Federal Archeology Report Volume 7, No. 1 Spring 1994 ISSN 1057-1582 The Hidden Heritage of Africa's Descendants OR MANY YEARS, regardless of the culture studied, archeolo- Fgists tended to focus on those in power. Buildings, roads, and monu­ ments were seen as evidence of the so­ cial and political elite, not as the imprint of those who actually made them. Over the past two decades, a sea change in this view—abetted by links with other disciplines—has inspired a new look at America's peoples of African descent. Con­ sequently, researchers of all kinds are con­ fronting the constraints of the written record. As Leland Ferguson says in Un­ common Ground: Archeology and Early African America, "Unfortunately we can­ not look directly at early African American communities. Historical documents help, but are heavily skewed toward the white Children work a cotton field with overseers at the ends of the rows. From Beneath These Wa­ side of plantation life. The archeological re­ ters: Archeological and Historical Studies of 11,500 Years Along the Savannah River. cord is more democratic." The new perspective, which weds ar­ The change has spawned other con­ even in the post-Civil War era, Afri­ cheology with archival research and nections as well. American archeolo­ can Americans have left a fleeting and oral history, is bringing together gists are beginning to work with peers fragile image of their presence on the archeologists, related professionals, in Africa to expand the limits of look­ landscape. and the public itself in a quest for cul­ ing at evidence cut off from its root. Ultimately, the new approach con­ tural identity that binds the past with Archeologist Pat Garrow, for exam­ fronts questions that transcend the con­ the present and future. In his article, ple, examines the vanishing culture of cerns of any one group. What is Warren Barbour shows the process Africans in the Revolutionary War sacred? Who defines it? Do the re­ from the inside, viewing the excava­ era. Many are calling for more study mains of past cultures merit protection tion of Manhattan's 18th century Afri­ of these trans-Atlantic ties. by law? Which ones? The issues are can burial ground from his perspective Especially given the sparse archeo­ universal, whether one's ancestry is as an African American archeologist. logical record. With few possessions, Asian, European, or African.

U.S. Department of the Interior * National Park Service * Cultural Resources Departmental Consulting Archeologist E_ FEDERAL ARCHEOLOGY REFfJHT SPHING 1994

FORUM

More Than Cops and Robbers Francis P. McManamon Departmental Consulting Archeologist Chief, Archeological Assistance National Park Service

recent controversy has been Since the beginning of the 20th cen­ public agencies, museums, or aca­ Aswirling around a Federal tury, archeological sites on Federal demic institutions. In fact, these ac­ "sting" of artifact looters in the and tribal land have been protected tivities are widely seen as essential to Southwest (see the September/Octo­ for the scientific and educational the long-term protection and preser­ ber 1993 Archaeology and the letters benefit of all Americans. Recent vation of sites. to the editor in the January/February years also have seen the recognition 1994 issue). Some criticize under­ of some sites as the final resting ne of the specific challenges cover operations like this one as en­ place of Native Americans and oth­ Ofacing professional archeolo­ trapment by overzealous law ers. As burial places, protecting these gists these days is developing programs officers. The officials in this case are places from looters takes on addi­ that provide opportunities for people quite capable of justifying their ac­ tional importance. who have more than a casual interest tions; that is not my intent here. Public agencies employ a wide reper­ in archeology, but do not wish to pur­ Rather, I want to focus on the fact toire of tools to protect these sites. sue a career in it. Such programs, by that such activities are only one of Law enforcement officers from the Na­ offering opportunities to participate in many means for protecting our ar­ tional Park Service, Bureau of Land legitimate, sound archeological activi­ cheological heritage. Management, Forest Service, Fish and ties, are another means of accomplish­ Enforcement of the criminal and Wildlife Service, Indian tribes, and ing protection and preservation goals. civil penalty sections of the Archae­ state and local governments patrol Several public agencies and half a ological Resources Protection Act is these properties and promote their dozen nationally known educational or essential to save our heritage from preservation through interpretation pro­ research organizations now provide op­ wanton destruction. Some people, for­ grams, signs, and publications. Agen­ portunities for members of the general tunately only a small number overall, cies remind visitors of the legal public to take part in careful, profes­ consider archeological sites to be protection afforded the sites, encourag­ sionally supervised excavations. In­ places from which they should be al­ ing them to tread lightly and to report creasingly, programs supported by lowed to extract artifacts for profit or any looting and vandalism. U.S. attor­ local and regional governments em­ personal satisfaction. While a very neys and Federal judges also work for ploy interested community members small percentage of these artifacts may protection when they prosecute offend­ as a motivated volunteer force to ac­ have commercial value, the vast major­ ers and hand down judgements. complish resource interpretation, pro­ ity do not. The greater value of a site is tection, and preservation. Information the information it holds. That informa­ hese examples are only the about these activities is summarized in tion can be extracted only through Tmost visible means of getting the brochure Participate in Archeol­ careful, often painstaking, scientific ex­ the protection message across. Be­ ogy, available from a number of public cavation, recording, and analysis. hind the scenes, agencies, officials, agencies. and preservation organizations em­ It is unfair and misleading to charac­ t is clear that the vast majority of ploy a range of interpretive pro­ terize the enforcement of laws that pro­ f Americans are law-abiding when it grams and media. Recent surveys by tect archeological sites as "cops and comes to archeological resource pro­ the National Park Service identified robbers." In fact, agency efforts are tection law, as they are with all other over 2,000 of these initiatives, from broad and deep, involving a great deal laws. Once the public is made aware public lectures to brochures to class­ of public education and participation— that it is illegal to disturb or collect ma­ room exercises. For archeologists, coupled with an array of law enforce­ terial from sites on public land, they public outreach has come to the ment initiatives—to protect America's are more than willing to conform. fore, whether they are employed by archeological heritage. SPRING 1994 FEDERAL AHCHEDLDGY REPORT _s

The Remains of a Vanished Culture PATRICK H. GARROW

' HE MOST COMPLETE and unbi­ an excellent summary of research on Thereafter the lives of the residents ased archive of African Ameri­ ethnicity in archeology. proved to be very different. Prior to Tcan history lies in the ground. Ferguson's article came when his­ the war, they made most of their own Through sites of all periods and types, torical archeologists were beginning pottery, which was identical to Afri­ this evidence in many cases is the only to focus on the South Carolina coast can American ware found in many direct historical statement African as a result of construction projects parts of the Caribbean from the same Americans have left for posterity. mandating archeological investiga­ time period. That pottery, called Almost without exception, the writ­ tions. I was directing the largest of "colonoware," appeared to be a direct ten record of the pre-Civil War period these projects, with Thomas R. Whea- link with West Africa, as evidenced was not compiled by African Ameri­ ton as field director and Amy Friedlan- by both its form and method of manu­ cans. This is particularly true in the der as historian, for a consulting firm facture. It was used for cooking as South, where prior to the Civil War contracted by the National Park Serv­ well as for serving food. some states even made it illegal to ice. The purpose of the investigation teach African Americans to read and was to excavate slave quarters at­ HE YAUGHAN and Curriboo write. Such institutionalized illiteracy tached to Yaughan and Curriboo plan­ excavations offered the first means that prior to 1865 their history tations, which faced destruction from Tirrefutable proof that survives mainly through oral accounts. the building of the planned Cooper colonoware was actually made by African American archeology in the River Rediversion Canal. The planta­ African American slaves. The evi­ United States dates to at least the early tions contained three slave quarters oc­ dence also documented the demise 1940s, when Adelaide K. and Ripley cupied from approximately 1740 to of its manufacture and use as planta­ P. Bullen excavated the Black Lucy's 1826, sites that proved critical to un­ tion residents began to adopt iron Garden site in Andover, MA, occu­ derstanding the early history and cul­ cooking pots and English-made ce­ pied from 1815 to 1845. Encountered tural change endured by enslaved ramics after the war. The slaves also by accident, it remained one of the African Americans in coastal South began to use pottery made by Native very few African American sites stud­ Carolina. Americans, notably Catawbas. Both ied by archeologists until the 1970s. Yaughan and Curriboo, both located types of colonoware were found in The modern study of African Ameri­ in the same area in Berkeley County, the later slave quarters. can archeology essentially began with had been settled by descendants of The lives of the residents changed the work of the late Charles Fairbanks French Huguenots. One of the slave in other ways. Before the conflict, and his students at the University of quarters dated from the 1740s to the slaves lived in houses either identi­ Florida in the early 1970s. Fairbanks 1790s, another from the 1740s to cal to or inspired by West African was interested in detecting surviving shortly after 1800, and a third from architecture. These buildings, African traits in the form of either spe­ shortly after the Revolutionary War to which had mud walls and presum­ cific artifacts or other elements. Fair­ the 1820s. Although our research re­ ably thatched roofs, were evidenced banks and his students, who shared his vealed that the historical record dealt by the survival of foundation holes interest, focused much of their atten­ mainly with the Euro-American plan­ called wall trenches (after the war, tion on plantations along the southern tation owners, we did learn that the frame houses were built with in- Georgia coast, which dated primarily population of slaves, all African ground posts). to the 19th century. Although their Americans, was stable over time. The abandonment of colonoware search went largely unrewarded, the and mud-walled huts after the war, work did provide much of the founda­ ERKELEY COUNTY was over­ which coincided with stricter control tion for later research. whelmingly African American by Euro-Americans, symbolizes a dis­ A major breakthrough came in 1980, Bprior to the Revolutionary tinct change in the culture of the Afri­ with Leland Ferguson's seminal arti­ War, but afterwards there was a large can Americans. That change probably cle "Looking for the 'Afro' in Colono- influx of Euro-Americans. Before the took place over a single generation, Indian Pottery." That piece—part of a war, the slaves apparently lived with leading to a near total loss of African larger work entitled Archaeological minimal interference, but when the and African-Caribbean culture. Perspectives on Ethnicity in America, conflict ended the Euro-Americans be­ The archive unearthed at Yaughan edited by Robert L. Schuyler—offered gan to exert far more direct control. and Curriboo clearly shows that A FEDERAL ARCHEOLOGY REPORT SPRING 1994

strong elements of that culture sur­ can-Caribbean traits noted at Yaughan Yaughan and Curriboo need to ad­ vived for a long time on the South and Curriboo were not present or were dress the question of how the culture Carolina coast. The investigations also rare elsewhere in the South. Although of the slaves changed before this facet indicate that its loss was directly re­ the remains of mud-walled huts have of American history can be fully un­ lated to the Euro-Americans. been found at other Berkeley County derstood. Colonoware pottery was made and sites (at Spiers Landing by Leslie Pat Garrow is the principal of used on a large scale in both Virginia Drucker and Ron Anthony and at Les- the archeological consulting firm and South Carolina and it may be as­ sene Plantation by Martha Zeirden, Garrow & Associates, Inc., 3772 sumed that African Americans Leslie Drucker, and Jeanne Calhoun), Pleasantdale Rd., Suite 200, At­ throughout the South once shared Afri­ little or no evidence of them has been lanta, GA, 30340-4214, phone: can or African-Caribbean social traits. found outside the county. (404) 270-1192; fax: (404) 270- More recent research, however, indi­ African American archeology is still 1392. cates that some of the African or Afri­ in its infancy. Many more projects like

From Cradle to Grave SHARYN KANE AND RICHARD KEETON

The following article is excerpted from Steadily, from 1810 to 1850, more and or 12, children stopped performing the Beneath These Waters: Archeological more farmers entered into slave hold­ lighter tasks and assumed adult work, and Historical Studies of 11,500 Years ing in the four counties comprising the although their output wasn't expected Along the Savannah River, published Russell Reservoir area, a situation re­ to be as great. Planters measured how by the Southeast Region Interagency peated throughout the South. much work a slave could do against Archeological Services Division, Na­ Work began for most slaves by age the productivity of a healthy male tional Park Service, in association seven when they started to tote water hand, and children might be consid­ with the U.S. Army Corps of Engi­ to workers in the fields and pick up ered "quarter hands" under this gauge. neers. The book is based on extensive stones in the way of plows. Until then, Slaves were grouped into three cate­ archeological and historical research children wore little clothing, only an gories—field hands, house servants, of a 28-mile stretch of land now sub­ old guano or corn meal bag or tow and skilled craftsmen, such as black­ merged by the Richard B. Russell Dam linen shirt and nothing else. By age 10 smiths, masons, and carpenters. Overlap- and Lake, about 65 miles north of Augusta, GA. The building of the dam, and the mandated study of its envi­ rons, brought together hundreds of archeologists and other investigators. This excerpt focuses on the era of slav­ ery in the region.

OTTON'S REIGN exacted an in­ estimable human price with Cits dependence on the free la­ bor of slaves, many of whom spent their entire lives in bondage and were physically abused. Without this forced toil—often car­ ried out from sunrise to sunset with only the briefest respites—plantation owners likely would never have been so successful. But owning slaves was by no means restricted to wealthy planters with thousands of acres. Even farmers with After the Civil War, former slave families became tenants at Millwood Plantation, which much less land were attracted to slav­ stretched in a band on both sides of the Savannah River bordering Georgia and South Caro­ ery and the dollars cotton could bring. lina. From Beneath These Waters. SPRING 1994 FEDERAL ARCHEOLOGY REPORT 5

Millwood Plantation, which belonged to James Edward Calhoun, descendant of early South Carolina farmers. Erosion from poor farming prac­ tices common to the region is visible in the foreground. From Beneath These Waters. ping responsibilities were not uncom­ In fact, cruelty and physical punish­ tinually finding fault with some of the mon, however, depending on the slave­ ment were common for any number of servants, and frequently punishing the owner's needs. The lowest rung was infractions, according to Austin Stew­ young slaves herself, by striking them field hand and comprised the majority. ard, a slave for 22 years: "I must first over the head with a heavy iron key, Field hands included men, women, say that it is not true that slave owners until the blood ran; or else whipping and children who worked side by side. are respected for kindness to their them with a cowhide, which she al­ A field hand's duties depended on the slaves. The more tyrannical a master is, ways kept by her side. The older ser­ seasons, and revolved around planting, the more will he be favorably regarded vants she would cause to be punished cultivating, and harvesting crops. Farm­ by his neighboring planters; and from by having them severely whipped by a ers with only a few slaves often worked the day that he acquires the reputation man, which she never failed to do for along with them in the fields, while of a kind and indulgent master, he is every trifling fault." wealthier planters tended to organize la­ looked upon with suspicion, and some­ Slaves depended on masters for even bor into gangs with an overseer or slave times hatred, and his slaves are watched the most basic needs—food, clothing, driver in control. The overseer's respon­ more closely than before." and shelter. Adequately meeting those sibility was to force maximum effort out requirements to protect his investment of everyone. Demanding that a field IELD HANDS weren't the only was in the slaveholder's best interest. hand pick 300 pounds of cotton in a sin­ ones subject to abuse. Steward But he also had a competing objective gle day was not unusual, and any who Frecalled house servants suffer­ of keeping costs low. Most resolved the failed were subject to lashing with a ing at the hands of the mistress, whom conflict by providing the least subsis­ whip on many plantations and farms. he described as a "great scold": "con­ tence possible, housing slaves in flimsy 6 FEDERAL AREHEOLOGY REPORT SPRING 1994

As their title implied, slaves existed solely to do the work of masters, but for luckier ones there were moments of pleasure derived from the company of other slaves and during the festivities some slaveholders occasionally al­ lowed. Most field hands worked six days a week with Sundays off for rest and religious services generally encour­ aged by masters. Slaves celebrated the holiday by visiting one another's cabins, but when New Year's Day arrived they returned to work. Other pleasurable activities Carrie Hud­ son recounted were com shuckings and cotton picking by torch light on fall nights, after which slaves were permitted to dance and eat well. Log rollings were her favorite, however, and again were marked by music, food, and also whiskey in kegs. Her master organized and provi­ sioned those events, and even gave a prize The blacksmith was a skilled craftsman and therefore a more valuable slave than field hands, to the hand who picked the most cotton. which included young women and children. From Beneath These Waters. In cold months, when there was less structures the servants were forced to They stood in two rows, with a wide field work, slaves sometimes were al­ build for themselves, clothing them in the street between them. They were built lowed to arrange for themselves quilting cheapest fabrics slave women were often of logs, with no windows—no open­ parties with sewing, food, and drink. required to sew, and feeding them small ing at all, except the doorway, with no amounts of the poorest food which was trees about them, or porches, or 'HILE THESE FEW indul­ rationed by the day or week. shades of any kind." gences may have eased their Most Southern slave dwellings, includ­ Carrie Hudson, a slave on Joseph Wlot somewhat, the fact re­ ing those in the reservoir boundaries, (Squire) Rucker's plantation in Elbert mained that slaves were prisoners in a la­ were small. These houses consisted of County, explained that slave children bor camp. Most were rarely allowed to single or double rooms built of logs, usually slept on floor pallets. Adults leave their masters' land, but if they were which were commonly available on the used a bed made of poles nailed into the granted permission they were often re­ plantation because trees needed to be wall and floor. The bed was fitted with quired to carry passes attesting to their cleared to make way for fields. Also, crosswise planks and a coarse cloth tick owners' intentions allowing them to go. log houses required the least effort to filled with wheat straw for the mattress. These permits could be demanded by build, which was important because Their clothes were often equally sub­ groups of White enforcers, called the "Pa­ field labor therefore wasn't lost for standard and quickly showed the effects trol," that existed throughout the South. long. Some plantation owners also of their wearers' toil. Olmsted described The Patrol tried to prevent slave escape wanted to keep slave housing insubstan­ how women field hands were dressed: "— and rebellion, and punished those caught tial because they planned eventually to coarse gray gowns, generally very much with whippings and hangings. move slaves to other cabins, close to burned and dirty; which, for greater con­ Slaves eventually outnumbered newly-cleared fields. venience of working in the mud, were Whites, who compensated for the differ­ reefed up with a cord drawn tightly about ence by any method of subjugation they 1 REDERICK LAW OLMSTED, de­ the body, a little above the hips—the considered useful. As Austin Steward signer of Central Park in New spare amount of skirt bagging out be­ explained: "No slave could possibly es­ York City, traveled through the tween this and the waist proper. On their cape being punished—I care not how at­ F tentive they might be, nor how South in 1853 and 1854, and wrote about legs were loose leggins or pieces of blan­ slave cabins he saw in South Carolina: "It ket or bagging wrapped about, and lashed industrious—punished they must be, was a very large plantation, and all the with thongs; and they wore very heavy and punished they certainly were." buildings were substantial and commodi­ shoes. Most of them had handkerchiefs, For further information, contact the NPS Interagency Archeological Sendees ous, except the negro-cabins, which were only tied around their heads; some wore the smallest I had seen—I thought not Division, Southeast Region, 75 Spring men's caps, or old slouched hats, and sev­ St., SW, Atlanta, GA 30303, phone: (404) more than twelve feet square interiorly. eral were bareheaded." 331-2629; fax: (404) 331-2654. SPRING 1934 FEDERAL ARCHEOLOGY REPORT 7

Out of the Classroom, Into the Field CRAIG M. STURDEVANT

T MISSOURI'S Lincoln Uni­ Beginning in the versity, a historically black 1920s, the hamlets A college where I teach, it's began to rapidly dis­ difficult to interest students in Ameri­ appear, with prob­ can archeology. With a few notable ex­ ably fewer than 10 ceptions, the archeology of African left in the state by Americans has not commanded much the 1940s. Today, al­ attention in the discipline, which though the towns no largely deals with the traditions of longer exist, many prehistoric Native Americans. Most of churches and ceme­ the published work is limited in scope, teries remain, and focusing on slavery and the pre-Civil people drive long dis­ War period. tances on a regular Without losing sight of American basis to attend serv­ archeology's basic elements (arti­ ices. facts, features, complexes, settle­ Given this scenario, Lincoln University students measured the remains of shotgun ment patterns), I decided to do archeological questions houses like this one that African Americans built in Missouri after something about that—by taking are plentiful. How did the Civil War. The shotgun house, with its narrow 12-foot width, my students out of the classroom the communities de­ may trace its lineage to Africa. Courtesy Craig Sturdevant. and into the field. The result not velop in the first place? who lives in a trailer in the remnants only stirred their enthusiasm, but Why did the people stay in a slave of a community called "The Ridge," promises to foster the study of a lit­ state? What were the houses like? cares for a nearby church built in 1878). tle-known chapter of Missouri's Af­ Where were they in relationship to out­ rican American history. buildings? Were they visible from pub­ 'HUS FAR, archeological data On the eve of the Civil War, slavery lic roads? How far were they from have come from observations was tearing apart the state's social fabric. white communities? How self-sufficient Tand measurements of a few Missouri, a slave state bordering free were the residents? How did their mate­ partially extant houses, foundations, states to the north, was home to both pro- rial culture compare to that of their rural cemeteries, and outbuildings. The pro­ and anti-slavery factions. At the same white neighbors? And, most impor­ ject's next phase will map structures time, it was a crossroads for escaped tantly, what happened to them? that are no longer visible. After exca­ slaves and free blacks trying to get to the These were the questions facing stu­ vation, students will develop a frame­ undeveloped western territories. dents in the course I developed. No work for the information. While many African Americans passed text was available but a wealth of in­ Although still in its infancy, the project through on their way to a hoped-for bet­ formation lay within a 10-mile radius has dramatically increased student interest ter life, a large number stayed. From the of the university. in archeology. They are still reporting in 1840s through the 1920s, hundreds of Three major sources—written ar­ with additional maps and measurements small black communities developed that chives, oral history, and archeological and information from archives and oral ac­ lasted for generations. These hamlets gen­ data—were brought together to discover counts. These techniques for adding non- erally included a church, a cemetery, and what happened to the hamlets. Probate material dimensions, in a field often sometimes a school. files and census records allowed a quick confined to evidence from artifacts, have As could be expected, these commu­ means of identifying concentrations of made a lasting mark on the project, not to nities, usually made up of from five to residents as well as 10-year shifts. Inter­ mention the history of the state. fifty households, kept a low profile in views with elder African Americans Craig Sturdevant is an assistant pro­ the often hostile surroundings. After who had lived there led to an under­ fessor in the Department of Social and 1879, there are accounts that some standing of the vibrancy of these commu­ Behavioral Sciences at Lincoln Uni­ were burned down, with their resi­ nities and added a human touch not often versity, Jefferson City, MS, phone: dents dispersed or murdered. felt in archeology (one 93-year-old man, (314) 635-9569. ii FEDERAL AHCHEOLDGY REPORT SPRING 1994

In Search of a Lost Colony BEVERLY E. BAST1AN AND WILLIAM E. RUTTER

N THE REMOTE reaches of Michi­ gan's upper peninsula, it's easy to Iassume that black history is some­ thing that happened somewhere else. That assumption would be wrong. In May 1926, apparently lured by an unscrupulous land agent for a large lum­ ber company, a group of African Ameri­ can families from Chicago settled an abandoned logging camp at Elmwood in Iron County. The black Chicagoans had been enticed with the opportunity to buy 20 acres of agricultural land with profits from pulpwood cleared off the plots to be farmed. What they didn't know was that pulpwood, the last, lowest grade timber remaining after pine and hardwood are logged, would not provide them with a living, let alone profits to pay for the property, which was unsuitable for agri­ culture. Nor did they know they would be coming to a severe climate. When archeologists arrived on the scene in 1986—in advance of a planned highway In the 1920s, a land agent lured a group of African Americans to "farm" played-out tim­ through what is now Forest Service land— ber property in upper Michigan. This is how the site looked when archeologists arrived they came upon the charred remains of the in the late 1980s. All photos courtesy Mark Hill. camp, long overgrown with weeds. Where the county sheriff paid a visit, report­ "gaunt and undernourished"and the the settlers went was a mystery. ing to the press that they had money, family "drawing upon its last food re- Even as the archeologists excavated that they were satisfied with their land serves"and "wholly discouraged by the site, they sifted through local news­ purchase, and that they resented the in­ the outcome of plans which they once paper archives and launched a search terference of the authorities. believed would bring them a comfort­ for the survivors. Slowly, as their in­ Quite a different story emerged in able living and the opportunity to ac­ vestigation yielded the outlines of the the Iron River Reporter of January 21, quire tracts of valuable land in a story, the archeologists discovered 1927. Under the headline "Rigors of pioneer district." Mrs. Williams was that the dig was contradicting their Winter Driving Negro Colony Out of quoted as saying "We can't live in other sources of information. County," an account is given of a visit this country; we are not adapted to it." by the superintendent of the poor, Carl Sholander expressed the opinion that Sholander, to the cabin of the A. N. the other 20 African Americans would A Clash of Cultures Williams family. Sholander's visit fol­ soon follow the Williams family back The newspapers of the time generally lowed a letter by Mrs. Williams to the to Chicago and that "the colony was paint a slanted and sometimes lurid county clerk asking for food and not inclined to shift for itself and that picture of the episode. The established money to return to Chicago. The fam­ there was evidence of laziness." community, all white, was hostile to ily was awaiting payment for a ship­ The January 27 Diamond Drill re­ the settlers from the outset. Protests ment of pulpwood, which the land ported that during the previous sum­ were raised before they even moved company had apparently held back as mer the men of the settlement had cut in, and people expressed concern that an installment on the property. The a boxcar load of pulpwood and then the blacks would become county Williams house was described as a ceased work to wait for payment. charges. When the first family arrived, "flimsy shack,"with the four children Scholander was quoted as saying that SPRING 1994 FEDERAL AHCHEOLDGY REPORT 9

only one of the cabins had enough wood for the night and that "there was plenty of wood about, down and stand­ ing timber, but the men were averse to the exertion of cutting it. They would go out on occasion and rip a board or splice a splint off one of the old build­ ings for fuel."An elderly black woman's expressions of loss and re­ sentment were rendered in dialect, in a portrayal reminiscent of the Steppin' Fetchit film character (the woman, Bessie Carter, was eventually sent back to Chicago). The article also re­ ported the county's intent to expedite removal of the African Americans, to the relief of officials; the rest of the settlement, said the article, was to be sent back in a few days. About a year later, on January 6, 1928, the Diamond Drill offered a Artifacts found at Elmwood, site of one of several land scams in upper Michigan during the story on Sheriff Dickey's arrest of the 1920s whose victims were usually urban dwellers and often African Americans. remaining settlers on charges of "traf- ficing [sic] in illicit liquor."All but In describing the arraignment and quot­ gists succeeded in finding two of the two were later released on bond; John ing the defendants, the Diamond Drill of survivors to tell their side of the stony. Henderson—called "King of the Col­ December 14 created a picture of the Af­ rican Americans as simple-minded and ony" in the paper—was held in the The Survivors Speak county jail along with one other black venal. Only two charged with the least se­ man. The raid apparently did not drive rious crimes were apparently offered the The interviews with the former settlers out everyone because later that year option to leave and have charges were typical for an historical study, evi­ the December 4 Reporter covered the dropped. The other five were bound over dencing conflicting particulars, faulty re­ arrest of six settlers, again for liquor to circuit court and held in jail until Feb­ call, errors of omission, and biases. violations. The article said these were ruary. An article from January 25,1929, Nonetheless, the interview method of­ the last of the lot, noting that most had said that only three blacks were left and fered distinct advantages: human rich­ been sent back to Chicago the pre­ that the colony was "virtually extinct due ness and immediacy, the chance to ask vious winter after county officials to the efforts of Superintendent of the exact questions, and the possibility of in­ found them starving. The African Poor, Carl Sholander and Sheriff James sights not available any other way. Americans were said to be unaccus­ A. Dickey." Eventually, all the African Josephus Keeble, 76, was arrested for tomed to the conditions of the north Americans were tried and paroled— moonshining when he was 17 along and so "had turned to less difficult some with fines—and returned to Chi­ with his minister father and most of the means of making a living . . . support­ cago. other African Americans at Elmwood ing themselves on the revenue they In telling the story, both the Reporter in late 1928. He and his younger sister, have received from their moonshine and the Diamond Drill seem wholly ac­ Ethel Rogers, now live in Chicago. and wine sales." cepting of the fact that Iron County Their picture of camp life is quite The blacks would be given a chance authorities were using Prohibition laws different from the accounts in the to return to Chicago "in order to rid to remove the settlers. There were many newspapers. The Keebles lived across the county of the trouble which they other arrests for liquor law violations at the river from the settlement proper. have made here." The article contin­ the time, and although most whites The younger children did not frater­ ued, "Bessie Carter is the only one were convicted too, not one of the judg­ nize with the camp residents, socializ­ who seriously objected and her refus­ ments included a train ticket out of the ing instead with another black family als were made on the grounds that sev­ state. Then there was the possibility that close by. Rogers, who was seven or eral prominent men from Iron River the settlers had been framed. eight years old at the time, knew more owe her money for moonshine ... No Eventually, says a local old timer, the about her own family and these neigh­ doubt if some settlement is arranged game warden burned the camp to keep bors, but Keeble worked at a store in by the men to whom she has given poachers out. But even as the charred one of the camp buildings, living in a credit, she would be glad to go back." site was being excavated, the archeolo- room to the rear, and so was familiar 10 FEDERAL ARCHEOLOGY REPORT SPRING 1994

with the people and activities of the The family had experienced snowy wood on the boxcars. Rogers had a camp. winters in Missouri, and the siblings cat; their neighbors had dogs and a He says that his father, E.C. Keeble, don't remember minding the Michigan milk cow. The camp residents had was persuaded to leave his rural Missouri cold. They had warm clothing and their chickens and their father hunted deer. farm by a boyhood friend, John Wil­ father cut firewood for the cabin stove. Many people fished in the river. liams, who owned a large restaurant in They didn't use boards from abandoned Keeble remembers going into town to Chicago. The Keeble family left Mis­ buildings for heat and they didn't need Saturday-night dances and to stores. souri in the winter and stayed for a short to seek help from friends in Chicago to The merchants of Iron River accepted time with Williams before traveling to weather the winter. the blacks as customers and did not har­ Elmwood in the early spring. Ellen thinks The Keebles were at Elmwood for just ass them. At Christmas, Rogers recalls that Williams was involved in Chicago short of a year. The reasons they left are her father cutting trees to sell. Her fam­ real estate and owned a lot of land in unknown, but Rogers thinks it was not ily decorated their tree with popcorn Michigan. The siblings did not know because of the cold or the hard lifestyle strings (Mrs. Keeble grew her own pop­ what the arrangement was between their but because of the betrayal their father corn) and with paper chains made of father and Williams, only that he was bit­ felt towards Williams. The elder Keeble pages from a Sears, Roebuck catalog. ter about what happened and refused to was never paid for the pulpwood he cut Recognizing an opportunity, their fa­ talk about it. Their father explained that and shipped by boxcar. ther had an idea for a hunting lodge or they had returned to Chicago because of Williams owned and operated the summer resort at Elmwood. Many the poor schools in Michigan. He never store where the younger Keeble white deer hunters and fisherman fre­ spoke to Williams again. worked, and behind which he stayed. quented the area, which had a reputa­ For the journey to Elmwood, they Williams drove his 1925 or '26 Chrys­ tion among sportsmen. traveled in a three-car caravan, stop- ler back and forth to Chicago to get But the liquor arrests brought an end to the family's plans. Keeble asserts that the settlers did not make or sell alcohol. Some used moon­ shine, he says, but they got it from whites. After being arrested at the store (Williams was charged with keeping a place where intoxicating liquors were sold and Keeble was charged as his bar­ tender) he remembers being held in jail for about two months. When he was re­ leased and returned to Elmwood, he found a white family living in the Kee- ble's cabin. Lacking money to pay his fine, he got on the train to Chicago to re­ join his family.

The Dig Tells Its Story Meanwhile, the charred site was yield­ ing its own perspective on the story. The remains of the settlement's earlier I lu- remains of the black settlers (such as these) contrasted sharply with those of the white life as a logging camp provided an in­ loggers who earlier occupied the site. formative contrast to evidence left by ping at a hotel for a week where they flour, cheese, bread, and other stock. the African Americans. bought household goods. They did not Keeble minded the store while he was Although the site does not show how bring tools, but purchased axes, saws, away, which apparently was often. well the settlers fared in the harsh Michi­ and other things when they got to Elm­ Food was his only pay. gan winters, a picture does emerge. Arti­ wood. Williams had told them they The Keebles had a garden, as did all fact deposits from the time include would have a house to live in; when the black families, who also had expe­ material goods that, far from being lim­ they arrived, there were log cabins rience as farmers. Their mother ited and strictly utilitarian, are richly di­ habitable without additional work, canned food from the garden and verse and occasionally ornamental, even two on the north side of the river and stored rutabagas in a root cellar. The "frivolous." Dietary evidence suggests five, Rogers remembers, "like a little youngsters raised rabbits and Keeble that the African Americans ate wild country village" on the south. remembers using horses to load pulp- food, implying that they were suffi- SPRING 1994 FEDERAL AHCHEOLOGY REPORT u

ciently adapted to exploit the local en­ mains all but impossible to distinguish vironment. in the absence of other information. The loggers, by contrast, used many Given this evidence, it seems likely canned goods and beef and pork sup­ that the local newspapers greatly exag­ plied already butchered. Despite the gerated the plight of the settlers in or­ rules against alcohol in logging der to justify their expulsion and to camps, liquor bottles were recovered reinforce the local lore that blacks from the period, as were patent medi­ could not bear the cold winters. It is cine bottles containing the substance. certainly possible that some families There was a difference in refuse dis­ fared badly. However, it is difficult to posal between the two groups. The believe that those who were doing loggers dumped their trash on the well, like the Keebles, did not help ground in a clearing beyond the camp, them. This is especially true consider­ while the settlers deposited theirs in ing that these people almost certainly holes among the buildings. knew each other from living in the It is a matter of most fortunate cir­ same Chicago neighborhood and must cumstance that the brief time between have had some sense of community the logging operation and the black because of their isolation at Elmwood. settlement coincided with the spread The moonshining issue is murkier. in the mass production and marketing The newspapers quote Bessie Carter in­ of material goods following World criminating herself about being owed The bottles the archeologists found helped War I. This made it fairly easy to dis­ money for liquor sold on credit. The pa­ shed light on the mystery. tinguish between the artifact deposits pers also report that evidence in the statement, saying that whites framed of the two groups. It is also very fortu­ form of wine and liquor was seized by the settlers by planting moonshining nate that most of the pioneering the sheriff and presented in court. paraphernalia for the sheriff to find. blacks were relatively sophisticated ur­ What the archeologists discovered As is usually the case with site-specific ban dwellers who brought their mod­ lends support to this story. A large cache historical studies, some mysteries re­ ern possessions including cars and of refillable '20s-era bottles was found in main. For this project it is doubly frustrat­ electrical appliances. the foundation of a building, in a place ing because the events are so recent that Of course, the remains of a large that was probably only accessible it seems like particulars should be easier group of men devoting most of their through the floorboards above. Although to discover. The most intractable mystery time to one specialized task, logging, there may have been a perfectly good rea­ surrounds the land agent who carried out is bound to contrast with the remains son to build a trap door and painstakingly the scam. The Keebles named Williams, of several families each involved in a hide bottles under the floor of a resi­ but whomever it was, it's likely he or she variety of activities. Automobile parts, dence, the evidence is strong that the con­ was acting for a person or corporation appliances, and women's and chil­ tainers were to be filled with liquor. who owned the land. Also, there is no ex­ dren's possessions obviously dated In another foundation, more evi­ planation why the newspapers refer to a from the settlement. It is ironic that dence showed up in the form of a John Henderson, not John Williams, as the African Americans' more sophisti­ large double boiler up-ended in a fire the leader of the settlement. cated and diverse material culture dis­ pit dug in a dirt floor. An area mu­ There was no clue to the fate of the tinguished them from their white seum identifies a similar boiler as an other settlers. Presumably they re­ predecessors and, one can speculate, apparatus used in logging camps to turned to Chicago, but no trace of from their white neighbors as well. distill liquor. Pieces of copper tubing them could be found. No distinctively "black"artifacts were scattered about the foundation. This article was adapted from Docu­ were found, with one possible excep­ Explanations can be offered, but again mentary, Oral Historical, and Phase tion—a McBrady's Hair Pomade jar it looks like moonshining. Although it III Archeological Investigations at Elmwood Logging Camp (201058), lid. The product may have been used is unlikely that whites dug the hole Iron County, Michigan, a report writ­ and set up the boiler, it is possible that by a black woman who desired the ten by Beverly E. Bastian, principal in­ kind of flowing, wavy hair shown on they salted the tubing at the site. vestigator, and William E. Rutter, the white woman whose likeness em­ None of the information conclu­ project archeologist, for the Michigan bellishes the lid. It is likely that the sively proves that moonshining went Department of Transportation and ready availability of a diverse range of on. Keeble steadfastly denies it, al­ State Bureau of History. Provided goods to all Americans in the 1920s, though he acknowledges knowing courtesy of Mark Hill, forest archeolo­ especially to urban dwellers, largely how to make alcohol before he came gist, U.S. Forest Service, Ottawa Na­ obscured ethnic differences in the to Michigan. He says that local whites tional Forest, 2100 E. Clove Hand Dr., lronwood, Ml 49938, phone: (906) ownership and use of material things, made and sold it to blacks. An anony­ 932-1330, fax: (906) 932-0122. making black and white domestic re­ mous informant supports Keeble's 12 FEDERAL ARCHEOLOGY REPORT SPRING 1994

Musings on a Dream Deferred WARREN T. D. BARBOUR

FTER 125 YEARS of American their children, embraced the American family was so upset. My prospects archeology as an organized dis­ values of status and money along with hinged on occupying one of these few Acipline, there are less than five the professions that would deliver academic or museum jobs. African Americans who hold PhDs in them. This was to be expected. For the the field. Within the Association of first time, given the slowly retreating 1"N MY EARLY CAREER, several Black Anthropologists, an adjunct of social and economic barriers of the • archeologists of the old school dis- the American Anthropological Asso­ era, more of their children could enter ^Lcouraged me from going into the ciation, only two members identify these professions. But few pursued ca­ field. I wonder how many other African themselves as archeologists. reers in archeology. Americans had met the same discourage­ Why are these numbers so low? The The history of the discipline had its ment. Among my generation of reasons are complex. But for me, the first own part to play here. For its first 75 archeologists, there were no African African American archeologist, these years or so, until 1946, American arche­ American role models like Dr. Mon­ complexities converged powerfully on a ology largely excluded not only African tague Cobb, a physical anthropologist plot of land along Broadway in lower Americans but anyone without an inde­ trained at Case Western. Cobb had Manhattan that had been covered up for pendent income. There is an anecdote earned a reputation fighting racist views two centuries: the African Burial Ground, about a young graduate student in the of all kinds, especially those linking the now a National Historic Landmark, post World War II era—at Harvard on head shapes and facial features of Afri­ where I worked for nearly two years. the GI Bill—who approached a profes­ can Americans to types of crimes. Thinking back over the three dec­ sor of Old World archeology about fi­ Eventually, my graduate research took ades of my career, I have come to the nancial aid to continue his studies. The me to highland Mexico, where I found conclusion that there is no conspiracy professor looked at him gravely, paused, no prejudice in years of fieldwork with behind these small figures. Rather, then leaned forward and said "I hate to Mexican colleagues. In fact, it was an in­ they arise from the history of archeol­ tell you this young man, but you are just spiration to me that Remi Bastien, an ar­ ogy as a discipline combined with the going to have to dip into capital!" cheologist with a Haitian background, aspirations of my ancestors since their had earlier excavated at the Pyramid of involuntary arrival to this country. 'HIS STORY COINCIDES with the Sun at Teotihuacan, the focus of my As an African American of a middle two major changes that led to research. Perhaps had I not been there I class background, my own experience is Tthe opening up of archeology would have met the racial barriers en­ most likely not unusual and is in some to African Americans. First, many of countered by my peers in the United ways illustrative. My family was aghast the WPA projects in the 1930s ex­ States, where the next major change in when I decided on archeology as a ca­ posed broader segments of America's archeology was exerting a powerful ef­ reer. I was expected to enter one of the social classes to archeology in the na­ fect on the profession. traditional middle class black profes­ tion's parks and forests. Second, the Some 20 years after the GI Bill, Con­ sions that my aunts, uncles, father, step­ GI Bill allowed these people to attend gress began to pass stricter preserva­ father, and assorted other relatives had college and become exposed to the dis­ tion laws and gradually more chosen, such as lawyer, doctor, minister, cipline. (Even still, archeology today rigorously enforce them. This not only or funeral director. is not systematically taught in high had the direct effect of increasing the Grandfather Barbour, a Baptist minis­ school, reinforcing the popular vision number of archeologists, but acceler­ ter, was the first to encourage my deci­ of the field as arcane and esoteric.) ated the clock that led government sion. When my physician stepfather told From these World War II veterans agencies, the discipline, and African him that he should give me the same ad­ came most of the first archeologists with­ Americans to come together on that vice he had offered his own children, out independent wealth. Today, many of piece of land in lower Manhattan. my grandfather interrupted sharply with, them are starting to retire. They trained a By 1975 a situation unheard of in the "The reason you have sons and daugh­ second generation who, while relying fi­ history of archeology had occurred. ters who are doctors and lawyers is so nancially on archeology as a career, oc­ The demand for archeologists far out­ your grandchildren can be archeologists. cupied traditional positions in academic stripped the supply. A wide variety of Leave the kid alone." departments and museums. construction projects suddenly re­ Middle class families like mine, This is the milieu in which I made quired archeological investigation and when envisioning something better for my career choice and the reason my mitigation of impacts on sites. SPRING 1994 FEDERAL ARCHEDLDGY REPORT 13

Overnight bright scholars competing for a dwindling number of academic posts could provide a much needed serv­ ice and earn a living as well. For the first time, there was an applied branch of ar­ cheology, which gained teeth from the growing popular concern with the envi­ ronment. Government agencies were will­ ing to ensure that the nation's culture would not be lost to future generations. By the early '80s, African American archeology was a sub-field of historic archeology. While excavations cov­ ered most of the East Coast, including New England's "Black Lucy's Gar­ den" and "Parting Ways" sites, the field became identified with the greater number of digs in the South, such as Kingsley Plantation, which fo­ cused on the lives of slaves. In 1983, Theresa Singleton became the second African American archeologist, with a PhD specializing in this work. But it was only a matter of time before a major African American site in the north would be impacted by govern­ ment building, mandating investigation. Excavating Manhattan's 18th century African burial ground. Courtesy Warren Barbour.

N 1991 AND '92, the Manhattan ceme­ the project. A national steering com­ almost400 individuals tell theirsto- tery where I would soon work be­ mittee was appointed from a wide ries. When the artifacts, features, and Icame the focus of national attention, range of professionals and community architecture related to this project are forcing a complex confrontation between members, which had a stormy but pro­ finally analyzed, not only will the his­ government agencies—notably the Gen­ ductive effect. tory of colonial New York unfold, but eral Services Administration (which was Many in the community were adamant also the story of how the cemetery digging an office tower foundation there), about not having "research" performed on functioned, how it was covered up, the New York Landmarks Commission, the skeletal remains. At one point those and how it reemerged not only as a and the President's Advisory Council on who were keeping tabs on work at the site icon for the struggle of African Ameri­ Historic Preservation—and the field of started asking "Aren't there any of 'us' cans but as a symbol of their direct in­ CRM, New York's African American who have the skill to do the research if it volvement in the recovery and community, and ultimately concerned has to be done?" preservation of their past. For me and citizens across the country. The answer was yes, and with the ap­ other African American archeologists One has only to look at the four-inch pointment of Dr. Michael Blakey as to follow, this can only enrich my cho­ pile of newspaper clips GSA sent me scientific director (with myself as asso­ sen profession. when I joined the project, or the two ciate), the relationship with the com­ Warren T. D. Barbour is associate drawers of documents in my study, to re­ munity changed forever. Blakey, a scientific director of the African Bur­ alize the importance of the site. It came noted physical anthropologist from ial Ground Project at Foley Square, home to me when I gave a talk at a Buf­ Howard University in Washington, New York. He is also associate profes­ falo museum on a bitter, snowy February DC, was able to communicate the im­ sor of anthropology and archeology at evening. Over 115 people showed up, portance of letting these African ances­ SUNY Buffalo, where he has been in­ half of them African Americans. One of tors speak. Research became not a strumental in launching a graduate the curators was excited that this many cold scientific word, but rather a tool scholarship program to increase mi­ African Americans were there. It made for those whose death went largely un­ nority PhDs in archeology. Barbour him aware how few routinely visited. recorded to tell how they lived. received his doctorate in anthropol­ The excavation of New York's colo­ Today, all of the remains have ogy, with a specialty in Meso-Ameri- nial Africans enraged the city's Afri­ been carefully and respectfully trans­ can archeology, from the University can American community. The debate ported to Howard, where specialists of Rochester in 1976. Phone/fax: pressured Congress into hearings on from all over the world will help the (716) 883-1297. FEDERAL ARCHEOLOGY REPORT SPRING 1994

News and Notes

U.S. Environmental Institute Bureau of Reclamation is recommend­ sources relate to traditions dating from May Employ Archeology ing that northern Arizona's Glen Can­ approximately 2500 BC to today. Archeologists could play a role in the yon Dam restrict water flow to the There are over 400 known prehistoric proposed National Institute for the En­ present limits, set in 1991. Reclama­ and historic sites in the area, although vironment, according to a 99-page tion commissioner Daniel Beard, call- Native Americans sometimes keep the plan being studied by Congress. locations of sacred sites a secret from Among other objectives, the institute outsiders. would spearhead research to "develop The Hopi, the Havasupai, the Huala- fundamental knowledge of past human pai, and the Navajo Nation—all tribes impacts on the environment." with land interests in the area—were Representatives from many disci­ represented on the interagency team plines informed the plan—developed that crafted the proposal. Repre­ by the Committee for the National In­ sentatives from Reclamation, the Park stitute for the Environment—includ­ Service, Fish and Wildlife, the U.S. ing anthropologist Roy Rappaport Geological Survey, and the Western and archeologists Carole Crumley Area Power Administration rounded and Ruthann Knudson. A bill to cre­ out the group. ate the institute, introduced last sum­ Environmentalists have applauded mer to the U.S. House of the plan, one of several alternatives Representatives as H.R. 2918, now considered. However, the proposal has 62 cosponsors. Hearings on the notes that "impacts on archeological legislation are underway. sites related to the existence—rather The institute, an independent entity Looking upstream at Glen Canyon Dam. than the operation—of the dam would whose proposed mission is improving Bureau of Reclamation photo by F.S. Finch. continue regardless of alternative flow the scientific basis for environmental patterns." decision making, would be developed ing the plan a "turning point" in man­ as the nation's foremost authority on aging the Colorado River, says it will Northern Exposure for the subject. It would sponsor educa­ be key to safeguarding the Grand Can­ Smithsonian tion and training as well as research. yon, just downstream from the dam. The Smithsonian Institution is going Although the bill does not detail the Reclamation says the proposal, which north to Alaska with its first perma­ institute's structure, it does call for a limits the dam's flexibility in generat­ nent field office, which opens its doors multi-sector governing board— ing energy, means that other power in April at the Anchorage Museum of chaired by users of scientific informa­ plants will need to be built "five to ten History and Art. tion as well as scientists—and an years sooner than would otherwise The Institution's 150 years of ethno­ advisory group to encourage coopera­ have been necessary." graphic and archeological work in the tion with other government agencies. The 710-foot-tall dam, erected in region played no small part of the deci­ Funding and other specifics, to be 1964 before mandated environmental sion, says William Fitzhugh, director fleshed out in the hearing process, will reviews, changed the pattern of sedi­ of the Smithsonian's Arctic Studies be added when the House science com­ ment deposits, erosion, and flooding Center. The center moves from Wash­ mittee votes on the bill, probably in throughout both canyons. Archeologi­ ington, DC, to Anchorage as the core the spring. cal sites once protected by sandbars of the new office. For more information, contact the and terraces have become increasingly The idea for an Alaska branch has Committee for the National Institute exposed to erosion by wind, rain, and been gaining steam since the center's for the Environment, 730 11th St., the river. founding in 1988. And with the fall of NW, Washington, DC 20001, phone: The Colorado and its environs are the Soviet Union and increased coop­ (202) 628-4303. considered sacred by Native Ameri­ eration with former Soviet republics, cans. Many of the sites are Native "Washington has turned out to be pe­ Guarding the Grand Canyon American traditional cultural proper­ ripheral to the action in a lot of ways," To protect the Grand Canyon's envi­ ties, ranging from shrines to places Fitzhugh says. "Just from a logistical ronment and archeological sites, the where minerals are collected. These re­ standpoint you can see why almost all SPRING 1994 FEDERAL ARCHEOLOGY REPORT 15

Federal offices maintain large branches in Alaska." How to Access the National Archeological Database Indigenous peoples' increasing in­ terest in repatriation was another rea­ son, he says. "We take a strong view These are the correct addresses for accessing NADB: of the center as having a real role, not just in physical repatriation, Via Internet which is ongoing, but in a new con­ To access NADB through Internet, follow this protocol: cept of repatriation where museums telnet cast.uark.edu and scholars make available their or knowledge and collections on a local telnet 130.184.75.44 level." Fitzhugh calls the agreement with Via Modem the Alaska museum "a perfect mar­ The settings for accessing NADB by modem are: riage," citing its exhibition space and Parity: None facilities and the Smithsonian's cura­ Data bits: 8 torial staff and collections. Initially, Stop bits: 1 Telephone*: (501)575-2021 his will be a one-person office, but Fitzhugh plans to raise funds for a User's Note new museum wing in the next few The NADB System went offline on February 4 due to security problems affecting years. Internet across the country. The Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies cor­ rected potential risks to NADB, which came back online on February 10. A big Trust Promotes Awareness thanks to CAST for the hard work in enhancing and maintaining user access. on Defense Lands The National Trust for Historic Preser­ vation plans to promote public aware­ ness of archeological and historic sites The first coordinator, in the Rocky phone: (202) 673-4107, fax: (202) 673- on Department of Defense lands, Mountain/Great Plains region, was so 4223. about 25 million acres in the United successful that regional coordinators States. "There are resources within were hired in the West and South as Comer Gets Fulbright these lands that are irreplaceable and well. Calvit took on the role of na­ Douglas Comer, chief of the National significant to all Americans," says tional coordinator at the Trust's Wash­ Park Service Eastern Applied Archeol­ Elizabeth Calvit, national coordinator ington headquarters. ogy Center, has been awarded a Ful­ of the Trust initiative, "including his­ Their job, she says, is to "facilitate, bright grant to lecture and consult in toric structures, archeological sites, through awareness, outreach, and Thailand. He is one of over 900 U.S. and Native American traditional prop­ training, the need to continue the academics, professionals, and inde­ erties." To preserve this rich range of stewardship of cultural resources" on pendent scholars who have received resources, regional coordinators will the installations. The coordinators Fulbright awards for work abroad in work with installations to create or plan to distribute packets on archeol­ 1993-94. strengthen partnerships with local com­ ogy and education, supplied by the Comer's office conducts archeologi­ munities. National Park Service, to bases in cal and historical research to support The initiative began in 1992 with a states that sponsor an annual archeol­ planning and design projects. Located cooperative agreement between the ogy week. in Silver Spring, MD, it has partici­ Trust and the Department of Defense For more information, call the coor­ pated in restoration projects at Ellis Is­ funded by the Legacy Resource Man­ dinator in your region: Debra Rhoad land, Gettysburg National Battlefield, agement Program, created by Con­ (AL, AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, MS, NC, Salem Maritime National Historical gress in 1991 to "promote, manage, SC, TN), phone: (803) 722-8552, fax: Park, Harpers Ferry, Saint Gaudens research, conserve, and restore the (803) 722-8652; Karen Waddell (CO, National Park, Valley Forge, Spring­ priceless biological, geophysical, KS, MT, NB, ND, NM, SD, OK, TX, field Armory, Faneuil Hall, Old Bos­ and historic resources which exist on WY), phone: (303) 623-1504, fax: ton State House, and many other public lands, facilities, or property (303) 623-1508; or Elizabeth Johnson National Park areas. held by the Department of Defense." (AK, AZ, CA, HI, ID, NV, OR, UT, In Thailand, Comer will be working The agreement's intent is to foster WA, Guam, and Micronesia), phone: with the Office of the National Culture cooperation among bases, preserva­ (415) 956-0610, fax: (415) 956-0837. Commission to organize training for tion groups, and community organi­ For states not listed, please contact na­ archeologists that emphasizes archeol­ zations. tional coordinator Elizabeth Calvit, ogy's contribution to sustainable de- IB FEDERAL ARCHEOLOGY REPORT SPRING 1994

sign, recently recognized by the Park Service as a guiding principle. Sustain­ History Unhinged in Southern Maryland able design, for either new construc­ tion or restoration, holds paramount St. Mary's City has flip-flopped the saying "Out with old, in with the new" by sup­ the preservation of cultural and natural planting the old with the even older. To reconstruct the era of English occupation resources. in the 1600s, a 19th century plantation house has been shuttled to a potential new The Fulbright program is adminis­ life as a bed and breakfast on a bluff overlooking St. Mary's River. Meanwhile, tered by the U.S. Information archeologists have had a field day with what was underneath: the remains of the 1635 home of Agency under guidelines established Leonard Calvert, the by the presidentially appointed J. state's first governor. William Fulbright Foreign Scholar­ After excavation, Cal­ ship Board and in cooperation with a vert's house will arise number of private organizations. anew in the heart of Scholarships are awarded through the former colony's open competition, with final selec­ capital, now a state- tion made by the Foreign Exchange run archeological park Board. Thirty foreign governments south of Washington. share in the funding. "Every historic house has an archeo­ Airborne Archeology logical record associ­ Jim Walker, an expert in photograph­ ated with it," says ing archeological sites from model air­ Henry Miller, Historic craft, will share his 13 years of St. Mary's City re­ experience this June at a workshop search director. "All sponsored by San Juan College in too often it is the ar­ Farmington, NM. Walker will discuss chitecture which re­ Photo courtesy Perry Thorsvik/Baltimore Sun. the theory as well as the practice of ceives all the atten­ low altitude, large scale reconnais­ tion." Situated where sance: constructing aircraft and flight the Potomac flows into the Chesapeake Bay, the fertile site has attracted inhabi­ training; interpreting photographs; and tants for nearly 10,000 years. Miller worked with a consultant to move the building without damaging the archeo­ employing the technique for a wide logical record. Normally, movers would have dug a line of trenches under the cellar- range of applications. less structure, inserted steel beams, lifted it up, and attached wheels. This time, they The technique is a cost-effective skipped the trenches, raising the house with hydraulic jacks before sliding the beams means of gathering high resolution im­ under. Then they mounted the 120-ton, 85-foot-long mansion on aircraft tires for the ages of sites. Walker has taught hun­ half-mile trek down MD Route 5, tugged by mini-tank. Wooden matting and timbers dreds of students how to use the method distributed the weight over the fragile stratigraphy. to record archeological and historical Thanks to the ginger treatment, the archeological deposits survived virtually in­ properties, map facilities, and monitor tact. "We either had to conduct a very difficult and expensive excavation under the water pollution and landfills. The work­ standing structure or find another way," Miller says. "With this method, there was shop is limited to 12 people. almost no disturbance to the soil." For more information, contact Dr. He says there are "150 years of features" linked to the Greek Revival house, built by Rick Watson, Director, San Juan Col­ Dr. John Brome in 1841 as the hub of a 2,000 acre tobacco plantation. A dirt-floor slave lege Remote Sensing and Geographic quarters, which housed tenants until the 1960s, joined the move. Beneath its floor, Information Systems Laboratory, San archeologists have turned up chunks of lead type, likely from William Nuthead's print Juan College, R/S & GIS Laboratory, shop—the southern colonies' first—whichopene d in 1684. 4601 College Blvd., Farmington, NM The fragmentsar e among "a lot of 17th century artifacts, including pieces of armor and 87401, phone: (505) 599-0373; fax: shot" says Joseph Anderson, acting director of St. Mary's. In 1645, during the English (505) 599-0385. civil war, loyalist troops sacked the Catholic capital, ringing the governor's house with a palisade and moat, making it the conflict's only fort on the continent. Grande Boo Boo Calvert waded ashore with English settlers in 1634. A year later, he built the Casa Grande National Monument house at the crossroads of town, which thrived politically. Annapolis became the was feeling the weight of the centu­ capital in the late 1600s, sending the city into decline. ries so a helpful editor sent it on a Despite the centuries-old layers of history blanketing the site, Miller stresses that the New Mexico vacation in the last house was moved to re-create the colonial buildings, not to do archeology. The state un­ FAR. We happily report that it has derwrote the project, which took two years to plan and $200,000 in construction funds. The plantation house was renovated beforehand for an additional $300,000, with safely returned to Arizona. $ 154,000 more to establish it at its new home. SPRING 1994 FEDERAL ARCHEOLOGY REPORT _LZ

Archeology Worldwide

U.S., Other Nations Mideast Conference velopment, or implementation of pro­ Redraft Policy Pinpoints Problems jects. In an ongoing effort to stem the tide Representatives of 15 North African Working groups revealed similar of illegal trafficking in cultural prop­ and Middle Eastern countries came to­ problems in the Middle East and erty, the International Institute for gether in Cairo late last year to dis­ North Africa, but economic, cultural, the Unification of Private Law cuss the effect of public policy on and political conditions are so com­ (UNIDROIT) has drafted a treaty to cultural heritage preservation. The plex that a variety of solutions are improve cooperation among coun­ news was not good. needed. Without exception limited tries seeking the return of stolen, ille­ Sponsored by the United States Na­ funds, lack of well-trained staff, and gally exported, and illegally tional Committee of the International inadequate facilities are problems for excavated cultural objects. Committee for the Conservation of all. Many also cited poorly imple­ The treaty was drafted in Rome last Monuments and Sites, the United States mented policies and procedures. October in a meeting of the institute's Information Agency, and the Egyptian Perhaps the most immediate positive ef­ committee of government experts with Antiquities Organization, the conference fect of the symposium was the beginning representatives of 34 member countries turned up a troubling pattern that cuts of a network among individuals and or­ and 15 nonmember states and interna­ across international borders. ganizations working on heritage manage­ tional organizations. The treaty is ex­ According to the attendees, the man­ ment in the region. Long-term benefits pected to be considered in a diplomatic agement of archeological and other cul­ can be expected as countries cooperate in conference in early 1995. tural heritage sites often is not well devising and implementing solutions to The draft treaty requires greater dili­ integrated into either surrounding com­ the problems pinpointed by the meeting. gence by those purchasing cultural ob­ munities or other programs such as eco­ jects. Under the draft's provisions, a nomic development and tourism. Underwater Advances potential purchaser would be wise to con­ Approaches typically focus on tradi­ Continuing to build a protection ethic for sult reasonably available information tional methods, usually excavations. In­ underwater cultural sites, the Interna­ ahead of time, such as registers of stolen terpretation, resource protection, tional Congress of Maritime Museums cultural objects and information about the curation of excavated material and re­ has adopted standards for the exploration legal excavation of the object. cords, and visitor services typically are as well as the acquisition, preservation, One section covers illegally excavated considered peripheral or another and exhibition of artifacts recovered from archeological objects. Another section, on agency's responsibility. shipwrecks and other sites. illegal export, takes into account cases in The second troubling aspect was that "Over the past decade, due to the which a public agency might not have a only a few countries report any strong rapid advances in underwater explora­ property interest in an archeological ob­ national program to ensure that archeo­ tion technology, numerous cultural ject, but could pursue its return because it logical investigations and preservation heritage sites have been destroyed," had been excavated in violation of Fed­ occur in advance of, or in concert with, says Richard Foster, ICMM president eral, tribal, state, or local law. These as­ economic development projects. In one and director of the National Museums pects of the draft were considered example, a major development project and Galleries of Merseyside, Liver­ important by the U.S. delegation, which in the shadow of a world heritage site pool, England. "These standards estab­ included NPS Departmental Consulting and funded in large part by the United lish additional international guidelines Archeologist Francis P. McManamon. States Agency for International Devel­ for the protection of these sites." Once the treaty is final, its imple­ opment only grudgingly provided archeo­ Specifically, the ICMM resolutions mentation by signatory countries logical salvage work. At another project in concern professional ethics policies will be key. In the United States, this a similar location, no investigations of any and a greater emphasis on protection will require an implementing statute, kind were planned. efforts including a utilization of stu­ providing an opportunity to Worrisome as these examples are, dents from academic institutions in the strengthen measures for protecting they may represent only the tip of the study of underwater archeological col­ U.S. archeological sites. The U.S. im­ iceberg. Few countries' programs in­ lections. plementation of the UNESCO Con­ clude systematic consultation with eco­ For more information, contact Rich­ vention on Cultural Property in 1983 nomic planning or development ard Foster, National Museums and allowed for restricting import of spe­ agencies that would lead to the inclu­ Galleries Merseyside, Liverpool Mu­ cific kinds of cultural objects but not sion of archeological or other historic seum, William Brown St., Liverpool their export. heritage concerns during planning, de­ L3 8EN, United Kingdom. 18 FEDERAL ARCHEOLOGY REPORT SPRING 1994

Archeological Protection

Sites Destruction in Georgia and the Carolinas At South Carolina's Francis Marion National Forest, Hurricane Hugo dev­ astated archeological sites in a matter of minutes. At the Mulberry Mound Group, also in South Carolina, late pre­ historic and early historic mounds are disappearing more gradually, as they are plowed down, filled in, and washed away. In fact, the manner of destruction in Georgia and the Caroli­ nas is as diverse as the sites affected by the agents of the damage. Site Destruction in Georgia and the Carolinas, edited by David G. Anderson and Virginia Horak, informs both the pro­ fessional archeological community and the public about site destruction in the area extending from southern Georgia to eastern North Carolina while offering so­ lutions to the ongoing loss. This volume is the second in the Readings in Archeological Resource Protection Series published by the in­ Arthur Gerber's petition for writ of $5,000 fine, and further ordered to pay teragency archeological services divi­ certiorari on January 18 of this year. $4,750 in lieu of forfeiting motor vehi­ sion of the National Park Service. Most Gerber had sought Supreme Court re­ cles used in committing the offenses. of the contributions were presented at a view of the opinion rendered by the Gerber reserved his right to appeal, workshop sponsored by the Council of U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh however, on the grounds that ARPA South Carolina Professional Archaeolo­ Circuit upholding his conviction for did not apply. gists held in Columbia, SC, in 1991. violating section 6(c) of the Archae­ On July 22, 1993, the Seventh Cir­ Participants were asked to identify how ological Resources Protection Act, the cuit Court of Appeals, in affirming archeological sites are threatened lo­ section that prohibits the interstate traf­ his conviction, rejected Gerber's cally, to identify sensitive or threatened ficking in archeological resources re­ claims that ARPA's criminal provi­ site types, and to examine rates of de­ moved in violation of state or local sions never extend to private prop­ struction. A second aim was to explore law. erty, that the prohibition against strategies to reduce site damage. The Gerber's theft of artifacts from one interstate trafficking required proof seven papers delivered at that work­ of the five largest Hopewell burial of violation of a specific archeo­ shop are included in this volume, along mounds in eastern North America, lo­ logical protection statute, and that with four others. cated on private land near Mt. Vernon, ARPA section 6(c) was unconstitu­ For further information contact the IN, violated Indiana's criminal laws of tionally vague (United States v. Interagency Archeological Service Di­ trespass and conversion. His transport Gerber, 999 F.2d 1112 [7th Cir. vision, National Park Service, 75 of the illegally obtained archeological 1993]). Spring St. SW, Atlanta, GA 30303, resources across state lines from Indi­ Larry Mackey, assistant U.S. attor­ phone: (404) 331-5185. ana to Kentucky for subsequent sale ney for the southern district of Indi­ triggered the act's section 6(c) viola­ ana and chief of the criminal Supreme Court tions. division, expects that the district Denies Appeal For his guilty plea in 1992, Gerber court will soon order Arthur Gerber After all the briefs had been submit­ was sentenced to one year in prison on to begin serving his 12-month prison ted, the U.S. Supreme Court denied five ARPA counts, ordered to pay a sentence. SPHNG 1994 FEDERAL ARCHEOLOGY REPORT 19

NAGPRA

Penalties for Museums and Agencies Fire Wipes Out Tribal Records As an outcome of its Phoenix meeting On December 8, 1993, a fire swept through the offices of the White Mountain in January, the Native American Apache Tribal Council, destroying all the council's records except the tribal enroll­ Graves Protection and Repatriation Re­ ment roster. Included among the damaged records were all the NAGPRA summa­ view Committee has recommended a ries mailed to the White Mountain Apache as well as copies of all the two-stage approach for assessing civil acknowledgement letters the tribe mailed in return. penalties on institutions that fail to According to Joe Waters, a cultural resource manager, the tribe cannot proceed comply with NAGPRA regulations. with NAGPRA consultations due to their lack of information. If your museum or The Secretary of the Interior, under agency sent a summary to the White Mountain Apache, even if you received an ac­ his authority to assess civil penalties knowledgement letter, please mail a copy of the summary as soon as possible to against any institution that fails to pre­ Ronnie Lupe, Chairman, White Mountain Apache Tribal Council, P.O. Box 700, pare summaries or inventories or to re­ Whiteriver, AZ 85941, phone: (602) 338-4346; fax: (602) 338-4778. patriate human remains and cultural items, would make an initial assess­ ment based upon a percentage of the mittee recommended deleting these an additional copy of the summaries institution's annual budget. If neces­ sections from the regulations and pro­ be sent to the National Park Service sary, a daily assessment for continued viding them instead as memoranda departmental consulting archeologist non-compliance would follow. from the Department of the Interior. to facilitate the review committee in Museums and Federal agencies Additionally, the committee unani­ monitoring the NAGPRA process. should be aware they are in non-com­ mously reelected Tessie Naranjo as Of the 539 institutions submitting pliance with the statute if they have chair for the coming year. summaries, 348 are museums, 125 not sent summaries to culturally affili­ are institutions of higher learning, ated Indian tribes. Repatriation Summaries and 66 are Federal agencies. Cali­ Also on the agenda of the January Flooding In fornia led all states with 49 submis­ 23-25 meeting, co-sponsored by the Repatriation summaries from 539 insti­ sions while West Virginia and Heard Museum and the Inter-Tribal tutions and Federal agencies have North Dakota were represented by Council of Arizona, was a review of filled the offices of the archeological one institution each. The midwest a draft of the sample inventory to be assistance division, totaling over 30 appears to be tops among regions included in the regulations. The com­ linear feet. They range in size from a in number of summaries submitted. mittee recommended that in addition single page to a six-volume set of four- Work is underway to create an on­ to information regarding accession inch binders. line cross-referenced listing of these and catalogue numbers, collection The mountain of paperwork was summaries indicating the sending insti­ history, description, and evidence of submitted in compliance with Sec­ tution and receiving Indian tribe. In­ cultural affiliation for each human re­ tion 6 of the Native American dian tribes should benefit by being main or associated funerary object, Graves Protection and Repatriation able to find out which institutions sent additional columns be added to high­ Act, which required Federal agen­ summaries to their own and related In­ light the importance of geographic af­ cies and museums that receive Fed­ dian tribes. If an Indian tribe's summa­ filiation and of information gained eral funds to send summaries of ries are lost or damaged [see story through consultation with culturally their collections that may contain above], this database will provide a affiliated Indian tribes. Revised unassociated funerary objects, sa­ quick method for rectifying the situ­ drafts of the civil penalties and sam­ cred objects, and objects of cultural ation. ple inventory sections will be pro­ patrimony to culturally affiliated In­ Museums and Federal agencies vided to the committee prior to the dian tribes, Alaska Native villages should benefit by being able to locate next meeting. and corporations, and Native Ha­ other institutions whose collections Drafts of sections previously re­ waiian organizations by November contain objects of a certain cultural af­ served for sample Memoranda of 16, 1993. filiation. The summary database Agreement regarding repatriation and A January 21, 1993, memorandum should be available through the Na­ inadvertent discovery/intentional exca­ from the assistant secretary for Fish tional Archeological Database by vation were also discussed. The corn- and Wildlife and Parks requested that early summer. 20 FEDERAL ARCHEOLOGY REPORT SPRING 1994

Map of Tribes Now Available Review Committee Requests 16, 1990, for which, after following As reported in the last FAR, the USGS Agreements the process outlined in section 3 of the has reprinted a 1978 map showing During the course of discussions at the statute (25 U.S.C. 3002), no lineal de­ tracts within the continental United January meeting (see lead story) the scendant or Indian tribe has made a States for which an Indian tribe NAGPRA review committee realized claim. proved its original tribal occupancy. the need to examine signed repatria­ The committee is expected to con­ Unfortunately, the map, titled Indian tion and excavation/discovery agree­ tinue soliciting such recommendations Land Areas Judicially Established ments worked out between museums at future meetings. 1978, may not have reached USGS or Federal agencies and Indian tribes Earth Science Information Centers yet. as a means of assessing NAGPRA Sec­ New Staff Enhances Effort The map is now available from the tion 3(c) and (d) implementation pro­ A host of graduate students have USGS Denver Distribution Center, gress. helped lighten the load for the NAG­ phone (303) 236-7477. In addition, the committee would PRA program staff of C. Timothy like to use the agreements, or por­ McKeown and Hugh "Sam" Ball in NAGPRA Workshops tions thereof, as examples for oth­ the last year. Representatives from the archeologi- ers currently drafting similar Mandy Murphy, a recent graduate cal assistance division will be conduct­ agreements. If your organization of the museum studies program at ing workshops on NAGPRA has a signed agreement covering re­ George Washington University, is implementation and the related grants patriation, excavation, or discovery currently working on a database program at the following locations: of Native American human remains that provides cultural and historic Society for American Archaeology an­ or cultural items, please send a information for Federally recog­ nual meeting, Anaheim, CA, April 20 copy to the review committee c/o nized tribes. On staff since March American Association of Museums an­ Tim McKeown at the address listed 1993, Murphy also compiled the nual meeting, Seattle, WA, April 26 below. comprehensive AAD list of 761 University of Nevada-Reno Continu­ Federally recognized Native Ameri­ ing Education course, Portland, OR, Next Meetiug Will Develop can tribes, Alaska Native villages and corporations, and Native Ha­ April 28-30 Regulations The next meeting of the NAGPRA re­ waiian organizations. Keepers of the Treasures annual meet­ view committee will be held May 12- Three National Council for Preser­ ing, Warm Springs, OR, May 2-4 14 in Rapid City, SD. vation Education (NCPE) interns National Congress of American Indi­ Matters to be discussed include the also have assisted in the team effort. ans mid-year session, Buffalo, NY, status of the inventory and identification Jeffrey Nicklason (University of June 14-16 (tentative) process conducted under sections 5 and Georgia, Historic Preservation) spent For additional information contact 6 of the statute and the development of the summer of 1993 maintaining the the host organization or Mandy Mur­ implementing regulations, particularly docket of comments to the proposed phy at the archeological assistance di­ for sections reserved for civil penalties regulations. Sylvia Yu (San Fran­ vision, phone (202)-343-1095. and a sample inventory. cisco State University, Museum Stud­ The committee also is soliciting pub­ ies) has provided technical Grant Guidelines lic recommendations regarding three assistance since September 1993 and Over 1,200 sets of guidelines for additional sections of the regulations— has helped organize training oppor­ the NAGPRA grant programs were those dealing with the disposition of tunities. Belinda Nettles (Universi­ mailed to museums, agencies, and unidentified human remains in mu­ ties of Hawaii and Maryland, Native groups in late December. seum or Federal agency collections; American Studies/Historic Preserva­ Tribal grant program guidelines, the disposition of unclaimed human re­ tion) came aboard in December 1993 with a deadline for applications of mains and cultural items from Federal and is responsible for tracking the March 24, 1994, were sent to 761 or Tribal lands; and the future applica­ flow of summaries sent by museums Federally recognized Indian tribes, bility of the statute. and Federal agencies. Alaska Native villages and corpora­ Culturally unidentifiable human re­ tions, and Native Hawaiian organi­ mains are those for which, following Additional Information zations. the completion of inventories by No­ For additional information regarding Guidelines for the museum program, vember 16, 1995, no lineal descen­ NAGPRA contact C. Timothy McKe­ with a deadline for applications of April dants or culturally affiliated Indian own, NAGPRA Program Leader, Ar­ 8, were sent to 473 institutions that sub­ tribe has been determined. cheological Assistance Division, mitted copies of their summaries to the Unclaimed human remains and cul­ National Park Service, P.O. Box departmental consulting archeologist. tural items are those intentionally exca­ 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127, Additional guidelines have been mailed vated or inadvertently discovered on phone: (202) 343-4101; fax: (202) 523- as requested. Federal or tribal lands after November 1547. SPRING 1994 FEDERAL ARCHEOLDGY REPORT 21

de F habitation et du devel­ tural resources workshop Conferences opment urbain, 303, rue June 5-10 in Pensacola, Notre-Dame Est, 5 etage, FL. Workshop sessions Montreal (Quebec), Can­ will address current topics ada H2Y 3Y8, phone: andprovideopportunities (514) 872-7531; fax: (514) to interact with key DoD Public Outreach 38109, phone: (901) 785- 872-0024. players. The general public will 3160. For further information, have an opportunity to Defending Cultural contact DoD Cultural Re­ learn some benefits of ar­ State-of-the-Art Resources sources Workshop, cheology and ways to get Seminar The Department of De­ CEHP, Inc., 1133 20th involved at "Investigating The latest techniques em­ fense will focus on its Na­ St., NW, Suite 200, Wash­ the Mysteries of Time ployed by forensic anthro­ tive American cultural ington, DC 20036, phone: with Archaeology," the So­ pologists in search of resources and aviation (202) 293-1774; fax: ciety for American Archae­ human remains will be pre­ heritage at its biennial cul­ (202)293-1782. ology's public session at sented in a seminar at Mer- the 1994 SAA meeting. To cyhurst College May be held April 23 from 1 to 23-26. Topics to be cov­ 4 p.m., the session will of­ ered include: systematic Publications fer a lecture series with search and site mapping talks by Brian Fagan and techniques in various ter­ Kent Lightfoot as well as rains, forensic archeologi­ exhibits on archeological cal and house fire Archeological Bulletin cal sites in the recent Pro­ projects and programs. excavation techniques, col­ Less than 3 percent of prop­ tecting Sites on Private For more information, lection of entomological erties on the National Reg­ Lands, a 122-page book contact Teresa L. Hoff­ specimens, and forensic ister of Historic Places are packed with useful infor­ man, Chair, Public Session osteological and odon- recognized for their histori­ mation on site protection Subcommittee, SAA Pub­ tological analyses. cal archeological values. and the law, land owner­ lic Education Committee, For more information, To better represent these re­ ship and site acquisition, phone (602) 870-6769. contact Dennis C. Dirk- sources and to demonstrate land-use compatibility, maat, Mercyhurst College, the importance of archeo­ stewardship programs, and Mid-South's Silver Department of Anthropol­ logical properties, the Na­ community archeology pro­ Twenty-five years ago, the ogy, Glenwood Hills, Erie, tional Park service has grams. first Mid-South Archae­ PA 16546, phone: (814) published National Regis­ To request a free copy, ological Conference was 824-2105; fax: (814) 824- ter Bulletin No. 36, Guide­ write Susan L. Henry, Pres­ held at Chucaiissa Museum 2594. lines for Evaluating and ervation Planning Branch, in Memphis. In celebration Registering Historical Ar­ Interagency Resources Di­ of the quarter century anni­ North of the Border cheological Sites and Dis­ vision, Suite 250, National versary, "25 Years and "Archaeological Remains, tricts. Park Service, P.O. Box More of Archaeology in In Situ Preservation" is the For a free copy, write Na­ 37127, Washington, DC the Mid-South" is the theme of this year's Inter­ tional Register of Historic 20013-7127. theme of this year's confer­ national Committee on Ar­ Places, National Park Serv­ ence, which is returning to chaeological Heritage ice, P.O. Box 37127, Wash­ Public Possibilities the initial meeting site. Pa­ Management annual con­ ington, DC 20013-7127. A comprehensive guide to pers of a historical nature ference to be held Oct. 11 - excavations, field schools, or that provide an over­ 15 in Montreal. Private Protection and special programs with view of many years' work Archeologists, managers, As the historic preservation openings for volunteers, in a state or geographic re­ and project designers will movement has grown in re­ students, and staff through­ gion are being sought. Ti­ attempt to develop a dy­ cent years, states and local out the world is available tles and abstracts must be namic and integrated ap­ communities are increasing through the Archaeological received by May 1. proach to land their interest in protecting Institute of America. The For more information or management. the nation's archeological 1994 edition of Archae­ to contribute a paper, con­ For more information, heritage. In response, the ological Fieldwork Oppor­ tact Mary Kwas, Chucai­ contact Secretariat, National Park Service has tunities Bulletin, with over issa Museum, 1987 Indian ICAHM Montreal 1994, published several strategies 275 listings, introduces both Village Dr., Memphis, TN Ville de Montreal, Service for preserving archeologi­ the student and the amateur 22 FEDERAL ARCHEOLOGY REPOHT SFRING 1994

archeologist to the experi­ cations, King and Queen ence of actual excavation Press, P.O. Box 2100, Wil­ New Releases from the National Park Service or survey. The price is liamsburg, VA 23187- $8.50 for AIA members 2100, phone: (804) The National Park Service has just published technical and $10.50 for non-mem­ 221-2580. brief 16, The Civil Prosecution Process of the Archae­ bers plus $3 shipping and ological Resources Protection Act, by superior court judge handling. Northeast Sherry Hutt. The brief serves as a how-to guide on utilizing Orders should be sent to Conservation civil penalties while discussing the background, issues of Kendall/Hunt Publishing Successful models and proof, and procedures of the civil process. Company, Order Depart­ practical advice concerning Because of its specialized audience, the brief is only be­ ment, 2460 Kerper Blvd., cultural resource manage­ ing distributed to a portion of the archeological assistance Dubuque, IA 52001. Credit ment in the northeast are division mail list. Interested parties who have not received a copy should contact the Publications Team, National card orders phone: (800) the subject of Cultural Re­ Park Service, Archeological Assistance Division, P.O. Box 228-0810. source Management: Ar­ 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127. chaeological Research, Preservation Planning, Guide to Sites Since its introduction in 1989, Federal Historic Preserva­ From the temple mounds in and Public Education in tion Laws has become the standard reference for preserva­ Florida's Safe Harbor Site to the Northeastern United tionists at all levels of government, the private sector, and Alaskan totem poles in Sitka States. The book is divided academia. A new, expanded edition, just published, should National Historical Park, into four major categories: prove equally indispensable. America's Ancient Treasures theoretical and interpretive Beginning with the Antiquities Act of 1906, its pages list the describes all of the archeologi- frameworks, research meth­ key laws enacted by Congress to conserve cultural resources for cal sites that have been de­ odology, legislation and future generations. The new edition includes recent legislation signed for public view north compliance, and creative such as the Native American Graves Protection and Repatria­ of Mexico. This revised and protection strategies. tion Act and the 1992 amendments to the National Historic Pres­ expanded fourth edition pro- Available for $65 from ervation Act as well as updates to many other laws. tiles museums and collections Greenwood Publishing The laws listed provide the basis for the Federal govern­ that interpret America's abo­ Group at (800) 225-5800. ment's key preservation programs. The National Park Serv­ riginal past, enabling present- ice, which compiled the publication, administers many of day visitors to discover the International Journal these laws in cooperation with state historic preservation of­ cultural remains of Canada A journal reporting new ap­ fices and local governments. and the United States. proaches to the long-term pres­ Compiled by Sara K. Blumenthal, revised by Emogene Written by Franklin and ervation and presentation of A. Bevitt. 96 pages, $3.00 per copy. Available through the Government Printing Office; please note new GPO stock Mary Elting Folsom, the archeological sites worldwide number: 024-005-01124-2. book is available from is reaching the publication bookstores in both hard­ stage. Conservation Manage­ cover ($37.50) and paper­ ment of Archaeological Sites is back ($19.95). devoted to original research two important East Coast "Roanoke Colonies Re­ and review papers on any as­ projects hit the streets with search Newsletter," spon­ Settling Down pect of archeological conserva­ debut issues last fall. sored by East Carolina Settlement patterns of 18th tion. Personal subscriptions are The "Jamestown Archae­ University with help from and 19th century America available for $60. ological Assessment News­ the National Park Service, are the subject of Spatial To contribute papers, sub­ letter" will chronicle the will provide a forum for Patterning in Historical Ar­ scribe, or for further infor­ National Park Service's ef­ the general public and chaeology: Selected Stud­ mation, contact forts to evaluate and manage scholars to keep up with ies of Settlement, edited by Conservation and Manage­ the Virginia island's cultural the work at the North Caro­ Donald W. Linebaugh and ment of Archaeological resources. lina site. Gary G. Robinson. The Sites, James & James Sci­ The free quarterly publica­ For more information book presents recent re­ ence Publishers Ltd., 5 Cas­ tion is available from Gre­ about the project, contact search into settlement pat­ tle Rd., London NW1 8PR, gory J. Brown, Department E. Thomson Shields, Jr., terning using the research UK. of Archaeological Research, East Carolina University, methods of both geography Colonial Williamsburg Department of English, and historical archeology. New Newsletters Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Greenville, NC 27858- It is available for $17 A pair of newsletters provid­ Williamsburg, VA 23187- 4353, phone: (919) 757- plus shipping and handling ing progress reports on the 1776, phone: (804) 220- 6715; fax: (919) from Archaeological Publi­ archeological assessment of 7335. 757-4889. SPRING 1994 FEDERAL ARCHEOLOGY REPORT 23

PLEASE SPARE A MOMENT FOR OUR FIRST OCCASIONAL READER SURVEY

To better serve you, our readers, we're planning to improve the editorial coverage and design of Federal Archeology Report. Take a second to share your ideas with us. Fill out the form below and mail it to the Publications Team, Na­ tional Park Service, Archeological Assistance Division, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127.

On a scale of A (outstanding), B (good), C (fair), D (unsatisfactory), and E (poor), rate FAR in the following categories (circle one):

Theme Section NADB Update A B C D E Selection of topics A B C D E Promoting Archeology A B C D E Timeliness of information A B C D E Conferences A B C D E Quality of information A B C D E Publications A B C D E Regular Columns Overall Forum A B C D E Editorial Structure A B C D E News and Notes A B C D E Writing style A B C D E Archeology Worldwide A B C D E Graphic design A B C D E Archeological Protection A B C D E Photographs and other illustrations A B C D E NAGPRA A B C D E What themes would you like to see in luture issues (for example, underwater archeolog}', NAGPRA and museums):

What kinds of articles would you like to read that are not currently offered?

Any suggestions for specific articles or authors? What are the strongest parts of FAR} The weakest? Is your copy of FAR circulated to others? How many? Which category best describes your professional interest? Federal archeologist State or local government archeologist Private archeologist Professor/teacher of archeology Professor/teacher of other subject Curator Interpreter Law enforcement agent Cultural resources specialist Tribal officer _ Other

Other Comments 24 FEDERAL ARCHEOLOGY REPORT SPRING 1994

IN THIS ISSUE

Special Section: African Americans and Archeology The Remains of a Vanished Culture 3 From Cradle to Grave 4 Out of the Classroom, Into the Field 7 In Search of a Lost Colony 8 Musings on a Dream Deferred 12 News and Notes 14 Archeology Worldwide 17 Archeological Protection 18 NAGPRA 19 Conferences 21 Publications 21

FIRST CLASS MAIL FEDERAL ARCHEOLOGY REPORT 7(1) SPRING 1994 POSTAGE AND FEES PAID USDI-NPS Federal Archeology Report is published by the PERMIT NO. G-83 National Park Service, Departmental Consulting Archeologist/Archeological Assistance Program. Francis P. McManamon, Departmental Consult­ ing Archeologist. The guest editor for this issue is Bert Herbert, Mid-Atlantic Regional Office.

David Andrews is managing editor and Roger Friedman is editor/publications coordinator. Ad­ dress comments, articles, information on confer­ ences, training, and publications, and requests for copies and/or changes of address to: Federal Archeology Report, Departmental Consulting Archeologist/Archeological Assistance Division, National Park Service, P.O. Box 37127, Wash­ ington, DC 20013-7127; or telephone (202) 343-4101. Please allow six weeks for processing a change of address.