battlefields demanded understaffed and financially strained that he add drama and tension and was this newspaper that published cohesion to work done hastily when the almost identical issues in English and bullets were flying. These "Nast" works German once a week. Nast could have also created a tension between the young easily gone over to Harper's Weekly or celebrity and the field artists. Whose some other upscale competitor. But Nast name should take the credit? Who did was given free rein except for a stint cov the most work? Who made the greatest ering first hand Lincoln's visit to contribution? Clearly, Nast's name had Philadelphia and Baltimore en route to cachet amongst the readers who followed Washington D.C. for the inaugural his brief meteoric ascent. This issue of address. Nast spent most of his time at "which artist did what" was to come up the art desk of the newspaper, redrawing again when Nast moved to Harper's sketches submitted by field artists. On Weekly in 1862. His disputes with the Page 72 field artist A.S.Waud touched off some scoop and meeting the deadline. Shyness unpleasant accusations about the issue was not a word in Nast's vocabulary. of creative copyright and collaboration. A day before his 21st birthday in By not having to sweat it out in the September of 1861, young Tommy mar trenches, Nast was able to turn his ried his New York sweetheart Sarah attention to a kind of satirical illustra Edwards. Sarah had waited for him tion that separated him from the rest of while he was in England and Italy. Tom the pack. Once a week on the newspa Nast and Sarah Edwards, a typical per's back page, Nast was allowed to do young couple honeymooned in typical a humorous political cartoon. Though Niagara Falls. Even on their honey often crude in subject and in style these moon, Nast cleverly illustrated Sarah's editorial drawings represented a clear- clever letters. (See article in this Journal cut break with the more pedestrian about Sarah Nast) The couple settled in facts-only illustrations. The humor had midtown Manhattan. Nast's ambition to transcend language and not rely on was hard to contain. He worked free either English or German to grab the lance for a handful of humor magazines reader. Such commentary — always at and he did several lithographs for the expense of the South or Great Currier and Ives while still earning a Britain that had sided with the South — paycheck for the New York Illustrated was used as a form of propaganda. In News. No one handed Nast fame. He order to achieve his message Nast often earned it himself, working hard and resorted to distorting black stereotypes, paying his artistic dues and gaining the which may have found a more under experience that talented people need to standing audience then than with realize their dreams. When the time today's politically correct and sensitive came, Nast was prepared to move up to readers. Today some of this work would Harper's Weekly where he was to work seem racist. for a quarter of a century. Wherever and whenever he could Nast loved the glory and responsibility for his work by signing his "T.N." ini tials. If the illustration were a large elaborate battle scene Nast would char acteristically change the signature to "Th. Nast" in a flourish to equal the grand effect of the work. These biting cartoons gave Nast a creative diversion that he quickly learned to exploit. People looked forward to these Nast drawings. His week-to- week progress was noticeable and Nast liked to be noticed. To a journalist shy ness was an impediment to getting the Page 73

Some of Thomas Nast's back page cartoons for the New York Illustrated News

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Page 75 Page 76

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Page 77

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Page 78

m JL. ¥. SUutritto Sitting n* /ndlbihlittn. (15. Mnmttr lasij Page 79

Thomas Nast's Drawings and Cartoons appearing in the New York Illustrated News (1861-1862) relating to the American Civil War Some works are signed usually with the initials T.N. or the name Th. Nast. Sometimes works are unsigned (us). They are likely to have been touched or finished by Thomas Nast.

March 9,1861 The California Citizens Paying their Respects p. 308, us to President Lincoln at the White House, March 6, 1861. from a sketch by Thos. Nast, Esq.

March 9, 1861 The Inauguration Night at Washington. p. 309, us a sketch by Thos. Nast Esq.

March 9, 1861 One Bedroom at Villard's during the p. 309, us Presidential Inauguration, from a sketch by Thos. Nast Esq.

March 9, 1861 Arrival of Mr. Lincoln at the Capitol, arm in p. 317, us arm with Mr. Buchanan. Entrance through Eastern Frame Portico, sketch by Th. Nast, Esq.

March 23, 1861 United States Artillery Drilling near the p. 312-3, s Washington Monument, Washington, D.C. Th. Nast from a sketch by Thomas Nast, Esq.

March 23, 1861 The President's Inaugural (2 cartoons). p. 320, s This is the way the North receives it/and/ T.N. this is the way the South receives it.

April 20, 1861 Artillery Marching from Fort Hamilton on p. 377, s the Morning of Saturday, April 6, 1861. T.N.

April 20, 1861 A Sketch of the Pensacola Harbor at Midnight. p. 376, s T. Nast

April 20, 1861 Volunteers on the March for Charleston. p. 372, us

May 11, 1861 Burning of the Gosport Navy Yard by the U.S. p. 5,s Authorities. T.N. aaamaaaaaammmmmmW

Page 80

May 11, 1861 Reinforcement of Fort Munroe. p. 9, s T.N.

May 11, 1861 Riotous Procession of Rowdies through p. 12, s the Streets of Baltimore. T.N.

May 11,1861 Encampment of the Fifth Regiment, Colonel p. 13, s Schwarwaelder, on the Battery, N.Y. T.N.

May 11, 1861 Immense Barracks in the City Hall Park, us New York for the Accomodation of Troops in transitu.

May 11, 1861 3 Soldier Vignettes: Colonel Ellsworth's Zouaves, p. 16, s 55th Regiment Zouaves, Col. Wilson's Zouaves. T.N.

May 18, 1861 Shooting a Rebel who was Caught Tampering p. 17, s with the Rails of the Annapolis Road. T.N.

May 18, 1861 General 'View of Annapolis. p. 20&29, s T.N.

May 18, 1861 Passage of Troops en route from Annapolis to p. 20&29, s Washington Cheering the ...kets of the N.Y. T. Nast 69th Regiment.

May 18, 1861 Recruiting Office "Union Volunteers". p. 21, us

May 18, 1861 Flight of a German Family from their Home in p.21,s Maryland. T.N.

May 18, 1861 The Camp of the NY 7th Regiment on p. 24-5, us Georgetown Heights, Washington.

May 18, 1861 Baltimore "Gorilla". p. 32, s T.N.

May 25, 1861 Gallant Conduct of Ellsworth's Zouaves in p. 40, us their succesful endeavors to save Willard's Hotel, Washington, sketch by A. Waud.

May 25, 1861 Terrible Tragedy at St. Louis. p. 41, us Page 81

June 1, 1861 The Quarters of the 5th Massachusetts p. 56-7, s Regiment and the 2nd U.S. Cavalry in the Th. Nast Treasury buildings and sheds, Washington, D.C.

June 1, 1861 Camp of Colonel Ellsworth's Zouaves on the p. 56-7, s heights opposite the Navy Yard, Washington, D.C. Th. Nast

June 1, 1861 Harper's Ferry, Virginia Batteries in the p. 56-7, us foreground, sketched by our special artist.

June 1, 1861 The 5th Massachusetts Volunteers drilling p. 61, us for active service - charging at the double quick up a steep bank near the Capitol, sketched by our special artist.

June 1, 1861 Hector of the South. p. 64, us

June 8, 1861 Alexandria, VA taken by Col. Ellsworth's Zouaves p. 72-3, s on the Morning of the 24th of May, 1861. T. Nast

June 8, 1861 Landing of Ellsworth's Zouaves at Alexandria, p. 72-3, s VA on the Morning of May 24,1861. T. Nast

June 8, 1861 Camp of the Second Connecticut Regiment at p. 76, s Washington, D.C. from a sketch by A. Waud. T.N.

June 8, 1861 Party of Ellsworth's Zouaves Bringing a p. 80, s Secession Flag into Camp, previous to the attack T. N. on Alexandria.

June 15, 1861 Pennsylvania Ave. Washington - Grand Parade p. 88-9, s of Troops previous to the invasion of Virginia. Th. Nast

June 15, 1861 Scenes and Incidents in Camp and Station. p. 93, s (multiple pictures) Th. Nast

June 15, 1861 Contraband of War. p. 96, s T. Nast Page 82

June 15, 1861 Fancy Portrait of the Virginia Gentleman p. 96, us who objected to the occupation of Alexandria sub: por by Ellsworth's Zouaves because they are not trait, first families sword w. "F.F.V." unsigned

June 22, 1861 Fort Corcoran - Earthworks thrown up by the p. 100, s 69th Regiment N.Y.S.M. Th. Nast

June 22, 1861 The Deck of the U.S. Steam Sloop Pawnee. p. 104, s T. Nast

June 22, 1861 A Touching Episode. p. 112, us sub: 2 conf. soldiers cry to 'mammy'.

June 29, 1861 Gallant Conduct of Lieutenant Greble on the p. 113, s battle ground at Big Bethel, June 10, 1861. T.N.

June 29, 1861 The Battle of Big Bethel, June 10, 1861 - Last p. 116&125, s Charge of Col. Duryea's Zouaves. T. Nast

June 29,1861** Sherman's Battery of Light Artillery in p. 120-1, s Virginia - "The Advance", by our special artist. Th. Nast

June 29, 1861 Popular Idea of the Inspiration of W.H. p. 128, us Rusell, Esq. Barrister-at-law, &c, &c, &c, when ?T.N. writing his letters to the London Times.

July 6, 1861 Scene near the Entrenchments opposite p. 132, s Georgetown, with gun for the fort built by the T.N. 69th N.Y.S.M. and a blockhouse comanding the approach to the rear of the entrenchments, drawn by A. Waud.

July 6, 1861 Camp of Colonel Duryea's Zouaves, Fortress p. 126, s Monroe. Th. Nast

July 6, 1861 General Cadwallader's Division Crossing the p. 137, s Potomac, from a sketch. T. Nast WmaaaaaaaaaaauoumouusouoTaa

Page 83

July 6, '186 1 The Political Brigadier General and the p. 144, us Masked Battery by our allegorical artist. sub: skeleton leads Zouaves

July 13, 1861 The Past & the Present - One Flag, One p. 145, us Country.

July 13, 1861 The Advanced Post of the United States Army p. 148, s Falls Church, on the road to Fairfax, VA. T.N.? sketched by our special artist. - vague

July 13, 1861** The Two Great Events in American History - The p. 152-3, s Declaration of Independance, 4th July 1776 and Th. Nast, the Meeting of Congress 4th July 1861, to double- Maintain the Constitution and the laws, and to page prevent the Destruction of the Union by the Southern Rebels.

July 13, 1861 Camp of the Ohio Regiment near Vienna. p. 157, s sketched by our special artist. T.N.

July 13, 1861 Served the Little Rebel Right. p. 160, us sub: Columbia & boy rebel

July 15, 1861 Guerilla Warfare - Capture of a picket after p. 161, us heroically defending himself against about fifty assailants, near Cloud's Mill, VA. sketched by our special artist.

July 15, 1861** Conflict at Black River, near Martinsburgh, p. 168-9, s where General Paterson routed 10,000 rebels, Th. Nast sketched by our special artist.

July 15, 1861 The Comet of 1861, as seen on the evening of p. 176, s July 7, 1861. T.N. Page 84

July 15, 1861 The Southern Confederacy - an allegorical p. 176, us illustration - by our serious contributor. sub: slave holds bomb of confed eracy

July 22, 1861** Battle of Carthage, Missouri - Gallant Attack of p. 184-5,.s Colonel Siegel's Division on a Superior force of Th: Nast* rebel troops, sketched by J.S. Schiebel.

July 22, 1861 Two Companies of Ellsworth's Zouaves going on p. 189, s a Scouting expedition from Cloud's Mills. Th. Nast

July 29, 1861 Commencement of the Action at Bull's Run. p. 196, s Sherman's Battery of rifled cannon engaging Th: Nast the enemy's first masked battery, sketched on the spot by A. Waud.

July 29, 1861 Earthworks commanding the approaches to p. 197, s Alexandria - gun practice, sketched by our T.N. special artist.

July 29, 1861** Attack on the Batteries at Bull's Run by Three p. 200-1, s Companies of the First Massachusetts Regiment, Th. Nast Lieutenant-Colonel Welles, commanding, double- sketched on the spot by our special artist, A. Waud. page

July 29, 1861 Fire Zouave on sentry at the extreme of the p. 205, s Federal lines, on the road between Fairfax and T.N. Alexandria.

August 12, 1861. Cutting down the Woods on Arlington Heights. p. 229, s sketched by our special artist. T.N.

August 12,1861 General Blender's Brigade covering the p. 232-3, retreat of the army after the battle of Bull Run. us The 8th N.Y. volunteers, German Rifles, Colonel Stahel commanding, repelling the last charge of the Rebel Cavalry, sketched by our special artist.

August 12, 1861 Wretched Condition of the Southern Commissions p. 240, in Paris and London, as reported by the "Times" T.N. correspondent. Page 85

August 19, 1861 Reception of the 6th Regiment Massachusetts p. 253, s volunteers in Boston, on their return after their T.N. three months' campaign. The 6th Massachusetts volunteers is the regiment that was attacked in the streets of Baltimore, by the Baltimore Rowdies, sketched by C.L. Bugbee.

August 19, 1861 Old Moses Davis to Prince Napolean. p. 256, s T.N.

August 26, 1861' Battle of Wilson's Creek, MO, August 10, 1861. p. 264-5, s General Lyon leading into action the Iowa Th. Nast Regiment, whose Colonel had been disabled, sketched by J.S. Scheibel.

August 26, 1861 The 4th Regiment Iowa volunteers crossing the p. 268, s Praire en route to join General Lyon in Missouri. T.N. sketched by M.H. Bishard.

August 26, 1861 John Bull and the American Loan. p. 256, s T.N. sub: Shylock & Lincoln p. 279-284 missing, torn...

September 2, 1861 Fort Lafayette - The Prison of Prominent Rebels p. 280, s and Traders - One of the Forts defending the T. Nast Narrows, the Entrance to New York Harbor.

September 2, 1861 London Stout Russell at the Battle of Bull p. 288, us Run.

September 9, 1861 Testing the large rifled gun "Union" for the p. 292, s first time, out Fort Monroe, in the presence T. Nast of Generals Wool and Butler, sketched by our special artist.

September 9, 1861 Camp Houghtling, on the Mississippi Level, p. 293, s three miles above Cairo, T.N. sketched by A.S. Leclerc. Page 86

September 9, 1861 (3 drawings): Rebel Fortifications at Sewall's p. 296-7, s Point, Tanner's Creek and Craney Island, Th. Nast defending the approach to Norfolk, VA. sketched by out special artist.

September 9, 1861 Quartermaster's Supplies - sketched by a p. 304, s hebrew volunteer. T.N. sub: pigs & pork. humor? anti-jewish?

September 16, 1861 Capture of the Forts at Hatter's Inlet - First Day p. 308, s Fleet opening fire and boats landing through T.N. the surf, sketched by our special artist, A.Waud, Esq.

September 16, 1861 Rebel Tug Boat Attacking the Savannah, p. 309, s near Newport News. T.N.? from a sketch by Captain H. Balling.

September 16, 1861 Arrest of a Secession Spy by a guard of the p. 316, us Ohio Seventh, sketched by Frank Beard.

September 16, 1861 The Secessia Nightmare. p. 320, us

September 23, 1861 (3 drawings) Sketches in Newport News and p. 321, s its vicinity, by A. Waud. T.N.

September 23, 1861 View of the Rip Raps from Fortress Monroe. p. 325, s T.N.

September 23, 1861 Artesian Well Boring in Fortress Monroe. p. 325, us together Waud above drwg.?

September 23, 1861 Federal Battery at Chain Bridge - Exercise with p. 328-9, s the big guns, from a drawing by a special artist. Th. Nast Page 87

September 23, 1861 Engagement on the Mississippi River between p. 328-9, s the Federal Gun - Boats Lexington and Conestoga, T.N. and the rebel gun-boat Yankee, aided by the rebel battery at Lucas Bend, from a sketch by a correspondent.

September 23, 1861 London Stout Russell's Letters to the London p. 336, us Times.

September 30, 1861 Federal Vessels Driving back the Iron-Plated p. 337, s Rebel steamer Yorktown, which attempted to T.N. run the blockade, near Newport News. sketched on the spot, by Captain Balling.

September 30, 1861 Munson Hill, as seen from Bailey's cross roads, p. 340, s sketched by B.C. Kitter, 2d Michigan volunteers. T.N.

September 30, 1861 General Wool's Headquarters in Fortress p. 341, s Monroe. Sketched by our special artist. T.? faded

September 30, 1861 (4 drawings) Sketches around Newport News. p. 344-5, s from drawings by our special artist, A. Waud. T.N.

September 30, 1861 Union Gun. Fog Bell and lighthouse at Fortress p. 349, s Monroe, drawn by our special artist, A. Waud, Esq. T.N.

September 30, 1861 That Fine old English Gentleman, all of the p. 352, us London Times.

October 7, 1861 Ruins of Hampton, Burned by the Rebel Colonel p. 364, s Magruder. sketched from the Federal Battery Th: Nast. commanding the bridge, by our special artist, A. Waud., Esq.

October 7, 1861 Fremont's Plans Made Clear p. 368, us

October 14,1861 Camp Butler at Newport News. p. 380, s T.N.

October 14, 1861 Deplorable Condition of the Editor of the p. 384, us London Times.

I HlBaVa*aaHHiBBBBaLa«M Page 88

October 21,1861 Arrival at Newport News of the Released Bull p. 385, s Run wounded. Th. Nast

October 21, 1861 Capture of the U.S. Steamer "Fanny," Two Guns, p. 396, s by three rebel steamers off Chicmicomico, NC T.N. Tuesday, October 1,1861, and escape of Captain and Crew in a small boat, sketched by special artist.

October 21, 1861 Picket Post at a Farm House, Eight miles from p. 396, s Fort Hatteras. sketched by H. Sartorius. T.N..

October 28, 1861 Fight at Bolivar's Hill, Near Harper's Ferry - p. 401, s Capture of a 32-pounder Columbiad, by a small T. Nast Federal Force under Colonel Geary, from a sketch by Mr. Wilson.

October 28,1861 Fort Prentiss and the Confluence of the Ohio p. 405, s and Mississippi Rivers. T.N. sketched from Bird's Point, by Alex. Simplot.

October 28, 1861 Burning of Big River Bridge by the Rebels. p. 405, s sketched on the spot by W.J. Hinchy. T.N.

October 28, 1861 Advance of the Federal Army towards p. 408-9, s Lewinsville. General McClellan reconnoitering. Th: Nast sketched on the spot by our special artist, A. Waud, Esq.

October 28, 1861 Western Union College, at Fulton, 111. p. 412, s T.N.

October 28,1861 The Inundation of part of the Camp of the 20th p. 412, s Regiment, (Turners,) near Hampton. T.N. from a sketch by H. Sartorius.

Fortifications and Observatory on Upton's Hill - p. 4, s November 4, 1861 Captain Piatt's and Captain 's Batteries T. Nast Overlooking Party coming in. from a sketch by A. Waud.

Part of Fortifications and Entrenchments at p. 5, s November 4, 1861 Pilot Knob, MO. Erected by Union Troops. T.N. from a sketch by A. W. Hinchey. Page 89

November 4, 1861 Occupation of Anandale, VA - by United States p. 12, s Troops, Oct. 16. T. Nast

November 4, 1861 D'Epineuil Zouaves - Costume of Officer and p. 13, s Private. Th. Nast

November 11, 1861 Battle of Fredericktown, MO. Total Rout of the p. 17, s Rebels and Death of their Leader, Colonel Lowe. T.N.

November 11, 1861 Scene on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. Troops p. 28, s going up to join to Gen. Back's command. Th. Nast

November 11, 1861 Altered Condition of Affairs. p. 32, us

November 18, 1861 The Notorious Virginia Black Horse Cavalry. p. 48, s T.N.

November 25, 1861 Interior of Fort Walker, Hilton Head, p. 49, s Immediately after the Bombardment and its T.N. Evacuation. The Fleet coming up to Land Troops.

November 25, 1861 Interior of Fort Walker, Hilton Head. The p. 52, s Marines landing to Hoist the Stars and Stripes. T.N.

November 25, 1861 Secesh scout at a Favorite Spot for Watching p. 53, s Union Troops near Falls Church. T.N.

November 25, 1861 Camp King and Battery commanding the p. 53, s Covington and Lexington Railroad, KY. T.N.

November 25, 1861 Fort Beauregard on Eding's Island opposite Fort p. 61, us Walker - one of the works commanding Port Royal Entrance, captured by the Expedition.

December 2, 1861 Redoubt Two Miles from Fort Beauregard. p. 68, s Commanding the Beach - Now Manned by A.D. Th. Nast Tachment of the 79th N.Y.V.

December 2, 1861 The Way the Southern Negroes Met the Yankees. p. 80, s T.N. Page 90

December 9, 1861 Grand Review of the 70,000 Troops of the Army p. 82-3, s of the Potomac by Geo. B. McClellan; Gen. of the Th. Nast U.S. Army, from a sketch by A. R. Waud.

December 9, 1861 Head of Land Bridge, Virginia Side. p. 93, us

December 16, 1861 A Scouting Party of the N.Y. Thirty-fifth p. 101, s shooting a Secession Spy near Bailey's T.N. Crossroads.

December 16, 1861 The N.Y. Hack Mare Wood. p. 112, us

December 28, 1861 Rebel Horsemen Scouting Between Annandale p. 113, s and Fairfax, sketched by our special artist, A.R. T.N. Waud.

December 28, 1861 Hauling Trees to the Forts near Bailey's p. 124, s crossroads, to form Abbatis. Th. Nast

December 28, 1861 Camp of the 55th Lafayette Guard, N.Y.S.U. p. 128, s near Washington, sketched by J. Mulvance. T.N. not all citations pertaining to artist of sketch are noted here: (1862)

January 4, 1862 Falls of the Potomac, from the Maryland Shore- p. 132, s A.R. Waud. Th. Nast

January 4, 1862 The Christmas Toast - The Union Forever. p. 136-7, s

January 4, 1862 News from Home - Arrival of the Post - A Scene p. 141, s near Hall's Hill, from a sketch by A.R. Waud. Th. Nast

January 4, 1862 The Christmas Tree of the Federal Army. p. 144, us

January 11, 1862 Holiday sports in the Camp of the 23rd Penns. p. 148-9, s volunteer. . . (2 drawings) Th. Nast

January 11, 1862 Triumphal Arch in Camp of the 23rd Penns. p. 156, s Regiment - Men at Dinner. T.N.

January 11, 1862 The British Lion on the Rampage. p. 160, us Page 91

January 18, 1862 Ruins of Arlington Mills, for some time the p. 164, s boundary of our lines towards Munston's Hills. Th. Nast

January 18, 1862 Departure of the First Ottio Cavalry Regiment, p. 165, s Col. Ransom, from Cincinnatti, to join General T.N. Buell's command in Kentucky.

January 18, 1862 New Years Calls in Camp. p. 176, s T.N.

January 25, 1862 Headquarters of Acting Brigadier-General Max p. 181, s Weber at Camp Hamilton, T.N. from a sketch by H. Sartorius.

January 25, 1862 Fort Bunker Hill, one of the chain guarding p. 189, s the approach to Washington. T.N.

January 25, 1862 Which it is a portrait of Old Williams in his p. 192, us celebrated role of the heavy old English marine in the farce of the "Row on the Trent", where he remarks, "back you d d cowardly politicians."

January 25, 1862 What will he do with them? p. 192, s T.N.

February 1, 1862 View of the Romney, Hampshire Country, p. 204 & Western Virginia, in Possession of General Kelly, 197, s when threatened by a strong force of rebels, T.N. sketched by E.M. Bott.

February 1, 1862 General Pillow's Resignation p. 208, s T.N.

February 8, 1862 Colonel Fry shooting the rebel General p. 209, s Zollicoffer. T.N.

February 8, 1862 Battle of Mill Creek - defeat of the rebels under p. 216-7, s General Zollicoffer by the Union Troops Th. Nast commanding by General Thomas, Jan. 19, 1862.

February 8, 1862 Gen. Kelly's Troops crossing the Long p. 221, s Bridge, near Romney, on his retreat to vague Cumberland, VA. Page 92

February 8, 1862 The Evacuation of Romney. Federal Troops p. 221, s Passing up the Principal St. on their way to N.T. (back Cumberland, VA wards)

February 15, 1862 Market Day, Mansfield, Ohio p. 228, s T.N.

February 15, 1862 Reception of the Contrabands, Mason and p. 240, s Slidell by the War Party in England. n.t.

February 22, 1862 Departure of the 21st Illinois Regiment from p. 248-9, s Ironton, MO to reinforce a cavalry scouting T.N. party sent out to entrap Jeff. Thompason's Forces and to assisst in driving the rebels from the state into Arkansas.

February 22, 1862 England's Monarch. p. 256, s T.N.

February 22, 1862 A Mississippi Tiger lately captured in p. 256, s Kentucky.

March 1, 1862 Skirmish Between a Part of the Cameron p. 268, s Dragoons and the First Carolina Cavalry, at T.N. Freedman's Hill.

March 1, 1862 Surprise Party in South Carolina. p. 272, s T.N.

Marcy 8, 1862 Capture of Fort Donelson - Brilliant Charge of p. 274-5, s the 2nd and 4th Iowa and 11th and 25th Indiana Th. Nast Regiments and Capture of the Rebel Battery previous to the Surrender, sketched by Adolph Shalter.

March 8, 1862 The Way we Foote the Rebels. p. ?, s T.N.

March 15, 1862 A Stormy Day at the Aqueduct Bridge, p. 2_? Georgetown, D.C. from a sketch by our (292?), s special artist, Arthur Lumley. T. Nast Page 93

March 15, 1862 Grand Fancy Dress and Masquerade Ball of the p. 296-7, s Arion Society, given on Friday eve February 21, T.N. at Irving Hall, NY.

March 15, 1862 The New Regiment, "Les Enfants Perdus", p. 304, s (Lost Children), on Broadway. T.N.

March 22, 1862 Breaking up the Camps of the army of the p. 316, s Potomac. T.N.

March 22, 1862 Aid and Comfort to the Enemy - the way Mr. p. 320, s J.G.B. T does the royal business. Th. Nast

March 29, 1862 Total Defeat and Rout of the Rebel Army under pp. 332-3 Generals M'culloch and Price by the Union (insert), s forces command by Generals Curtis and Siegel, Th. Nast at Pea Bridge Ozark Mountains, Arkansas.

April 5, 1862 Camp of the 8th N.Y.V near Mattewoman p. 341, s? Creek, Potomac River. General Hooker's T.N. vague Division.

April 5, 1862 The Rebel steamboat Darlington, captured at p. 348, s Fernandina, Fla., March 4, by the gunboat T.N. Ottowa.

April 12, 1862 Fort Taylor, Key West, Fla. p. 353, s T.N. vague

April 12, 1862 The Rebel Steamer Nashville Running the p. 353, s blockade at Beaufort, NC. T.N.

April 12, 1862 Charlestown, Virg. Now in Possession of p. 356 & General Banks. 365, s T.N.

April 12, 1862 Defeat of the Rebels under General Jackson at p. 356 & Winchester by General Bank's Division - 365, s brilliant charge of Federal Cavalry during the T.N. engagement Page 94

Aprl 12, 1862 War for the Union - Battle at Pea Bridge - p. 360-1, s Federal Troops Driving ho were scalping T.N. our wounded, (torn words) vague

April 12, 1862 Doctor Lincoln's New Elixir of Life - for the p. 368, s Southern States. T.N.

May 3, 1862 The Bombardment of Fort Pulaski on Thurs. p. 408-9, s April 10, 1862, by the Tybee Island Batteries. Th. Nast

May 3, 1862 Skirmishes irt General Mclellais Advance p. 412, us on Yorktown, VA.

May 3, 1862 The Last of Bull Run Russell, sketched off the p. 416, us "Highland Lights."

May 17, 1862 Sketches around Fortress Monroe, by our p. ?, s special artist, A. Lumley. T.N.

May 24, 1862 Dashing Charge of the Hawkins' Zouaves on a p. 33, s Masked Battery, near Elizabeth City, NC, New T.N. Hampshire Regiment in the foreground, from a sketch by our special artist.

May 24, 1862 The Evacuation of Yorktown - view of the river p. 36&45, s from the ramparts around the city. T.N. from a sketch by our special artist.

May 24, 1862 Brilliant Achievement of Brigadier-General p. 40-1, s Hancock in the Battle before Williamsburg, on T.N. Monday, May 5, 1862.

May 24, 1862 New York Excelsior Brigade encamped in the p. 48, s fields near Yorktown, during the late storm. T.N. from a sketch by our special artist.

May 31, 1862** A Page of Military Comics - by our funny p. 60, s contributor, (multiple pictures). Th. Nast

June 7, 1862 Camp at Cumberland Landing, Pamunkey River - p. 72, us Arrival of Federal Troops and Government Page 95

Transports with Supplies, sketches by our special artist, A. Lumley.

June 21, 1862 Gen. Beauregard's New Way of Firing the p. 112, us Southern Heart - "Skedaddle boys, the Yankees are cutting off our retreat."

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Allusion and Illusion: compelling story when he heard one (or read one). He realized that he could get The Robinson Crusoes of high mileage if he drew and re-drew, and Thomas Nast re-re-drew the plight of a guy who in the By Jeffrey Eger worst of times never gave up. Nast pulled up the milking stool to Defoe's novel and started milking away: a pail of THOMAS NAST was one inventive car political cartoons for Harper's Weekly, a toonist. When he could not create some black and white illustrated edition of the thing out of thin air, he relied on allu actual novel, a color children's book, an sion, usually literary allusion. Aesop's illustrated article for his comic almanac, menagerie of moralistic animals and part of a Christmas drawing, and the rustic types and Shakespeare's scenes illustrations for a political satire about from the Tragedies and the Comedies money in New York City. were his chief inspiration. But on occa One of the most elusive of Nast's sion Nast latched onto Dickens, Dante, illustrated books is his hard-cover edi and Defoe. What could a little tale of a tion of Robinson Crusoe published by civilized Englishman shipwrecked on a Hurd and Houghton. At age 28, the deserted island hold for America's fore young but experienced New York artist most editorial cartoonist? wanted to spread his wings and prove Fodder. Connections. Fascination. An his worth creating work not dependent opportunity to seize a piece of popular on news. In the five to ten years follow culture and build upon it. Defoe's The ing the Civil War, Nast enjoyed his Life and Strange Surprising Adventures longest period of sustained brilliant cre of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner, ativity. He was in demand by publishers also simply known by its readers as and newspapers. His name had national Robinson Crusoe, spawned more imita currency and he was ready to play the tions than any other 18th century celebrity game. The eight illustrations English novel. Written in 1719, some Nast drew for Robinson Crusoe, each seven years before Swift's Gulliver's signed prominently in his customary Travels, another island hopping journey, flourish are not especially inspired. He Robinson Crusoe offered a riveting good could have chosen events of greater factual yet fictionalized tale of survival, interest and action. Friday, manservant ingenuity, resourcefulness, and human to Crusoe, is a bland depiction of the real rationality. Writers and filmmakers thing. No doubt, Nast was aware of the have used it as the foundation for works illustrations of the previous illustrators as diverse as TVs "Gilligan's Island," the who had drawn the novel. film The Swiss Family Robinson, the outer space TV series, "Lost In Space" or "Smith Family Robinson," "Tarzan," "Kidnapped," and countless other spin offs and parodies. Nast recognized a Page 101

THE LIFE

STRANGE SURPRISING ADVENTURES

1 ROBINSON CRUSOE, OF YORK, MARINER,

SHORE 11V SUIPWJCECK, WIIKREIN PERISHED BUT HIMSELF. WITH ' HOW III-: WAS AT LAST AS DV.L1VERED 11V PIRATES. ALSO THE FURTHER ADVENTURES, WRIT TEN BV HIMSELF.

BY DANIEL DEFOE.

WITH ETGHT HJ.USTRATIQ,VS BY THOMAS NAST.

NEW YORK:

PUBLISHED BY HURD AND HOUGHTON.

C«mtr(tmei XKsctufSt Viesi,

1868. Page 102 Page 103 Page 104 Page 105 Page 106 Page 107 Page 108 Page 109

The story stayed with him. He knew he would have to revisit it. In 1869 after having worked briefly for McLoughlin Brothers, a children's publisher of bright, colorful, inexpensive books, Nast was commissioned to illustrate Robinson Crusoe for the Aunt Louisa Big Picture Series. Suddenly his mind came alive. He saw the book in more visual terms. He had less text to be bothered with — a positive thing for an illustrator who was determined to make his reputation in color as well as in black and white. Nast went on to illustrate a good half dozen more works for McLoughlin over the next few years. These illustrations showed inventiveness, clarity and sim ple cleverness.

I-V AUNT LOUISA'S BIG PICTURE SERIES.

MCLOUGHLIN BROS.; NEW YORK Page 110 •

Page 111

liuvun 4. IP.S9.] HARPERS WEEKLY

/ W/\S EXGCEDiloZLY SJFRlStO HITh THC PRiM OF A MANS NAKD FOOT ON THE SHORE, HrtfCH WAS VEPr PLAIN TO BE SEEN ON THC SAND. I STOOD UKC OMf ThUMifR- STBUCK.OK AS IF I HAD SEEN AN APWRmON ? —Cm: FOOT-PRINT 6O.0NGED TO T/n:

FfAST-

Having finally 'done'Robinson Crusoe "The Foot Print on the Land of Peace," twice - once for the adult reader and the moment when Crusoe (in this case once for the child in all of us, it was now President Grant) discovers the time to play the editorial cartoonist. Democratic Party cannibals of the Amongst the several cartoons Nast drew Tammany Tribe. Quelle surprise! on from Crusoe, three were done while Around the neck of the chief sachem - the story was fresh in his mind and at Peter B. Sweeney — are the skulls of for his fingertips. Just as the color mer victims and a totemic amulet of the McLoughlin edition was being sold for soon to be symbolic Tammany Tiger. Christmas 1869 gifts, Nast unleashed Page 112

Thomas Nast stood behind his man, be offered to the Native American. Nast U.S. Grant. In this February 12,1870 seizes the essence of patriotism. It was cartoon, Grant as Robinson Crusoe the not until 1924 - some 54 years after this pure hero is seen 'civilizing' the Indian cartoon that Native Americans were nation - his man Friday. Nast captures allowed to become American citizens. the mawkish irony and seemingly good Under Grant and his Secretary of Indian intentions of President Grant. But the Affairs, Indians suffered great indigni Indian nation (Friday) needs more than ties and intolerable persecution. a good suit of tight fitting civilization. As Western expansionism was too big a deal long as the hatchet and firewater are to ignore. Railroads, commerce and shelved, then books, technology, the homesteading came first. The well being vote, taxation, and even citizenship can of Indians came last.

ROBINSON CRUSOE MAKING A MAN Or HIS FRIDAY. IXWAN CHIEF. " Mr. President, we call here to-day to offer our fealty to yon as our recog nized Guardian and Ward, and to pray you, Sir, to continue our Good Friend and Father." TllE PnEslliENT. "You are welcome; nnd iu reference to continuing your 'Good Father,' as vou Bar, I must answer that I have long thought that the two nations which you represent, and all those civilized nations in the Indian Country, should be their own Wards and Good Fathers. I am of the opinion that thty should become Citizens, and be entitled to all the rights of Citizens—cease to be Nations and become States." Page 113

Nast used a similar idea of Crusoe, Democratic party KKK pirates who will the beneficent protector-patron of lure him away from his lonely paradise Friday, the innocent heathen Negro. to a land where Negroes will have no lib Massachusetts senator Charles Summer eral protector. Nast was as concerned dressed as Robinson Crusoe is about to about the forfeiture of rights of the black be brought back to civilization, having man as he was the misuse of the lived on his deserted island with Friday, American Indians and abuse of the his manservant. Nast asks if Summer Chinese-American immigrant. will forsake his charge to be rescued by Page 114

NAST'S ILLUSTRATED ALMAS A

POOR ROBINSON CRTJSOE.

When a boy, and at home, o'er the wide world to roam Next day to the wreck, at the risk of his neck. Was my wish, though forbidden to do so, He went out—'twas fearful to do so- So I packed up my clothes, and I followed my nose. And a gnu and a sword and some things from on board And so started—poor Robinson Crusoe. Were saved by poor Robinson Crusoe. Chorus—Hinkety, Klnkety, Kangaroo. Ilinkety, etc., etc. What was a poor little boy to do Who out on the ocean wanted to go, But his pa and his ma said No, no. no.

^V Next day for a dinner this suffering sinner Set out, but the game round bim Hew so That he found it hard work, though he strove like a Turk To get meat for poor Robinson Crusoe. Hinkety, etc., etc.

A parrot < day chanced to come iu hi> way, And he caught it—the story is true—so When at sea on the ship, she was thrown like a chip Dally and nightly this lit 'Mongst the waves, for the dreadful wind blew so, tle bird, sprightly, When she struck on a rock with a terrible shock, Would chatter with And drowned all but poor Robinson Crusoe. Robinson Crusoe. Hinkety, etc., etc. Hinkety, etc., etc. ta i By fate he was thrown on an island unknown, Then he made him a chair—'twas a clumsy affair. Where the plantains and cocoanuts grew; so For his working utensils were few—so Into t cave, which seemed much like a grave, A table and churn and a small Coffee uru Crept disconsolate Robinson Crusoe. Were a comfort to Robinson Crusoe. Hinkety, etc., etc. Hinkety. etc., ete.

Clout for a political cartoonist is hav In the 1871 Almanac, Nast revisited ing your own rag, your own publication Crusoe. He had already drawn it in to fill up the way you wish. If you are a black and white and in color. He sati star you can get the best authors to rized it in political cartoons, but no one write stories you can illustrate. Between had ever tried silhouettes. The time was 1871-1875, Thomas Nast poured out his ripe. soul into Nast's Illustrated Almanac. Page 115

HALT'S ILLUSTRATED ALMANAC.

One day he went out—he was roaming about. For he found it so pleasant to do so— And was viewing the land, when some tracks in the sand Quite astonished poor Robinson Crusoe. Hinkety, etc., etc.

Then he made him a coat of the skin of a goat— Twas a tax on his patience to do so; With the hair on his face, there was left not a trace Of the good-looking Robinson Crusoe. Hinkety, etc., etc [ Alarmed! what to do the poor man scarce knew, But away in a hurry he flew—so \ Fast did he ran with his dog and his gun, I Poor terrified Robinson Crusoe. Hinkety, etc., etc

Re found a young kid—in the bushes 'twas hid— But the angry old goat at him flew, so That he knocked her down dead with a blow on the head— Well done for poor Robinson Crusoe. Hinketr. etc, etc

Then he saw a great crowd, and their howUngs were loud. And he thought them a cannibal crew ; so He viewed the strange sight till, with terror and fright, Shook the frame of poor Robinson Crusoe. Hinkety. etc., etc. MB They hnilt np a fire, and a genuine fryer (Friar) At home at his ease, with his pets there to please. Then spitted a human or two; so He would smoke—'twas his habit to do so— Said he, "I must see that they do not cook me, And dream of the day when with friends far away And then eat up poor Robinson Crusoe." He was happy, young Robinson Crusoe. Hinkety, etc., etc Hinkety, etc.. etc. ••

Page 116

KAST'B ILLUSTRATED ALMA SAC

Then he fired at tho crowd, the explosion was loud, And the heads, legs, and bodies they flew, so That they seemed thick as hail, and he grew very pal Poor horrified Robinson Crusoe. Hinkety, etc., etc

j With a tie round ids throat and a swallow-tailed coat. Which formed but a part of his trousseau, I He looked quite as well as a gay Broadway swell. This pet of poor Kobinson Crusoe. Chorus

The cannibals fled (not including the dead). llien they started a school—for th* man was no fool— For the killed were not able to do BO ; I And soon learned his letters all through ; so And one captive was found lying flat ou the ground, • His splendid array and his air distingue1 And was saved by poor Robinson Crusoe. j Struck the pride of poor Robinson Crusoe. Chorus, Hinkety, etc, etc.

But the poor frightened wretch on the ground he would stretch His full length ; but soon friendly they grew; go 'It chanced one day that a sail passed that He called the man Friday, and the savage, untidy, j And he took to bis little canoe; so Was the slave of poor Robinson Crusoe • They saw him at last, and a rope to him - Hinkety, etc, etc. Unfortunate Robinson Crusoe. Page 117

Price 50 cents. ROBIBSOH CRUSOE'S MONEY.

BY DAVID A. WELLS.

NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, FRANKLIN SQUARE. I876. ^ Joint Frce-Eubiic Lihrcry. of Morristown and Morris Township

Nast had almost come full circle, but Wells created the vehicle. The subject there was one form still open to his was the economic calamities of a remote curious mind. What if he could illus island community—New York City— by trate a full-blown parody of Defoe's any other name. The Tweed-Tammany Robinson Crusoe? Humorist David gang had been ousted and jailed. Now Page 118

| l ^^ig5g«j^'g^ Ji^y^*^'- jlB!^>ftyq ^

ROBINSON CRUSOE'S MONEY;

OB, THB

REMARKABLE FINANCIAL FORTUNES AND MISFORTUNES OF A REMOTE ISLAND COMMUNITY.

Br DAVm A. WELLS, LAXB u. a sraciii. comiissiomB.OV BEVKHPIS.

WITB ILLUSTRATIONS BY THOMAS NABT.

"It requires a gnat deal of philosophy to otxeire once what may be sees every day."-—BODWltr.

HEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS,

1876.

some stories using past cartoon materi lished by Harper Brothers and al could breathe new life into old. The Company, was popular. Nast's name book Robinson Crusoe's Money, pub helped assure its success. By this time Page 119

HI, DRUG, FATp MUT ART i nor I WUKTU TO HI:, l-KK KSIVKS 13

Robinson Crusoe must have felt like a The coda: A story that ends success comfortable old chair and a pair of fully still needs a raison d'etre. On friendly slippers. January 4, 1873, Nast published one of Page 120

his most complex Christmas drawings— a double page for Harper's Weekly of the vivid fictional creatures which inhabit the imagination of two sleeping children on Christmas Eve. Lo and behold amidst all of these childhood characters we find Robinson Crusoe and Friday with their [A special thank you to Betsey Shirley for animal friends. allowing the Thomas Nast Society to use He defied De Foe. He gave Robinson images fromhe r copy of the McLoughlin Crusoe, the hermit of a desert island, Robinson Crusoe. The Morristown Library legs well into the 19th century. supplied a copy of Robinson Crusoe's Moneys Contributors

Richard Samuel West Richard Samuel West writes frequently on the subject of political cartooning. He is the owner of Periodyssey, a business that buys and sells significant and unusual pre- 1945 American magazines.

Jeffrey Eger Mr. Eger is a writer, teacher of English and film, and an antiquarian bookseller. He is a founding member and trustee of The Thomas Nast Society and the editor of the Journal of The Thomas Nast Society.

Christine Jochem Ms. Jochem is the archivist for the Local History, Special Collections and Archives of the Morristown and Morris Township Library, where she works with early New Jersey historical material and coordinates the book and paper conservation program. When she isn't taking courses toward the completion of the Historic Preservation program at Drew University in Madison, NJ, she is often found attending classes at Rare Book School, held at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville.

Dr, John Battram Dr. Battram is a retired professor of education For the last ten years he has worked at Old World Wisconsin as an interpreter of immigrant history. Dr. John is the only Santa Claus impersonator world wide with a Ph.D.

Dr. Paul P. Somers, Jr. Paul P. Somers, Jr. is Professor of American Thought and Language at Michigan State University. He has published articles and book chapters on American literature and American humor, including editorial cartooning, and a book on southwestern humorist Johnson J. Hooper. His fiction and satire have appeared in Harper's and various liter ary magazines, as well as National Lampoon, to which he was a contributing editor. In 1998 he published the reference guide, Editorial Cartooning and Caricature.

Barbara Shalit Ms. Shalit is a graphic designer and desktop publisher in Morristown, New Jersey. ^mkW^mm^^mkWoWkWmm

Colophon The Journal of the Thomas Nast Society was set in New Century Schoolbook at Shalit Design Works in Morristown, N.J. In keeping with the spirit of Harper's Weekly, selected typographic styles and design devices from that publication were incorporat ed into this one.

The majority of artwork presented in this issue was photographed by Jeffrey Eger. It was then digitized onto a CD-ROM, for access by computer software.

Using Adobe Photoshop and QuarkXPress softwares, the images were imported from the CD-ROM into the final layout. Peter Ross of Millington, NJ provided his expertise in Photoshop. The electronic file of the entire Journal was processed electronically and finally photocopied using a DocuColor photocopier.

The Thomas Nast Society c/o Morristown-Morris Township Library 1 Miller Road Morristown, New Jersey 07960