CULTURAL HEIRTAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN No 12393 (CHMP No12393) CULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN FARMDUNDONNELL WIND Andrea Murphy &Dr Tom Rymer Prepared by Cultural HeritageAdvisors 12March 2015 DRAFT TrustPower Australia Ltd HoldingsPty Sponsored by rchaeology t

cultural heritageadvisors Beaconsfield, VIC 3807 Beaconsfield, VIC www.aatardis.com.au TARDIS PO Box 776

DRAFT DUNDONNELL WIND FARM

CULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN

AAV Management Plan Identifier: 12393

Activity Size: Large (r.68 Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007)

Assessment Type: Desktop, Standard & Complex (r.56 Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007)

Sponsor: TrustPower Australia Holdings Pty Ltd

Heritage Advisors: Andrea Murphy & Dr Tom Rymer (Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd)

CHMP Authors: Andrea Murphy, Mark Dowdell & Dr Tom Rymer

Completed: DRAFT 12 March 2015

DRAFT The intellectual property within this report and the primary research material therein are the property of Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd and may NOT be used, reproduced or distributed in any way without prior written consent of Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd

Ethnographic information that has been provided by Aboriginal people and included in this report is the property of the Aboriginal community to which the informant/s is/are representing at the time the information was given. Such information may NOT be reproduced or distributed in any way without prior written permission from that community.

Any advice and/or opinions offered within this report by Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd does not constitute legal advice or represent those of any third party.

The report remains the property of the Sponsor. It may NOT be used, reproduced or distributed in any way without the written consent from the Sponsor.

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DRAFT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This cultural heritage management plan (CHMP) has been commissioned by the Sponsor Trustpower Australia Holdings Pty Ltd (ABN 15 101 038 331). The activity is a wind farm. Andrea Murphy and Dr Tom Rymer from Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd (AAT) are the cultural heritage advisors and authors of this CHMP. The Activity Area is located at Darlington–Nerrin Road, Dundonnell (MMap 1).

Dundonnell Wind Farm Pty Ltd (DDWFPL) – a wholly owned subsidiary of Trustpower Australia Holdings Pty Ltd (Trustpower) is seeking approval for the construction and operation of the Dundonnell Wind Farm Project. The Activity Area is located approximately 23km northeast of Mortlake and 21km west of Derrinallum. The wind farm is proposed to comprise not more than 104 wind turbines with a maximum planned tip height of 165m above ground level (AGL). The wind farm covers an area of around 4,200 hectares and comprises of 11 host landholders. The project is proposed to connect to the 500kV network approximately 33km southwest at the Mortlake Gas Power Station. The connection from the DDWF to the Mortlake Gas Power Station is subject to a separate CHMP (No. 12394).

The regional context of the Activity Area is the volcanic plains of western Victoria comprising the weathered plain of the older Ennerdale basalt flow and the stony rises of the younger Mount Fyans basalt flows from which the salient natural features are derived including the deeply weathered volcanic plain in the northwest, the stony rises in the majority of the Activity Area, the former swamps and wetlands at the boundary of the plain and the stony rises, the slopes of Mount Fyans, and the springs in the southeast of the Activity Area.

This CHMP is required pursuant to Section 49 of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 because an Environmental Effects Statement is required. This CHMP is also required by the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007. Part of the Activity Area is an area of cultural heritage sensitivity (waterways & registered cultural heritage places) and the activity is a high impact activity (a wind energy facility) (r.6, r.22. r.23 & r.43(1)(a)(b)(xxvi) Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007).

A Notice of Intent to Prepare a Cultural Heritage Management Plan (NoI) was submitted to the Office of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria (OAAV) on 25 October 2012. OAAV notified the Sponsor on 12 NovemberDRAFT 2012 that they will evaluate the plan when completed. OAAV notified the Sponsor that the CHMP has been allocated CHMP No 12393. Landowners and occupiers were also notified that a CHMP was being prepared (AAppendix 1).

At the time of CHMP inception there was no RAP or RAP applicant for the Activity Area. OAAV was contacted to determine who are the relevant Aboriginal persons or Aboriginal bodies in relation to the evaluation of the CHMP. AAT was advised that the Kuuyang Maar Aboriginal Corporation (KMAC) and Eastern Maar Aboriginal Corporation (EMAC) were the relevant Aboriginal groups. KMAC and EMAC were fully consulted and participated throughout the preparation of this CHMP. KMAC and EMAC were provided a draft of the initial CHMP for review and comment. KMAC responded with a letter of support for the assessment and recommendations in this CHMP (SSection 4 & Appendix 1).

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PART 1 – ASSESSMENT

DESKTOP ASSESSMENT (SECTION 5)

The desktop assessment reviewed the relevant geographic region (SSection 5.2); registered Aboriginal places (SSection 5.4); reports and published works (SSection 5.5); history and ethnohistory (SSection 5.6); landforms and geomorphology, including geology, soils and environment (SSection 5.7); landuse history (SSection 5.8) and strategic values (SSection 5.9). The relevant evidence is used to produce a sensitivity model for the Activity Area (SSection 5.10). The model predicted the most likely place-type in the Activity Area to be artefact scatters, earth features (mounds) and scarred trees (see Table 11).

Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Scientific Sensitivity Model (Table 11)

Place Types Location / Landform Sensitivity Elevated land adjacent to waterways (lakes, marshes, springs), slopes of Mount Fyans, and the boundary of the Mount Fyans lava flow and Ennerdale plain have the highest potential for larger Artefact scatters higher density artefact scatters. Artefact scatters may be present Likely elsewhere but are likely to be small and low frequency and therefore any standard assessment may not find this type of artefact scatter. Earth features Floodplains; elevated land adjacent to waterways, registered Likely (mounds) mounds (VAHR 7422-0154, 7422-0156 & 7422-0314) Scarred trees Remnant mature indigenous trees Likely Human remains, quarries, rock art, Entire Activity Area Unlikely shell middens, stone features

The desktop assessment concluded that in relation to the Activity Area:

1. There are three registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places (VAHR 7422-0154, 7422-0156 & 7422-0314). 2. There are areas of DRAFTcultural heritage sensitivity being registered places, elevated land adjacent to waterways, slopes of Mount Fyans and boundary of the Mount Fyans lava flow and Ennerdale plain. 3. It is reasonably possible that Aboriginal cultural heritage is present.

Based on the results of the desktop assessment, a standard assessment was required (r.58 Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007).

STANDARD ASSESSMENT (SECTION 6)

The standard assessment was conducted in two phases.

Phase 1 was conducted between 27th August and 6th December 2013 by Tom Rymer (AAT), Trent Edwards, Brandon Edwards, Ron Arnold, Greg Edwards (KMAC), Hayden Harradine, Vicki Abrahams, Jackson Chatfield, Leonie Young and Amos Atkinson (EMAC). Ground surface visibility was typically very poor (0-10%) with an effective survey coverage iv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY of 5%. No Aboriginal cultural heritage was found. Land within 200m of previously registered places VAHR 7422-0154, 7422-0156 and 7422-0314 were inspected and no evidence of Aboriginal cultural heritage was identified.

Phase 2 was conducted between 8 and 12 December 2014 during the second phase of complex assessment by Mark Dowdell, Karen Kapteinis, Aaron Della-Vecchia, Margaret Reith (AAT), Brendon Edwards, Ron Arnold (KMAC), Geoff Clark, Vicky Abrahams and Craig Edwards (EMAC). Intensive pedestrian survey was conducted within a 200m buffer around subsurface testing locations. The locations of previously recorded places VAHR 7422-0154, 7422-0156 and 7422-0314 were also reinspected. Again no surface evidence of these places were found.

Based on the assessment results (SSections 5-6), a refined Aboriginal cultural heritage model was presented (TTable 15).

Standard Assessment Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Model (Table 15)

Place Types Location / Landform Sensitivity Elevated land within 100m of freshwater springs, elevated land within 100m of the boundary of the Mount Fyans lava flow & Ennerdale plain (Survey Areas 1 & 2) have the highest potential Artefact scatters for larger high density artefact scatters. Artefact scatters may be Likely present elsewhere but are likely to be small and low frequency and therefore any complex assessment may not find this type of artefact scatter. Low-lying land subject to inundation in the vicinity of previously recorded mounds VAHR 7422-0154 & 7422-0156 and near 7422- 0314 may have other earth features that are not visible on the Mounds Likely surface or will only be identified with high ground surface visibility or by subsurface testing. All other areas are unlikely to have mounds. All mature Red Gums will avoided by the activity. None of the Scarred trees Red Gums investigated during the assessment identified cultural Unlikely scars. Human remains, quarries, rock art, DRAFTActivity Area Unlikely shell middens, stone features

The standard assessment demonstrated that (MMap 12):

1. There are three registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places VAHR 7422-0154, 7422-0156 and 7422-0314 in the Activity Area. No evidence of these places was identified during the standard assessment. 2. No new places were found. 3. There are areas of Aboriginal cultural heritage scientific sensitivity. 4. It is likely that Aboriginal cultural heritage is present.

A complex assessment was required pursuant to r.60(1) Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007:

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY COMPLEX ASSESSMENT (SECTION 7)

Fieldwork was conducted in two phases from 2nd to 6th December 2013 December by Robert O’Bryan, Mark Dowdell (Field Supervisors, Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd), Margaret Reith (Archaeologist, AAT), Karen Kapteinis (Geomorphologist, AAT), Mark Edwards, Greg Edwards, Brandon Edwards, Jackson Chatfield (KMAC), Geoff Clark and Vicky Abrahams (EMAC). The second phase was from 8th to 12th December 2014 by Mark Dowdell (Field Supervisor, AAT), Karen Kapteinis, Aaron Della-Vecchia, Margaret Reith (AAT), Brendon Edwards, Ron Arnold (KMAC), Geoff Clark, Vicky Abrahams and Craig Edwards (EMAC). A total of 165 test pits were excavated comprising a total area of 81.25m2. Aboriginal cultural heritage was found in 19m2. One surface artefact was also found (VAHR 7422-0566). Subsurface testing at the artefact findspot found no subsurface component.

ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE (SECTION 8)

A total of 140 stone artefacts were recorded including one surface and 139 subsurface artefacts. The majority of artefacts were found at VAHR 7422-0567 (n=109) followed by 7422-0568 (n=30) and 7422-0566 (n=1). The highest density of artefacts was found at VAHR 7422-0568 in test pit TP127 (30 artefacts per m2). All the other test pits have low artefact densities ranging from 1 to 13 artefacts per m2. Density data for artefact scatters in the geographic region are lacking. High density artefact scatters found in other parts of Victoria can often have test pits with artefact densities greater than 200 artefacts per m2. It is reasonable to assume that such scatters, as yet undiscovered in the geographic region, are likely to be present adjacent to major waterways (eg Lake Bolac).

Stone artefact raw material is dominated by quartz (74%), followed by silcrete (12%), chert (6%) and other minor components. Quartz is more dominant at VAHR 7422-0568 than 7422-0567. This is in part related to the former having fewer and the latter having more raw material types. Flakes (86%) dominate the assemblage followed by angular fragments (7%), blades (<4%) and cores (<4%). This pattern is similar at both VAHR 7422-0568 and 7422-0567. The low percentage of angular fragments, blades and lack of tools in the assemblage is noteworthy. No artefacts were able to be conjoined. This is likely due to the low densities of artefacts and the difficulty of refitting quartz. Four artefacts at VAHR 7422- 0568 and 21 artefacts at VAHRDRAFT 7422-0567 had cortex indicating primary flaking occurred at both sites. Cores included three bidirectional and two unidirectional cores. The lack of tools may indicate the main aim of stone reduction was to produce a tool to repair a toolkit and then move on.

VAHR 7422-0566 is an isolated artefact. Isolated artefacts can be found on any landform throughout Victoria and inform little on past Aboriginal behaviour. VAHR 7422-0568 is a low density subsurface stone artefact scatter located along the margins of a low flat stony rise overlooking the plain and extends over an area of 5,836.3m2. The location affords views across the plain to the west and northwest which may have been quite wet during periods of high rainfall. (see Photo 17). The low average density of six artefacts per m2, lack of features such as intensive knapping events or hearths indicates that, although the place was occasionally visited, it was not a base camp. VAHR 7422-0567 is a small subsurface stone artefact scatter on a very stony area northeast of Mount Fyans. Artefacts were only found in test pit TP127 which comprising 30 stone artefacts. It likely represents a short term stop to repair toolkits while on a hunting foray. vi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The lack of surface evidence at earth features VAHR 7422-0154, 7422-0156 and 7422- 0314 may be due to dispersal over the last 40 years, conditions of poor ground visibility and the inaccurate location coordinates on ACHRIS (although this was taken into account by expanding the area of survey to try and find the place, and by using the place card ‘mud maps’). The location of VAHR 7422-0314 could be relocated relatively accurately, due to good relocation instructions on the ‘mud map’ on the site card which included a north arrow and distance from existing landscape features. Despite this no surface evidence of the site was identified. Unfortunately, the ‘mud maps’ on VAHR 7422-0154 and 7422-0156 do not have a north arrow, bearings or distance from existing landscape features. The site designations incorporate the name of a neighbouring property, Mogila, which is located outside the Activity Area western boundary. It is likely, therefore, that unless the Mogila property once extended into the Activity Area, the coordinates on ACHRIS for VAHR 7422-0154 and 7422-0156 are incorrect. However, since these places have not been ground-truthed, the correct location of these places is not known.

The lack of mound clusters in the Activity Area is attributed to low strategic values, the absence of a confluence of major waterways and high resource diversity which are regarded as necessary conditions by experts in mounds in the southwest of Victoria (eg Coutts & Williams).

The lack of regional strategic resources, vantage points, ethnographic and environmental evidence suggests that the proposed infrastructure in the Activity Area is unlikely to impact archaeological values with high scientific significance. However, the presence of local resources and recorded places in the Activity Area means that it is reasonably possible that additional archaeological sites are present.

The lack of archaeological evidence of large base camps (eg large dense artefact scatters with hearths, etc) found during this investigation is consistent with the view these places are most likely associated with regional strategic values such as Lake Bolac, Fiery Creek, Salt Creek, Hopkins River, Mount Emu Creek, Lake Turangmoroke, Nerrin Nerrin Swamp, Lake Gellie, Salt Lake and Lake Eyang. The local importance of smaller waterways, such as Lake Sheepwash and unnamed lakes to the south and east of the Activity Area, is shown by the presence of recorded places along their margins.

More positively, the identificationDRAFT of artefact scatters VAHR 7422-0568 and 7422-0567 may be indicative of differential use of the landscape in the Activity Area. The former was a small but higher density cluster of artefacts that may be the result of a short term stop to repair toolkits while on a hunting foray. It is not associated with any proximity to water, any special views or other local resource; the place being situated on the open plain. It was a random find in the complex assessment. Its location is different to the small oven VAHR 7422-0314 recorded to the south. This oven is recorded in a flat area near the homestead close to the freshwater springs and before more broken ground is encountered southward towards Lake Sheepwash. VAHR 7422-0567 was a lower density but larger diffuse scatter of artefacts with a much wider range of raw materials. These attributes may indicate the place was repeatedly visited albeit with a lack of intensive stone reduction. It is situated on the edge of a low relief, flat stony rise with views over the surrounding low-lying plain which would be wet during periods of high rainfall. Further west outside the Activity Area there is a former deep water marsh which would also have provided flora and fauna. This place may have been a more favoured location to stop (compared to VAHR 7422-0568) and may fit into a scenario where Aboriginal groups in this region preferred to stop on the vii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY margins of stony rise landforms where they meet the deeply weathered volcanic plain. This may be due to the increased value of local resources (eg deep water marshes) at this landform interface. They can also quickly access the resources on the deeply weathered volcanic plains. Movement may also be quicker and faster by avoiding the higher relief stony rises. The archaeological potential of the stony rises landforms in relation to the wind farm layout is shown in Map 26. The scenario presented above requires further testing in similar landform contexts. This assessment therefore can be viewed as a beginning in the investigation of the relationship of the nature archaeological sites associated with regional and local scale resources.

Based on the evidence from this investigation a significance summary of known cultural heritage for the Activity Area is presented in Table 15.

Significance Summary (Table 15)

VAHR No Relevant Aboriginal Group Scientific Place Name Cultural Significance Significance 7422-0566 Not provided – default high Extremely low Dundonnell Wind Farm 1 7422-0568 Not provided – default high Low Dundonnell Wind Farm 2 7422-0567 Not provided – default high Low Dundonnell Wind Farm 3 7422-0314 Not provided by original recorder – Not provided – default high Mount Violet 1 no evidence of place found 7422-0156 Not provided by original recorder – Not provided – default high Mogila 3 no evidence of place found 7422-0154 Not provided by original recorder – Not provided – default high Mogila 1 no evidence of place found

CONSIDERATION OF SECTION 61 MATTERS (SECTION 9)

VAHR 7422-0566 is within approximately 100m of proposed wind farm infrastructure. Management measures areDRAFT required to prevent inadvertent harm to the place. All other places (VAHR 7422-0154, 7422-0156 & 7422-0314) are more than 200m away. Management measures are required to ensure all construction personnel are aware of their location; however, due to their distance from proposed wind farm infrastructure, fewer management measures are required to prevent inadvertent harm to these places.

VAHR 7422-0568 and 7422-0567 will be harmed by the construction of tracks and turbines. After consultation with OAAV (SSection 4), no salvage management measures are required for VAHR 7422-0567 but salvage is required for VAHR 7422-568.

Stone artefacts have been removed and require management pursuant to Section 10.8.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PART 2 – CULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS (SECTION 10)

These recommendations become compliance requirements once the Cultural Heritage Management Plan is approved.

Based on the findings of this report the following recommendations are made:

10.1 VAHR 7422-0566 (Map 21)

Harm will be avoided and no harm minimisation measures are required. In order to avoid inadvertent harm to the place, the following management measures are required:

1. Prior to the conduct of the activity, secure protective fencing must be erected with a 10m radius around the recorded place location as shown on Map 21. 2. During the conduct of the activity, No Go Zone signs must be attached to the protective fence. 3. The fenced No Go Zone location must be shown on all relevant work plans. 4. The secure protective fencing and No Go Zone signs must be maintained during the activity. 5. Once the activity has finished, the fence and signs can be removed. 6. Information in relation to the above management measures must be provided to all relevant contractors before working in the Activity Area.

The stone artefact collected during the assessment must be managed pursuant to Section 10.8.

DRAFT

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 671375

5803540

671390E, 5803525.2N 671400.05E, 5803525.2N

0566

671390E, 5803515.2N 671400E, 5803515.2N

DRAFT

Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 7422-2-1-3 0 5 10 Legend: Scale of Metres

0566 Activity Area Boundary Low Density Artefact Distribution 4,200 hectares (approx) VAHR 7422-0556 671391E, 5803519N

Fence See Section 10.1 for Specific Management Requirements MGA Zone 54

Map 21 VAHR 7422-0566: Management Measures Required

x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 10.2 VAHR 7422-0568 (Map 22)

Harm will occur and no harm minimisation are required during the conduct of the activity. After consultation with OAAV, salvage of the place is required as follows:

1. Salvage must occur prior to the activity commencing within the known site extent as shown in Map 22. 2. A total of 4 (1m x 1m) test pits in any configuration considered appropriate by the heritage advisor must be excavated within the Salvage Area shown in Map 22. 3. Controlled hand excavation must be conducted according to proper archaeological practice. 4. All sediments must be hand sieved using 5mm mesh. 5. Any suitable material for dating purposes (eg C14 or OSL) or to assist in environmental analysis must be collected and analysed. 6. Detailed notes must be recorded including stratigraphy, sediment descriptions, Munsell colour, pH levels, disturbance and the presence (or absence) of archaeological materials. 7. Photographs must be taken of the excavation including detailed views of the soil profile using an appropriate scale (eg range pole with 20cm intervals). 8. All artefacts must be recorded in detail and a sample photographed using an appropriate scale. 9. All artefacts must be bagged, tagged and stored in a secure facility and managed according to Section 10.8. 10. The heritage advisor must complete the appropriate ACHRIS forms and submit a salvage report to OAAV within 12 months of the completion of the fieldwork presenting detailed results of the excavations and an interpretation of the stone assemblage in relation to past Aboriginal behaviour in the Activity Area. 11. The cost of the management requirements must be borne by the Sponsor, their agent or contractor.

DRAFT

xi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 673000 674000 675000 676000 677000

5809000

0568

Inset 5808000

5807000

Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-2-1 0 250 500

Scale of Metres

674780.05E, 5808213.13N 674785.55E, 5808213.13N

0568

674780.05E,DRAFT5808207.63N 674785.55E, 5808207.63N MGA Zone 54 0 1 2 3 4 5

Scale of Metres Legend:

Activity Area Boundary 4,200 hectares (approx) xxxx Artefact Scatter and Place Extent Salvage Area VAHR 7422-xxxx

Stone Artefacts Must be Managed Pursuant to Section 10.8 Salvage Required Within Place Extent

Map 22 VAHR 7422-0568: Salvage Required

xii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 10.3 VAHR 7422-0567 (Map 23)

Harm will occur and no harm minimisation or management measures are required during the conduct of the activity. The only management measure relates to the management of stone artefacts collected during the assessment which must be managed pursuant to Section 10.8.

DRAFT

xiii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 669000 670000 671000 672000

5809000

5808000

0567

5807000 DRAFT

Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-1-3 & 7422-2-1-2 0 250 500 Legend: Scale of Metres

xxxx Activity Area Boundary Artefact Scatter 4,200 hectares (approx) VAHR 7422-xxxx

See Section 10.2 MGA Zone 54

Map 23 VAHR 7422-0567: No Management Measures Required

xiv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 10.4 VAHR 7422-0154, 7422-0156 & 7422-0314 (Map 24)

Harm will be avoided and no harm minimisation measures are required during the conduct of the activity. Since the places are more than 200m from any proposed wind farm infrastructure, no fencing of the place locations is considered necessary. However, the following management measures are required:

1. The place locations must be shown on all relevant work plans. 2. Work plans must clearly state that the place locations must not be impacted by the activity. 3. Information in relation to the places must be provided to all relevant contractors before working in the Activity Area.

DRAFT

xv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 666000 667000 668000 669000 670000 671000 672000 673000 674000 675000 676000 677000

5812000

5811000

5810000

5809000

5808000

0154 5807000 0156

5806000 DUNDONNELL

5805000 0314

5804000

5803000

5802000 5801000 DRAFT 5800000

Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-2-1, 7422-2-2-4, 7422-2-1-3 & 7422-2-1-2

0 1000 2000 Legend: Scale of Metres

Activity Area Boundary xxxx Mound 4,200 hectares (approx) VAHR 7422-xxxx

Not in Activity Area

See Section 10.4 for Specific Management Requirements MGA Zone 54

Map 24 VAHR 7422-0154, 7422-0156 & 7422-0314: Management Measures Required xvi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 10.5 Areas Likely to Contain Aboriginal Cultural Heritage but will Not be Impacted by Wind Farm Infrastructure (Map 25)

Areas shown on Map 25 are not proposed to be subject to ground disturbance by any proposed wind farm infrastructure. These areas must not be impacted by the development. They must be included in any constraints mapping and managed appropriately.

DRAFT

xvii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 666000 667000 668000 669000 670000 671000 672000 673000 674000 675000 676000 677000

5712000

5811000

5810000 04 02 07 01 03 05 08 55 09 06 10 104 5809000 11 12 14 13 16 15 17 19 18 20 23 22 24 21 25 26 27 30 28 29 31 5808000 32 33 34 37 0568 35 38 36 39 40 41 42 0155 45 44 43 50 48 46 49 47 0154 0567 51 52 5807000 0156 54 57 53 56 59 63 61 60 58 62 66 64 68 65 73 69 72 67 71 70 74 77 78 75 76 5806000 79 81 80 84 DUNDONNELL 83 86 88 85 82 87 89 5805000 91 90 92 0314 93 95 94 96 99 5804000 100 97 98 101 0566 103

102 5803000

5802000 5801000 DRAFT 5800000

Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-2-1, 7422-2-2-4, 7422-2-1-3 & 7422-2-1-2

0 1000 2000 Legend: Scale of Metres

Activity Area Boundary Areasthatmustnotbeimpacted Quarry Boundary 4,200 hectares (approx) by Wind Farm Infrastructure Proposed Quarries Not in Activity Area Site Facilities Store Dam xxxx Mound Sub Station xx Turbine xxxx Artefact Scatter MGA Zone 54 VAHR 7422-xxxx Constraints Access Tracks Map 25 Areas That Must Not Be Impacted by Wind Farm Infrastructure

xviii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 10.6 Ground Survey of Tracks (Maps26)

A ground survey of at least 5% of the wind farm access tracks (3.5km) must be conducted as follows:

1. A ground survey of 3.5km of access tracks disturbed by the initial removal of topsoils must be conducted by a suitably qualified heritage advisor and appropriate Traditional Owner representation. 2. A total area of 1km of the survey must be of tracks in Zone 1. Indicative areas of track that are preferred for the survey are shown in Map 26. 3. A total of 2.5km of the survey must be of tracks in Zone 2. Indicative areas of track that are preferred for the survey area shown in Map 26. 4. The Sponsor must advise the heritage advisor at least two weeks prior to the works commencing in order to organise the ground survey and Traditional Owner representation. 5. The ground survey will examine the exposed soils and exposed surface for evidence of Aboriginal cultural heritage and any exposed archaeological features. 6. If any Aboriginal cultural heritage is discovered, the heritage advisor will evaluate the Aboriginal cultural heritage on the basis of the nature of the cultural heritage material in comparison to local and regional cultural heritage values. The heritage advisor will determine if it is part of an already known place or should be registered as a new place. The heritage advisor must report the discovery to the Department of Premier and Cabinet, DPC (Secretary) by updating and / or completing place records and advise on possible management strategies prior to further works within the areas of the ground survey. The management plan allows for any archaeological investigation method, including subsurface testing, to ascertain the nature, extent and significance of Aboriginal cultural heritage identified during this survey. Earth feature, stratified deposits, concentrations of artefacts with more than 30 artefacts over an area of five square metres or rare artefact types must be provided management measures in consultation with the Traditional Owners and the Office of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria (OAAV). This may require a field visit by OAAV staff. 7. The Sponsor is responsible for ensuring places identified during this survey are not impacted prior to the lodgement of the report required under this Section. The heritage advisor mustDRAFT inform the Sponsor and site manager as to appropriate mechanisms for ensuring impacts to cultural heritage discovered during the survey are avoided. Once recording of all cultural heritage is complete, and OAAV is satisfied with the reporting of that recording, works to construct the tracks in the surveyed sections may continue. Approval to complete the road works for the surveyed sections must be provided in writing from OAAV. The heritage advisor must prepare a report to document all archaeological, spatial and contextual information collected during the survey. This report will include images of the cultural heritage and discussion and conclusions regarding the findings. This report must be lodged with OAAV within five weeks of completing field assessment. The report must also be provided to the Sponsor and the relevant Traditional Owner groups. 8. Within a period not exceeding five (5) working days a decision must be made by the heritage advisor in consultation with the appropriate Traditional Owner, OAAV and the Sponsor, as to the process to be followed to manage the Aboriginal

xix

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY cultural heritage in a culturally appropriate manner, and how to proceed with the works. 9. Custody and management of any artefactual material collected during the survey will be retained by the heritage advisor until all reporting requirements are completed. The artefacts must then be returned to the location they were found and may be left on the ground surface to the side of the road. A place inspection form must be completed and lodged in each instance. The return to location must occur within 3 months of their collection. Any analysis of those artefacts must be included in the report required under this Section.

DRAFT

xx

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 666000 667000 668000 669000 670000 671000 672000 673000 674000 675000 676000 677000

5712000

5811000

5810000 04 02 07 01 03 05 08 55 09 06 10 104 5809000 11 12 14 13 16 15 17 19 18 20 23 22 24 21 25 26 27 30 28 29 31 5808000 32 33 34 37 0568 35 38 36 39 40 41 42 0155 45 44 43 50 48 46 49 47 0154 0567 51 52 5807000 0156 54 57 53 56 59 63 61 60 58 62 66 64 68 65 73 69 72 67 71 70 74 77 78 75 76 5806000 79 81 80 84 DUNDONNELL 83 86 88 85 82 87 89 5805000 91 90 92 0314 93 95 94 96 99 5804000 100 97 98 101 0566 103

102 5803000

5802000 5801000 DRAFT 5800000

Legend: Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-2-1, 7422-2-2-4, 7422-2-1-3 & 7422-2-1-2 0 1000 2000 Activity Area Boundary Zone 1: 4,200 hectares (approx) Larger Diffuse Artefact Scatters Scale of Metres

Not in Activity Area Zone 2: Quarry Boundary Small Artefact Scatters xxxx Mound Proposed Quarries xxxx Site Facilities Artefact Scatter VAHR 7422-xxxx Store Dam Sub Station xx Turbine MGA Zone 54 Indicative Areas for Sample Survey Constraints Access Tracks Map 26 Sample Survey to be Conducted in Zone 1 and Zone 2

xxi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 10.7 Contingency Plan

The Contingency Plan presented in Section 11 must be adopted.

10.8 Cultural Heritage Awareness and Inductions

Any contractors or employees involved in ground disturbing works, prior to commencing work on site, must be provided with cultural heritage awareness and inductions. These should be provided by the relevant traditional owner groups. These inductions must include information in relation to the requirements of the approved CHMP, the Contingency Plan in the approved CHMP, the management and reporting requirements for any Aboriginal cultural heritage discovered during the conduct of the activity as specified in the Contingency Plan, and information on the identification of Aboriginal cultural heritage. This information should also be provided in the form of a booklet for use on site and in vehicles if required. The OAAV website (http://www.dpc.vic.gov.au/ index.php/aboriginal-affairs/publications-and-research) contains useful heritage information, including Aboriginal heritage mini-poster. These mini-posters must be shown on walls in work sheds. A copy of the approved CHMP must be kept on site at all times.

After the Activity

10.9 Custody and Management of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage

The stone artefacts retrieved during the assessment are currently held by the cultural heritage advisor. Artefacts will be retained by the cultural heritage advisor until the CHMP is approved or until a RAP is approved, whichever is earlier. If no RAP is approved then custody of the artefacts will be offered to the following in order of priority:

- any relevant registered native title holder; - any relevant native title party; - any relevant Aboriginal person or persons with traditional or familial links; - any relevant Aboriginal body or organisation which has historic or contemporary interest in Aboriginal heritage; - the owner of the land; - the Museum of VictoriaDRAFT (s.61(e)).

If no party accepts custody of the artefacts, then the Sponsor must ensure the artefacts are reburied as close to their original place location as practical within four weeks after the completion of the activity. The reburial location must be documented to submeter accuracy using GDA94 MGA coordinates and reported to OAAV.

Any Aboriginal cultural heritage found during the conduct of the activity must be dealt with according to the Contingency Plan.

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CONTENTS PAGE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iii

PART 1 – ASSESSMENT

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Reasons for Preparing this CHMP 1 1.2 Notice of Intent to Prepare a CHMP 2 1.3 Location of the Activity Area and Cadastre 2 1.4 Sponsor 2 1.5 Cultural Heritage Advisor 2 1.6 Owners and Occupiers 2 1.7 Registered Aboriginal Party 2 1.8 Registered Aboriginal Party and CHMP Evaluation 2

2 ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION 7

3 EXTENT OF ACTIVITY AREA 8

3.1 Relevant Local Municipality 8

4 DOCUMENTATION OF CONSULTATION 9

4.1 Relevant Aboriginal Group Representation & Participation 9 4.2 Meetings and Consultation (Assessment) 9 4.3 Meetings and Consultation (Recommendations) 12 4.4 Other Consultation 13 4.5 Summary of Consultation Outcomes 13

5 DESKTOP ASSESSMENT 15

5.1 Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Registry Access and Search 15 5.2 Relevant Geographic Region 15 5.3 Map showing the Relevant Geographic Region 15 5.4 Registered Aboriginal Places in the Relevant Geographic Region 15 5.5 Reports and PublishedDRAFT Works in the Relevant Geographic Region 23 5.6 History and Ethnohistory in the Relevant Geographic Region 27 5.7 Landforms and Geomorphology in the Activity Area 31 5.8 Landuse History of the Activity Area 38 5.9 Strategic Values 54 5.10 Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Scientific Sensitivity Model 59 5.11 Conclusions 61

6 STANDARD ASSESSMENT 63

6.1 Methodology 63 6.2 Map showing Survey Areas, Aboriginal Places and Effective Survey 67 Coverage 6.3 Ground Surface, Mature Trees, Caves, Rock Shelters or Cave Entrances 67 6.4 Fieldwork Participants 67 xxiii

CONTENTS PAGE 6.5 Obstacles 67 6.6 Results and Discussion 68 6.7 Areas Likely to Contain Aboriginal Cultural Heritage & Aboriginal 74 Cultural Heritage Scientific Sensitivity Model 6.8 Conclusions 74

7 COMPLEX ASSESSMENT 77

7.1 Aims and Methodology 77 7.2 Map showing Subsurface Testing Locations 79 7.3 Excavations with Cultural Heritage 79 7.4 Excavations of Relevant Landforms 79 7.5 Test Pit Details 81 7.6 Fieldwork Participants 81 7.7 Fieldwork Supervisor 81 7.8 Obstacles 81 7.9 Results and Conclusions 81

8 ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE 90

8.1 Details of the Assessment 90 8.1.1 Stone Artefacts 90 8.1.2 Site Formation Processes 93 8.2 Information in Relation to Discovered Aboriginal Cultural Heritage 94 8.3 Oral Information in Relation to Aboriginal Heritage of the Activity Area 94 8.4 Results of the Assessment of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage 94 8.5 Map showing Aboriginal Cultural Heritage in the Activity Area 96 8.6 Cultural Heritage Places 98 8.6.1 VAHR 7422-0566: Extent, Nature and Significance 98 8.6.2 VAHR 7422-0568: Extent, Nature and Significance 101 8.6.3 VAHR 7422-0567: Extent, Nature and Significance 104 8.6.4 VAHR 7422-0154: Extent, Nature and Significance 107 8.6.5 VAHR 7422-0156: Extent, Nature and Significance 110 8.6.6 VAHR 7422-0314: Extent, Nature and Significance 113 8.7 Areas Likely to DRAFTContain Aboriginal Cultural Heritage 116 8.7.1 Reasoning for Area Extent 116 8.7.2 Description of Area Extent 116 8.8 Conclusions 116

9 CONSIDERATION OF SECTION 61 – MATTERS IMPACT ASSESSMENT 117

9.1 VAHR 7422-0566 117 9.1.1 Can Harm be Avoided? 117 9.1.2 Can Harm be Minimised? 117 9.1.3 Are Specific Management Measures Required? 117 9.2 VAHR 7422-0568 117 9.2.1 Can Harm be Avoided? 117 9.2.2 Can Harm be Minimised? 117 9.2.3 Are Specific Management Measures Required? 117

xxiv

CONTENTS PAGE 9.3 VAHR 7422-0567 117 9.3.1 Can Harm be Avoided? 117 9.3.2 Can Harm be Minimised? 118 9.3.3 Are Specific Management Measures Required? 118 9.4 VAHR 7422-0154 118 9.4.1 Can Harm be Avoided? 118 9.4.2 Can Harm be Minimised? 118 9.4.3 Are Specific Management Measures Required? 118 9.5 VAHR 7422-0156 118 9.5.1 Can Harm be Avoided? 118 9.5.2 Can Harm be Minimised? 118 9.5.3 Are Specific Management Measures Required? 118 9.6 VAHR 7422-0314 119 9.6.1 Can Harm be Avoided? 119 9.6.2 Can Harm be Minimised? 119 9.6.3 Are Specific Management Measures Required? 119 9.7 Areas Likely to Contain Aboriginal Cultural Heritage but will Not be 119 Impacted by Wind Farm Infrastructure 9.8 Contingency Plan 119 9.9 Custody and Management of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage 119

PART 2 – CULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

10 SPECIFIC CULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS 120

10.1 VAHR 7422-0566 120 10.2 VAHR 7422-0568 122 10.3 VAHR 7422-0567 124 10.4 VAHR 7422-0154, 7422-0156 & 7422-0314 126 10.5 Areas Likely to Contain Aboriginal Cultural Heritage but will Not be 128 Impacted by Wind Farm Infrastructure 10.6 Ground Survey of Tracks 130 10.7 Contingency Plan 133 10.8 Cultural Heritage Awareness and Inductions 133 10.9 Custody and ManagementDRAFT of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage 133

11 CONTINGENCY PLAN 134

11.1 Changes to Section 61 Matters or the Activity 134 11.2 Dispute Resolution between the RAP and the Sponsor 134 11.3 Management of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Found During the Activity 135 11.3.1 Discovery of Human Skeletal Remains 135 11.3.2 Discovery of Other Aboriginal Cultural Heritage 136 11.4 Notification of the Discovery of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Found 137 During the Activity 11.5 Reviewing Compliance with the CHMP and Mechanisms for Remedying 137 Non-Compliance

xxv

CONTENTS PAGE APPENDICES

1 CHMP Documentation 138 2 Glossary 146 3 Place Gazetteer 150 4 Excavation & Artefact Inventory 152 5 Scientific Significance Assessment 168 6 Previously Registered Places within the Geographic Region 173 7 1750 Ecological Vegetation Classes 177 8 Summary CVs 180 9 Compliance Checklist 185

REFERENCES 187

TABLES (IN TEXT)

1 Relevant Aboriginal Group Functions, Representation & Participation 9 2 Meetings and Consultation (Assessment) 9 3 Meetings and Consultation (Recommendations) 12 4 Aboriginal Places within the Activity Area & 200m of the Activity Area 17 Boundary 5 Place Types within the Relevant Geographic Region 17 6 Aboriginal Human Remains (Burials) in the Geographic Region 18 7 Summary of Artefact Scatter Place Attributes 20 8 Geological Units Relevant to the Activity Area 31 9 Volcanic Flow Ages and Associated Regolith Landform Units 33 10 Typical Soil Profile & Cultural Heritage Potential 37 11 Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Scientific Sensitivity Model 61 12 Survey Areas 67 13 Survey Area, Ground Surface Visibility & Effective Survey Coverage 68 14 Standard Assessment Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Scientific Sensitivity 74 Model 15 Significance Summary 95 16 Place Scientific Significance Assessment Rating 169 DRAFT CHARTS (IN TEXT)

1 Artefact Scatters and Distance from Waterways 20 2 Mounds and Distance from Waterways 22 3 Mound Extent and Distance from Nearest Waterway 22 4 Assemblage Raw Material 90 5 VAHR 7422-0568 Artefact Raw Material 91 6 VAHR 7422-0567 Artefact Raw Material 91 7 Assemblage Data Classes 92 8 VAHR 7422-0568 Data Classes 92 9 VAHR 7422-0567 Data Classes 93 10 Depth of Artefacts 93

xxvi

CONTENTS PAGE MAPS (IN TEXT)

VIC Map Legend 3 1 Activity Area Location 4 2 Statutory Areas of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Sensitivity 5 3 Extent of Activity Area 6 4 Relevant Geographic Region 16 5 Language Areas and Clans 29 6 Activity Area Geology 32 7 1750 Ecological Vegetation Classes 57 8 1788 Wetlands 58 9 Desktop Assessment Areas of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Scientific 62 Sensitivity 10a Survey Areas: Places & Effective Survey Coverage 64 10b Survey Areas: Land Subject to Ground Surface Survey 65 11 Strategic Regional Values 66 12 Standard Assessment Areas of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Scientific 76 Sensitivity 13a Subsurface Testing Locations 82 13b Subsurface Testing Locations: Ennerdale Lane 83 13c Subsurface Testing Locations: Mount Fyans 84 13d Subsurface Testing Locations: Mount Violet Homestead 85 13e Subsurface Testing Locations: Woorndoo-Dundonnell Road 86 13f Subsurface Testing Locations: Phase 2, Fashams Lane 87 13g Subsurface Testing Locations: Phase 2, Post Office Lane 88 13h Subsurface Testing Locations: Phase 2, Slopes of Mount Fyans 89 14 Known Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Places in the Activity Area 97 15 VAHR 7422-0566: Known Extent of Place 100 16 VAHR 7422-0568: Known Extent of Place 103 17 VAHR 7422-0567: Known Extent of Place 106 18 VAHR 7422-0154: Known Extent of Place 109 19 VAHR 7422-0156: Known Extent of Place 112 20 VAHR 7422-0314: Known Extent of Place 115 21 VAHR 7422-0566: Management Measures Required 121 22 VAHR 7422-0568:DRAFT Salvage Required 123 23 VAHR 7422-0567: No Management Measures Required 125 24 VAHR 7422-0154, 7422-0156 & 7422-0314: Management Measures 127 Required 25 Areas that must Not be Impacted by Wind Farm Infrastructure 129 26 Sample Survey to be Conducted in Zone 1 and Zone 2 132

FIGURES (IN TEXT)

1 Squatting Runs (Spreadborough & Anderson 1983) 39 2 Parish of Eilyar (1861) 42 3 Parish of Terrinallum (1874) 43 4 Mount Fyans from near Spring (1869) 44 5 Mount Fyans Shed (1869) 44 6 Terrinallum Homestead (Buvelot 1869) 45 7 Parish of Eilyar 46 xxvii

CONTENTS PAGE 8 Parish of Terrinallum 47 9 Mount Violet Estate 50 10 Chatsworth Topographic Map 1930 51 11 Parish of Terrinallum 1874 52 12 Test pit TP37 soil profile 80 13 Test pit TP128 soil profile 81

PHOTOS (IN TEXT)

1 Aerial Photograph of the Activity Area 1971 53 2 Survey Area 1: typical very poor ground surface visibility with deeply 69 weathered volcanic plain Survey Area 2 in background 3 Survey Area 1: atypical excellent visibility around a dam 69 4 Survey Area 1: atypical excellent visibility at a rabbit warren 69 5 Survey Area 1: VAHR 7422-0154 ACHRIS recorded location 70 6 Survey Area 1: VAHR 7422-0156 ACHRIS recorded location 70 7 Survey Area 2: excellent ground surface visibility along proposed site 71 access track 8 Survey Area 2: formed farm track 71 9 Survey Area 2: informal track adjacent to crops 71 10 Survey Area 3: typical very poor ground surface visibility. 72 11 Survey Area 3: VAHR 7422-0314 location. 73 12 Test pit TP37 after excavation 80 13 Test pit TP128 after excavation 80 14 VAHR 7422-0566 location 99 15 VAHR 7422-0566 artefact 99 16 VAHR 7422-0568 view from test pit TP127 102 17 VAHR 7422-0568 artefacts 102 18 VAHR 7422-0567 view from test pit TP134 toward the plain 105 19 VAHR 7422-0567 sample of artefacts 105 20 VAHR 7422-0154 location 108 21 VAHR 7422-0156 location 111 22 VAHR 7422-0314 location 114 DRAFT

xxviii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd would like to thank the following people for their assistance:

Chris Righetti – Trustpower Australia Holdings Pty Ltd Joey Chatfield, Brendon Edwards, Trent Edwards, Brandon Edwards, Greg Edwards, Ron Arnold – KMAC Jeremy Clark, Vicki Abrahams, Hayden Harradine, Jackson Chatfield, Leoni Young, Amos Atkinson – EMAC All landowners

ABBREVIATIONS

AAT Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd ACHRIS Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Register and Information Services asl Meters Above Sea Level ASTT Australian Small Tool Tradition BP Years Before Present (1950) CHMP Cultural Heritage Management Plan CHP Cultural Heritage Permit dGPS Differential Global Positioning System DDWF Dundonnell Wind Farm DDWFPL Dundonnell Wind Farm Pty Ltd DEPI Department of Environment and Primary Industries DNRE Department of Natural Resources and Environment (former) DPC Department of Premier and Cabinet DPCD Department of Planning and Community Development (former) DPI Department of Primary Industry (former) DSE Department of Sustainability and Environment (former) DTPLI Department of Transport, Planning and Local Infrastructure EMAC Eastern Maar Aboriginal Corporation EVC Ecological Vegetation Classes GPS Global Positioning System ka Thousand years ago KMAC Kuuyang Maar Aboriginal Corporation LDAD Low Density Artefact Distribution LGM Last Glacial Maximum LV Land Victoria Ma Million years ago DRAFT NoI Notice of Intent to Prepare a Cultural Heritage Management Plan OAAV Heritage Services Branch, Office of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria OSL Optically Stimulated Luminescence RAP Registered Aboriginal Party PGC Primary Grid Coordinate TP Test Pit VAS Victorian Archaeological Survey VAHC Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Council VAHR Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Registry

*Throughout this report several technical terms are used that may not be familiar to some readers. An extensive glossary has been included as Appendix 2 and should be referenced for an explanation of terms.

© Copyright – This report is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd Project No 1831.300.

xxix

DRAFT Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 PART 1 - ASSESSMENT

1 INTRODUCTION

Dundonnell Wind Farm Pty Ltd (DDWFPL) – a wholly owned subsidiary of Trustpower Australia Holdings Pty Ltd (Trustpower) is seeking approval for the construction and operation of the Dundonnell Wind Farm Project.

1.1 Reasons for Preparing this CHMP

This CHMP is required pursuant to Section 49 of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006:

49 Plan required if Environmental Effects Statement Required

(1) This section applies if a proponent or other person is required to prepare an Environmental Effects Statement under the Environment Effects Act 1978 in respect of any works.

This CHMP is also required by the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007. Part of the Activity Area is an area of cultural heritage sensitivity and the proposed activity is a high impact activity (r.6 Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007):

6 When a cultural heritage management plan is required

A cultural heritage management plan is required for an activity if – (a) all or part of the Activity Area for the activity is an area of cultural heritage sensitivity; and (b) all or part of the activity is a high impact activity.

Part of the Activity Area is an area of cultural heritage sensitivity being registered cultural heritage places and waterways (r.22 & r.23 Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007):

23 Waterways

(1) …, a waterway or land within 200 metres of a waterway is an area of cultural heritage sensitivity. DRAFT 22 Registered cultural heritage places

(1) A registered cultural heritage place is an area of cultural heritage sensitivity. (2) …, land within 50 metres of a registered cultural heritage place is an area of cultural heritage sensitivity

The activity is a high impact activity being a wind energy facility (r.43(1)(b)(xxvi) Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007):

43 Buildings and works for specified uses

(1) The construction of a building or the construction or carrying out of works on land is a high impact activity if the construction of the building or the construction or carrying out of the works— (a) Would result in significant ground disturbance; and

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 1 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

(b) Is for or associated with the use of the land for any one or more of the following purposes— (xxvi) land used to generate electricity, including a wind energy facility.

1.2 Notice of Intent to Prepare a Cultural Heritage Management Plan (NoI)

A Notice of Intent to Prepare a Cultural Heritage Management Plan (NoI) was submitted to the Office of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria (OAAV) on 25 October 2012 by another cultural heritage advisor. OAAV notified the Sponsor on 12 November 2012 that they will evaluate the plan when completed. OAAV notified the Sponsor that the CHMP has been allocated CHMP No 12393. Landowners and occupiers were also notified that a CHMP was being prepared (AAppendix 1).

1.3 Location of the Activity Area and Cadastre

The Activity Area is located at Darlington–Nerrin Road, Dundonnell which is approximately 23km northeast of Mortlake and 21km west of Derrinallum (MMap 1). The Activity Area covers an area of approximately 4,200 hectares. The Activity Area cadastre is presented in Appendix 1.

1.4 Sponsor

The Sponsor is Trustpower Australia Holdings Pty Ltd (ABN 15 101 038 331).

1.5 Cultural Heritage Advisor

Andrea Murphy and Dr Tom Rymer from Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd (AAT) are the cultural heritage advisors and authors of this CHMP (AAppendix 9 – Summary CVs).

1.6 Owners and Occupiers

The land is not owned by the Sponsor. The name of owners and occupiers are in Appendix 1.

1.7 Registered AboriginalDRAFT Party (RAP)

There is no RAP responsible for the Activity Area.

1.8 Registered Aboriginal Party and CHMP Evaluation

There is no RAP. The Secretary, Department of Premier and Cabinet (DPC), will evaluate this CHMP.

2 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors VICMAP TOPOGRAPHIC 1:30 000 VICTORIA'S MAP INDEX SYSTEM Topographic Map 7921-1-4-4 7921-1-4-1 7921-1-1-4 7921-1-1-1 7921-1-4-N 7921-1-1-N Victoria 7921-4-N 7921-1-N Information Sheet 7921-1-4-3 7921-1-4-2 7921-1-1-3 7921-1-1-2 Darwin 7921-1-4-S 7921-1-1-S

7921-N TECHNICAL NOTES PROJECTION: Brisbane Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Projection 7921-4-S 7921-1-S DATUM: Perth Sydney Horizontal: Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA). Vertical: Australian Height Datum (AHD). Adelaide Canberra GRID:

Australia Melbourne Grid Interval 1000 metres. 7921-N Vicmap Topographic 1:50 000 Hobart Map Grid of Australia 1994 (MGA94) Tiles 7021 to 7627: Zone 54 7921-1-N Vicmap Topographic 1:25 000 Tiles 7721 to 8823: Zone 55 7921-1-1-S Vicmap Topographic 1:30 000 A3 Grid values are shown in full at each grid corner of the map. ELEVATION: 7921-1-1-1 VICMAP PRODUCTS Vicmap Topographic 1:30 000 A4 Contour interval 10 metres or 20 metres depending on terrain. The Department of Sustainability and Environment's framework Index contour interval is 100 metres. Built up area...... spatial information products are managed by Spatial Information ACCURACY: Infrastructure (SII) and distributed under the Vicmap brand. Standard of accuracy conforms to specificiations and classification Freeway, highway, bridge...... Vicmap is a registered trademark of the Victorian Government, AA1 of the survey Co-ordination (Surveys) Regulations 1992. Secondary road: sealed, unsealed...... and has been synonymous with authoritative government HORIZONTAL: mapping for more than 30 years. +/- 12.5 metres of true position at map scale. Local road: sealed, unsealed...... For more information visit www.land.vic.gov.au/vicmap VERTICAL: Not less than 90% of well defined detail within +/- half of the Vehicular track: 2WD, 4WD...... contour interval. Proposed road...... Vicmap Topographic COMPILATION: Outdoor Leisure Series - maps with noted attractions and tourist Walking track and/or bicycle track...... Compiled from DSE Vicmap and Corporate Spatial Data Library facilities covering popular areas. (CSDL) information. Surf Coast Walk...... Standard Topographic Series - maps covering the State at The currency range of source data is as follows: Australian Alps Walking Track...... 1:25 000, 1:50 000, also 1:30 000 A4 and 1:30 000 A3. Vicmap Transport: 2007 Vicmap Property: 2007 Road Restrictions...... (M.V.O.) (S.S.C.) (S.H.W.L.) Vicmap Digital Vicmap Features: 2007 M.V.O. Maintenance Vehicles Only Vicmap Digital is the foundation that underlies most spatial Vicmap Vegetation (not including Treecover): 1974 - 1995 S.S.C. Subject to Seasonal Closure (R.P.C.) (P.A.) (R.U.) S.H.W.L. Subject to Height or Weight Limits information in Victoria.This set of spatially related data products, CGDL Treecover: 2000 R.P.C. Road Permanently Closed made up from individual datasets, is developed and managed by Plantation data derived from PLANT100: 2003 - 2005 P.A. Private Access Vicmap Hydro: 2007 R.U. Road Unmaintained SII. The information provides the foundation to Victoria's primary mapping and spatial information systems, and for building Vicmap Elevation Statewide Contours: 2007 Gate or cattlegrid, levee bank...... Vicmap Admin (Local Government Areas): 2007 business information and systems. Parks and Conservation Reserves information derived from Embankment, cutting...... All Vicmap Digital products can be overlayed to meet Vicmap Property and other Victorian Government Data: 2007 your mapping and information needs. The flexibility, quality and Other Crown Land information derived from Vicmap Property Railway, tramway...... currency of Vicmap Digital make it the best digital mapping data and PLM100: 2007 Railway station, railway siding...... available in Victoria and Australia. PRODUCTION: To buy Vicmap Digital data Prepared under the direction of the Director, Spatial Information Railway: disused, dismantled...... Disused Dismantled Infrastructure, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Find a Vicmap Data Service Provider online at Railway bridge, railway tunnel...... Victoria.

TRANSPORT www.land.vic.gov.au/vicmapdsp Or buy small packets of selected Building, post office, church, public hall...... PO C PH Vicmap Digital data online at www.land.vic.gov.au/vicmapdata USER COMMENTS: Users noting any errors or omissions are invited to notify School, police station, fire station, ambulance S FURTHER INFORMATION (in writing) the Director, Spatial Information Infrastructure, Department of Sustainability and Environment SES, Hospital (emergency, non emergency).... email [email protected] Address: PO Box 500, East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002 Emergency Beach Access Point...... 98W To find out more about DSE visit www.dse.vic.gov.au or contact Phone: (03) 8636 2333 Email: [email protected] the DSE Customer Service Centre on 136 186 Pipeline, disappearing underground...... Gas/Water Parks and Conservation Reserves Abbreviations Power transmission line with pylons...... Copyright C The State of Victoria, Department of Sustainability and Environment 2007 BR Bushland Reserve NCR Nature Conservation Trigonometric station, spot elevation...... 83 34 CGR Cave and Geological Reserve This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Reserve NFR Natural Features Reserve Landmark area: quarry...... CR Coastal Reserve NFSR FEATURES Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication Natural Features and EA Education Area Scenic Reserve Landmark object: tank or well, tanks to scale. Silo Oil is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your FFR Flora and Fauna Reserve NHP National Heritage Park Mine, helipad...... particular purpose and therefore disclaims all liability for any FR Flora / Fauna Reserve NP National Park error, loss or other consequence which may arise from you GR Geologial Reserve RP Regional Park Landmark area, recreation area...... relying on any information in this publication. HA Historic Area SR Scenic Reserve Tree cover: sparse, medium and dense...... HCFR Historic and Cultural SP State Park NOTES TO THE MAP USER Features Reserve SSR Stream Side Reserve Plantation...... Roads - Depiction of roads and tracks on this map does not MNP Marine National Park WR Wildlife Reserve Orchard or vinyard...... necessarily indicate a right of way. For the most up to date MS Marine Sanctuary

VEGETATION DRAFT walking track information in Parks and Reserves refer to the Contours, rocky outcrop, hill shading...... SAMPLE MAP GRID REFERENCE 600 Parks Victoria website: www.parkweb.vic.gov.au Depression contours...... MAY NOT BE RELEVANT TO MAP SHEET Administrative Boundaries - The position of administrative BEFORE GIVING A GRID REFERENCE, Cliff...... boundaries shown on this map are only approximate. ALWAYS STATE THE NAME, NUMBER AND DATUM OF THIS MAP Sand...... Nomenclature - Inclusion of a name on this map does not GRID ZONE DESIGNATION TO GIVE A STANDARD REFERENCE Sand dunes...... imply its approval by the relevant nomenclature authority. 54H or 55H RELIEF ON A SHEET TO THE NEAREST 100 METRES River, creek, crossing, adit...... Maritime Navigation - This map is not to be used for maritime navigation purposes. 100,000 METRE Aqueduct, channel, drain...... Drain SQUARE IDENTIFICATION SAMPLE POINT . 290 Fence lines - Fence lines are not depicted on this map. Lake: perennial, intermittent...... Locate This map has been automatically generated and may 1 Locate the first VERTICAL grid line to 100,000 Dam or weir, dam carrying road...... contain errors. LEFT of point and read LARGE figure XD metre square labelling the line either in the top or Falls, rapids...... Falls identification bottom margin, or on the line itself: 52 Rapids in large river...... Rapids GEOCENTRIC DATUM OF AUSTRALIA value 2 Estimate tenths from grid line to point 7 This map is produced on the Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA). IGNORE the SMALLER Lock...... 3 Locate first HORIZONTAL grid line Lock GDA supersedes the Australian Geodetic Datum 1966 (AGD). figures of any grid number; Waterholes, swimming pool...... these are for finding the full BELOW point and read LARGER For all practical purposes GDA is the same as the World Geodetic coordinates. Use ONLY figure labelling the line in either Water well or bore, spring...... Bore System (WGS84). the LARGER figures the left or right margin, or on the line of the grid number. itself: 70 Land subject to inundation...... DATUM CONVERSIONS FOR VICTORIA (+/- 10 Metres) For example: 4 Estimate tenths from grid line to point 5 Swamp or marsh...... TO CONVERT GDA94 to AGD66 AGD66 to GDA94 Shoreline with mud or sand flats, mangroves. Latitude (numeric value) Increase by 5.5 secs Decrease by 5.5 secs 456 000 SAMPLE REFERENCE 527 705

HYDROGRAPHY Longitude (numeric value) Decrease by 4.5 secs Increase by 4.5 secs Rock: bare or awash, rocky ledge or reef...... If reporting beyond 18 degress in any direction, Easting Decrease by 112 metres Increase by 112 metres prefix Grid Zone designation as: Exposed wreck, lighthouse...... Northing Decrease by 185 metres Increase by 185 metres 54HDV527705, GDA or 55HDV527705, GDA Breakwater, pier or jetty, boat ramp...... Example 1: AGD66 Latitude -37o 50' Longitude 145o 00' Converts to GDA94 Latitude -37o 49' 54.5" Longitude 145o 00 04.5" Navigation beacon, wharf...... Grid North Example 2: AGD/AMG66/Zone 54H East. 320600 North. 5813000 Crown land, cadastre...... Converts to GDA/MGA94/Zone 54H East. 320712 North. 5813185 Local Government Area boundary...... MELTON SHIRE Contact the Intergovernment Committee on Surveying and 3 Mapping (ICSM) for more details at www.icsm.gov.au/icsm/gda/ All maps are orientated

ADMINISTRATION State boundary...... towards Grid North Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393 668000 669000 670000 671000 672000 673000 674000 675000 676000 677000

5810000

5809000

5808000

5807000

5806000 DUNDONNELL

5805000

5804000

5803000

5802000

5801000

5800000

Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-2-1, 7422-2-2-4, 7422-2-1-3 & 7422-2-1-2

0 1000 2000

Scale of Metres Legend: Activity Area Location (Inset)

Activity Area Boundary Not in Activity Area 4,200 hectares (approx) Parish: LGA:

MGA Zone 54 Map 1 Activity Area Location

4 Archaeology At Tardis Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393---

-----, --~, ~ I . I_

~S LANE ; ~- 1 I I I I I I I r-- I I ---....J I

Map Courtesy of DSE Website 0 -----1000 2000 -----Scale of Metres

Legend :

' \ Activity Area Boundary Area of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Sensitivity 1 4,200 hectares (approx) I xxxx * Mound D Not in Activity Area xxxx • Artefact Scatter VAHR 7422-xxxx ~

GOA-x MGAZone54 Map 2 Statutory Areas of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Sensitivity

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 5 Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393 666000 667000 668000 669000 670000 671000 672000 673000 674000 675000 676000 677000

5712000

5811000

5810000 0163 04 02 07 01 03 05 08 55 09 06 10 104 5809000 11 12 14 13 16 15 17 19 18 20 23 22 24 21 25 26 27 30 28 29 31 5808000 32 33 34 37 35 38 36 39 40 41 42 0155 45 0550 44 43 50 48 46 49 47 51 0154 52 5807000 0156 54 57 53 56 59 63 61 60 58 62 66 64 68 65 73 69 72 67 71 70 74 77 78 75 76 5806000 79 81 80 84 DUNDONNELL 83 86 88 85 82 87 89 5805000 91 90 0548 92 0547 0314 0549 0546 93 95 94 96 99 5804000 100 97 98 101 103

102 5803000

5802000

0166 5801000 DRAFT 5800000

Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-2-1, 7422-2-2-4, 7422-2-1-3 & 7422-2-1-2 Legend: 0 1000 2000 Scale of Metres xxxx Activity Area Boundary Mound Quarry Boundary xxxx 4,200 hectares (approx) Artefact Scatter VAHR 7422-xxxx Proposed Quarries

Not in Activity Area xx Turbine Store Dam

Site Facilities Sub Station Access Tracks

MGA Zone 54 Map 3 Extent of Activity Area

6 Archaeology At Tardis Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 2 ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION

The wind farm is proposed to comprise not more than 104 wind turbines. The project is proposed to connect to the 500kV network approximately 33km southwest at the Mortlake Gas Power Station via an overhead power line and electrical substation (see CHMP 12394). Part of CHMP 12393 includes part of CHMP 12394 where the overhead powerline is within the wind farm boundary.

The proposed activity includes, without limit:

1. Wind turbine generators 2. Electrical substations 3. One or more batching plants including one potential batching plant near the wind farm substation 4. Access tracks 5. Hard stand areas 6. Internal overhead powerlines 7. Underground cabling 8. Potential quarry sites & store dam 9. Site office

The construction of the infrastructure has the following indicative ground disturbance:

1. Turbine concrete pad: approximately 22m diameter and 4m depth. 2. Electrical substation: approximately 200m x 150m x 1m (depth) 3. Batching plants: approximately 100m x 100m x 0.5m(depth) 4. Access tracks: up to about 6m track width; up to 0.5m depth with gravel base laid down; drains, battering and cable up to an additional 3m width; road total width up to about 12m wide. 5. Hard stand areas: approximately 50m x 30m with 0.3m depth plus potential for another working area of 20m x 20m with 0.3m depth with road hard core material laid down. 6. Internal overhead powerlines: up to 1m diameter holes with a 6m maximum depth. 7. Underground cabling: maximum trench dimensions 1m deep and 0.5m wide. 8. Potential quarry sites:DRAFT work area authority area is 270ha with potential for two pit locations (approximately 250m x 150m x 15m depth), plant and equipment area, stockpile area and water storage. 9. Site office: approximately 200m x 200m x 0.5m (depth)

The indicative location of infrastructure is shown in Map 3. The precise location of wind farm infrastructure is subject to final design and micro-siting of infrastructure permissible under any planning permit that is issued for the wind farm. In these areas, the activity will likely impact the surface of the land and buried former land surfaces, if present. In these areas the activity may harm Aboriginal cultural heritage, if present.

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 7 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 3 EXTENT OF THE ACTIVITY AREA

The Activity Area is located at Darlington–Nerrin Road, Dundonnell, approximately 23km northeast of Mortlake and 21km west of Derrinallum (MMap 1). The Activity Area comprises numerous land parcels (for cadastre see Appendix 1) and measures approximately 4,200 hectares. The Activity Area is surrounded by farmland and local roads.

The regional context of the Activity Area is the volcanic plains of western Victoria. The salient prominent structures and works in, and natural features of, the Activity Area are (MMap 3):

x Western Victorian volcanic plains x Stony rises x Swales x Ephemeral seasonal wetlands x Roads and laneways including Darlington–Nerrin Road, Ennerdale Lane, Fasham’s Lane, Post Office Lane, Darcys Lane, Dohertys Lane and Dawes Lane x Houses x Farming infrastructure x Fences x Tracks

ACHRIS shows three registered places (VAHR 7422-0154, 7422-0156 & 7422-0314) within the Activity Area and two (VAHR 7422-0155 & 7422-0550) within 200m of the Activity Area boundary.

3.1 Relevant Local Municipality

The relevant local municipality is Moyne Shire (MMap 1).

DRAFT

8 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 4 DOCUMENTATION OF CONSULTATION

4.1 Relevant Aboriginal Group Representation & Participation

ACHRIS (accessed 30.11.2012) shows there is no RAP or RAP applicant for the Activity Area. OAAV was contacted to determine who are the relevant Aboriginal persons or Aboriginal bodies in relation to the evaluation of the CHMP (s.65(3) Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006). AAT was advised that the Kuuyang Maar Aboriginal Corporation (KMAC) was the relevant Aboriginal group (email Matthew Phelan OAAV 3.12.2012). AAT was subsequently advised that the Eastern Maar Aboriginal Corporation (EMAC) was also a relevant Aboriginal group. KMAC and EMAC appointed the following representatives (TTable 1).

Table 1 Relevant Aboriginal Group Functions, Representation & Participation

Name Activity Function Joey Chatfield Project Inception Meeting KMAC project manager KMAC chairman of the Brendon Edwards Project Inception Meeting board Jeremy Clark Project Meetings EMAC Chairperson Trent Edwards, Brandon Edwards, Greg Edwards, Ron Arnold (KMAC), Geoff Clark, Vicki Abrahams, Hayden Standard Assessment Fieldwork representatives Harradine, Jackson Chatfield, Leoni Young, Amos Atkinson (EMAC) Mark Edwards, Brandon Edwards, Greg Edwards, Ron Arnold, Jackson Complex Assessment Fieldwork representatives Chatfield (KMAC), Geoff Clark, Vicki Abrahams, Craig Edwards (EMAC)

4.2 Meetings and Consultation (Assessment)

Meetings and consultation were conducted as follows (TTable 2).

Table 2 Meetings and Consultation (Assessment) DRAFT Date Meeting / Consultation Discussion & Outcomes 2012.11.30 Email Tom Rymer requested project inception meeting with OAAV Tom Rymer (AAT) to Matthew to discuss the project & advice on who OAAV considers is Phelan (OAAV) the relevant Aboriginal group since no RAP or RAP applicant is shown on ACHRIS. 2012.12.3 Email Matthew Phelan advised that KMAC is a relevant Aboriginal Matthew Phelan (OAAV) to Tom group since the VAHC, although rejecting their RAP Rymer (AAT) application, indicated in their statement that KMAC membership included traditional owners and no other group has indicated their interest in the area. He referred the meeting request to Tya Lovett, Acting Manager, Barwon Grampians, OAAV.

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 9 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

Date Meeting / Consultation Discussion & Outcomes 2012.12.17 Meeting Chris Righetti introduced NewEn, their co-developer Joey Chatfield, Brendon Trustpower, projects undertaken in Western Victoria and the Edwards (KMAC), Chris Dundonnell Wind Farm. Righetti (NewEn), Kenneth Joey Chatfield introduced KMAC and detailed their McNiff (Trustpower), Tya Lovett commitment to Aboriginal cultural heritage and fostering (OAAV), Andrea Murphy, Tom productive relationships with Sponsors. Rymer (AAT) Tom Rymer presented information from the desktop assessment. The stony rises in the Activity Area are not considered highly sensitive unless they are associated with strategic values. The Aboriginal cultural heritage sensitivity model assessed land near waterways, springs and the slopes of Mount Fyans as having sensitivity for artefact scatters and mounds. Four places within the Activity Area are associated with swamps and springs. The general lack of strategic values in the preliminary layout meant that scientifically significant places were unlikely to be impacted by the development. The model would be tested during the standard and complex assessment. Joey Chatfield advised that many registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places were found in the Mount Gellibrand Wind Farm. Tya Lovett advised that areas considered having both high and low sensitivity required assessment in the CHMP. Chris Righetti & Kenneth McNiff presented the planning status and design timelines of the project. 2013.7.2 Email Tom sought direction whether KMAC was still considered by Tom Rymer (AAT) to Tya Lovett OAAV as the relevant Aboriginal group in relation to the & Matthew Phelan (OAAV) Activity Area. 2013.7.4 Email Tya advised that OAAV are definitely consulting with KMAC Tya Lovett (OAAV) to Tom and Eastern Maar in relation to the project. Rymer (AAT) 2013.8.29- Standard Assessment During the standard assessment the program and 9.3 methodology of works were discussed with the field representatives. This was repeated each time different personnel from each relevant Aboriginal group came to site. No representative expressed any dissatisfaction or disagreement with the assessment methodology or its conduct. Representatives were asked to provide any DRAFTfeedback on areas they considered to be sensitive for Aboriginal cultural heritage. No representatives considered the Activity Area likely to have been attractive to have base camps. 2013.10.18 Meeting The aim of the meeting was to discuss the results of the Chris Righetti, Klaus Wiegel desktop and standard assessment, and methodology for (Trustpower), Liz Kilpatrick, the complex assessment. Tom presented the results of the Jana Boulet (OAAV), Tom assessment to date. The standard assessment has refined Rymer (AAT) the areas considered to be sensitive for Aboriginal cultural heritage to land within 100m of freshwater springs, the boundary of the Mount Fyans lava flow & Ennerdale plain. The previous area around the upper slopes of Mount Fyans is now considered not to be sensitive. No Aboriginal cultural heritage places were discovered during the standard assessment. These conclusions were discussed and agreed to with Aboriginal community representatives who participated in the standard assessment. The low potential sensitivity is based on the lack of strategic values (eg

10 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

Date Meeting / Consultation Discussion & Outcomes permanent water) in the Activity Area. These values are found outside the Activity Area (eg Lake Bolac, Salt Creek). Permanent water is located outside the Activity Area, in particular, in lakes to the south and southeast. Wind farm infrastructure was designed early on in the process to avoid areas of potential Aboriginal cultural heritage sensitivity within the windfarm (springs, freshwater marshes). Many of these areas also overlapped with flora and fauna values which were to be avoided. Liz asked about the ground visibility; whether the layout was likely to change significantly; whether areas identified as sensitive, but not to be impacted under the existing layout, would be assessed and / or managed (eg Mount Violet). Tom advised that the ground visibility was generally very poor (5%) and the assessment concentrated on landform & strategic value assessment. Chris advised that the layout was fairly well fixed with only micro-siting likely to occur. Sensitive areas are unlikely to be impacted if not included in the current layout. These areas can be highlighted in the CHMP to be avoided from any change in layout (otherwise another CHMP may be required). Tom advised that the complex assessment should concentrate on assessing the ground disturbance located closest to the areas of sensitivity identified in the standard assessment (Map 12). These areas are in the southeast, west and northwest. A control sample was proposed for areas on the upper slopes of Mount Fyans to test the model that the slopes were not sensitive. Tom suggested transects across one of the proposed quarry sites to test for presence and absence of Aboriginal cultural heritage. Liz advised that OAAV preferred larger scale assessment in sensitive areas to provide a better test of the model. Excavation should comprise a minimum of 1m x 1m test pits. Tom suggested that a methodology and map be prepared and circulate for comment. Liz agreed. 2013.11.20 Email Proposed complex assessment methodology sent for review Chris Righetti (Trustpower) and comment. to Liz Kilpatrick (OAAV)DRAFT 2013.11.21 Email Liz advised that complex assessment methodology was ok. Liz Kilpatrick (OAAV) to She advised that if anomalies or unexpected features were Chris Righetti (Trustpower) discovered then additional investigations may be required. 2013.12.2-6 Complex Assessment During the complex assessment the program and methodology of the works were discussed with the field representatives. This was repeated each time different personnel from each relevant Aboriginal group came to site. No representatives expressed any dissatisfaction or disagreement with the assessment methodology or its conduct. 2014.1.15 Email Chris advised that the northern boundary of the Activity Area Chris Righetti (Trustpower) has been extended and enquired whether the additional part to Liz Kilpatrick (OAAV) required assessment. 2014.1.16 Email Liz advised that the additional area required assessment. Liz Kilpatrick (OAAV) to Chris Righetti (Trustpower)

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 11 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

Date Meeting / Consultation Discussion & Outcomes 2014.1.21 Standard Assessment After the completion of the standard assessment for the additional northern part of the Activity Area, Tom Rymer asked the field representative for feedback on the standard assessment. No concerns were raised about the assessment and no recommendations were provided. 2014.11.27 Meeting Harry and Liz advised that OAAV required additional Chris Righetti (Trustpower), assessment to provide confidence that enough investigation Harry Webber, Liz Kilpatrick has occurred in the Activity Area to ensure that the activity is (OAAV), Adam Mitchell unlikely to harm significant Aboriginal cultural heritage. A (DTPLI), Julie Hallyburton combination of additional standard and complex assessment (DSE), Andrea Murphy, Tom was required depending on site conditions. OAAV requested Rymer (AAT) targeting of assessment based on landform and local resource values. Tom advised that standard assessment is only likely to have value if there is good ground surface visibility. Previous site investigations have shown that ground surface visibility is typically very poor since grazing is the main activity and grass cover inhibits the identification of sites. A methodology for further assessment would be provided to Harry and Liz for approval prior to conducting field assessment. 2014.12.2 Email Proposed assessment methodology sent for review and Tom Rymer (AAT) to Harry comment. Webber & Liz Kilpatrick (OAAV) 2014.12.4 Email Harry advised general satisfaction with the approach for the Harry Webber (OAAV) to targeted investigation of landforms. He advised that test pits Tom Rymer (AAT), Chris should be 1mx1m, the area previously surveyed needed to Righetti (OAAV) be clarified, stone structures and mounds require additional survey, and Rudi Frank should be contacted to discuss previous discoveries in the Activity Area.

4.3 Meetings and Consultation (Recommendations)

Meetings and consultation were conducted as follows (TTable 3).

Table 3 Meetings and Consultation (Recommendations) DRAFT Date Meeting / Consultation Discussion & Outcomes Email? The draft CHMP was provided to KMAC and EMAC for Chris Righetti (Trustpower) review and comment to KMAC & EMAC 2014.5.12 Email Comments on draft CHMP provided from OAAV via Chris Righetti (Trustpower) Environmental Effects Statement Technical Reference Group to Tom Rymer (AAT) (TRG). Draft CHMP considered to generally fulfil requirements as laid out in the guide to preparing a cultural heritage management plan and the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007. 2014.5.15 Letter Letter of support regarding the scope and methodology of Joey Chatfield (KMAC) to the assessment as well as the recommendations in the Chris Righetti (Trustpower) CHMP. 2014.6.4 Email Chris provided a draft of the CHMP for review and comment Chris Righetti (Trustpower) with a request to provide any feedback.

12 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

Date Meeting / Consultation Discussion & Outcomes to Jeremy Clark (EMAC) 2014.12.16 Meeting Tom presented the results of the additional standard and Chris Righetti (Trustpower), complex assessment. Previously recorded earth features Liz Kilpatrick (OAAV), Adam VAHR 7422-0154, 7422-0156 & 7422-0314 could not be Mitchell (DTPLI), Julie relocated. Consultation with Rudi Frank was unable to Hallyburton (DSE), Andrea provide any additional information to relocate the places. An Murphy, Tom Rymer (AAT) internet search of Mogila (site name for VAHR 7422-0154 & 0156) found no reference to the place location. Two artefact scatters VAHR 7422-0567 & 7422-0568 were found during the complex assessment. VAHR 7422-0567 is a diffuse low density artefact scatter, while 7422-0568 was a small cluster. Chris advised that Mogila is a property name outside the Activity Area boundary. Tom suggested that this information means that these sites are inaccurately recorded on ACHRIS and are therefore unlikely to be located within the Activity Area boundary. Liz advised that due to the scope of the investigation at both VAHR 7422-0567 & 7422-0568 the activity at these place locations can proceed and harm the sites. This was preferable to moving the activity and potentially harming cultural heritage that had not been identified during the assessment. 2015.3.5 Chris Righetti (Trustpower), Additional discussion of appropriate management Liz Kilpatrick, David Thomas recommendations for the CHMP was conducted. Liz and (OAAV), Julie Hallyburton David discussed the model that considered it likely that (DSE), Andrea Murphy, Tom additional archaeological sites may be present in the Activity Rymer (AAT) Area where the wind farm will impact the ground surface and that it would be appropriate to conduct ground survey of access tracks during construction. It was also considered appropriate that some salvage of the artefact cluster at VAHR 7422-0568 was conducted. Tom and Andrea advised that these comments would be incorporated into the recommendations. All other participants agreed this should occur.

4.4 Other Consultation

The following were also consulted:DRAFT

x Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Register and Information System (ACHRIS) x State Library of Victoria x Land Victoria x Public Records Office x Land Managers

4.5 Summary of Consultation Outcomes

The consultation outcomes are:

1. There is no RAP 2. KMAC and EMAC are considered by OAAV to be the relevant Aboriginal groups for the Activity Area. 3. KMAC and EMAC have been consulted during the assessment.

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 13 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 4. KMAC and EMAC participated in the assessment. 5. KMAC reviewed the draft CHMP and supported the assessment methodology and recommendations. 6. No response to the draft CHMP was received from EMAC.

DRAFT

14 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 5 DESKTOP ASSESSMENT

The aim of the desktop assessment is to formulate an Aboriginal cultural heritage sensitivity model for the Activity Area (SSection 5.10).

5.1 Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Registry Access and Search

The Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Register and Information System (ACHRIS) was accessed for reports and places on 29 November 2012 and 18 December 2014.

5.2 Relevant Geographic Region

The relevant geographic region of the Activity Area is defined as land within approximately 20km of the Activity Area. This area is considered to contain a sufficient and representative sample of registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places that is required to formulate an Aboriginal cultural heritage sensitivity model. Other definitions of geographic region are not considered practical or relevant to the investigation. For example, the volcanic plains and stony rises extend for considerable distances and the extremely large number of cultural heritage reports and places within each of these separate landforms will not be directly relevant or useful to analyse in detail.

5.3 Map showing the Relevant Geographic Region

The boundary of the relevant geographic region is shown in Map 4.

5.4 Registered Aboriginal Places in the Relevant Geographic Region

There are three registered Aboriginal places within the Activity Area (VAHR 7422-0154, 7422-0155, 7422-0156 & 7422-0314) which are all earth features (mounds) (MMaps 2 & 3). Stone artefacts are associated with VAHR 7422-0154 and 7422-0156 while the place form for VAHR 7422-0314 describes the mound as a ‘small oven’. One artefact scatter VAHR 7422-0550 and one mound VAHR 7422-0155 are within 200m of the Activity Area boundary (Table 4).

There are 125 registered AboriDRAFTginal places in the geographic region comprising 60 earth features (mounds), 40 stone artefact scatters, nine scarred trees, two earth features (hearths), four Aboriginal human remains (burial), three artefact scatters & earth features (mounds), two Aboriginal human remains (burial) & earth feature (mound), one Aboriginal human remains (burial) & earth feature (hearth), one Aboriginal human remains & artefact scatter, two object collections and one quarry (TTable 5, Appendix 7).

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 15 Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393 \ 5825000

Loke 'E'yPn§ Solt;l!tike VIta vlfe u

5800000 DE r.E/ep.,han t'"'­

Map Courtesy of DSE Website 0 5 10

------Scale of Ki lometres Legend : ~

' \ Activity Area Boundary ) Geographic Region Boundary /{ I 4,200 hectares (approx) I GOA MGAZone54 D Not in Activity Area

Map 4 Relevant Geographic Region

16 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors ------~------~------Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 Table 4 Aboriginal Places in the Activity Area & 200m of the Activity Area Boundary

VAHR No Place Size Scientific Place Type Location Place Name Contents Significance 295m from unnamed former 55m x 10m (550m2) 7422-0154 Earth Feature deep freshwater marsh on a Quartz, quartzite, flint Not stated Mogila 1 (Mound) ‘shoreline’ (see place form), & basalt flakes & Post Office Lane, Dundonnell tools Recorded on a stony rise (see 7422-0155 Earth Feature 17m x 10m place form), Post Office Lane, Not stated Mogila 2 (Mound) (170m2) Dundonnell Recorded on a ridge (see place 27m x 8m (216m2) 7422-0156 Earth Feature form), Post Office Lane, Quartz & quartzite Not stated Mogila 3 (Mound) Dundonnell fragments & tools Place form describes 7422-0314 Earth Feature Post Office Lane, Dundonnell a ‘small oven’ Not stated Mount Violet 1 (Mound) 6m x 6m (36m2) Track into Mount Fyans quarry, 1m x 1m 7422-0550 Artefact north of Fasham’s Lane, 1 silcrete broken Not stated Mount Fyans 1 Scatter Dundonnell & 110m from the flake Activity Area boundary Within 200m of the Activity Area boundary

Table 5 Place-Types within the Relevant Geographic Region

Place-Type Number Earth Feature (Mound) 60 Earth Feature (Hearth) 2 Artefact Scatter 40 Artefact Scatter & Earth Feature (Hearth) 3 Scarred Tree 9 Aboriginal human remains (Burial) 4 Aboriginal Human Remains (Burial) & Earth 2 Feature (Mound)DRAFT Aboriginal Human Remains (Burial) & Earth 1 Feature (Hearth) Aboriginal Human Remains (Burial) & Artefact 1 Scatter Object Collection 2 Quarry 1 Total 125

Historic References, Scarred Trees, Aboriginal Human Remains & Other Minor Place- Types

There are four historic references on ACHRIS including Terrinallum Station (ID 1.5-6), Lake Bolac (Boloke) Meeting Place (ID 12.2-10), Fiery Creek Inn Meeting (ID 2.2-9) and Taylor Massacre (ID 8.1-16). The nearest historic place is Terrinallum Station which is located

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 17 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 approximately 8.5km to the east. Terrinallum Station is a property where Aboriginal people were known to have frequented. Fiery Creek Inn was a congregation point around town. Taylor Massacre is a place where Aboriginal people were purportedly attacked. Lake Bolac is renowned as a locality for inter-tribal gatherings (SSection 5.6).

A number of places were subject to radiometric dating in the 1970s by VAS (CCoutts et al 1977ab, 1986) including VAHR 7422-0001 and 7422-0006. In particular, the lowest layer at VAHR 7422-0001 was associated with a quartz artefact scatter and was dated to 12,480±1560 which is at the Pleistocene / Holocene transition (CCoutts et al 1986: 25-26). VAHR 7422-0006 was dated to 2350r100BP, that is, the Late Holocene (CCoutts 1977).

The small number of registered scarred trees (n=9) may be related to the extensive land clearing that has occurred since European settlement. Only four place forms record the tree species, all of which are Red Gum.

A total of eight places are registered as Aboriginal human remains or have Aboriginal human remains as a component of a place (TTable 6). The majority of Aboriginal human remains are located in the Lake Bolac area with one in the locality of Pura Pura and the other in Darlington. The places are typically found within mounds in proximity to lakes with only VAHR 7422-0006 found more than 100m from a waterway. The nearest Aboriginal human remains to the Activity Area are VAHR 7522-0019 and 7522-0072. Both are located approximately 6.5km to the east.

Table 6 Aboriginal Human Remains (Burial) in the Geographic Region

VAHR No Scientific Place Type Location Place Contents Place Name Significance Aboriginal Human Approx 630m from At least 3 burials; quartz, 7422-0006 Remains (Burial); Lake Alexander, quartzite, flint, silcrete, Fred Morton 1 Not stated Earth Feature Whites Lane, Lake greenstone & diorite FM/1 (Hearth) Bolac flakes, tools & cores Approx 15m from Aboriginal Human semi-permanent 7422-0218 Soil horizon described as Remains (Burial); saline lake, South Not stated Karmala 2 sandy Artefact Scatter Beach Road, Lake DRAFTBolac Aboriginal Human Approx 75m from Place form relates land 7422-0287 Remains (Burial); Fiery Creek, South owner found skeletal Not stated JN 1 Earth Feature Beach Road, Lake material, fresh water (Mound) Bolac mussel & stone material Aboriginal Human Approx 35m from Place form relates land 7422-0289 Remains (Burial); Fiery Creek, South owner found skeletal Not stated JN 2 Earth Feature Beach Road, Lake material, fresh water (Mound) Bolac mussel & stone material Approx 10m from Place form notes that semi-permanent 7422-0483 Aboriginal Human skeletal remains were saline lake, South Not stated Davidson 5 Remains (Burial) given to the local school Beach Road, Lake then disappeared Bolac

18 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

VAHR No Scientific Place Type Location Place Contents Place Name Significance Approx 20m from 7422-0517 Place form notes that Aboriginal Human Lake Turangmoroke, Knights Lake only cranial fragments Not stated Remains (Burial) Parupa Park Road, 1 were found Lake Bolac Approx 45m from Place form notes that a 7522-0019 unnamed lake, Aboriginal Human skull & bones were found South Dundonnell- Not stated Remains (Burial) in an eroding deposit on Terrinallum 1 Derrinallum Road, the shoreline of the lake Darlington Shoreline of Salt Place form notes that a 7522-0072 Aboriginal Human Lake, Darlington- cranium & 2 teeth were Terrinallum Not stated Remains (Burial) Carranballac Road, exposed on the shoreline Cranium Pura Pura at low water levels

Artefact Scatters

Only 27 of 44 artefact scatters have the number of artefacts recorded on place forms or in reports resulting in only 137 artefacts fully documented for the geographic region, therefore conclusions from the data are unlikely to be representative of the geographic region. This reporting situation is typical in Victorian cultural heritage management when most of the registered places have been recorded more than 15 years ago. It is reflected in the current geographic region where only two of the artefact scatters were recorded since 1995. This means the assessment of scientific significance of any artefacts found in this assessment should be based on intrinsic (eg density, size, stratification, etc) rather than relational (eg rarity) archaeological attributes.

The available data shows that flakes (n=34) and angular fragments (n=18) dominate the assemblage followed by retouched flakes (n=1), thumbnail scrapers (n=2), backed blades, multidirectional cores (n=1), bipolar cores (n=1) and an axe. In the literature artefacts are recorded having been made from a wide range of raw materials however the available numeric data includes only quartz (n=85), quartzite (n=14) and silcrete (n=9). Microliths associated with the Australian Small Tool Tradition (ASTT) are found in the regional assemblage showing that places typically date to the Late Holocene. DRAFT Only 24 artefact scatters have their extents recorded. Of these the majority are less than 1,000m2 (n=19) and the remainder are less than 10,000m2. However, occasionally artefact scatters are much larger; for example, VAHR 7422-0001, which is situated on a lunette along the southeastern margin of Lake Bolac. However only its length is recorded and measured approximately 12,000m.

The majority of artefact scatters are found within 200m of waterways (CChart 1).

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 19 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 Chart 1 Artefact Scatters and Distance from Waterways

35

30

25

20

15

Number of artefact scatters Number 10

5

0 0-100 100-200 200-300 >300 Distance from waterways (m)

There is hardly any data available on the depth of artefacts in soil profiles. Nearby regions with similar landforms typically find artefacts to a maximum depth of 35cm in clayey silt A- horizons except in sandy profiles found (for example on lunettes) where artefacts may be found at greater depth. Similarly hardly any artefact scatters have been assessed for scientific significance. Typically, most artefact scatters have low scientific significance except for large artefact scatters on lunettes or dunes adjacent to major waterways. DRA Based on the above, the nature of artefact scatters is summarised as follows (TTable 7):

Table 7 Summary of Artefact Scatter Place Attributes

Attribute Details Artefact data classes Dominated by flakes and angular fragments Artefact raw materials Dominated by quartz and silcrete although a variety of other raw materials may also be present Number of artefacts per place Average=5; median=2 Density of artefacts per place Average=per m2; median=per m2 Place extent Average=618m2; median=10m2 Age Places most likely date to the Late Holocene, Early Holocene / Pleistocene transition places have only been found on the lunette of Lake Bolac

20 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

Attribute Details Geomorphic context The majority of places are found on the plain Landform elements Places are found on lunettes (n=6), shorelines (n=8) and stony rises (n=7) on crests, slopes and flat land Distance from waterways The majority of artefact scatters regardless of size, density or significance are found within 100m of waterways. Scientific Significance Typically below low scientific significance except for large artefact scatters on lunettes eg VAHR 7422-0001

Mounds

There are 62 mound components in the geographic region. All the mounds were recorded in the 1970s and 1980s except for VAHR 7522-0057 which was recorded in 1995. The majority of mounds (n=33, 53%), are found within 300m of waterways; however they can be found at distances greater than 900m (CChart 2). Mounds range in extent from 16m2 up to 1625m2 with an average size of 221m2 and a median of 130m2. Larger mounds tend to be found closer to waterways (CChart 3).

Charts 2 and 3 show a spike in the number of mounds 900m to 1400m from waterways. These mounds primarily represent two clusters of mounds on the Boorook property between Wordleys Lane and Salt Creek. The mounds typically comprise a layer of black soil with an estimated maximum thickness of up to 50cm, often with large amounts of charcoal. Only one mound was associated with definite stone artefacts “lithic material” (VAHR 7422-0168) including “chalcedony flakes”. The mounds were in various conditions from well preserved to “very badly hacked about” and “ploughed”. It is also noted that these clusters were in a position which had “good vantage”. The ground was very stony and large outcrops of sandstone are noted nearby. Sandstone may have been another reason why this place was utilised for occupation.

These clusters are also approximately 3.3km east of the Hopkins River. This area is at a point where the distance between the Hopkins River and Salt Creek narrows (4.6km) before it widens again. Tributaries of the Hopkins run to within 1.4km of Salt Creek. This is an area which has richer strategic and ethnographic values than the Activity Area, and hence also archaeological DRAFTvalues. The strategic values include flora, fauna, potable water associated with Hopkins River, Salt Creek and their tributaries, good vantage and outcrops of sandstone. Both waterways would also have been important routes of movement. The ethnographic importance is attested to by Dawson (11881, see Section 5.6) who describes the nature of Aboriginal occupation along the lengths of Salt Creek and large inter-tribal gatherings at Lake Bolac. The Boorook clusters are therefore situated in a locally strategic location which explains the spike in the numbers of mounds between 900m and 1400m in Chart 2. This strategic context is not found in the Dundonnell Wind Farm.

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 21 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 Chart 2 Mounds and Distance from Waterways

25 23

20

15

10 7 Number of mounds Number of mounds 6 6 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 1 1

0

Distance from nearest waterway (m)

Chart 3 Mound Extent and Distance from Nearest Waterway

1800

1600

1400

1200 1000 DRAF 800 Extent (m2)

600

400

200

0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Distance from nearest waterway (m)

22 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 Only nine mounds (VAHR 7422-0104, 7422-0123, 7422-0154, 7422-0156, 7422-164, 7422- 0168, 7422-0340, 7422-0368 & 7422-0411) are recorded having a stone artefact component on site cards, although the artefact scatter component is not registered on ACHRIS. Where shown, soil colour is typically black, brownish black, dark, dark brown or grey to black (n=48). Only one mound was described having red or reddish yellow soil. The depth of the mound deposit was recorded for 31 mounds to a maximum depth of 60cm, although a maximum depth of up to 40cm was more typical.

Two mounds report landowner information that they contained Aboriginal human remains (VAHR 7422-0287 & 7422-0289) with the latter also containing a fresh water mussel shell and stone artefact component. Both places are recorded within 100m of Fiery Creek.

Typically mounds have been ploughed or burrowed by rabbits. Only one mound (VAHR 7422-0176) has been assessed as being in excellent condition. Typically they have not been rated for scientific significance. Mounds that have additional components such as artefact scatters and human burials, and have not been subject to high levels of disturbance, will have higher scientific significance than mounds with no additional components. Mounds which have been subject to a high level of disturbance will have reduced archaeological integrity and hence also scientific significance.

In relation to the Activity Area, studies on mounds by Coutts et al (11977) and Williams (11985) indicates that mounds, in particular clusters of mounds, are typically associated with rich diverse resource areas, potable water, and at the confluence of watercourses, in particular, where large permanent waterholes are present. These conditions are not found in the Activity Area, therefore, mound clusters are high unlikely to be present. Two mounds (VAHR 7422-0154 & 7422-0156) have been recorded in the west of the Activity Area associated with low lying land and a drained marshy area. Both have an artefact component associated with them. The other earth feature (VAHR 7422-0314) is recorded on the site form as a ‘small oven’ and not a mound per se. Based on the above data and reports below, it is considered unlikely that the Activity Area contains any large complex of mounds. If additional mounds are present, they are most likely to be isolated occurrences on elevated land adjacent to waterways.

5.5 Reports and Published Works in the Relevant Geographic Region DRAFT Regional Investigations

ACHRIS lists 11 regional or large scale investigations (PPresland 1981; Coutts 1977; Coutts et al 1977ab, 1986; McNiven 1998 (1994); Cekalovic & Tulloch 2001; McConnell, Buckley & Wickman 2002ab; Lane 2008) and nine literature references (MMulvaney 1964; McBryde 1979; Bird & Frankel 1991ab; Lane & Fullager 1980; Presland 1977ab, 1980; Massola 1968). Only the most relevant to the current Activity Area are discussed below.

Coutts et al (11977a) conducted a major regional archaeological investigation for VAS comprising a surface survey of the Willaura map sheet (7422) district. The survey encompassed 270,000 hectares. The investigation focussed on an analysis of the surveyed mounds in terms of typology – defined by size and estimated volume, and in terms of location – primarily proximity to potable water and vantage. The distribution pattern of mounds in the region was found to broadly correspond with the core attributes of proximity to potable water and vantage. Mounds were grouped into clusters based on

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 23 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 an estimated 6km forage radius within reconstructed “biotic communities”. Seven mounds were excavated as part of the study, the results of two of which were published; FM/1 VAHR 7422-0006 and KP/1 VAHR 7422-0084. Both mounds were disturbed by burrowing animals and contained charcoal rich soil, heat affected stone hearths, burials, lithic assemblages, bone tools, disarticulated animal bone and redeposited natural soil. No radiocarbon dates for the excavated places were published in this report.

Coutts (11977) summarised the results from the VAS Warrnambool, Ararat and Willaura map sheet surveys. A summary of Coutts et al (11977a) was provided with the addition of a list of radiocarbon dates for places excavated in the western district, including FM/1 VAHR 7422-0006 (2350±150 BP) and KP/1 VAHR 7422-0084 (7440±145 BP). In general pre- contact dates ranged from 640±95 BP to 3330±100 BP with the date returned for VAHR 7422-0084 being the exception. Unfortunately only the excavators place codes were provided as place identification without name or registration number, so the listed dates have a limited value beyond establishing a broad chronology per place type in the western district. While not stated explicitly in this paper, it is indicated that burials are only present in large mounds (10m+ diameter implied). Mounds are likely to date to the Late Holocene.

Coutts (11977b) presented the results of the Warrnambool map sheet survey. While not directly providing any additional information relevant to the Activity Area, more details on Coutts place codes are provided so that geographic location can be determined for dated places nearest to the Activity Area.

McConnell, Buckley and Wickman (2002) presented the Aboriginal Heritage Management in Victoria Forests report for the former Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DNRE) within the framework of the Regional Forests Agreement Program. This report followed on from a similar assessment conducted for the North East region of Victoria. An Aboriginal Heritage Management System was developed for forests in West Victoria. It proposed a set of principles for the management of values in former DNRE managed forests. It recommended additional identification of Aboriginal heritage values and additional research at a regional level to mitigate disturbance of Aboriginal heritage values as well as for strategic planning and management purposes. A number of key objectives and mechanisms were proposed to achieve these desired outcomes. A system of Aboriginal Heritage Sensitivity Zoning for the regions under review was presented. However, in the subsidiaryDRAFT report dealing with the West Victoria Region (MMcConnell, Buckley & Wickman 2002b) there are no forest areas within the Activity Area. Furthermore the Activity Area region is unzoned and there are no predictive statements relevant to the Activity Area.

Lane (2008) investigated the stone features at Mt Eccles for her PhD with the aim to reassess existing archaeological interpretations of the stone circles of the Mt Eccles stony rises, that is, the positive identification of stone circles as huts and hut complexes as ‘villages’. Open area excavation cast doubt on previous dating of huts and showed little positive evidence of long-term, repeated, semi-permanent or permanent occupation of huts or hut complexes (pp234-235). This means that the data is too weak at the moment to arbitrate on research questions such as the ‘intensification’ debate (p236). Lane (22008) raised the question of possible chronological or behaviour significance of an apparent pattern of stone huts and mounds located on opposite sides of swamps. Noteworthy was the overwhelming dominance of coastal flint in places located on the stony rises – unusual for scatters located distant from the coast.

24 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 Although the following reports (WWilliams 1985; Pavlides & Webber 2003) relating to mounds is not found on the ACHRIS search of reports in the geographic region, they are included below as they are relevant to the formulation of the Aboriginal cultural heritage sensitivity model for the Activity Area.

Williams (11985) investigated mounds along Mustons Creek, Caramut, more than 30km southwest of the Activity Area for her PhD Dissertation. She confirmed that mounds appear relatively late in the archaeological record, after 2,500 BP and are associated with Australian Small Tool Tradition (ASTT) stone artefact assemblages (see also p 312, Figure 10.1). She argues that mounds are linked to a sequence of changes such as the re- organisation of camps and the use of labour, and a more long-term occupation of ‘settlements’. Williams (11985: 110) contends that a cluster of mounds might represent an integrated settlement if radiocarbon dates could show that individual mounds were occupied concurrently. There was insufficient information to link the change to a causal prime mover such as population pressure or shifts in alliance networks. Both were considered to be causes along with a change in environmental conditions to a wetter climate from 2,000 BP resulting in new swamps, marshes and meadows in depressions and waterlogging of soils (WWilliams 1985: 316). Williams argues for a greater acknowledgement of climatic factors to explain the introduction of mounds.

Mounds ranged in size from 3 to 30m in diameter (cf above Section 5.4) and can occur singly or in clusters up to 30. A variety of functions have been attributed to mounds including hut foundations, specialised cooking ovens and general campsites. Three areas were investigated: Caramut, Bessiebelle and Mount William – Caramut is the area closest to the Activity Area (c 30km southwest). Ethnohistorically, Caramut mounds have been linked to Aboriginal village sites; Bessiebelle mounds to the margins of swamps close to villages (stone circles); and Mount William mounds to ovens and camping areas associated with large ditch fish trap systems (p 4). Williams (11985: 20-23) was able to document and assess damage to mound sites using historical information and fieldwork. Mounds were damaged by rabbit burrows, ploughing, stock trampling, cutting for drains, roads and fences, and wind erosion. Large mounds were commonly located to swamp outlets.

Historical accounts contend that burials associated with mounds were intrusive features and were not associatedDRAFT with their primary use (p 25). Features of mounds noted historically include stones layers of ash, red and black earth; burnt earth and stones; old fires or hearths; stone tools including axes, grindstone and stone tools; fragments of emu egg shell; animal bones, and possum and kangaroo bone.

In the Caramut area Williams investigated clusters of mounds considered to represent semi-permanent settlements which are typically situated at the confluence of watercourses. One cluster was selected for excavation and was situated at the junction of Spring and McArthur Creeks on top of a flat-topped rise overlooking a large permanent waterhole, (p 116). She believes that excavations revealed the foundation of a dwelling which dates to the modern period (p 128-132). The cluster does not appear to have been occupied as an integrated settlement prior to 400BP (p 142-143). Excavations also demonstrated that they were used as hut foundations, camping places and activity areas rather than specialised baking ovens. At mound clusters cooking and baking activities were conducted off-mound (WWilliams 1985: 195).

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 25 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 Williams (11985: 326, 329) concludes that significant changes are visible after 2,500 BP: “These involve changes in site types, site numbers, settlement patterns, organisation of camps and possible a shift to sedentism. … The evidence suggests that very localised changes were taking place in southeastern Australia during the late Holocene and in some localities … there is evidence that Aboriginal societies were undergoing dramatic and significant changes during the late Holocene.”

Pavlides and Webber (22003) conducted a field school which conducted an excavation of mound VAHR 7722-0009 (Morrisons 1) adjacent to Tea Tree Creek near Ballarat. Excavation found various stone artefacts and features in thin dark stained sediments to a maximum depth of 30cm. Of particular relevance to this investigation is the fact that the local landform context for this mound location (adjacent to a deeply incised creek with waterholes) is not found in the present Activity Area. They also note the nature of mounds means that they are typically highly disturbed, in particular, rabbits whose burrows disturb archaeological deposits, and farmers who rips these burrows to eradicate the rabbits.

Small Scale Investigations

ACHRIS shows there are five local investigations in the geographic region (WWood 1994, 1996; Godfrey 2000; Raybould 2006ab). None of these included the current Activity Area.

Wood (11994) conducted a survey of proposed Telecom Optical Fibre Cable between Mortlake, Caramut, Lismore, Ellerslie and Terang, none of which include the present Activity Area. A total of eight places were recorded (VAHR 7422-0541, 7522-0023, 7422- 0543 to 7422-0545, 7421-0183 & 7421-0184). All were recorded in close proximity to creeks, swamps or lakes.

Wood (11996) conducted a survey of four different proposed Telstra Optical Fibre Cable routes including Buninyong-Napoleons, Yendon TO-Yendon, Nerrin Nerrin-Streatham and Kennedy’s Creek-Carlisle River-Gellibrand River, Victoria, none of which include the present Activity Area. Only Nerrin Nerrin-Stratham is within the present geographic region. No Aboriginal cultural heritage was found and no areas of Aboriginal cultural heritage sensitivity were identified.

Godfrey (22000) conductedDRAFT a survey in order to prepare a plan to protect the dune bordering the southeastern shore of Lake Bolac. Artefacts were found along the entire beach in front of the dune and on a transect across the southern part of the dune (p4). Based on the location of artefacts and areas of archaeological sensitivity three options were suggested for vehicle access to conduct road erosion prevention works.

Raybould (22006ab) conducted a survey and subsurface testing for roadwork on the Mortlake-Hexham Road. One artefact scatter VAHR 7422-0561 was found northeast of the road on a tributary of Salt Creek. Subsurface testing in the impact area west of the road found no cultural heritage.

Cultural Heritage Management Plans

ACHRIS shows there are three approved CHMPs in the geographic region (KKirkwood, Neuweger & Clark 2008; Ford 2009; Murphy & Rymer 2011a ). None of these included the current Activity Area.

26 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 Kirkwood, Neuweger and Clarke (22008) prepared CHMP 10152 for the proposed Mortlake Wind Farm. No places were found during the standard assessment. The sponsor avoided areas of cultural heritage sensitivity identified by the cultural heritage advisor and no complex assessment was conducted. Subsequent changes to the wind farm required the preparation of CHMP 11020. Ford (22009) found artefact scatter VAHR 7421-0201 during the standard assessment which was assessed as having moderate scientific significance. The location of the place was avoided by the wind farm development. Only land within proximity to Mount Emu Creek was assessed having a high likelihood for Aboriginal cultural heritage. Stony rises and floodplains were not considered likely unless they were in close proximity to creeklines. No complex assessment was considered necessary by the cultural heritage advisor.

Murphy and Rymer (22011a) prepared CHMP 11863 for the Salt Creek Wind Farm at Woorndoo which is located approximately 15km to the southwest of the present Activity Area. The land was located on a gentle ridgeline west of Salt Creek and east of Boswell Swamp. Two mounds (VAHR 7422-0219 & 7422-0223) were previously registered within the Activity Area. The desktop assessment predicted that artefact scatters and mounds were likely to be present east of the ridgeline facing toward Salt Creek. Scarred trees were also likely with numerous mature indigenous trees along the western slopes of the ridge toward Boswell Swamp. The standard assessment identified that only artefact scatters were likely to be impacted and artefact scatters may be located on the best vantage points on the ridgeline, albeit, the likelihood was considered to be low (p52, Table 13). A complex assessment was conducted which excavated 81 test pits or 26.25m2. No Aboriginal cultural heritage was found. The complex assessment demonstrated that significant Aboriginal cultural heritage was unlikely to be found away from perennial waterways and strategic resources.

5.6 History and Ethnohistory in the Relevant Geographic Region

Historic and ethnohistorical information of Aboriginal occupation of the geographic region referred to in Section 5.3 is used to establish pre-settlement Aboriginal spatial organisation and is mostly based on observations made by Europeans during the initial period of contact and subsequent settlement of the Activity Area.

The Activity Area is situatedDRAFT in the traditional lands of the Purteet chowel gundidj clan of the Girai wurrung, whose area extended southeast of Lake Bolac and include Mt Hamilton and possibly also Mt Fyans which is located only about 8.5km to the south (CClark 1990: 217; Map 5). Little is documented or known about the Girai wurrung and what is known has been summarised by Clark (11990: 192-207). Nonetheless, the Purteet chowel gundidj likely were an important clan in relation to access to Lake Bolac where, according to Dawson (1881 in Clark 1990: 192), Girai wurrung clans gathered with Djab wurrung, Dhauwurd wurrung and Wada wurrung clans to harvest eels.

The major strategic resources to the west were the Hopkins River and its tributary, Salt Creek from which Lake Bolac debouched down to the Hopkins River. To north was Fiery Creek and to the east was Mount Emu Creek. On the plain major lakes and swamps, such as Nerrin Nerrin Swamp, Lake Eyang, Lake Gellie and Salt Lake also provided important resources. European settlement of the area led to attempts to control the local Aboriginal people; in particular, the creation of the short lived Mt Rouse, Framlingham and Lake Condah missions to which Aboriginal people were sent. Gray, a local settler, adopted a

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 27 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 benevolent approach to the Aboriginal people and was Honorary Correspondent for the Wickliffe district to the Central Board for the Protection of the Aborigines from 1862 to the early 1880s. In 1863 the Aboriginal groups petitioned Gray to protect their traditional fishing rights from white settlers who were interfering with the seasonal eel fishing at Lake Bolac. The seasonal eel fishing at Lake Bolac is referenced in ethnographic accounts (MMallett 2002: 10) and was likely the focus of inter and intra tribal meetings (DDawson 1981):

Each tribe has allotted to it a portion of the stream, now known as the Salt Creek; and the usual stone barrier is built by each family, with the eel basket in the opening … For a month or two the banks of Salt Creek presented the appearance of a village all the way from Tuureen Tuureen, the outlet of the lake to its junction with the Hopkins. The Boloke tribe claims the country round the lake, and both sides of the river, as far down as Hexham, and consequently has the exclusive right to the fish … No other tribe can catch them without permission, which is generally granted, except to unfriendly tribes from a distance, whose attempts to take the eels by force have often led to quarrels and bloodshed.

A good insight into the Purteet chowel gundidj way of life is provided in Dawson (11981) who recorded many aspects of Aboriginal culture in the region such as laws of marriage, customs, superstition, amusements as well as describing clothing, habitations and utensils among other things. Habitations or wuurns were constructed to suit the seasons, comprised various forms and were of situated on dry land adjacent to lakes, streams or healthy swamps. According to Dawson, the principal type of wuurn was the permanent family dwelling which was dome-shaped, made from strong tree limbs, small limbs (between larger ones), sheets of bark thatch, sods and earth, and were large enough to allow a tall man to stand upright. The wuurns protected against the elements and could be large enough to accommodate more than a dozen people, occasionally being partitioned into separate apartments, “each facing a fire in the centre”. When abandoned for seasonal forays to forage or visit neighbours and family, the doorway, which generally faces the morning sun or a sheltering rock, was closed with sheets of bark or bushes, “and, for the information of visitors, a crooked stick is paced above it (the doorway) pointing in the direction which the family intends to go”. If the wuurn was damaged or destroyed “its debris were levelled, and a new wuurn erected on the same spot” which, according to Dawson, was always preferred. Large wuurns that served their purpose for many generations often becameDRAFT mounds (some very large) of burnt earth, charcoal and ashes and the decomposition of building materials. They were never ovens and only used for the purpose of burial after certain events such as “the death of more than one of the occupants of the dwelling at the same time, or the family becoming extinct” (DDawson 1981: 10, 11 & 103). Dawson (11981: 24) noted that “With splinters of flint and volcanic glass the surface of wooden articles is scraped and smoothed, and every man carries a piece of hard porous lava, as a rasp, to grind the points of spears and poles”. He also noted that only the “middle aged aborigines” knew of the uses of these artefacts as they were only seen at “old aboriginal camping places” since stone implements were being rapidly replaced by metal tools (DDawson 1981: 24).

28 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

Approximate location of Activity Area DRAFT Map 5 Language Areas and Clans

McBryde’s (11984: 267-268) research indicated that the trade of stone axes in Victoria was not purely economically based. Stone was often traded into areas where similar stone sources existed. Therefore, this indicates that a social reason existed for the trade network. McBryde (11984: 278) noted that the greenstone from Mount William near Lancefield was traded extensively throughout Victoria and thus might have served “social purposes as a prestige good when it passed beyond Kulin boundaries”. The greenstone may have changed in status from a ‘supply and demand’ item to one with social exchange value for marriages or other rituals (MMcBryde 1984: 278). McBryde (11984: 278) also noted that, unlike other curated artefacts, the size of the axes did not significantly reduce in their relation to their distance from the source. An axe-stone quarry complex has also been recorded at Mount Ararat in the Western District approximately 170km northeast of the Activity Area. It was investigated and recorded by VAS in 1975. This complex of greenstone quarries incorporates four individual quarry sites, a small quartz quarry and Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 29 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 several work floors of scattered artefacts. The greenstone axes quarried from Victorian sites such as this were traded throughout southeastern Australia. It is items such as these that have allowed archaeologists to trace trade routes and establish hypotheses on social interaction in prehistory (MMcBryde 1984).

According to Dawson (11981: 24), stone axes were usually a prized possession of the chief of a tribe:

[The chief] lends it … for a consideration, to the best climbers, who use it to cut steps into the bark of trees, to enable them to climb in search of bears, opossums, birds, and nests, and also to cut wood and strip bark for their dwellings. For the latter purpose the butt end of the handle is made wedge-shaped, to push under the sheets of bark and prize them off trees.

At least one large-scale exchange gathering was recorded in the Western District during the post-Contact period (DDawson 1981: 78; McBryde 1984: 278; Mulvaney 1964: 430: Howitt 1904). Dawson (11981: 78) detailed an inter-tribal gathering at Noorat, approximately 35km south of the Activity Area:

At the periodical great meetings trading is carried on by the exchange of articles peculiar to distant parts of the country. A favourite place of meeting for the purpose of barter is a hill called Noorat, near Terang. In that locality the forest kangaroos are plentiful, and the skins of the young ones found there are considered superior to all others for making rugs. The aborigines from the Geelong district bring the best stones for making axes, and a kind of wattle gum celebrated for its adhesiveness. This Geelong gum is so useful in fixing the handles of stone axes and the splinters of flint in spears, and for cementing the joints of bark buckets, that it is carried in large lumps all over the Western District. Greenstone for axes is obtained also from a quarry on Spring Creek, near Goodwood; and sandstone for grinding them is got from the salt creek near Lake Boloke. Obsidian or volcanic glass, for scraping and polishing weapons, is found near Dunkeld. The Wimmera country supplies the maleen saplings, found in the malee scrub, for making spears. The Cape Otway forest supplies the wood for bundit spears, and the grass-tree stalk for forming the butt piece of the light spear, and for producing fire; also a red clay, found on the sea coast, which is used as a paint, being first burned and then mixed with water, and laid on a brush formed of the cone of the banksia while in flower by cutting off its long stamens and pistils. Marine shells from the mouth of the HopkinsDRAFT River, and its freshwater shells, are also articles of trade.

Mount Shadwell near Mortlake was also an important location with permanent fresh water available all year round, and known by Europeans as The Springs (CClark 1990: 210). Clark (11990: 192) considers Mount Shadwell in Girai Wurrung country but notes that there were very close ties with the Djab Wurrung.

A review of the available ethnographic information for the Activity Area has not indicated any specific use of the Activity Area by Aboriginal people in the immediate period preceding or succeeding contact.

30 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 5.7 Landform and Geomorphology in the Activity Area

Geology

The dominant geological unit of the Activity Area is the Newer Volcanic Group sheet flows of the Western District Plains (JJoyce et al 2003; Cupper et al 2003; Table 8; Map 6). The Western District Volcanic Plains stretches from west of Melbourne to Port Campbell, and includes 15,000km2 of lava flows and over 200 eruption points (HHills 1975; Rosengren 1994). The Activity Area lies on stony rise olivine basalt of the Eccles regolith landform unit in the main, eastern part as well as on the Ennerdale basalt flows of the Clay regolith landform unit to the west (BBuckland & Stuart-Smith 2000; Joyce 2003; Gray & McDougall 2009). Defined as stony rise landscapes, the Eccles landform unit is the youngest volcanic regolith landform unit described in Victoria and is the least degraded from weathering, while the Clay regolith unit of the Ennerdale flow is one of the oldest, and is deeply weathered and incised (JJoyce 2003). The Ennerdale basalt flow was extruded in the Pliocene between 3–4Ma BP from a smooth-sided lava cone to the northwest of the Activity Area (JJoyce 2003; Rosengren 2012).

Table 8 Geological Units Relevant to the Activity Area

Age Map Symbol Description Holocene Unnamed swamp and lake deposits: Paludal: Qm1 11ka – present lagoon and swamp deposits, silt, clay Miocene – Pleistocene Newer Volcanic Group: Unnamed valley-filling Qno3 23Ma – 11ka basalt: igneous (extrusive) Miocene to Pliocene Newer Volcanic Group: Extrusive: tholeiitic to Qn 23Ma – 1.8Ma alkaline basalts, minor scoria and ash

Within the Eccles unit of the Mount Fyans flows, there are two internal unit subdivisions based on the differences in geology (JJoyce 2003; Rosengren 2012). The youngest of these is the scoria found in close proximity to Mount Fyans in the eastern part of the Activity Area, representing the youngest, and last, eruption stage within the area less than 100ka BP but likely older than 50ka BP (JJoyce 2003; Grimes 2006). The oldest subunit represents the basaltic stony rises extruded in the early stages of the Mount Fyans eruptions at approximatelyDRAFT 100-200ka BP (JJoyce 2003; Grimes 2006). These older eruptions of the Mount Fyans volcano produced extensive stony rise formations, including a small cave in the Mount Fyans dyke, consisting of blocky, vesicular basalt approximately 40m thick with thin, red-brown soils (RRosengren 2012; Grimes 2006; Joyce 2003). While some reports of the Mount Fyans volcano indicate it to be older than 300ka BP, this cannot be true and still retain the regolith classification; older stony rises are far more degraded in character than the Fyans flows, and are classified under the Rouse regolith landscape unit (JJoyce 2003).

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 31 Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393

· ~ ·~

' . e I Q • • e t}j I 5806000 • • I

(1.0 Map Courtesy of DSE Website

0 -----1000 2000 Legend : -----Scale of Metres

' \ Activity Area Boundary Qm1 Unnamed Swamp & Lake Deposits I 4,200 hectares (approx) Qn Newer Volcanic Group Qno2 Unnamed Stony Rises I 01 Unnamed Lunette Deposits Qns Unnamed Scoria Deposits D Not in Activity Area Qc1 Unnamed Alluvium -Pwe Eastern View Group ~ /{ GDA MGA54 Map 6 Activity Area Geology

32 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors ------~~------~------Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 Surrounding the Activity Area are three other main flow packages, with the oldest being the Mount Wyvern and Woorndoo flows which were erupted from low-angle lava cones to the northwest and west respectively around 1–2.1Ma BP, each containing small amounts of scoria which probably erupted in a final stage after the lava flow extrusion period ended (RRosengren 2012; Joyce 2003). These flows were extruded over older (3–5Ma BP) sheet flow basalt and lie to the northwest and west of the Activity Area (GGrimes 2006). Mount Hamilton erupted between 0.5–1Ma BP in the Pleistocene, producing a radial, lava tube- containing flow-field to the north that surrounded an 80m high lava cone (RRosengren 2012). Unlike the eruption points to the south and west (Mount Fyans, Mount Wyvern & Woorndoo), Mount Hamilton contains no scoria (RRosengren 2012). The volcanic flows are summarised in Table 9.

Table 9 Volcanic Flow Ages and Associated Regolith Landform Units

Volcanic flow Regolith landscape unit Age of flow Mount Fyans 1 Eccles 100–50ka BP Mount Fyans 2 Eccles 0.2–0.1Ma BP Mount Hamilton Rouse 0.5–1Ma BP Mount Wyvern Dunkeld ~1Ma BP Woorndoo Dunkeld ~2.1 Ma BP Ennerdale Clay 3–4Ma BP

There are minor Quaternary-age sedimentary deposits within the Activity Area consisting of swamp deposits (BBuckland & Stuart-Smith 2000). The swamp deposits are derived from the disruption of drainage after the extrusion of the stony rises, preventing adequate drainage of the landscape, and resulting in the pooling of water in the low points of the landscape. Sedimentation of the clay, silt and sand was slow, as many of the swamps and lakes are perennial and intermittent (RRosengren 2012). Most of these deposits are arranged along the contact area between the Mount Fyans stony rises and the Ennerdale flow field as well as to the south where groundwater discharge has created several springs (RRosengren 2012).

There is a small outcrop ofDRAFT the Eastern View Group within the Activity Area, and this lies in the northwest corner, exposed around a water body. The Eastern View Group is Late Cretaceous to Late Eocene in age (85–40Ma BP), and was deposited in upper delta plain and floodplain conditions (GGSV 1995; Holford et al 2011). Comprised of sand with minor carbonaceous silt and clay, the unit coarsens upwards and contains the Eastern View Coal Measures, a brown and sub-bituminous coal deposit (GGSV 1995; Abele et al 1976). This area will not be impacted by the activity and therefore will not require further assessment.

Landform and Geomorphology

The landscape is relatively flat to undulating with variable surface relief of between 10–20m on the stony rises, and is comprised of thin lava flows overlying a Tertiary marginal marine plain (EEdwards et al 1996; Rosengren 2012; Joyce 2003). These plains are identified as the Western District Volcanic Plains, and have been formed largely by volcanic eruptions and weathering processes over time, with little removal of sediment through erosional

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 33 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 processes (JJoyce et al 2003; Rosengren 2012). Although largely of low elevation and relief, the stony rises are a significant feature of the landscape with examples present of tumuli, mesas, diverging and converging lava lobes, parallel ridges and depressions, raised lava surfaces, and intervening swampy basins (RRosengren 2012; Edwards et al 1996). These features were created by the uneven flows of lava and by sagging and collapse of lava tubes beneath the crust of the cooling lava (RRosengren 2012; Skeats & James 1937). One of the highest points in the landscape (~10m above the surrounding surfaces) within the Activity Area, Mt Violet, can be observed to the immediate north of Post Office Lane, and lies within a complex pattern of mesas and tumuli produced by differential cooling and slumping of the cooling lava (RRosengren 2012). Mount Fyans, with its summit located just outside the eastern boundary of the Activity Area, is a strategic vantage point with a relief of approximately 40m above the plain and with 360 degree views.

Soil cover of the Activity Area is very thin due to the young age of the dominant basalt flows, preventing any significant weathering of the basalt into clay soils (RRosengren 2012). Due to the uneven and discontinuous surface topography, drainage of the landscape is poor and surface pooling of water creates a high density of slightly saline and freshwater swamps and lakes in the region. At the edge of the Mount Fyans basalt flow field, several springs occur, particularly to the south, and are fed by the local groundwater (RRosengren 2012). In some discharge flow paths for the spring water, the rate of discharge was sufficient to allow for stream incision into the landscape. The main streams close to the Activity Area are Salt Creek to the west and Mount Emu Creek to the east. Both of these streams flow in a southerly direction, and eventually intersect with the Hopkins River in the south.

Landscape Evolution

The Newer Volcanic Group basalts were extruded in the Pleistocene onto a Tertiary depositional surface of outwash fans and high-energy braided stream floodplains (HHill 1999; GSV 1995). At the time, the landscape to the north was being stripped of its thick Cretaceous weathering profile by fluvial processes and transported downstream (HHill 1999). These sediments could be found in large tracts of drainage channels which were then sealed in place by Plio-Pleistocene basalt flows, many of which became the groundwater deep leads knownDRAFT today, and only exposed in discontinuous outcrops such as the outcrop of the Eastern View Group in the western part of the Activity Area (HHoldgate et al 2006; King 1986). Over a period of several million years, the Newer Volcanic Group basalts were extruded onto the landscape, beginning in the east at approximately 6Ma BP and ending in the west approximately 10ka BP near Mount Gambier in South Australia (PPrice et al 2003).

Surrounding the Activity Area, the extrusion of lava began in the Pliocene around 5Ma BP; however, this basalt is now covered by younger flows (RRosengren 2012). The oldest visible flows around the Activity Area were extruded between 3–4Ma BP by the Ennerdale volcano, and underwent a period of weathering into clay before the next eruption in the region occurred at 2Ma BP at the Woorndoo volcano and then at the Mount Wyvern eruption point at approximately 1Ma BP (RRosengren 2012; Joyce 2003). Both the Woorndoo and Mount Wyvern eruptions probably occurred in a two-stage event, with sheet flow basalt erupting first before being followed by a final period of scoriaceous eruptions as can be observed by the capping of scoria on the volcanoes (RRosengren

34 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 2012; Hills 1975; Price et al 2003). As the viscous lava flowed through the low points of the landscape, it filled river channels, covering the landscape surface and cutting off streams (JJoyce et al 2003). The drainage pattern of the region was drastically changed due to the influence of the flows as streams were either diverted or cut off and swamps were formed in the terminations of the cut off streams (CCupper et al 2003).

Around 0.5–1Ma BP, Mount Hamilton erupted, producing long, radial finger-like sheet flows, covering the older basalts to the north of the Activity Area (RRosengren 2012). Along the southern margins of the flows, several lava tubes were formed by the draining of lava, and were subsequently exposed by tunnel collapse to produce some of the best preserved lava tube caves in Victoria (JJoyce et al 2003; Rosengren 2012). In later eruption events (100–50ka BP), the Mount Fyans basalts were extruded onto the surface to form the stony rises which dominate the Activity Area in two pulses (GGrimes 2006; Rosengren 2012). The first pulse of lava consisted of sheet flow basalt that cooled unevenly, forming the stony rises (RRosengren 2012). The second eruption period was the last, and produced a small cap of scoria on the peak of the lava volcano, present today as black scoria, partially destroyed by quarrying (RRosengren 2012).

After the extrusion of the lava, the draining of the basalt from lava tubes and the uneven cooling and slumping of the surface of the flows created an irregular pattern of surface features such as tumuli, mesas, ridges and discontinuous valleys (RRosengren 2012; Hills 1975). These irregular patterns on the landscape caused swamps to form in the lower, poorly drained parts of the landscape, particularly on the margins of the Mount Fyans flows where they met the Ennerdale basalt flows to the west (HHills 1975; Rosengren 2012).

In the period after the eruptions in the area, the landscape has undergone very little change. A low-level rate of weathering has become the main geomorphological process that has acted on the landscape, with the basalt rock being mechanically and chemically weathered into clay soils, particularly on the Ennerdale basalts which have weathered into thick, mottled, pallid kaolinitic soils with buckshot (JJoyce et al 2003; Joyce 2003). Rejuvenation of the streams has occurred, with many of the larger streams cutting into the surface of the clay profiles as can be seen in Salt Creek to the west and Mount Emu Creek to the east (JJoyce et al 2003; Joyce 1999). These streams have deposited limited alluvial sediments derived from the erosion of the basalt throughout the Late Pleistocene and Holocene; however they areDRAFT mostly thin and discontinuous across the landscape.

Currently, the landscape is mostly comprised of open grasslands, having been cleared for stock grazing by Europeans after settlement (JJoyce 2003). Clearance of vegetation has increased erosion slightly, particularly in regions where agricultural crops are grown and harvested. Erosion increases with each harvesting cycle as the stabilising properties of plants in the soil is removed, allowing for the aeolian removal of the topsoil in places.

Geomorphological History

1. Newer Volcanic Group sheet flood basalts were extruded on a Tertiary surface of floodplains and outwash fans in the Pliocene (3–4Ma BP). The Ennerdale basalts were extruded during this period. 2. Mount Wyvern and Woorndoo eruption events occurred, blanketing the local landscape and the older volcanic flows in sheet-flow basalt during the Early Pleistocene (2.1–1Ma BP). These eruptions occurred in a two-stage process, with

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 35 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 the final, explosive scoria eruptions occurring after a period of sheet-flow basalt extrusion. 3. During the sheet-flow eruptions, lava filled the drainage channels, changing the drainage pattern of the region and creating lakes and swamps where the rivers were dammed behind the cooling basalt. 4. At approximately 0.5–1Ma BP, Mount Hamilton began to erupt, producing large volumes of sheet flow basalt. These flows were arranged in a radial pattern around the eruption point, eventually creating a low, conical basalt cone with a 40m deep crater. 5. Around 100ka BP, the Mt Fyans basalt was extruded, forming the stony rises in the Activity Area. Uneven cooling and slumping formed the irregular surface features of the landscape. These landscape features have also led to the further disruption of drainage and the creation of swamps. 6. A second period of eruption between 100 and 50ka BP extruded the scoria, creating a small capping on the top of Mount Fyans, which has been modified by quarrying at the present. 7. From the first periods of eruption (~5Ma BP) in the absence of large-scale erosion events, low level in situ weathering developed varying soil profile thicknesses on the basalt surfaces. Weathering was relatively high during the Pliocene in comparison to the Quaternary, allowing the Ennerdale basalts to undergo a greater degree of weathering than the basalts that were erupted in the Quaternary. 8. During European settlement, clearing of the landscape has increased soil erosion of the basalt plains.

Soils & Regolith

Typically expected soil profiles in an Activity Area can be inferred from soil investigations and previous cultural heritage investigations within the geographic region. Soils associated with stony rises are typically shallow dark gradation clays (dermosols) and self- mulching clay soils (vertosols) (DDPI 2012). Soil management investigations indicate that typical soil profiles within the Activity Area may comprise the following:

1. On the crests of stony rises: black, very dark brown and dark reddish brown clayey silt to silty clay (0-30cm – A11 horizon); black, very dark brown and dark reddish brown clayey silt (30cmDRAFT – A12 horizon); or rock (30cm) (MM670 Baxter & Robinson 2001). 2. On the lower slopes of basalt rises the typical soil profile may comprise the following: dark brown clayey silt (0-15cm – A1 horizon); brown clayey silt (15-35cm – A2 horizon); and yellowish brown medium clay with red mottles (35cm – B horizon) (MM704 Baxter & Robinson 2001). 3. Quaternary basalt overlain by alluvium may comprise the following: very dark grey medium clay (0-20cm – A horizon) and dark grey medium clay (20cm – B horizon) (MM779 Baxter & Robinson 2001). Swamps may comprise soft silt possible peat (0-60cm – A horizon) and very dark brown light to medium clay with red mottles (60cm – D horizon) (MM726 Baxter & Robinson 2001). 4. Approximately 4km west of the present Activity Area on the Woorndoo-Streatham Road the profile on the plain comprises greyish brown sandy clay (0-20cm) over bleached gravelly silty clay (20-35cm) and dark grey & red mottled heavy clay (35cm) (DDPI 2012: SFS17).

36 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 In relation to the present investigation, only three approved CHMPs have been prepared and the nearest one to the Activity Area was prepared by Murphy and Rymer (22011a); however, it investigated different soils and regolith. Similar soil profiles associated with eruption points, stony rises and plains with poorly developed drainage and shallow regolith have been investigated by Murphy and Rymer (22011b: 105) 40km to the west of the present Activity Area. Excavation of test pit TP1 on the stony rises exposed firm very dark grey brown clayey silt (0-10cm), basalt cobbles in a very dark grey brown clayey silt matrix (10-25cm) and large basalt boulders (25cm). On eruption points the soil profile is likely similar to the stony rises unless there are significant deposits of ash. On the alluvial plain test pit TP0 exposed firm dark greyish brown silt (0-25cm) over firm dark greyish brown clayey silt and buckshot (25-30cm) and very strong dark greyish brown clay (30cm).

The potential for Aboriginal cultural heritage using only the expected geological profile of the Activity Area is shown in Table 10 below. This determination only takes into account the earliest known human occupation of southeast Australia (ie within the last 50ka). It does not consider whether it is likely (see Section 5.10).

Table 10 Typical Soil Profile and Cultural Heritage Potential

Cultural Morphology Horizon Depth(cm) Likely Age Heritage Potential Plains with poorly developed drainage and shallow regolith Holocene Greyish brown sandy clay A1 0-20cm Yes (5Ka) Holocene Bleached gravelly silty clay A2 20-35cm Yes (<12Ka) Pleistocene Dark grey & red mottled heavy clay B1 35cm↓ No (>100Ka) Stony rises & eruption points Holocene Grey brown clayey silt A1 0-10cm Yes (<12Ka) Pleistocene Basalt cobble in a clayey silt matrixDRAFT B 10-25cm No (>50Ka) Pleistocene Large basalt boulders C 25cm No (>50Ka

The soil profile information presented above has the following implications for any complex assessment in the Activity Area:

x Aboriginal cultural heritage, if present, will only be in the A1 or A2-horizon. x There is no potential for Aboriginal cultural heritage in the B or C-horizon. x Buried former land surfaces with potential for Aboriginal cultural heritage are not expected to be found within the A-horizon. x The youngest buried former land surface is expected to be associated with the top of the B or C-horizon. The B-horizon predates human occupation of southeast Australia and has no potential for Aboriginal cultural heritage.

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x If a complex assessment is required, there is no scientific reason to excavate into the B or C-horizon.

5.8 Landuse History of the Activity Area

Surveyor-General of New South Wales Major Thomas Mitchell’s expedition in 1836 explored and publicized the western district of Victoria. Mitchell led an expedition from Sydney to follow the course of the Murray River to its junction with the Darling River, but when he glimpsed the good land south of the Murray River he ventured southwest. It was a fertile country with good soil and a temperate climate, with enough timber to be of practical use. Travelling south to Portland Mitchell encountered the Henty family and told them about the good country he had observed. After exploring the Portland Bay region with members of the Henty family Mitchell travelled northeast, via the southern end of the Grampians and the Pyrenees ranges (SShaw 1996). The Henty family were the first of a number of Tasmanian squatters to take up land in western Victoria.

By 1840 there were three groups of settlers in the Western District: the squatters who had arrived from Tasmania and moved west from Melbourne and Geelong; the ‘overlanders’ who had followed Mitchell’s route to bring stock to the illegal squatters; and overseas arrivals, which included men of wealth and assisted immigrants (MMacKellar 2008: 20). However, the Dundonnell Wind Farm region was not used by Europeans until the 1840s. The Activity Area is located in the former Mount Fyans pastoral run that was taken up by Lachlan Mackinnon in 1841 (FFigure 1). Like other Western District pastoralists, Mackinnon migrated to Tasmania from Scotland. He arrived in 1838 and later travelled to Sydney, where he overlanded stock to Adelaide. Between 1839 and 1841 he took up the Tarrengower and Ovens River runs, before acquiring Mount Fyans in 1841 where he took up residence on a rise by the spring (CCumming 2010: 27). In addition to his pastoral interests Mackinnon held the Port Phillip seat in the New South Wales Legislative Council between 1848 and 1850. From December 1852 to May 1853 he was a member of the Victorian Legislative Council and while being supportive of some of the squatter’s claims he was opposed to long leases and pre-emptive rights. In 1852 he became a partner in the Argus newspaper (AADB 2012).

Mackinnon moved to Melbourne in 1849 or 1850 but retained an interest in the Mount Fyans property until aboutDRAFT 1853 (CCumming 2010: 27). His brother-in-law, solicitor James Montgomery lived on the property in the early 1850s and later acquired ownership from Mackinnon. Under Mackinnon and Montgomery’s ownership disputes with the Clyde Company’s neighbouring Terrinallum run were common (CCumming 2010: 27-28). When the runs were surveyed in the late 1840s the Clyde Company were said to be unhappy that Mackinnon’s run included the Peak, as Mount Fyans was then known. When Charles Mackinnon, Lachlan’s brother requested that they wash their sheep at Terrinallum, AC Cameron, who managed Terrinallum for the Clyde Company, granted their request but noted that Mackinnon was “the least deserving neighbour” (CCumming 2010: 27). Cameron complained that Mackinnon’s cattle and sheep were frequently straying into the Terrinallum run, causing Cameron to write in one letter that Montgomery was “driving me to distraction” (CCumming 2010: 28). In 1854 James Montgomery, who was then living at Warrnambool, offered to sell Mount Fyans to the Clyde Company but negotiations stalled over the price. Cameron recommended that the Clyde Company purchase Mount Fyans, which they could use as a cattle station, but his description of the property suggests that it had been neglected. Cameron recorded that (CCumming 2010: 29):

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Figure 1 Squatting Runs (Spreadborough & Anderson 1983)

Mount Fyans as being 78 sq. miles, and as being run down and over-stocked. There is a good house, but the other buildings are not much. The woolshed is passable, the stockyard is an apology, a cultivation paddock, and garden, both in a high state of filth, but there is one of the finest springs in the country.

When a George Russell visited the property he too was disappointed (CCumming 2010: 30): DRAFT The run is a good one and the sheep and cattle are also unobjectionable, but everything has been very much neglected…The stockyard is unfit to muster cattle and the paddock fences are all in a state of ruin. It would require from £700 to £900 to put the station in working condition.

In 1856 Mount Fyans was offered for sale at auction and attracted the interest of the Cumming family. John Cumming Senior was originally from Scotland, migrating with his family to Tasmania in 1833 before moving to Port Phillip in 1838. After the family experienced a number of misfortunes – losing their possessions when the ship that took them to Tasmania caught fire before they were able to unload them, and losing some of their furniture and baggage when the Lady Franklin disappeared en route to Port Phillip – John Cumming Senior established a brewery in Melbourne. In 1844 he moved the family to Geelong where he had bought land, built a house and established the Geelong Brewery (CCumming 2010: 5-9). By 1849 he had made a success of the brewery and was keen to

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 39 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 establish his sons (John Junior, George, William & Thomas) on land in the Western District (CCumming 2010: 9).

In 1849 John Cumming Senior bought the 15,000 acre Stony Point run (also known as Elephant Bridge, Taylor’s River) from Matthew Hall, where his sons initially learnt the sheep farming business (FFigure 1). In early 1856 William Cumming inspected Mount Fyans and wrote to his brother John Junior recommending that they purchase the run as it would make a good investment. The sheep were “first rate” and looked to be the same breed as those at Stony Point, while the cattle “had the making a fine herd” (CCumming 2010: 26). Following John Senior’s purchase of Mount Fyans he bought Terrinallum in 1857 and split the runs between his four sons. John Junior moved to Terrinallum with his family, while George and William went to Mount Fyans, and Stony Point was kept for young Thomas (CCumming 2010: 16). Following the death of John Cumming Senior in 1858 Mount Fyans was split between George and William. William retained 27,000 acres of Mount Fyans, while George took 21,000 acres and established Mount Violet (also known as Mount Fyans north), Mount Violet includes the Activity Area.

The Cumming brothers soon became well known as breeders of Merino sheep, and obtained high prices for their wool. William’s Mount Fyans Merino stud was established in 1860 with rams bred by Learmonth of Ercildoune, supplemented by rams George purchased in the UK along with others from Tasmania and Camden (CCumming 2010: 33). In an 1866 article in the Australasian newspaper (and reprinted elsewhere) the author queried how the Cumming brothers were able to obtain such high prices for their wool on the London market when they were not known for having any better sheep, or winning more prizes, than other stations in the district (Mercury 17 Dec 1866). The author suggested that the brothers had carefully selected rams from their own stock after experimenting with other flocks. The wool produced by the sheep was similar to that on other runs, except in its brightness which was attributed to the quantities of soap and soda that the Cumming brothers were using to wash their sheep. Manufacturers were not only seeking soft strong wool, but also a brightness that would show “the most delicate of dyes and brilliant of colours to the best advantage”.

From 1847 squatters were given more security of tenure with the Orders in Council of 1847 giving them the option of taking up a pre-emptive right on their land - a long term lease - at the end of which lease holdersDRAFT could purchase up to 640 acres of the run, which usually included a homestead and adjoining land (NNelson & Alves 2009: 29). A pre-emptive right section was taken up on the Mount Fyans run and was located south of the Dundonnell Wind Farm Activity Area in the Parish of Jellalabad (BBlake 2012: Figure 2). The plan shows that the pre-emptive right section was taken up by James McCulloch and Robert Sellar (of Denistoun Bros & Co, agents of the Clyde Company), but Cumming (22010: 27) argues that they never owned the run and that it passed from Lachlan Mackinnon to Mackinnon’s brother-in-law, solicitor James Montgomery.

Prior to the formation of official roads in the district, tracks were used for travel between stations. An 1861 plan of the Parish of Eilyar marks a number of tracks and run boundaries (FFigure 2), while a track between Mount Fyans and Terrinallum is marked on an 1874 plan of the Parish of Terrinallum south and east of the Activity Area (FFigure 3). Cumming (22010: 73) describes one of the oldest tracks as that which runs from the Mount Fyans woolshed to Mount Violet:

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It is not so easy to find from the woolshed to the Myrngrong boundary but from there, where it crosses the spring drain by the Myrngrong rubbish tip, it becomes easily identifiable. It runs from there past the foundations of the old hut to the Myrngrong cattle pit, then it can be easily seen going through the gate beside the Myrngrong mail box, and across the Mount Violet paddocks to the front of the homestead. This part is readily accessible in a four wheel drive vehicle.

This track is not visible on the 1874 plan of the Parish of Terrinallum, but based on the above description part of it is likely to pass through the Activity Area.

Around 1860 Samuel Merritt built a new woolshed, sheep wash and men’s quarters at Mount Fyans. Merritt, a neighbour to Kolora, had also built other homesteads in the district (CCumming 2010: 32). The Mount Violet homestead was built on the property after Mount Fyans was split and is much older than the present Mount Fyans homestead (CCumming 2010: 20). The original Mount Fyans homestead is believed to have been demolished in the 1880s and replaced by the 1884 homestead designed by Kerr. Tenders were called for the construction of a stone residence for George Cumming in 1860 and it was likely that Honey and Young were the architects of the Mount Violet homestead (CCumming 2010: 70). Tenders were also called for the construction of an overseer’s cottage in 1880. Two buildings on the right of the drive appear to pre-date anything else on the property and may have been outstations or shepherd’s huts. The 1874 map of the Parish of Terrinallum marks the location of George Cumming’s homestead, including a well and stone wall fencing (FFigure 3).

In the late 1860s artist Louis Buvelot painted the Mount Fyans and Terrinallum properties on behalf of the Cumming family. Cumming (22010: 70) states that the Mount Fyans homestead and woolshed are visible in the painting, together with camps complete with smoke rising out of chimney huts. He believes that one of these camps was in the rises over what is now Post Office Lane from the Mount Violet homestead. This painting is in the collection of the National Gallery of Australia, but two pictures of Mount Fyans dated 1869 also show the homestead and woolshed near the spring with stony rises in the distance (FFigures 4 & 5). Buvelot’s painting of John Cumming’s Terrinallum property depicts station life in the Western District, but was also criticised for its lush green landscape which was at odds with the drought-stricken reality (FFigure 6, online catalogue notes, SLV 2012). DRAFT

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DRAFT

Figure 2 Parish of Eilyar (1861)

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DRAFT

Figure 3 Parish of Terrinallum (1874)

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Figure 4 Mount Fyans from near Spring (1869)

DRAFT

Figure 5 Mount Fyans Shed (1869)

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Figure 6 Terrinallum Homestead (Buvelot 1869)

While George spent larger periods of time in the UK, William managed both properties (CCumming 2010: 21). The Cumming family donated Mount Fyans (the Peak) to the community and in the 1870s it was planted with blue gums to provide a wood supply in the future (MMHS 1985: 142). By 1874 members of the McColl family were managing Mount Violet. George Cumming died in 1890 and left the Mount Violet property to his brother, John. According to probate records at the time of George’s death Mount Violet was managed by John McColl and occupied 16,407 acres in the parishes of Ligar, Eilyar and Terrinallum and included 18,000 sheep (BBlake 2012). John Cumming retained ownership of Mount Violet until it was purchased for soldier settlement in 1921.

During the early tenure of the Cumming family in the 1860s a series of Land Acts were introduced to break up the large pastoral estates for settlement. In the parishes of Eilyar and Terrinallum some of the land in the Activity Area was purchased by George Cumming of Mount Violet, while someDRAFT of Cumming’s employees, including members of the McColl family, selected land in the Activity Area under these and subsequent Land Acts (FFigures 7 & 8).

Several members of the McColl family worked on the Mount Fyans and Mount Violet estates under the ownership of the Cumming family (see above). The McColl family is likely to have been from Scotland and arrived in Victoria in the 1850s or early 1860s. Allan McColl and his brother Archie came to the district in 1866 (MMHS 1985: 140), where Allan managed Mount Fyans for George Cumming, followed by Archie from 1890 to 1909. However, Cumming (22010: 78-79) records Allan McColl as a general useful on Mount Fyans and Mount Violet between 1857 and 1880. Archie is listed as a shepherd on Mount Fyans between 1857 and 1875, while Archibald is overseer at Mount Fyans from 1893 to 1909. Other members of the family working on the properties were Donald McColl Senior (Mount Fyans, 1857-1863), Donald A McColl (Mount Fyans and Mount Violet, 1857-1878), John McColl (Mount Fyans, 1857-1866, 1873-1879, Lachlan McColl (Mount Violet, 1868- 1884) and Neil McColl (Mount Fyans 1862-1873).

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DRAFT

Figure 7 Parish of Eilyar

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DRAFT

Figure 8 Parish of Terrinallum

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 47 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 Land selection records show that Allan McColl and Donald McColl selected land in the district as early as 1861. Under subsequent Land Acts, Allan and Donald also acquired land in the Activity Area, amounting to Sections 103, 96 and 97 in the Parish of Terrinallum. The land was occupied by Allan McColl and, following Donald’s death in 1878, was either owned or occupied by members of Allan McColl’s family until at least the 1970s. An inspector’s report on Section 96 dated 1877 records a number of structures on the land, including a weatherboard house with shingle roof erected in 1870. This house was divided into four rooms by board and measured 26 x 24 feet and 12 feet high. There was also a slab stable with shingle roof and three stalls measuring 24 x 12 feet, and 8 feet high, as well as a slab cart shade with shingle roof erected in 1876 and measuring 24 x 12 feet. The report also noted that McColl had cleared 13 acres by gathering stones and cultivated 12 acres with oats and 1 acre with peas and other vegetables. There were also 24 fruit trees, 15 shrub trees in the garden, and 300 gum trees planted for shelter for the sheep. The property also included a waterhole measuring 1 chain long, 1 chain wide and 7 feet deep, and was walled on the sides and bottom (BBlake 2012). When Allan McColl died in 1918 the property was known as Molesworth Park and included two weatherboard dwelling houses, together with windmills, wells, dams, sheds, plantations, and fenced partly with stone walls and partly with wire netting (BBlake 2012). According to Allan McColl’s will his son Donald Mitchell McColl had erected a dwelling house on the property, but it is not clear if this is one of the two houses identified in Allan’s probate file (BBlake 2012). Commonwealth Electoral rolls show that several members of the Dundonnell family remained in the Dundonnell or Mortlake district, while Donald Allan Leslie McColl was listed as living at Molesworth Park until the 1970s. The ordnance survey map dated 1928 (FFigure 9) marks a house near the boundary of Section 96A and B which is in the vicinity of the ruined homestead and garden identified by Rosengren (22012).

In the 1870s members of the McDonald family selected land in the Parish of Terrinallum and includes land in the Activity Area. It is not yet known when the McDonald family arrived in Victoria and what connections, if any they may have had to other Scottish immigrants in the district.

Jessie McDonald selected Section 102, while her brother Alexander acquired a portion of this allotment, as well as Section 105B (FFigure 8). An 1876 inspector’s report on Jessie’s land noted that it contained 95 chains of stone wall that had been erected in 1873 and 1874. The land was not fitDRAFT for cultivation, but there were 100 blue gum trees on the land (BBlake 2012). Likewise an inspector’s report on Alexander McDonald’s portion (102C) dated 1877 notes that the land did not contain any buildings, but featured stone walls erected in 1872 and 1873. The land was “quite useless for the purpose of Cultivation, it being a complete Mass of stoney rises”. (BBlake 2012). Two acres of Alexander’s land was reserved in 1871 for the Terrinallum (Mount Fyans) Common School, but further research is needed on this school and what structures, if any may have existed in the Activity Area. Other members of the McDonald family with land in the Activity Area were Jessie’s brother, Farquhar McDonald, who was granted Section 98A in 1876, and M McDonald who was also granted 93A in 1876 (FFigure 8). A plan of the Parish of Terrinallum dated 1874 marks stone wall fencing in parts of Section 98A and Section 93A as well as the land selected by Alexander and Jessie McDonald (FFigure 8).

Further research is needed on the McDonald family and what use they made of their allotments in the Activity Area. Cumming (22010: 78-79) records a number of McDonald’s

48 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 as employees on the Mount Fyans, Mount Violet and Terrinallum stations, including a Michael McDonald who was a shepherd at Terrinallum between 1865 an 1866.

Another selector who took up land in the district in the 1860s was John Lamont. Lamont called his property Dundonnell Estate after the district he came from in Scotland (MMHS 1985: 140). The Lamont family played an active part in the Dundonnell community. From 1885 they conducted the first post office, and operated a private school after the government school closed in 1894. In 1871 two acres of land had been reserved for the purposes of a Terrinallum (Mount Fyans) Common School on Allotment 102 on the corner of what is now Ennerdale Road and Darlington-Nerrin Road located in the Activity Area. The Lamont family was also involved in establishing Presbyterian Church services in the area, with the first services held in the Lamont homestead (MMHS 1985: 141).

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century the pastoral industry experienced a number of significant changes that affected land settlement and use. The Government introduced the Closer Settlement Scheme in response to an increased demand for agricultural land following the 1890s depression and government concerns that those seeking land might move to other colonies. The Land Act 1898 enabled the Government to purchase large estates and subdivide them into smaller farming allotments, allowing more people to settle on the land (NNelson & Alves 2009: 285). Following the end of World War One Soldier Settlement schemes were established with the same principles as Closer Settlement but more generous conditions. Settlers in both schemes were expected to live on the land, fence it, destroy vermin and weeds, and undertake other improvements before they were entitled to the Crown Grant.

The Cumming family’s Mount Violet estate was acquired for soldier settlement in 1921. The land was subdivided into 69 blocks of varying sizes and like many soldier settlement estates in the Western District was promoted as being suitable for grazing, dairying or mixed farming (FFigure 9). Cumming (22010: 66) writes that the idea that settlers could make a living at Mount Violet “was laughable” given the size of the allotments and the stoney landscape. Many settlers left and blocks were reallocated in 1924, and again in 1928 and 1934. Among the soldier settlement allotments included in the Activity Area are:

x Section 88, WJ O’Donnell x Section 86, J Small DRAFT x Section 6 and 7, AB & AEW Fasham x Section 94 and 95, RT Boyce x Section 75, WN Warren x Section 74, WA Robertson x Section 91, AJ Doherty

Following the establishment of the estate a hall was built in 1924 where school classes were initially conducted before a school was built in 1931. An ordnance survey map completed in 1928 marks the location of the hall and school, as well as a number of sheds and other structures (FFigure 10).

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DRAFT

Figure 9 Mount Violet Estate

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Post Office Lane Darlington-Nerrin Road

Woorndoo-DundonnellDRAFT Road

Figure 10 Chatsworth Topographic Map 1930

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Ennerdale Lane Darlington-Nerrin Road DRAFT

Woorndoo-Dundonnell Road

Figure 11 Parish of Terrinallum 1874

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Ennerdale Lane

Mount Fyans

Post Office Lane Darlington-Nerrin Road

Photo 1 Aerial PhotogDRAFTraph of the Activity Area 1971 (Standard Mapsheet Project, Run 4, Film 2471, Photo 106)

Among the settlers who stayed was AB Fasham who occupied Sections 6 and 7 in the Parish of Eilyar. In 1934 Fasham wrote to the Closer Settlement Board to apply for a vermin-proof fence. Fasham had earlier approached the owners of Ennerdale for assistance, but they had not been forthcoming. The file notes that Allotment 6 was partly bounded by stone walls, which had been inadequate at keeping out the thousands of rabbits in the district. It was recommended that the stone wall fence be removed and replaced with a post and wire fence (BBlake 2012). The 1928 ordnance survey map marks the location of two structures and a windmill in what may have been Fasham’s allotment (FFigure 10). After Fasham died in 1954 the property was advertised for sale. The property included a dwelling, cowshed, woolshed, sheep yards, two mills, and permanent lake (Camperdown Chronicle 21 September 1954).

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 53 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 The Camperdown Chronicle records disputes between the settlers and the Closer Settlement Board, with complaints ranging from the lack of public transport and facilities for dairying to the light rainfall in the district (Camperdown Chronicle, 8 March 1927). Despite the unsuitable nature of the land some settlers did stay in the district and attempts were made to provide additional services. In 1924 tenders were called for the building of Mt Violet Hall, where school services resumed until a separate school was built in 1931 (MMHS 1985: 141). The 1928 ordnance survey plan marks the location of the hall and school (FFigure 10).

A bushfire swept through the district on 4 January 1944, killing three people and destroying a number of homes and outbuildings, as well as the hall, school and church. Among those affected were soldier settlers Fasham, O’Donnell, and Boyce who all lost outbuildings, while one newspaper reported that the O’Donnell house was also destroyed (Camperdown Chronicle 18 January 1944). The 1928 ordnance survey map marks the location of what may have been the O’Donnell house on Fasham’s Lane but further research is needed to determine if the house, as well as other structures marked on this map, survived the 1944 fire. The school was rebuilt in 1945 and the Presbyterian Church was rebuilt in 1957 although closing in 1983 (MMHS 1985: 141). Since WWII, the Activity Area has remained rural and primarily used for sheep grazing.

In summary, the European activities that would have acted to degrade archaeological resources within the Activity Area are:

x Vegetation clearance x Long-term grazing x Construction of farming infrastructure including tracks, fences & sheds x Construction of houses x 1944 bushfire

5.9 Strategic Values

A discussion of strategic values in the Activity Area and surrounding region is important because variations in strategic values likely influenced Aboriginal cultural heritage place location and visitation frequency (WWalsh 1987). Strategic values include strategic resources (eg potable water,DRAFT flora, fauna, stone sources), routes of movement (eg along waterways or ridgelines) and vantage points (eg prominent hills above plains). In general, strategic values were likely of greater importance to Aboriginal people rather than landform or soil type, that is, Aboriginal groups generally would have chosen long-term campsites close to the richest and most diverse resources within the Activity Area region. Information about strategic values provides insight into Aboriginal cultural heritage place patterning and informs directly on the desktop model presented in Section 5.10.

There are no major waterways in the Activity Area. Major waterways in the geographic region include Lake Bolac, Fiery Creek, Salt Creek, Mount Emu Creek, Lake Turangmoroke, Nerrin Nerrin Swamp, Lake Gellie, Salt Lake and Lake Eyang. A review of 1788 Wetlands shows that freshwater meadows, shallow freshwater marshes, deep freshwater marshes or permanent saline waterbodies are located on or outside the western and southern boundary of the Activity Area (MMap 8). This is supported by a recent flora and fauna assessment which showed that aquatic habitats were limited within the wind farm but included wetlands, floodplains and dams while the main aquatic habitats

54 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 were outside the Activity Area (BBLA 2012: 41 & Figures 21-26). Furthermore, the early parish maps of Eilyar and Terrinallum shows the likely distribution of marshes and salt lakes in and around the Activity Area that existing prior to European occupation (FFigures 2 & 3). However, Rosengren (22012: 22-23) has identified a number of well-defined discharge areas on the southern and eastern part of the Activity Area which likely provided year round water if required. These are also indicated as springs on the 1930 Chatsworth topographic map (FFigure 10). These water sources may have been local focal points for Aboriginal groups and is discussed below in relation to routes of movement in the Activity Area.

Prior to European settlement the Activity Area comprised predominantly Stony Knoll Shrubland / Plains Grassy Woodland / Plains Grassy Wetland Mosaic (EVC714) and Plains Grassland (EVC132) with minor components of Plains Grassy Woodland (EVC55), Aquatic Herbland / Plains Sedgy Wetland Mosaic (EVC691), Plains Sedgy Wetland (EVC647), Plains Grassy Wetland (EVC125) and Plains Grassland / Plains Grassy Woodland Mosaic (EVC897). Stony Knoll Shrubland is a shrubland or low woodland up to 8m tall including Drooping Sheoak and Sweet Bursaria with a grassy understorey. Plains Grassy Woodland comprises open eucalypt woodland typically including Swamp Gum, Narrow Leaf Peppermint, Manna Gum, Drooping Sheoak, Lightwood and Black Wattle over a groundcover of grasses and herbs. Plains Grassy Wetland may include River Red Gum or Swamp Gum but is dominated by grasses, small sedges and herbs. Plains Grassland may originally have had some woody plants but comprises mainly grasses and herbs. The Parish of Terrinallum Map shows that the area had “Stony rises lightly timbered with Lightwood She oak and Honeysuckle” (FFigure 11).

Plants known to have been exploited by Aboriginal groups for food, medicinal and ceremonial purposes include River Red Gum, Manna Gum, Drooping Sheoak, Black Wattle, Golden Wattle, Black Anther Flax Lily, Small Leaved Clematis, Cranberry Heath, Kangaroo Grass, Common Tussock Grass, Water Ribbons, Hollow Sedge, Running Postman, Austral Bracken and Common Nardoo (AAppendix 8).

The pre-European floral resources in the Activity Area were likely typical of the geographic region and surrounding areas. This suggests that while the Activity Area had many floral resources that were likely exploited by Aboriginal people, there were no strategic floral resources that Aboriginal groupsDRAFT would specifically target which would result in the Activity Area having base camps. It is likely that Aboriginal groups exploited resources mainly while traversing the landscape.

A recent flora assessment recorded small numbers of scattered indigenous trees (BBLA 2012). The Sponsor has indicated that the development will avoid all trees therefore no harm is considered likely to occur to Aboriginal scarred trees, if present.

The recent wind farm fauna assessment (BBLA 2012: 41 & Appendix 4) provided an overview of the species likely to be present within the Activity Area and included 108 native birds, 8 native mammals, 11 reptiles, seven frogs, one invertebrate and two fish species. Birds included brolgas, emus, eagles, ducks, native hens and pigeons. Mammals included black wallaby, eastern grey kangaroo, fat tailed dunnart and bats. Reptiles included turtles, lizards, snakes and skinks. Frogs and fish were also likely to be present. The fauna assessment showed that waterbirds were not common within the Activity Area (BBLA 2012).

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 55 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 Prior to European occupation the fauna above would have comprised those typical for the floral communities and water resources. Terrestrial fauna would have predominated such as kangaroos, wallabies, wombat and emus. Arboreal animals would have constrained themselves to areas with trees. Outside the Activity Area along Salt Creek, Hopkins River, Fiery Creek, Lake Bolac and Mount Emu Creek waterbirds, waterfowl, eels, fish and crustacean would have been a significant resource. Camping in close proximity to these water sources outside the Activity Area would have been strategically important because they could not only access these abundant resources but also use the camp sites as bases to go on hunting forays into the plains and stony rises to hunt, collect and then return.

Archaeological evidence from the excavation of mounds (VAHR 7422-0006 & 7422-0084) show that some of the fauna exploited by Aboriginal groups included marine mussel, freshwater mussel, yabby, snake, lizard, turtle, emu, other large birds, quoll, barred bandicoot, wallaby, kangaroo and native rat (CCoutts et al 1977a: 34).

Common stone sources of the region include silcrete from sub-basaltic sources and flint washed up on the coastline during sea level incursions, the last of which was in the Miocene, from offshore limestone outcrops the south along the coast (SScott-Virtue 1982). Other stone sources from further away include Silurian quartzite from the Grampians in the northwest and chert from the Castlemaine Supergroup to the north in the Western Uplands regions.

There are no known routes of movement in the Activity Area. Within the region, Aboriginal groups would have most often travelled along major waterways such as Fiery Creek, Salt Creek, Hopkins River and Mount Emu Creek or across the plains between the strategic base camping areas. This may also have included the current Activity Area when Aboriginal groups were on hunting and gathering forays. On these forays into the Activity Area, localised permanent water, for example springs or spring fed lakes and swamps, would have been important local sources for potable water for short-term stops while they rested and repaired tool-kits. These locations would not have been base camps but perhaps stopping places for a few hours during the day or perhaps overnight at most. Rosengren (22012: 22-23) identified a number of well-defined discharge areas on the southern and eastern part of the Activity Area which are also shown on the Chatsworth 1930 topographic map (FFigDRAFTure 10).

Similarly, if Aboriginal groups had no particular reason to traverse the stony rises, they would have likely traversed the margins of stony rises landforms where they meet the volcanic plain, for example, at the boundary of the Mount Fyans lava flows and the Emmerdale basalt plain. Here the plain is much easier to traverse because of fewer stony barriers and the area more attractive because of the availability of good potable water and associated flora and fauna. Lakes and swamps formed along this boundary due to the change in topography caused by the Mount Fyans lava flows (RRosengren 2012).

56 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393

-- -

I 14RGI""vbizve f -~ I G rrr I· ·~ Mouni.Wdlat I' Dundo nnell: =-.. _,

' ~ - ~ , 714 = 647 - .___.__..__-

717 ' -- ~- .L ----Map Courtesy of DSE Website

0 -----1000 2000 -----Scale of Metres

Legend:

' \ Activity Area Bou1dary Not in Activity Area I 4,200 hectares (approx) I D 55 Plains Grassy Woodland 691 Aquatic Herbland/Piains Sedgy Wetland Mosaic 68 Creekline Grassy Woodland 714 Stony Knoll Shrubland/Piains Grassy Woodland/ 125 Plains Grassy Wetland Plains Grassy Wetland Mosaic 132 Plains Grassland 717 Saline Lake Aggregate 647 Plains Sedgy We:land 897 Plains Grassland/Plains Grassy Woodland Mosaic ~

GOA/< MGAZone54 Map 7 1750 Ecological Vegetation Classes

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 57 Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393

104! 117 .. - ......

r------_...,, I --- I' I 752< ----~ 1!522 77e - 152 I ----...J.._JJARCYS ~ I t:i~_ , _

I I I 1521 neo I I I MoiJ/It VIolet I ----,._ + r-- I I -- --..J 75 J POs~ I ~ . -..J 682043 ...__ -.., 7422.69 04t I r~~ .eiio39 1 I fi-;'~""35 I iZL-.1-::t I

•

Map Courtesy of DSE Website

0 1000 2000 ------Scale of Metres

Legend:

xxxx ' \ Activity Area Boundary ® Shallow Freshwater Marsh Mound I 4,200 hectares (approx) * I e Permanent Saline xxxx. Artefact Scatter VAHR 7422-xxxx Not in Activity Area ® Deep Freshwater Marsh D ® Permanent Open Freshwater Freshwater Meadow ~ /{ GDA MGAZone54 Map 8 1788 Wetlands

58 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors ------~~------~------Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 Two vantage points relevant to the Activity Area include Mount Violet and Mount Fyans. Mount Violet lies within the Activity Area approximately 300m north of Post Office Lane. Although Mount Violet comprises essentially a tumuli complex of domes, mounds, ridges and flat-topped hills, it may have provided good vantages over the local area within the Activity Area. Mount Fyans is a more strategic vantage point with a relief of approximately 40m above the plain with 360 degree views. In summary the strategic values to Aboriginal people in the region included the following:

x Major waterways including Lake Bolac, Fiery Creek, Salt Creek, Hopkins River, Mount Emu Creek, Lake Turangmoroke, Nerrin Nerrin Swamp, Lake Gellie, Salt Lake and Lake Eyang. x The major waterways would have the highest strategic values including potable water, flora and fauna. x None of the major waterways or strategic resources are found in the Activity Area. x The Activity Area has limited permanent potable water and no known regional level strategic resources. x Aboriginal groups likely traversed the Activity Area hunting and gathering and likely preferred stopping at localised resource areas for example for potable water at springs and spring fed marshes or swamps. x Mount Fyans was a likely strategic vantage point. Elevated areas and slopes of Mount Fyans may have been areas where Aboriginal groups stopped to repair toolkits and scan the surrounding plains to identify fauna for hunting or other Aboriginal groups. x Mount Violet comprises essential two of the higher relief stony rises in the Activity Area. Apart from the potential vantage points, no other reason to scale their slopes is apparent from the desktop evidence. x Some suitable indigenous trees may have originally been present in the Activity Area; however, most of these have been cleared or burnt by bushfires and any remnant trees will not be harmed by the activity.

5.10 Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Scientific Sensitivity Model

The following model predicts the likely Aboriginal cultural heritage values within the Activity Area in relation to strategic values and landform. The relevant information for the model is presented below (TTable 11DRAFT, Map 9):

1. Regional strategic resources are located outside the Activity Area. 2. There are no major waterways in the Activity Area. 3. The highest value potable water, flora and fauna resources would have been associated with these major waterways. 4. In the southeastern corner of the Activity Area reliable potable water was likely available from springs. Although they are not considered to have had regional strategic importance, they likely fed Lake Sheepwash and the unnamed lake on Mount Fyans Estate outside the Activity Area to the south. The springs were likely locations for Aboriginal groups to stop and repair toolkits whilst on hunting forays in the Activity Area, although they were more likely to camp on the margins of Lake Sheepwash and the other lakes outside the Activity Area. 5. Freshwater marshes are found on or near the northern, western and southern boundaries of the Activity Area. These locations may also have provided reliable potable water as well as hunting and gathering opportunities. Mounds VAHR 7422-

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 59 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 0154, 7422-0155 and 7422-0156 are indicative of this potential. However, the locations of the two mounds recorded as being within the Activity Area is open to question. 6. The main routes of movement were likely along the margins of major waterways outside the Activity Area. Aboriginal groups would have traversed the Activity Area on hunting and gathering forays. If Aboriginal groups wished to avoid travelling through the stony rises, one route of movement was likely along the boundary of the Mount Fyans lava flows and the Ennerdale basalt plain in the northwest of the Activity Area. Another would be traversing the slopes of Mount Fyans and avoiding the larger, rockier stony rises. 7. The slopes of Mount Fyans are the only strategic vantage points even though its summit is excised from the Activity Area. 8. The Activity Area is dominated by stony rises with a smaller component of deeply weathered volcanic plain and the slopes of Mount Fyans. 9. Soil profiles will be typically shallow, in particular, on the stony rises and lava flows. The profile will typically consist of clayey silts or sandy silty clay to a depth of approximately 35cm over medium to heavy clay or basalt. 10. Place-types likely to be present are stone artefact scatters and earth features (mounds). 11. Although scarred trees may be present on mature indigenous trees (eg Red Gum), the activity will avoid any trees and they will not be harmed by the activity. 12. Place-types unlikely to be present include human burials, quarries, rock art, shell middens and stone features. 13. Earth features (mounds) are more likely to be found on floodplain or terraces adjacent to waterways but can be found more than 1,000m away from them. 14. Stone artefact scatters x Artefact scatters are most likely to be found within 100m of waterways x Artefact scatters will typically contain a low number of artefacts in low densities x Artefact scatters will be generally small. Large artefact scatters are found adjacent to major waterways outside the Activity Area, for example, on dunes along the shoreline of Lake Bolac. x Artefacts will be dominated by flakes and angular fragments. x Raw materials will be predominantly quartz and silcrete although a variety of other raw materialsDRAFT may be present. x Artefacts can be found to a maximum depth of 35cm in the A-horizon. x There is low potential for high integrity occupation deposits x Stone artefact scatters likely date to the Late Holocene 15. Since artefacts are found in surficial A-horizons to a maximum depth of 35cm they have most likely suffered some degree of disturbance by European land practices including grazing, stock trampling, cropping and vegetation clearance. Ground disturbance reduces the spatial and temporal integrity of stone artefact scatters and consequently reduces their scientific significance.

60 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 Table 11 Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Scientific Sensitivity Model

Place Types Location / Landform Sensitivity Elevated land adjacent to waterways (lakes, marshes, springs), slopes of Mount Fyans, and the boundary of the Mount Fyans lava flow and Ennerdale plain have the highest potential for larger Artefact scatters higher density artefact scatters. Artefact scatters may be present Likely elsewhere but are likely to be small and low frequency and therefore any standard assessment may not find this type of artefact scatter. Earth features Floodplains; elevated land adjacent to waterways, registered Likely (mounds) mounds (VAHR 7422-0154, 7422-0156 & 7422-0314) Scarred trees Remnant mature indigenous trees Likely Human remains, quarries, rock art, Entire Activity Area Unlikely shell middens, stone features

5.11 Conclusions

The desktop assessment has demonstrated that in relation to the Activity Area:

1. There are three registered Aboriginal cultural places (VAHR 7422-0154, 7422-0156 & 7422-0314). 2. There are areas of cultural heritage sensitivity being registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places (VAHR 7422-0154, 7422-0156 & 7422-0314), elevated land adjacent to waterways, slopes of Mount Fyans and boundary of the Mount Fyans lava flow and Ennerdale plain. 3. It is reasonably possible that Aboriginal cultural heritage is present.

A standard assessment is required (r.58(1) Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007):

... the results of a desktop assessment show that it is reasonably possible that Aboriginal cultural heritageDRAFT is present in the Activity Area.

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0166 5801000 DRAFT 5800000

Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-2-1, 7422-2-2-4, 7422-2-1-3 & 7422-2-1-2 Legend: 0 1000 2000 Scale of Metres Activity Area Boundary Area of Likely Aboriginal Cultural Quarry Boundary 4,200 hectares (approx) Heritage Scientific Sensitivity Proposed Quarries xxxx Not in Activity Area Mound xxxx Artefact Scatter Store Dam VAHR 7422-xxxx xx Turbine

Site Facilities Sub Station Access Tracks MGA Zone 54 Map 9 Desktop Assessment Areas of Likely Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Scientific Sensitivity 62 Archaeology At Tardis Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 6 STANDARD ASSESSMENT

6.1 Methodology

A pedestrian ground survey was conducted in a systematic manner and in accordance with proper archaeological practice (BBurke & Smith 2004: 66-69). The survey was conducted in two phases. The Phase 1 survey team comprised up to five individuals which ensured excellent coverage of the wind farm infrastructure layout known at time of the survey, but which was subsequently amended. Land within 200m of previously recorded places VAHR 7422-0154, 7422-0156 and 7422-0314 was also surveyed. An additional day of survey (21 January 2014) in Phase 1 was conducted when the Activity Area was expanded. Phase 2 comprised two survey teams of three individuals specifically targeting land within a minimum radius of 200m of the Phase 2 complex assessment locations and the re-inspection of previously recorded places VAHR 7422-0154, 7422-0156 and 7422- 0314.

The ground surface was examined to determine areas of good ground surface visibility and / or high potential archaeological sensitivity for Aboriginal cultural material. When such areas were identified systematic pedestrian micro-survey was conducted with each individual walking linear transects 5m apart so that it was highly likely that, if present, any obtrusive or surface Aboriginal cultural heritage would be detected.

During the surveys, particular attention was paid for the surface evidence of mounds since they were previously recorded in the Activity Area and are the most frequent place-type recorded in the geographic region (see Table 5). Indicative surface evidence includes black soils mounded to a maximum height of 60cm (typically much lower) on elevated land adjacent to waterways and contrasting vegetation (eg cape weed). Clear vegetative contrasts can be obvious during archaeological survey. But they are not only associated with archaeological sites (such as mounds) but can also be associated with different farming and land management activities (ploughing, rabbit warren ripping, stone aggregation, introduced feed in paddocks, etc), different soil types (eg cape weed can identify sandy soil profiles from clay profiles) and low-lying land subject to frequent inundation compared to elevated well-draining land. Land management activities can activate weed banks in soils (eg ploughing, burrow ripping, etc) and grass rings can be caused by the distributionDRAFT of feed into paddocks. Vegetative contrast is not an attribute exclusively used for identifying potential mound sites, but is also used during survey elsewhere in Victoria to identify areas of archaeological potential. For example, cape weed is used to identify sandy soil profiles which may indicate the presence of subsurface stone artefact sites. However, they only indicate archaeological potential and require further testing to demonstrate the presence of an actual archaeological site.

Detailed notes were taken including description of landform elements, ground surface visibility, ground surface disturbance, geology, geomorphology, vegetation, water sources and potential Aboriginal cultural heritage sensitivity. Photographs were also taken.

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 63 Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393 666000 667000 668000 669000 670000 671000 672000 673000 674000 675000 676000 677000

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5810000 0163 04 02 07 01 03 05 08 55 09 06 10 104 5809000 11 12 14 13 16 15 17 19 18 20 23 22 24 21 25 26 27 30 28 29 31 5808000 32 33 34 37 35 38 36 39 40 41 42 0155 45 0550 44 43 50 48 46 49 47 0154 51 52 5807000 0156 54 57 53 56 59 63 61 60 58 62 66 64 68 65 73 69 72 67 71 70 74 77 78 75 76 5806000 79 81 80 84 DUNDONNELL 83 86 88 85 82 87 89 5805000 91 90 0548 92 0547 0549 0546 93 0314 95 94 96 99 5804000 100 97 98 101 103

102 5803000

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0166 5801000 DRAFT 5800000

Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-2-1, 7422-2-2-4, 7422-2-1-3 & 7422-2-1-2 Legend: 0 1000 2000 xxxx Activity Area Boundary Mound Quarry Boundary Scale of Metres xxxx 4,200 hectares (approx) Artefact Scatter VAHR 7422-xxxx Proposed Quarries xx Turbine Not in Activity Area Sub Station Access Tracks

Site Facilities Plains Mt Fyans Slopes Stony Rises ESC = 40% ESC = 5% ESC = 5% MGA Zone 54 Map 10a Survey Areas: Places and Effective Survey Coverage

64 Archaeology At Tardis Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393 666000 667000 668000 669000 670000 671000 672000 673000 674000 675000 676000 677000

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Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-2-1, 7422-2-2-4, 7422-2-1-3 & 7422-2-1-2

0 1000 2000 Legend: Scale of Metres

Activity Area Boundary IndicativeGroundSurfaceSurveyAreas 4,200 hectares (approx)

Not in Activity Area

MGA Zone 54

Map 10b Survey Areas: Land Subject to Ground Surface Survey

Archaeology At Tardis 65 Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393 \

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Map Courtesy of DSE Website 0 5 10

------Scale of Ki lometres Legend : ~ ' \ Activity Area Boundary ) Geographic Region Boundary /{ I 4,200 hectares (approx) I GOA MGA Zone54 Not in Activity Area D Strategic Regional Values

Map 11 Strategic Regional Values

66 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors ------~------~------Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 The Activity Area was divided into three survey areas based on landform (TTable 12, Map 10). For detailed information on ground surface visibility, disturbances and effective survey coverage for the Activity Area generally and individual survey areas see Section 6.7.

Table 12 Survey Areas (Map 10)

Survey Area Description Survey Area 1 Stony Rises Survey Area 2 Deeply Weathered Volcanic Plain Survey Area 3 Sloping Plain of Mount Fyans

6.2 Map showing Survey Areas, Aboriginal Places and Effective Survey Coverage

Maps 10a&b shows survey areas, Aboriginal places and estimates of effective survey coverage.

6.3 Ground Surface, Mature Trees, Caves, Rock Shelters or Cave Entrances

The survey examined the ground surface of the Activity Area. All mature trees encountered during the standard assessment were examined to determine the presence or absence of cultural scars. No caves, rock shelters or cave entrances were identified within the Activity Area.

6.4 Fieldwork Participants

The Phase 1 standard assessment was conducted between 27 August and 3 September 2013, and the morning of 6 December 2013. Tom Rymer (AAT), Trent Edwards, Brandon Edwards, Ron Arnold, Greg Edwards (KMAC), Hayden Harradine, Vicki Abrahams, Jackson Chatfield, Leonie Young and Amos Atkinson (EMAC) participated in the assessments. An additional standard assessment was conducted on 21 January 2014 by Tom Rymer (AAT), Greg Edwards (KMAC) and Geoff Clark (EMAC). The Phase 2 standard assessment was conducted concurrently with the Phase 2 complex assessment from 8th to 12th December 2014 by DRAFTMark Dowdell, Karen Kapteinis, Aaron Della-Vecchia, Margaret Reith (AAT), Brendon Edwards, Ron Arnold (KMAC), Geoff Clark, Vicky Abrahams and Craig Edwards (EMAC).

6.5 Obstacles

No substantive obstacles were encountered in completing the standard assessment.

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 67 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 6.6 Results and Discussion

No places were recorded during the initial ground surface survey.

Table 13 Survey Area, Ground Surface Visibility & Effective Survey Coverage

Ground Surface Effective Survey Survey Area Visibility Coverage Survey Area 1: Stony Rises 0-100% 5% Survey Area 2: Deeply Weathered Volcanic Plain 0-100% 40% Survey Area 3: Sloping Plain of Mount Fyans 0-100% 5%

Survey Area 1 – Stony Rises

The stony rises comprise low elevation rocky rises with very firm red soils. To the southwest and south of the survey area there are some larger swales which are wet in winter, while there are recorded springs in the southeast and south of the survey area. The Phase 1 survey was conducted in late winter and early spring. There was good grass cover and consequently very poor ground surface visibility (0-10%). Occasional excellent ground surface visibility was encountered along stock tracks, rabbit warrens, vehicle tracks and gates (eg Photos). Phase 2 survey was conducted in early summer, and although the grass was shorter from heavier grazing and lack of rain, ground surface visibility remained very poor. Effective survey coverage was 5%. Very little pre-European contact vegetation remains, although there are some notable stands of mature Red Gums. Those encountered during survey were examined but none were found to have Aboriginal cultural scars. No Red Gums will be impacted by the activity. The entire survey area has been grazed for over 100 years. The ground surface is highly compacted while the swales have been pugged by stock. Historically the Activity Area has been plagued by rabbits, although due to the calicivirus rabbits were seen only rarely during the survey. Rabbit warrens turn over the soil to depth and it is considered likely the majority of the survey area has been affected to some extent.

The recorded locations of previously registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places VAHR 7422-0154 and 7422-0156DRAFT were subject to intensive survey but no surface evidence of them was found (PPhotos 6 – 8). Each of the places was recorded as an earth feature (mound). There was no evidence of a mound or artefacts in any location. VAHR 7422-0154 and 7422-0156 were both recorded as ripped rabbit warrens.

Locations considered likely to contain significant Aboriginal cultural heritage potential are as follows:

1. Stony rises at the interface with the volcanic plain survey area 2. Stony rises adjacent to freshwater springs

The proposed quarry, substation and site facilities locations were not considered to be in areas likely to have significant Aboriginal cultural heritage potential, although archaeological sites cannot be discounted as Aboriginal groups traversed the area while travelling between campsites or on hunting forays.

68 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

Photo 2

Survey Area 1: typical very poor ground surface visibility with deeply weathered volcanic plain Survey Area 2 in background

Photo 3

Survey Area 1: atypical excellent visibility around a dam

DRAFT

Photo 4

Survey Area 1: atypical excellent visibility at a rabbit warren

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 69 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

Photo 5

Survey Area 1: VAHR 7422- 0154 ACHRIS recorded location

Photo 6

Survey Area 1: VAHR 7422- 0156 ACHRIS recorded location

Survey Area 2 – Deeply WeDRAFTathered Volcanic Plain

This survey area comprises only a small part of the Activity Area being restricted to the site construction access track and a small area in the northwest north of Ennerdale Lane. It comprises a very gently undulating volcanic plain which has deeply weathered over time and is significantly older than the stony rises which makes up the vast majority of the Activity Area (see Section 5.7). In contrast to Survey Areas 1 and 3, it has been continually ploughed for many decades for crops as well as for pasture improvement for stock (sheep & cattle). Part of the proposed access track comprises a formed dirt and gravel lane owned by the farmer. The majority of the land has been ploughed. Excellent ground surface visibility was encountered along the margins of crops, recently ploughed fields, informal and formal farm tracks. This has resulted in effective survey coverage of approximately 40%. Even though the majority of the site access track had excellent ground surface visibility, no Aboriginal cultural heritage was found. The site access track is therefore considered to have no Aboriginal cultural heritage potential.

70 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

Photo 7

Survey Area 2: excellent ground surface visibility along proposed site access track

Photo 8

Survey Area 2: formed farm track

Photo 9

Survey Area 2: DRAFTinformal track adjacent to crops

Survey Area 3 – Slopes of Mount Fyans

The slopes of Mount Fyans are more evocative of a gently sloping plain. The slopes have small areas of very rocky basalt boulder expressions on the surface which eventually become stony rises at lower elevations in Survey Area 1. Since the Phase 1 survey was conducted in late winter and early spring, there was good grass cover and consequently very poor ground surface visibility (0-10%) although occasional excellent ground surface visibility was encountered along stock tracks, rabbit warrens, vehicle tracks and gates. Phase 2 survey conditions were much drier with shorter grass from heavier grazing,

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 71 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 although ground surface visibility was considered to be essentially the same as during Phase 1. Therefore, the effective survey coverage is considered to be 5% overall. Very little pre-European contact vegetation remains, although there are some occasional mature Red Gums. Those encountered during the standard assessment were examined but none were found to have Aboriginal cultural scars. No Red Gums will be impacted by the activity. The entire survey area has been grazed for over 100 years. Historically the Activity Area has been plagued by rabbits, although due to the calicivirus rabbits were seen only rarely during the survey. Rabbit warrens turn over the soil to depth and it is considered likely the majority of the survey area has been affected to some extent over the last 150 years.

The location of VAHR 7422-0314 recorded on ACHRIS was clearly inaccurate because it did not correspond to the site card ‘mud map’. However due to relocation instructions on the ‘mud map’ (distance from existing landscape features) the original location could be relatively accurately identified. VAHR 7422-0314 was recorded near historic buildings and trees. No evidence of the mound (or ‘small oven’) was identified. This lack of evidence at may be attributed to the fact that it was recorded nearly 40 years ago and poor ground surface visibility encountered during the survey.

No Aboriginal cultural heritage was found. This survey area is now considered unlikely to contain significant Aboriginal cultural heritage potential, however, the occasional small artefact scatter may be present as the result of Aboriginal people traversing the area travelling between camp sites or on hunting forays. Such archaeological sites will be difficult to identify in any complex assessment due to their likely small size and low frequency in the Survey Area.

Photo 10

DRAFTSurvey Area 3: typical very poor ground surface visibility.

72 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

Photo 11

Survey Area 3: VAHR 7422- 0314 location.

Activity Area

The Activity Area is located primarily on the slopes of Mount Fyans and the stony rises which have very little permanent water. Permanent water is restricted to freshwater springs in the southeast of the Activity Area. The former freshwater marsh west of the Activity Area boundary likely provided potable water and resources during periods of high rainfall. The freshwater springs would have had importance at the local scale for Aboriginal groups as sources of potable water and water feeding lakes outside the Activity Area to the south (eg Lake Sheepwash). Aboriginal groups would have traversed the Activity Area as they travelled from one base campsite to another. The lack of artefact scatters or mounds identified during the survey may be due to a variety of factors including poor ground surface visibility, the lack of strategic regional values, the location of infrastructure well away from waterways in the Activity Area, and in the case of previously recorded mounds VAHR 7422-0154 and 7422-0156, inaccurate recording on ACHRIS (see below). Based on information from the Sponsor, Mogila (the property designation on the place cards) is located to the west outside the Activity Area, and it is now possible that they are incorrectly recorded within the ActivityDRAFT Area.

Regional scale strategic values are all located outside the Activity Area and include Lake Bolac, Fiery Creek, Salt Creek, Mount Emu Creek, Nerrin Nerrin Swamp, Lake Gellie, Salt Lake and Lake Eyang (MMap 11). The largest and most significant archaeological sites in the region are most likely to be found adjacent to these locations. No evidence for mound clusters in the Activity Area may be attributed to the lack of regional strategic values, the lack of a confluence of major waterways, and the lack of diverse resources; conditions regarded as necessary by experts in mounds in the southwest of Victoria (eg Coutts & Williams).

No evidence was found for stone outcrops or other stone sources that may have provided a stone source for manufacturing tools. Mount Fyans may have provided a good vantage point across the surrounding plains as Aboriginal groups traversed the Activity Area as long as there was no vegetation obscuring their views. Mount Violet essentially comprises the two stony rises with highest relief in the Activity Area and are located north of Post

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 73 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 Office Lane. They may have also provided a vantage point, if there was a good reason for Aboriginal groups to climb the slopes to the crest. There are no apparent privileged routes of movement through the Activity Area. The most likely route of movement is along the outside margins of the stony rises on the adjacent deeply weathered volcanic plain. Here movement is easier and unimpeded by the stony rises. This is not to say that Aboriginal groups did not traverse the stony rises and slopes of Mount Fyans as well, undoubtedly they did so while hunting and travelling between campsites, but they were less likely to stop on these landforms to camp for extended periods of time. Stops most likely to result in archaeological sites on these landforms would be related to the repairing of toolkits while on the move on hunting forays.

6.7 Areas Likely to Contain Aboriginal Cultural Heritage & Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Scientific Sensitivity Model

Based on the desktop and standard assessments (SSections 5-6), a refined Aboriginal cultural heritage model is presented below (TTable 14).

Table 14 Standard Assessment Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Scientific Sensitivity Model

Place Types Location / Landform Sensitivity Elevated land within 100m of freshwater springs, elevated land within 100m of the boundary of the Mount Fyans lava flow & Ennerdale plain (Survey Areas 1 & 2) have the highest potential Artefact scatters for larger high density artefact scatters. Artefact scatters may be Likely present elsewhere but are likely to be small and low frequency and therefore any complex assessment may not find this type of artefact scatter. Low-lying land subject to inundation in the vicinity of previously recorded mounds VAHR 7422-0154 & 7422-0156 and near 7422- 0314 may have other earth features that are not visible on the Mounds Likely surface or will only be identified with high ground surface visibility or by subsurface testing. All other areas are unlikely to have mounds. All mature Red Gums will avoided by the activity. None of the Scarred trees Red GumsDRAFT investigated during the assessment identified cultural Unlikely scars. Human remains, quarries, rock art, Activity Area Unlikely shell middens, stone features

6.8 Conclusions

The standard assessment has demonstrated that (MMap 12):

1. There are three registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places VAHR 7422-0154, 7422-0156 and 7422-0314 in the Activity Area. No evidence of these places was identified during the standard assessment.

74 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 2. It is likely that VAHR 7422-0154 and 7422-0156 may be located outside the western boundary of the Activity Area. The accuracy of their recorded location can be reasonably doubted based on their property designation. 3. No new places were found. 4. There are areas of Aboriginal cultural heritage scientific sensitivity. 5. It is likely that Aboriginal cultural heritage is present.

A complex assessment is required pursuant to r.60(1) Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007:

(a) Aboriginal cultural heritage is, or is likely to be, present in the Activity Area; and (b) it is not possible to identify the extent, nature and significance of the Aboriginal cultural heritage in the Activity Area unless a complex assessment is carried out.

DRAFT

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5810000 04 02 07 01 03 05 08 55 09 06 10 104 5809000 11 12 14 13 16 15 17 19 18 20 23 22 24 21 25 26 27 30 28 29 31 5808000 32 33 34 37 35 38 36 39 40 41 42 45 44 43 0154 50 48 46 49 47 51 52 5807000 0156 54 57 53 56 59 63 61 60 58 62 66 64 68 65 73 69 72 67 71 70 74 77 78 75 76 5806000 79 81 80 84 DUNDONNELL 83 86 88 85 82 87 89 5805000 91 90 92 93 0314 95 94 96 99 5804000 100 97 98 101 103

102 5803000

5802000 5801000 DRAFT 5800000

Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-2-1, 7422-2-2-4, 7422-2-1-3 & 7422-2-1-2

0 1000 2000 Legend: Scale of Metres Activity Area Boundary Area of Aboriginal Cultural Quarry Boundary 4,200 hectares (approx) Heritage Scientific Sensitivity Proposed Quarries Site Facilities Not in Activity Area Store Dam Sub Station xx Turbine Access Tracks xxxx Mound MGA Zone 54 VAHR 7422-xxxx Map 12 Standard Assessment Areas of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Scientific Sensitivity 76 Archaeology At Tardis Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 7 COMPLEX ASSESSMENT

7.1 Aims and Methodology

The aims of subsurface testing were:

1. To determine the presence or absence of Aboriginal cultural heritage. 2. To determine the stratigraphy and general subsurface nature of the Activity area. 3. To investigate in detail the extent, nature and significance of any Aboriginal cultural heritage identified during subsurface testing. 4. The test according to proper archaeological practice. 5. To ensure the methodology satisfies the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007. 6. To test the predictions in the standard model

The aims were fulfilled by an excavation program of test pits according to the following methodology. All test pits were controlled hand excavations. Since there were changes to the wind farm layout between the Phase 1 and Phase 2 complex assessment, not all the Phase 1 subsurface testing locations are associated with the current layout. No subsurface testing was conducted on the track from Woorndoo-Streatham Road to the wind farm because it was not considered sensitive for Aboriginal cultural heritage.

The Stratigraphy and General Subsurface Nature of the Activity Area

Test pit TP37 investigated the slopes of Mount Fyans and TP128 investigated the stony rises.

Sample

The complex assessment sampled the Activity Area based on the predictions in the standard model (SSection 6.9, Table 14). The sample units are:

1. Sampling Unit 1: land nearest to freshwater springs and the boundary of the Mount Fyans lava flow and Ennerdale Plain; 2. Sampling Unit 2: land on the slopes of Mount Fyans; and 3. Sampling Unit 3: prominentDRAFT stony rises associated with Mount Violet.

Sample Unit 1: The Presence / Absence of Cultural Heritage nearest Elevated Land within 100m of Springs and of the Boundary the Mount Fynas Lava Flow & Ennerdale Plain (Maps 13a-f & g)

There was no proposed infrastructure within the areas of highest Aboriginal cultural heritage sensitivity identified in the standard assessment. Test pits were therefore excavated at proposed infrastructure locations nearest these sensitive areas. Test pits were therefore excavated at the location of proposed wind turbines known at the time. Some of these locations subsequently moved and not all test pits are at current wind turbine locations.

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 77 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 Sample Unit 2: The Presence / Absence of Cultural Heritage on the Slopes of Mount Fyans (Maps 13a, c & h)

The upper slopes of Mount Fyans were assessed unlikely to have significant Aboriginal cultural heritage potential (SSection 3.5, Table 14). In order to test this prediction a control sample of test pits was excavated in this area. Test pits were therefore excavated at the location of proposed wind turbine and quarry (MMap 13c). Some of these wind turbine locations were subsequently moved and not all test pits are at current wind turbine locations.

Sample Unit 3: The Presence / Absence of Cultural Heritage on the Prominent Stony Rises associated with Mount Violet (Map 13g).

The most prominent stony rises with the highest relief are located north of Post Office Lane in the vicinity of Mount Violet. Although they were considered unlikely to have significant Aboriginal cultural heritage potential, being the most prominent stony rises, they may have been used as vantage points and consequently were tested to determine whether Aboriginal cultural heritage was present.

The Nature, Extent and Significance of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage

The nature, extent and significance is typically identified by the presence and absence of positive archaeological evidence, that is:

1. The presence of cultural material found during the initial subsurface testing and in subsequent radial test pits (eg stone artefacts, features, cultural shell deposit, etc). 2. The absence of cultural material in radial test pits. 3. Radial test pits are excavated until such time a test pit is found with no cultural material.

During the Phase 1 complex assessment, an artefact was found on the surface of a rabbit warren. Subsurface testing (test pits TP95-99) found no subsurface component. Non- artefactual quartz fragments were also identified on the surface of another rabbit warren. In order to determine whether there may be any artefactual quartz or other stone material, subsurface testing (test pitsDRAFT TP90-94) was also conducted in this location; however, no cultural material was found.

During the Phase 2 complex assessment, subsurface artefacts were found at two turbine locations (WT26 & WT45). Subsurface testing at these locations identified the extent, nature and significance of these two places (VAHR 7422-0568 & 7422-0567).

Excavation

Excavations were conducted by hand and recorded in 5cm arbitrary layers and stratigraphic units. Hand tools including long-handled spades, picks, hand spades, hand picks, trowels and brushes were used where appropriate. All hand tools were used in a controlled manner removing sediments in thin layers (generally 1-2.5cm) keeping sections at 90° at all times. When Aboriginal cultural heritage was encountered particular care was taken to remove all sediments by hand trowel. All sediments were 100% hand sieved using 5mm mesh. No suitable material or sediments (C14 or OSL) were encountered that could

78 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 be submitted or used for dating purposes or to assist in environmental analysis. Excavations ceased when geological horizons were encountered which area known to have no cultural heritage potential (SSection 5.7).

Recording & Post Excavation

Test pits were recorded with a hand-held dGPS using GDA94 MGA54 coordinates and marked onto an Activity Area plan. Detailed notes were recorded for each test pit including stratigraphy, sediment descriptions, Munsell colour, pH levels, disturbance, and presence (or absence) of archaeological materials (AAppendix 5). Photos were taken of each excavation including detailed views of stratigraphic profiles using a standard range pole marked with 20cm intervals. All artefacts were recorded in detail and photographed using a scale marked with 1cm intervals. Artefacts were bagged, tagged and stored in a secure facility ready for transfer to a designated custodian (SSection 10).

Post excavation analysis and interpretation of the stone artefact assemblage and other data is presented in Sections 8.2 to 8.5 in order to assess the extent, nature and significance of Aboriginal cultural heritage places (SSection 8.6).

7.2 Map showing Subsurface Testing Locations

Subsurface testing locations are shown in Maps 13a-h.

7.3 Excavations with Cultural Heritage

Scaled photographs and section drawing of excavations with Aboriginal cultural heritage are presented in Appendix 4.

7.4 Excavations of Relevant Landform

Test pit TP37 investigated the slopes of Mount Fyans and TP128 investigated the stony rises. A scaled photograph and section drawing is found below (PPhoto 12, Figure 12). The complex assessment is generally consistent with the predictions on the likely nature of the geological profile, that is, clayey silt and basalt rubble (A-horizon) overlays basalt (B- horizon) (SSection 5.7). DRAFT

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 79 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

Photo 12

Test pit TP37 after excavation

Figure 12

Test pit TP37 soil profile

DRAFTPhoto 13

Test pit TP128 after excavation

80 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

Figure 13

Test pit TP128 soil profile

7.5 Test Pit Details

A total of 165 test pits were excavated. Test pit details are presented in Appendix 4, including the coordinates of all subsurface testing locations. A total area of 81.25m2 was excavated. Aboriginal cultural heritage was found in 19m2.

7.6 Fieldwork Participants

Phase 1 fieldwork was conducted from 2nd to 6th December 2013 by Robert O’Bryan, Mark Dowdell (Field Supervisors, Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd), Margaret Reith (Archaeologist, AAT), Karen Kapteinis (Geomorphologist, AAT), Mark Edwards, Greg Edwards, Brandon Edwards, Jackson Chatfield (KMAC), Geoff Clark and Vicki Abrahams (EMAC). Fieldwork comprised two to three teams working concurrently depending on Aboriginal fieldwork representative attendance resulting in an effective fieldwork scope of two to three weeks.

Phase 2 fieldworks was conducted from 8th to 12th December 2014 by Mark Dowdell (Field Supervisor, AAT), Karen Kapteinis, Aaron Della-Vecchia, Margaret Reith (AAT), Brendon Edwards, Ron Arnold (KMAC), Geoff Clark, Vicky Abrahams and Craig Edwards (EMAC). Fieldwork comprised two teams working concurrently resulting in an effective fieldwork scope of two weeks.

7.7 Fieldwork Supervisor

The fieldwork was supervised by Robert O’Bryan and Mark Dowdell (AAT). They are suitably qualified to superviseDRAFT archaeological excavation (AAppendix 9).

7.8 Obstacles

No obstacles were encountered in completing the complex assessment.

7.9 Results and Conclusions

Three places were found during the fieldwork: one Low Density Artefact Distribution (LDAD) VAHR 7422-0566, a small higher density cluster of stone artefacts at VAHR 7422- 0568, and a larger diffuse low density artefact scatter at VAHR 7422-0567. The results and conclusions of the subsurface testing considered in light of the desktop assessment are presented in Section 8.

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5810000 04 02 07 01 03 05 08 55 09 06 10 104 5809000 11 12 14 13 16 15 Map 13h 17 19 18 20 23 22 24 21 25 Map 13b 26 27 30 28 29 31 5808000 Map 13f 32 33 34 37 35 38 36 39 40 41 Map 13c 42 45 44 43 50 48 46 49 47 51 52 5807000 54 57 53 56 59 63 61 60 58 62 66 64 68 65 Map 13g 73 69 72 67 71 70 74 77 78 75 76 5806000 79 81 80 84 DUNDONNELL 83 86 88 85 82 87 89 5805000 91 90 92 Map 13d 93 95 94 96 99 5804000 100 97 98 101 103

102 5803000 Map 13e

5802000

Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-2-1, 7422-2-2-4, 7422-2-1-3 & 7422-2-1-2

0 1000 2000 Legend: DRAFT Scale of Metres xx Activity Area Boundary Test Pit 1x1m Quarry Boundary 4,200 hectares (approx) xx = test pit number Proposed Quarries

Not in Activity Area xx Test Pit 50x50cm Store Dam xx = test pit number

xx Turbine Site Facilities

Sub Station

Access Tracks

MGA Zone 54

Map 13a Subsurface Testing Locations

82 Archaeology At Tardis Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393

3 2 1 9 5 8 4 7 6

0 25 50

Scale of Metres 5

3 2 1 9 5 8 4 7 6

11 12 10 18 14 11 17 13 16 15 11 12 10 18 14

20 21 19 27 23 17 13 15 26 22 25 24 16 15

0 25 50 19 18 Scale of Metres

25 DRAFT28 34 20 21 19 27 23 Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-1-2 26 22 0 250 500 24 Legend: 25 Scale of Metres Activity Area Boundary 0 25 50 4,057 hectares (approx) Scale of Metres xx Test Pit 1x1m xx Turbine xx = test pit number

xx Test Pit 50x50cm Access Tracks MGA Zone 54 xx = test pit number

Map 13b Subsurface Testing Locations: Ennerdale Lane

Archaeology At Tardis 83 Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393

30 29 28 36 32 38 35 31 33 34 30 29 28 36 32 35 31 33 34

0 25 50

Scale of Metres

39 38 37 45 41 44 40 43 42

39 38 37 45 41 44 40 43 42 56 0 25 50

Scale of Metres

Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-1-2

0 100 200 300 Legend: DRAFT Scale of Metres

Activity Area Boundary Access Tracks 4,057 hectares (approx)

xx Test Pit 1x1m xx Turbine xx = test pit number

xx Test Pit 50x50cm Quarry xx = test pit number MGA Zone 54

Map 13c Subsurface Testing Locations: Mounts Fyans

84 Archaeology At Tardis Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393

48 49 46 47 58 52 57 51 56 50 55 53 54

48 49 46 47 0 25 50 58 52 51 57 50 56 55 53 Scale of Metres 54

118 119 117 118 119 124 117 124 125 121 120 125 121 123 122 120 97 123 122

0 25 50

Scale of Metres 61 62 59 60 71 65 70 64 69 63 68 66 67

Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-2-1

DRAFT 0 250 500 61 62 59 60 Scale of Metres Legend: 71 65 70 64 69 63 Activity Area Boundary 68 66 4,057 hectares (approx) xx 67 Test Pit 1x1m xx = test pit number

0 25 50 xx Test Pit 50x50cm Scale of Metres xx = test pit number MGA Zone 54 xx Turbine

Access Tracks

Map 13d Subsurface Testing Locations: Mount Violet Homestead

Archaeology At Tardis 85 Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393

91 90 94 92 93

6 6 71 104 103 70 102 69 96 101 95 100 103 99 97 116 98 115 108 114 107 113 109 106 110 105 111 112

73 74 72 80 76 73 74 72 80 76 79 75 75 78 79 77 78 83 77 82 81 84 89 85 88 87 86

0 25 50

Scale of Metres 0 250 500

Scale of Metres

82 83 91 81 90 84 89 85 94 92 88 93 87 86

0 25 50 104 103 Scale of Metres 102 96 101 95 100 99 97 116 98 115 108 114 109 107 DRAFT113 110 106 105 Legend: 111 112 Activity Area Boundary 4,057 hectares (approx) Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-2-1 xx Test Pit 1x1m 0 50 100 xx = test pit number Scale of Metres xx Test Pit 50x50cm xx = test pit number

xx Turbine

Access Tracks

MGA Zone 54

Map 13e Subsurface Testing Locations: Woorndoo-Dundonnell Road

86 Archaeology At Tardis Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393 670000

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132

133

132

164 163 162 45 142 0 50 100 140 134 131 Scale of Metres 160 135 137 146 159 158 143 156 144 165 139 147 141 136 161 157 145 148 138 149

0 100 200

Scale of Metres

164 Legend: 163 162 142 140 134 Activity Area Boundary 131 4,057 hectares (approx) xx 160 Test Pit 1x1m: No Artefact 135 xx = test pit number 137 146 159 158 xx Test Pit 1x1m: With Artefact 143 156 xx = test pit number 144 165 Site Facilities DRAFT 139 147 xx Turbine 141 136 161 157 145 148 Access Tracks 138 149 045

0 25 50

Scale of Metres

MGA Zone 54 Map 13f Subsurface Testing Locations: Phase 2, Fashams Lane

Archaeology At Tardis 87 Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393 5

670000 54 100 63 61

69 72 73 129 74 77 130 79 128 130 81 84 83 88 86 0 50 100 89 Scale of Metres 91 90 92

118 119 124 117 125 121 120 123 122 93 95 94 0 250 500 96

129

0 50 100 Scale of Metres 128 Legend: DRAFT Activity Area Boundary 4,057 hectares (approx) 0 50 100 xx Test Pit 1x1m: No Artefact Scale of Metres xx = test pit number

xx Test Pit 1x1m: With Artefact xx = test pit number

xx Turbine

Access Tracks MGA Zone 54

Map 13g Subsurface Testing Locations: Phase 2, Post Office Lane

88 Archaeology At Tardis Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393

20 126

154 22 155

127 150 153 151 26 152 29 126

0 50 100

Scale of Metres

0 100 200

Scale of Metres

Legend:

Activity Area Boundary 127 150 4,057 hectares (approx) xx 153 151 Test Pit 1x1m: No Artefact xx = test pit number 152 xx Test Pit 1x1m: With Artefact xx = test pit number DRAFT xx Turbine

0 25 50 Access Tracks Scale of Metres

MGA Zone 54

Map 13h Subsurface Testing Locations: Phase 2, Slopes of Mount Fyans

Archaeology At Tardis 89 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 8 ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE

8.1 Details of the Assessment

8.1.1 Stone Artefacts

A total of 140 stone artefacts were recorded including one surface and 139 subsurface artefacts. The majority of artefacts were found at VAHR 7422-0567 (n=109) followed by 7422-0568 (n=30) and 7422-0566 (n=1). The highest density of artefacts was found at VAHR 7422-0568 in test pit TP127 (30 artefacts per m2). All the other test pits have low artefact densities ranging from one to 13 artefacts per m2 (AAppendix 4). Although, density data for artefact scatters in the geographic region are lacking, high density artefact scatters found in other parts of Victoria can often have test pits with artefact densities greater than 200 artefacts per m2. It is reasonable to assume that such high density scatters, as yet undiscovered in the geographic region, are likely to be present adjacent to major waterways (eg Lake Bolac).

Stone artefact raw material is dominated by quartz (74%), followed by silcrete (12%), chert (6%) and other minor components (CChart 4). Quartz is more dominant at VAHR 7422-0568 than 7422-0567. This is in part related to the former having fewer and the latter having more raw material types (CCharts 5 & 6).

Chart 4 Assemblage Raw Material

Crystal quartz Hornfels Obsidian Chalcedony 1% 1% 1% 1% Tachylite Quartzite 1% 3% Chert AFT 6% Silcrete 12%

Quartz 74%

90 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 Chart 5 VAHR 7422-0568 Artefact Raw Material

Tachylite 3%

Silcrete 10%

Quartz 87%

Chart 6 VAHR 7422-0567 Artefact Raw Material

Crystal quartz Hornfels Obsidian Chalcedony 2% 1% 1% 1% Quartzite 4%

Chert 8% RAFT Silcrete 13%

Quartz 70%

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 91 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 Flakes (86%) dominate the assemblage followed by angular fragments (7%), blades (<4%) and cores (<4%) (CChart 7). This pattern is similar at both VAHR 7422-0568 and 7422-0567 (CCharts 8 & 9). The low percentage of angular fragments, blades and lack of tools in noteworthy in the assemblage. No artefacts were able to be conjoined. This is likely due to the low densities of artefacts and the difficulty of refitting quartz. Four artefacts at VAHR 7422-0568 and 21 artefacts at VAHR 7422-0567 had cortex indicating primary flaking occurred at both sites. Cores included three bidirectional and two unidirectional cores.

Chart 7 Assemblage Data Classes

Angular Blades Cores fragments <4% <4% 7%

Flakes 86%

Chart 8 VAHR 7422-0568 Data Classes

Angular Cores fragments 3% 7% Blades 7% DRA

Flakes 83%

92 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 Chart 9 VAHR 7422-0567 Data Classes

Angular Cores Blades fragments 4% 3% 7%

Flakes 86%

8.1.2 Site Formation Processes

Stone artefacts were primarily accumulated by the working of stone by Aboriginal people in the locations where they were discovered. The landforms were generally stable, relatively flat and there were no obvious signs of heavy erosion. Stone artefacts in test pits TP142, TP162 and TP163 at VAHR 7422-0567 were situated on the slope of the stony rise down toward the plain below. The artefact here have likely suffered some downward colluvial movement, however, this was not obvious by examining the soil profile. Stone artefacts in test pit TP127 at VAHR 7422-0568 have likely settled down onto the basalt boulders. Since artefacts are generally in thin soil profiles and are found to a maximum depth of only 25cm, there has likely been at least some disturbance by stock trampling, but this may only be to a depth of 10cm to 15cm. Stony rises were known historically to have harboured high numbers of rabbits, but no rabbit burrowing was found at VAHR 7422-0568 or 7422-0567; although the artefact at VAHR 7422-566 was clearly brought to the surface by recent rabbit burrowing.

DRAFTChart 10 Depth of Artefacts

Number of artefacts 0 1020304050

Surface

0-5

5-10

10-15 Depth (cm) 15-20

20-25

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 93 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 8.2 Information in Relation to Discovered Aboriginal Cultural Heritage

KMAC and EMAC were requested to provide information in relation to Aboriginal cultural heritage discovered during the assessment.

8.3 Oral Information in Relation to Aboriginal Heritage of the Activity Area

KMAC and EMAC were requested to provide, if they wished, any oral information in relation to the Aboriginal heritage of the Activity Area.

8.4 Results of the Assessment of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage

No Aboriginal cultural heritage with moderate or above scientific significance was discovered during the assessment. LDAD VAHR 7422-0566 is an isolated artefact, a place-type that can be found throughout Victoria on any landform. For this reason, whether they are found in close proximity to a waterway or on the middle of a plain, an isolated artefact typically has little interpretive value. Previously registered Aboriginal cultural heritage places VAHR 7422-0154, 7422-0156 and 7422-0314 were not relocated despite two inspections. Since they will not be harmed, no subsurface testing was conducted at their recorded locations. The lack of evidence at earth features VAHR 7422- 0154, 7422-0156 and 7422-0314 can be attributed to dispersal over the last 40 years, conditions of poor ground visibility and the inaccurate location coordinates on ACHRIS (although this was taken into account by expanding the area of survey to try and find the place, and by using the place card mud maps). It is also possible that VAHR 7422-0154 and 7422-0156 are incorrectly shown within the Activity Area as Mogila is a property name for land outside the Activity Area. Unfortunately the ‘mud maps’ on these two site cards contain insufficient information to make any determination on their correct location. Only VAHR 7422-0314 was able to be relocated due to the excellent mud map drawn by Rudy Frank, but no surface evidence of the place was found.

The lack of regional strategic resources, vantage points, ethnographic and environmental evidence suggests that the proposed infrastructure in the Activity Area is unlikely to impact archaeological values with high scientific significance. However, the presence of local resources and recorded places in the Activity Area means that it is reasonably possible that additional archaeologicalDRAFT sites are present.

The lack of archaeological evidence of large base camps (eg large dense artefact scatters with hearths, etc) found during this investigation is consistent with the view these places are most likely associated with regional strategic values such as Lake Bolac, Fiery Creek, Salt Creek, Hopkins River, Mount Emu Creek, Lake Turangmoroke, Nerrin Nerrin Swamp, Lake Gellie, Salt Lake and Lake Eyang. The local importance of smaller waterways, such as Lake Sheepwash and unnamed lakes to the south and east of the Activity Area, is shown by the presence of recorded places along their margins.

More positively, the identification of artefact scatters VAHR 7422-0568 and 7422-0567 may be indicative of differential use of the landscape in the Activity Area. The former was a small but higher density cluster of artefacts that may be the result of a short term stop to repair toolkits while on a hunting foray. It is not associated with any proximity to water, any special views or other local resource; the place being situated on the open plain. It was a random find in the complex assessment. Its location is different to the small oven VAHR

94 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 7422-0314 recorded to the south. This oven is recorded in a flat area near the homestead close to the freshwater springs and before more broken ground is encountered southward towards Lake Sheepwash. VAHR 7422-0567 was a lower density but larger diffuse scatter of artefacts with a much wider range of raw materials. These attributes may indicate the place was repeatedly visited albeit with a lack of intensive stone reduction. It is situated on the edge of a low relief, flat stony rise with views over the surrounding low-lying plain which would be wet during periods of high rainfall. Further west outside the Activity Area there is a former deep water marsh which would also have provided flora and fauna. This place may have been a more favoured location to stop (compared to VAHR 7422-0568) and may fit into a scenario where Aboriginal groups in this region preferred to stop on the margins of stony rise landforms where they meet the deeply weathered volcanic plain. This may be due to the increased value of local resources (eg deep water marshes) at this landform interface. They can also quickly access the resources on the deeply weathered volcanic plains. Movement may also be quicker and faster by avoiding the higher relief stony rises. The archaeological potential of the stony rises landforms in relation to the wind farm layout is shown in Map 26. The scenario presented above requires further testing in similar landform contexts. This assessment therefore can be viewed as a beginning in the investigation of the relationship of the nature archaeological sites associated with regional and local scale resources.

Cultural Heritage Significance

A statement of cultural heritage significance is a mandatory component of a CHMP (Schedule 2 Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007). Cultural heritage significance includes (s.4 Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006):

(a) archaeological, anthropological, contemporary, historical, scientific, social or spiritual significance; and (b) significance in accordance with Aboriginal tradition;

European assessments of cultural heritage significance (especially archaeological, scientific, anthropological, aesthetic, historic or social / spiritual) may not accord with those of the Aboriginal community. It is up to the Aboriginal people to decide the Aboriginal cultural significance (SSections 4, 8.2 & 8.3). DRAFT Places found during this investigation are considered to have up to low scientific significance. Places not relocated are not assessed. Based on the evidence from this investigation a significance summary of known cultural heritage is presented in Table 15.

Table 15 Significance Summary

VAHR No Relevant Aboriginal Group Scientific Place Name Cultural Significance Significance 7422-0566 Not provided – default high Extremely low Dundonnell Wind Farm 1 7422-0568 Not provided – default high Low Dundonnell Wind Farm 2 7422-0567 Not provided – default high Low Dundonnell Wind Farm 3

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 95 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

VAHR No Relevant Aboriginal Group Scientific Place Name Cultural Significance Significance 7422-0314 Not provided by original recorder – Not provided – default high Mount Violet 1 no evidence of place found 7422-0156 Not provided by original recorder – Not provided – default high Mogila 3 no evidence of place found 7422-0154 Not provided by original recorder – Not provided – default high Mogila 1 no evidence of place found

8.5 Map showing Aboriginal Cultural Heritage in the Activity Area

All Aboriginal cultural heritage investigated in the Activity Area with reference to Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register numbers is shown in Map 14.

DRAFT

96 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393 666000 667000 668000 669000 670000 671000 672000 673000 674000 675000 676000 677000

5812000

5811000

5810000

5809000

0568 5808000

0567 0154 5807000 0156

5806000 DUNDONNELL

5805000 0314

5804000 0566

5803000

5802000 5801000 DRAFT 5800000

Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-2-1, 7422-2-2-4, 7422-2-1-3 & 7422-2-1-2

0 1000 2000 Legend: Scale of Metres 0566 Activity Area Boundary Low Density Artefact Distribution 4,200 hectares (approx) VAHR 7422-xxxx

xxxx Mound Not in Activity Area VAHR 7422-xxxx

xxxx Artefact Scatter VAHR 7422-xxxx MGA Zone 54

Map 14 Known Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Places in the Activity Area

Archaeology At Tardis 97 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 8.6 Cultural Heritage Places

8.6.1 VAHR 7422-0566: Extent, Nature and Significance (Map 15)

Place Name: Dundonnell Wind Farm 1 VAHR No: 7422-0566 Place Type: Low Density Artefact Distribution (LDAD) Primary Grid Coordinate GDA94 671394.98E 5803519.96N MGA54: Published Map No: (1:30K) 7422-2-2-1 Cadastre: 1\TP239591 / Parish of Terrinallum / Moyne Shire Test Pits: None with Aboriginal cultural heritage Contents: 1 quartz proximal flake Vertical Artefact Distribution: Surface find only Artefact Density per m2: Maximum=1; Minimum=1; Average=1 Typical Soil Profile Description: Not applicable Disturbance: Rabbit burrow & warren Location: 1349 Darlington-Nerring Road, Dundonnell, 3271 Geomorphic Unit: Western Plains (6), volcanic plains (6.1), stony rises (6.1.2) Landform: Stony Undulating Plains Western District – Plain above flood level – stony rises Bioregion & EVC: Victorian Volcanic Plain – Stony Knoll Shrubland / Plains Grassy Woodland / Plains Grassy Wetland Mosaic Waterways: Spring & drainage line Extent: 1m (length), 1m (width), 0cm (depth) & 1m2 (area). Excavation found no subsurface component and the known extent is determined by the surface find location. Nature: VAHR 7422-0566 is a Low Density Artefact Distribution DRAFT(LDAD) comprising a single quartz proximal flake. The location was disturbed by rabbit burrows and warren. The place likely represents casual artefact discard or loss. No evidence was found for significant stone reduction sequences, tool manufacturing workshops, long-term camping or food preparation. Scientific Significance: Extremely low The place lacks significant intrinsic archaeological attributes (eg features, archaeological stratification, etc, see Appendix 6). Isolated artefacts are not rare regardless of their proximity or not to waterways. Cultural Significance: High Although KMAC and EMAC have not provided a statement of cultural significance, all Aboriginal groups typically attribute high cultural significance to stone artefacts.

98 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

Photo 14

VAHR 7422-0566 location

DRAFTPhoto 15

VAHR 7422-0566 artefact

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 99 Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393

5806000 671000 672000 673000 674000

5805000

5804000

0566

5803000

5802000 DRAFT

Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-2-1 0 250 500

Legend: Scale of Metres

0566 Activity Area Boundary Low Density Artefact Distribution 4,200 hectares (approx) 671391E, 5803519N

Not in Activity Area

MGA Zone 54

Map 15 VAHR 7422-0566: Known Extent of Place

100 Archaeology At Tardis Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 8.6.2 VAHR 7422-0568: Extent, Nature and Significance (Map 16)

Place Name: Dundonnell Wind Farm 2 VAHR No: 7422-0568 Place Type: Artefact Scatter Primary Grid Coordinate GDA94 674782.8E 5808210.383N MGA54: Published Map No: (1:30K) 7422-2-1-2 Cadastre: 1\LP65904 / Parish of Terrinallum / Moyne Shire Test Pits: TP127 (n=30) Contents: 30 stone artefacts Flakes 25 Blades 2 Angular fragments 2 Cores 1 Quartz 26 Silcrete 3 Tachylite 1 Vertical Artefact Distribution: Surface - 0-5cm 8 5-10cm 4 10-15cm 3 15-20cm 2 20-25cm 1 Artefact Density per m2: Maximum=30; Minimum=30; Average=30 Typical Soil Profile Description: 0-30cm weak brown silt 30cm↓ basalt Disturbance: Stock trampling Location: Dohertys Lane, Dundonnell, 3271 Geomorphic Unit: Western Plains (6), volcanic plains (6.1), eruption points (6.1.1) Landform: Sloping plain – stony basalt undulation Bioregion & EVC: DRAFTVictorian Volcanic Plains – Stony Knoll Shrubland / Plains Grassy Woodland / Plains Grassy Wetland Mosaic (EVC714) Waterways: No waterways are located in the vicinity of the place. Extent: 5m (length), 5m (width), 25cm (depth), 19.63m2 (area) The known extent was determined by subsurface testing. Radial test pits found no additional cultural heritage. Taking into account the landform context of very rocky ground on sloping plain with no nearby water, there may be low numbers of additional artefacts within a 2m buffer of TP127. Nature: The place comprises a small low density subsurface scatter of artefacts found in a natural clayey silt A-horizon. There was no evidence of archaeological stratification or high integrity occupation deposits. No material suitable for radiometric dating was identified. The place may represent a brief stop where minor toolkit repair occurred resulting in the discard of artefacts.

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 101 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

Scientific Significance: Low The place comprises a small low density scatter of artefacts. There is no evidence of any other occupation features or components (eg hearths), stratified or otherwise. Cultural Significance: High Although KMAC and EMAC have not provided a statement of cultural significance, all Aboriginal groups typically attribute high cultural significance to stone artefacts.

Photo 16

VAHR 7422-0568 view from test pit TP127

DRAFT Photo 17

VAHR 7422-0568 artefacts

102 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393 673000 674000 675000 676000 677000

5809000

0568

Inset 5808000

5807000

Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-2-1 0 250 500

Scale of Metres

5.1m

0568 5.1m

0 5 10 MGA Zone 54 DRAFTScale of Metres

Legend:

Activity Area Boundary Place Extent 4,200 hectares (approx) xxxx Artefact Scatter and Place Extent VAHR 7422-xxxx

Map 16 VAHR 7422-0568: Known Extent of Place

Archaeology At Tardis 103 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 8.6.3 VAHR 7422-0567: Extent, Nature and Significance (Map 17)

Place Name: Dundonnell Wind Farm 3 VAHR No: 7422-0567 Place Type: Artefact Scatter Primary Grid Coordinate GDA94 670069.232E 5807369.144N MGA54: Published Map No: (1:30K) 7422-2-1-3 Cadastre: 6\PP2581 & 7\PP2581 / Parish of Eilyar / Moyne Shire Test Pits: TP131 (n=6), TP134 (n=5), TP135 (n=13), TP136 (n=11), TP137 (n=7), TP139 (n=7), TP140 (n=6), TP141 (n=2), TP142 (n=5), TP143 (n=10), TP144 (n=5), TP147 (n=3), TP148 (n=1), TP149 (n=13), TP159 (n=4), TP162 (n=2), TP163 (n=1), TP165 (n=8) Contents: 109 stone artefacts Flakes 94 Angular fragments 8 Blades 3 Cores 4 Quartz 77 Silcrete 14 Chert 9 Quartzite 4 Crystal quartz 2 Hornfels 1 Obsidian 1 Chalcedony 1 Vertical Artefact Distribution: Surface 0 0-5cm 3 5-10cm 25 10-15cm 43 15-20cm 38 Artefact Density per m2: Maximum=13; Minimum=1; Average=6 Typical Soil Profile DescriptionDRAFT: 0-25cm weak reddish brown silt 25cm↓ basalt or strong reddish brown clay Disturbance: Stock trampling Location: Fashams Lane & 458 Post Office Lane, Dundonnell, 3271 Geomorphic Unit: Western Plains (6), volcanic plains (6.1), stony rises (6.1.2) Landform: Edge of stony rise and northern upper to middle slope Bioregion & EVC: Victorian Volcanic Plain – Plains Grassy Woodland (EVC55) Waterways: Approximately 1km east of a former deep freshwater marsh. Extent: 146.5m (length), 78.7m (width), 20cm (depth), 5836.3m2 (area) The known extent was determined by subsurface testing. Since the artefacts were found in low densities across a wide area a buffer was placed around the test pits with artefacts to take into consideration the potential for low numbers of additional artefacts to be present.

104 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

Nature: The place comprises a low density subsurface scatter of artefacts found in a natural clayey silt A-horizon. There was no evidence of archaeological stratification or high integrity occupation deposits. No material suitable for radiometric dating was identified. The place represents a location which was visited on more than one occasion, and where minor toolkit repair occurred resulting in the discard of artefacts over the extent shown in Map 17. Movement of some of the artefacts in the northern part of the site has subsequently occurred downslope toward the plain below. Scientific Significance: Low The place comprises a low density scatter of artefacts. There is no evidence of any other occupation features or components (eg hearths), stratified or otherwise. Cultural Significance: High Although KMAC and EMAC have not provided a statement of cultural significance, all Aboriginal groups typically attribute high cultural significance to stone artefacts.

Photo 18

VAHR 7422-0567 view from test pit TP134 toward the plain DRAFT

Photo 19

VAHR 7422-0567 sample of artefacts

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 105 Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393 670000 669000 670000 671000 672000

5808000

0567

Inset

5807000

5806000

Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-2-1 0 250 500

Scale of Metres 670000

146.2m

78.7m 0567 DRAFT MGA Zone 54

0 50

Scale of Metres

Legend:

Activity Area Boundary Place Extent 4,200 hectares (approx) 0567 Artefact Scatter VAHR 7422-0567

Map 17 VAHR 7422-0567: Known Extent of Place

106 Archaeology At Tardis Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 8.6.4 VAHR 7422-0154: Extent, Nature and Significance (Map 18)

Place Name: Mogila 1 VAHR No: 7422-0154 Place Type: Earth feature (mound) Primary Grid Coordinate GDA94 669320E 5807277N MGA54: Recorders Details: Coutts & Rose 1974 Published Map No: 7422-2-1-3 Cadastre: 7\PP2581 / Parish of Eilyar / Moyne Shire Test Pits: None – place location will not be harmed Contents: quartz, quartzite, flint & basalt flakes & tools recorded on place form Vertical Artefact Distribution: Surface only Artefact Density per m2: Not known Typical Soil Profile Description: Not applicable – not subject to subsurface testing Disturbance: Stock trampling, deep ripping Location: 458 Post Office Lane, Dundonnell, 3271 Geomorphic Unit: Western Plains (6), Volcanic Plains (6.1), Stony Rises (6.1.2) Landform: Stony Undulating Plains – Plain above flood level (<9m) Bioregion & EVC: Victorian Volcanic Plain – Plains Grassland Waterways: 300m from a former deep water marsh Extent: Approximately 55m (length), 10m (width), 550m2 (area) (see place form) Nature: The nature of the place was not investigated because it was unable to be relocated. The site card describes the place comprising black soil which was irregular in shape. Basalt, flint, quartz flakes and one quartzite tool was identified on the surface. The place had been DRAFTripped. The recorded place location was subject to intensive survey during the standard assessment but no evidence of the place was found. Scientific Significance: Not stated by recorder. Since no contemporary evidence is available for the place, it has not been assessed for scientific significance. Cultural Significance: High Although KMAC and EMAC have not provided a statement of cultural significance, all Aboriginal groups typically attribute high cultural significance to archaeological places.

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 107 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

Photo 20

VAHR 7422-0154 location

DRAFT

108 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393 667000 668000 669000 670000 671000

5808000

0154

Inset 5807000

DUNDONNELL

5806000

Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-1-3 0 250 500

Scale of Metres

55m

0154 10m DRAFT MGA Zone 54

Extent Plan based on Site Card on ACHRIS 16-08-74

Legend:

Activity Area Boundary Approximate Place Extent 4,200 hectares (approx)

0154 Mound VAHR 7422-0154

Map 18 VAHR 7422-0154: Known Extent of Place

Archaeology At Tardis 109 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 8.6.5 VAHR 7422-0156: Extent, Nature and Significance (Map 19)

Place Name: Mogila 3 VAHR No: 7422-0156 Place Type: Earth feature (mound) Primary Grid Coordinate GDA94 669520E 5807177N MGA54: Recorders Details: Coutts & Frank 1974 Published Map No: 7422-2-1-3 Cadastre: 7\PP2581 / Parish of Eilyar / Moyne Shire Test Pits: None – place location will not be harmed Contents: Quartz & quartzite fragments & tools Vertical Artefact Distribution: Surface only Artefact Density per m2: Not known Typical Soil Profile Description: Not applicable – not subject to subsurface testing Disturbance: Stock trampling, deep ripping Location: 458 Post Office Lane, Dundonnell, 3271 Geomorphic Unit: Western Plains (6), Volcanic Plains (6.1), Stony Rises (6.1.2) Landform: Stony Undulating Plains – Plain above flood level (<9m) Bioregion & EVC: Victorian Volcanic Plain – Plains Grassland Waterways: 415m from a former deep water marsh Extent: 27m (length), 8m (width), depth unknown, 216m2 (area) (see place form) Nature: The site card locates the place on a ridge. The mound also had an artefact component comprising quartz and quartzite fragments and tools. The place had been ripped. The recorded place location was subject to intensive survey during the standard assessment but no evidence of the place was found. Scientific Significance: Not stated by recorder. Since no contemporary evidence is DRAFTavailable for the place, it has not been assessed for scientific significance. Cultural Significance: High Although KMAC and EMAC have not provided a statement of cultural significance, all Aboriginal groups typically attribute high cultural significance to archaeological places.

110 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

Photo 21

VAHR 7422-0156 location

DRAFT

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 111 Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393 667000 668000 669000 670000 671000

5808000

0156

5807000 Inset

DUNDONNELL

5806000

Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-1-3 0 250 500

Scale of Metres

27m

0156 8m DRAFT MGA Zone 54

Extent Plan based on Site Card on ACHRIS 16-08-74

Legend:

Activity Area Boundary Approximate Place Extent 4,200 hectares (approx)

0156 Mound VAHR 7422-0156

Map 19 VAHR 7422-0156: Known Extent of Place

112 Archaeology At Tardis Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 8.6.6 VAHR 7422-0314: Extent, Nature and Significance (Map 20)

Place Name: Mount Violet 1 VAHR No: 7422-0314 Place Type: Earth feature (mound) Primary Grid Coordinate GDA94 673020E 5804677N MGA54: Recorders Details: Frank 1975 Published Map No: 7422-2-2-1 Cadastre: 1\TP173515 / Parish of Terrinallum / Moyne Shire Test Pits: None – place location will not be harmed Contents: ‘small oven’ noted on site card Typical Soil Profile Description: Not noted on site card Disturbance: None noted on site card Location: 1349 Darlington-Nerrin Road, Dundonnell, 3271 Geomorphic Unit: Western Plains (6), Volcanic Plains (6.1), Stony Rises (6.1.2) Landform: Stony Undulating Plains – Plain above flood level (<9m) Bioregion & EVC: Victorian Volcanic Plain – Stony Knoll Shrubland / Plains Grassy Woodland / Plains Grassy Wetland Mosaic Waterways: 345m from spring fed drainage line Extent: 6m (length), 6m (width), 36m2 (area) Nature: The place is described as a ‘small oven’ on the site card. The recorded place location was subject to intensive survey during the standard assessment but no evidence of the place was found. Scientific Significance: Not stated by recorder. Since no contemporary evidence is available for the place, it has not been assessed for scientific significance. Cultural Significance: DRAFTHigh Although KMAC and EMAC have not provided a statement of cultural significance, all Aboriginal groups typically attribute high cultural significance to archaeological places.

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 113 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

Photo 22

VAHR 7422-0314 location

DRAFT

114 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393

5806000 672000 673000 674000 675000

5805000

0314

Inset

5804000

Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-2-1 0 250 500

Scale of Metres

0314 6m DRAFT MGA Zone 54

Extent Plan based on Site Card on ACHRIS 02-09-75

Legend:

Activity Area Boundary Approximate Place Extent 4,200 hectares (approx) 0314 Mound VAHR 7422-0314

Map 20 VAHR 7422-0314: Known Extent of Place

Archaeology At Tardis 115 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 8.7 Areas Likely to Contain Aboriginal Cultural Heritage but will Not to be Impacted

8.7.1 Reasoning for Area Extent

There are areas within the Activity Area that have been identified in the assessment as likely to have potential to contain significant Aboriginal heritage but which will not be impacted by the construction of the wind farm.

8.7.2 Description of Area Extent

The area comprises elevated land adjacent to freshwater springs and their watercourses, and elevated land adjacent to the Mount Fyans lava flow and Ennerdale Plain (excluding Ennerdale Lane road reserve). It also includes the deeply weathered volcanic plain in the northwest of the Activity Area which was not subject to standard or complex assessment. The area is shown on Map 24.

8.8 Conclusions

This assessment has demonstrated that:

x The known cultural heritage values comprise VAHR 7422-0154, 7422-0156, 7422- 0314, 7422-0566, 7422-0568 and 7422-0567. x No surface archaeological evidence was found during the assessment of VAHR 7422-0154, 7422-0156 and 7422-0314.

DRAFT

116 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 9 CONSIDERATION OF SECTION 61 MATTERS – IMPACT ASSESSMENT

The impact of the proposed activity on Aboriginal cultural heritage is considered below pursuant to Section 61 of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006.

9.1 VAHR 7422-0566

9.1.1 Can Harm be Avoided?

Harm will be avoided because no wind farm infrastructure is proposed at the place.

9.1.2 Can Harm be Minimised?

Harm will be avoided; therefore no harm minimisation measures are required.

9.1.3 Are Specific Management Measures Required?

In order to avoid inadvertent harm to the place management measures are required (see Section 10.1). The stone artefact has been removed and requires management pursuant to Section 10.8.

9.2 VAHR 7422-0568

9.2.1 Can Harm be Avoided?

Harm to part of the place will not be avoided because an access track and wind turbine are proposed at the place location. After consultation with OAAV (see Section 4), it was considered preferable that harm occur to a place comprehensively investigated during the complex assessment rather than move the infrastructure to areas not investigation and potentially harm unknown Aboriginal cultural heritage.

9.2.2 Can Harm be Minimised?

For the reasons stated in Section 9.2.1, no harm minimisation is required.

9.2.3 Are Specific ManagementDRAFT Measures Required?

After consultation with OAAV (SSection 4), salvage of the place was considered appropriate. Stone artefacts have been removed and require management pursuant to Section 10.8.

9.3 VAHR 7422-0567

9.3.1 Can Harm be Avoided?

Harm to part of the place will not be avoided because an access track and wind turbine are proposed at the place location. After consultation with OAAV (see Section 4), it was considered preferable that harm occur to a place comprehensively investigated during the complex assessment rather than move the infrastructure to areas not investigation and potentially harm unknown Aboriginal cultural heritage.

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 117 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 9.3.2 Can Harm be Minimised?

For the reasons stated in Section 9.3.1, no harm minimisation is required.

9.3.3 Are Specific Management Measures Required?

After consultation with OAAV (SSection 4), and based on the following reasons, no salvage management measures are for the following reasons:

x High densities of additional stone artefacts are unlikely to be found; x The extent, nature and significance of the place has been documented in this CHMP and on ACHRIS; and x Salvage is considered unlikely to contribute to any further knowledge of the place.

Stone artefacts have been removed and require management pursuant to Section 10.8.

9.4 VAHR 7422-0154

9.4.1 Can Harm be Avoided?

Harm will be avoided by ensuring there is no construction of wind farm infrastructure in the place location.

9.4.2 Can Harm be Minimised?

Harm will be avoided; therefore no harm minimisation measures are required.

9.4.3 Are Specific Management Measures Required?

In order to avoid inadvertent harm to the place management measures are required (see Section 10.2).

9.5 VAHR 7422-0156

9.5.1 Can Harm be Avoided?DRAFT

Harm will be avoided by ensuring there is no construction of wind farm infrastructure in the place location.

9.5.2 Can Harm be Minimised?

Harm will be avoided; therefore no harm minimisation measures are required.

9.5.3 Are Specific Management Measures Required?

In order to avoid inadvertent harm to the place management measure are required (see Section 10.3).

118 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 9.6 VAHR 7422-0314

9.6.1 Can Harm be Avoided?

Harm will be avoided by ensuring there is no construction of wind farm infrastructure in the place location.

9.6.2 Can Harm be Minimised?

Harm will be avoided; therefore no harm minimisation measures are required.

9.6.3 Are Specific Management Measures Required?

In order to avoid inadvertent harm to the place management measure are required (see Section 10.4).

9.7 Areas Likely to Contain Aboriginal Cultural Heritage but will Not be Impacted by Wind Farm Infrastructure

Areas that will not be impacted by the wind farm development, but which were identified as sensitive for Aboriginal cultural heritage, must not be subject to ground disturbing works during the conduct of the activity.

9.8 Ground Survey of Tracks

Specific management measures are required to sample survey the construction of tracks during the construction of the wind farm (see Section 10.7).

9.9 Contingency Plan

A Contingency Plan is required to manage any Aboriginal cultural heritage issues during the conduct of the activity. The Contingency Plan is presented in Section 11.

9.9 Custody and Management of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage

Stone artefacts must be managedDRAFT pursuant to Section 10.8.

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 119 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 PART 2 – CULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

10 SPECIFIC CULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS

These recommendations become compliance requirements once the Cultural Heritage Management Plan is approved.

10.1 VAHR 7422-0566 (Map 21)

Harm will be avoided and no harm minimisation measures are required. In order to avoid inadvertent harm to the place, the following management measures are required:

1. Prior to the conduct of the activity, secure protective fencing must be erected with a 10m radius around the recorded place location as shown on Map 21. 2. During the conduct of the activity, No Go Zone signs must be attached to the protective fence. 3. The fenced No Go Zone location must be shown on all relevant work plans. 4. The secure protective fencing and No Go Zone signs must be maintained during the activity. 5. Once the activity has finished, the fence and signs can be removed. 6. Information in relation to the above management measures must be provided to all relevant contractors before working in the Activity Area.

The stone artefact collected during the assessment must be managed pursuant to Section 10.8.

DRAFT

120 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393 671375

5803540

671390E, 5803525.2N 671400.05E, 5803525.2N

0566

671390E, 5803515.2N 671400E, 5803515.2N

DRAFT

Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 7422-2-1-3 0 5 10 Legend: Scale of Metres

0566 Activity Area Boundary Low Density Artefact Distribution 4,200 hectares (approx) VAHR 7422-0556 671391E, 5803519N

Fence See Section 10.1 for Specific Management Requirements MGA Zone 54

Map 21 VAHR 7422-0566: Management Measures Required

Archaeology At Tardis 121 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 10.2 VAHR 7422-0568 (Map 22)

Harm will occur and no harm minimisation are required during the conduct of the activity. After consultation with OAAV, salvage of the place is required as follows:

1. Salvage must occur prior to the activity commencing within the known site extent as shown in Map 22. 2. A total of 4 (1m x 1m) test pits in any configuration considered appropriate by the heritage advisor must be excavated within the Salvage Area shown in Map 22. 3. Controlled hand excavation must be conducted according to proper archaeological practice. 4. All sediments must be hand sieved using 5mm mesh. 5. Any suitable material for dating purposes (eg C14 or OSL) or to assist in environmental analysis must be collected and analysed. 6. Detailed notes must be recorded including stratigraphy, sediment descriptions, Munsell colour, pH levels, disturbance and the presence (or absence) of archaeological materials. 7. Photographs must be taken of the excavation including detailed views of the soil profile using an appropriate scale (eg range pole with 20cm intervals). 8. All artefacts must be recorded in detail and a sample photographed using an appropriate scale. 9. All artefacts must be bagged, tagged and stored in a secure facility and managed according to Section 10.8. 10. The heritage advisor must complete the appropriate ACHRIS forms and submit a salvage report to OAAV within 12 months of the completion of the fieldwork presenting detailed results of the excavations and an interpretation of the stone assemblage in relation to past Aboriginal behaviour in the Activity Area. 11. The cost of the management requirements must be borne by the Sponsor, their agent or contractor.

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122 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393 673000 674000 675000 676000 677000

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Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-2-1 0 250 500

Scale of Metres

674780.05E, 5808213.13N 674785.55E, 5808213.13N

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674780.05E,DRAFT5808207.63N 674785.55E, 5808207.63N MGA Zone 54 0 1 2 3 4 5

Scale of Metres Legend:

Activity Area Boundary 4,200 hectares (approx) xxxx Artefact Scatter and Place Extent Salvage Area VAHR 7422-xxxx

Stone Artefacts Must be Managed Pursuant to Section 10.8 Salvage Required Within Place Extent

Map 22 VAHR 7422-0568: Salvage Required

Archaeology At Tardis 123 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 10.3 VAHR 7422-0567 (Map 23)

Harm will occur and no harm minimisation or management measures are required during the conduct of the activity. The only management measure relates to the management of stone artefacts collected during the assessment which must be managed pursuant to Section 10.8.

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124 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393 669000 670000 671000 672000

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Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-1-3 & 7422-2-1-2 0 250 500 Legend: Scale of Metres

xxxx Activity Area Boundary Artefact Scatter 4,200 hectares (approx) VAHR 7422-xxxx

See Section 10.2 MGA Zone 54

Map 23 VAHR 7422-0567: No Management Measures Required

Archaeology At Tardis 125 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 10.4 VAHR 7422-0154, 7422-0156 & 7422-0314 (Map 24)

Harm will be avoided and no harm minimisation measures are required during the conduct of the activity. Since the places are more than 200m from any proposed wind farm infrastructure, no fencing of the place locations is considered necessary. However, the following management measures are required:

1. The place locations must be shown on all relevant work plans. 2. Work plans must clearly state that the place locations must not be impacted by the activity. 3. Information in relation to the places must be provided to all relevant contractors before working in the Activity Area.

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126 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm - CHMP 12393 666000 667000 668000 669000 670000 671000 672000 673000 674000 675000 676000 677000

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Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-2-1, 7422-2-2-4, 7422-2-1-3 & 7422-2-1-2

0 1000 2000 Legend: Scale of Metres

Activity Area Boundary xxxx Mound 4,200 hectares (approx) VAHR 7422-xxxx

Not in Activity Area

See Section 10.4 for Specific Management Requirements MGA Zone 54

Map 24 VAHR 7422-0154, 7422-0156 & 7422-0314: Management Measures Required Archaeology At Tardis 127 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 10.5 Areas Likely to Contain Aboriginal Cultural Heritage but will Not be Impacted by Wind Farm Infrastructure (Map 25)

Areas shown on Map 25 are not proposed to be subject to ground disturbance by any proposed wind farm infrastructure. These areas must not be impacted by the development. They must be included in any constraints mapping and managed appropriately.

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5810000 04 02 07 01 03 05 08 55 09 06 10 104 5809000 11 12 14 13 16 15 17 19 18 20 23 22 24 21 25 26 27 30 28 29 31 5808000 32 33 34 37 0568 35 38 36 39 40 41 42 0155 45 44 43 50 48 46 49 47 0154 0567 51 52 5807000 0156 54 57 53 56 59 63 61 60 58 62 66 64 68 65 73 69 72 67 71 70 74 77 78 75 76 5806000 79 81 80 84 DUNDONNELL 83 86 88 85 82 87 89 5805000 91 90 92 0314 93 95 94 96 99 5804000 100 97 98 101 0566 103

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Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-2-1, 7422-2-2-4, 7422-2-1-3 & 7422-2-1-2

0 1000 2000 Legend: Scale of Metres

Activity Area Boundary Areasthatmustnotbeimpacted Quarry Boundary 4,200 hectares (approx) by Wind Farm Infrastructure Proposed Quarries Not in Activity Area Site Facilities Store Dam xxxx Mound Sub Station xx Turbine xxxx Artefact Scatter MGA Zone 54 VAHR 7422-xxxx Constraints Access Tracks Map 25 Areas That Must Not Be Impacted by Wind Farm Infrastructure

Archaeology At Tardis 129 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 10.6 Ground Survey of Tracks (Maps26)

A ground survey of at least 5% of the wind farm access tracks (3.5km) must be conducted as follows:

1. A ground survey of 3.5km of access tracks disturbed by the initial removal of topsoils must be conducted by a suitably qualified heritage advisor and appropriate Traditional Owner representation. 2. A total area of 1km of the survey must be of tracks in Zone 1. Indicative areas of track that are preferred for the survey are shown in Map 26. 3. A total of 2.5km of the survey must be of tracks in Zone 2. Indicative areas of track that are preferred for the survey area shown in Map 26. 4. The Sponsor must advise the heritage advisor at least two weeks prior to the works commencing in order to organise the ground survey and Traditional Owner representation. 5. The ground survey will examine the exposed soils and exposed surface for evidence of Aboriginal cultural heritage and any exposed archaeological features. 6. If any Aboriginal cultural heritage is discovered, the heritage advisor will evaluate the Aboriginal cultural heritage on the basis of the nature of the cultural heritage material in comparison to local and regional cultural heritage values. The heritage advisor will determine if it is part of an already known place or should be registered as a new place. The heritage advisor must report the discovery to the Department of Premier and Cabinet, DPC (Secretary) by updating and / or completing place records and advise on possible management strategies prior to further works within the areas of the ground survey. The management plan allows for any archaeological investigation method, including subsurface testing, to ascertain the nature, extent and significance of Aboriginal cultural heritage identified during this survey. Earth feature, stratified deposits, concentrations of artefacts with more than 30 artefacts over an area of five square metres or rare artefact types must be provided management measures in consultation with the Traditional Owners and the Office of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria (OAAV). This may require a field visit by OAAV staff. 7. The Sponsor is responsible for ensuring places identified during this survey are not impacted prior to the lodgement of the report required under this Section. The heritage advisor mustDRAFT inform the Sponsor and site manager as to appropriate mechanisms for ensuring impacts to cultural heritage discovered during the survey are avoided. Once recording of all cultural heritage is complete, and OAAV is satisfied with the reporting of that recording, works to construct the tracks in the surveyed sections may continue. Approval to complete the road works for the surveyed sections must be provided in writing from OAAV. The heritage advisor must prepare a report to document all archaeological, spatial and contextual information collected during the survey. This report will include images of the cultural heritage and discussion and conclusions regarding the findings. This report must be lodged with OAAV within five weeks of completing field assessment. The report must also be provided to the Sponsor and the relevant Traditional Owner groups. 8. Within a period not exceeding five (5) working days a decision must be made by the heritage advisor in consultation with the appropriate Traditional Owner, OAAV and the Sponsor, as to the process to be followed to manage the Aboriginal

130 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 cultural heritage in a culturally appropriate manner, and how to proceed with the works. 9. Custody and management of any artefactual material collected during the survey will be retained by the heritage advisor until all reporting requirements are completed. The artefacts must then be returned to the location they were found and may be left on the ground surface to the side of the road. A place inspection form must be completed and lodged in each instance. The return to location must occur within 3 months of their collection. Any analysis of those artefacts must be included in the report required under this Section.

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Legend: Topographic map used for Location Plan: 1:30,000 Number T7422-2-2-1, 7422-2-2-4, 7422-2-1-3 & 7422-2-1-2 0 1000 2000 Activity Area Boundary Zone 1: 4,200 hectares (approx) Larger Diffuse Artefact Scatters Scale of Metres

Not in Activity Area Zone 2: Quarry Boundary Small Artefact Scatters xxxx Mound Proposed Quarries xxxx Site Facilities Artefact Scatter VAHR 7422-xxxx Store Dam Sub Station xx Turbine MGA Zone 54 Indicative Areas for Sample Survey Constraints Access Tracks Map 26 Sample Survey to be Conducted in Zone 1 and Zone 2

132 Archaeology At Tardis Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 10.7 Contingency Plan

The Contingency Plan presented in Section 11 must be adopted.

10.8 Cultural Heritage Awareness and Inductions

Any contractors or employees involved in ground disturbing works, prior to commencing work on site, must be provided with cultural heritage awareness and inductions. These should be provided by the relevant traditional owner groups. These inductions must include information in relation to the requirements of the approved CHMP, the Contingency Plan in the approved CHMP, the management and reporting requirements for any Aboriginal cultural heritage discovered during the conduct of the activity as specified in the Contingency Plan, and information on the identification of Aboriginal cultural heritage. This information should also be provided in the form of a booklet for use on site and in vehicles if required. The OAAV website (http://www.dpc.vic.gov.au/ index.php/aboriginal-affairs/publications-and-research) contains useful heritage information, including Aboriginal heritage mini-poster. These mini-posters must be shown on walls in work sheds. A copy of the approved CHMP must be kept on site at all times.

After the Activity

10.9 Custody and Management of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage

The stone artefacts retrieved during the assessment are currently held by the cultural heritage advisor. Artefacts will be retained by the cultural heritage advisor until the CHMP is approved or until a RAP is approved, whichever is earlier. If no RAP is approved then custody of the artefacts will be offered to the following in order of priority:

- any relevant registered native title holder; - any relevant native title party; - any relevant Aboriginal person or persons with traditional or familial links; - any relevant Aboriginal body or organisation which has historic or contemporary interest in Aboriginal heritage; - the owner of the land; - the Museum of VictoriaDRAFT (s.61(e)).

If no party accepts custody of the artefacts, then the Sponsor must ensure the artefacts are reburied as close to their original place location as practical within four weeks after the completion of the activity. The reburial location must be documented to submeter accuracy using GDA94 MGA coordinates and reported to OAAV.

Any Aboriginal cultural heritage found during the conduct of the activity must be dealt with according to the Contingency Plan.

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 133 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 11 CONTINGENCY PLAN

This Contingency Plan is required to manage potential issues including: specific measures in the unlikely event that any Aboriginal cultural heritage beyond known cultural heritage will be unexpectedly discovered during the activity; any contingency plans required in relation to disputes, delays and other obstacles that may affect the conduct of the activity; reviewing compliance with the cultural heritage management plan and mechanisms for remedying non-compliance; the notification of the discovery of Aboriginal cultural heritage during the carrying out of the activity; and requirements relating to the custody and management of any Aboriginal cultural heritage found during the course of the activity. The Sponsor must ensure that the relevant Contingency Plan is followed. To assist in this aim, a checklist has been provided (AAppendix 10).

11.1 Changes to Section 61 Matters or the Activity

This Section provides advice only in regards to changes which may make this current CHMP inconsistent with the activity. The Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 requires a new CHMP to be prepared in the following circumstances:

1. Changes to the activity or actions that are inconsistent with this CHMP. The precise location of wind farm infrastructure is subject to the final design and micro-siting of infrastructure permissible under any planning permit that is issued for the wind farm. 2. Changes to the activity that will require a statutory authorisation (eg an amendment to a planning permit).

Actions which are considered as inconsistent to an approved plan are described in Part 6 (81(1)(a)(b)(c)) of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006. This section indicates that when the Sponsor of an approved plan has (a) contravened or is likely to contravene the recommendations in the plan or (b) the impact on Aboriginal cultural heritage will be greater than that determined at the time the plan was approved then the Minister may order a cultural heritage audit.

A cultural heritage audit must be conducted by/or under the direction of an inspector or a cultural heritage advisor who will prepare (at the Sponsors cost) a report to the Minister to determine whether a contravention to the plan has occurred. If the Minister orders a cultural heritage audit, then a stop order (Part 6, Division 2, 5.87) will also be issued to the Sponsor for the activity, whilst the audit is underway. The Sponsor is referred to Part 6 of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 for full details relating to management of plan inconsistencies.

Statutory authorisations are describedDRAFT in s.50 Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006. A decision maker must not grant a statutory authorisation for the activity if the activity would be inconsistent with the approved CHMP (s.52(3) Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006).

If the custody and management arrangements established by the CHMP must change, then any Aboriginal cultural heritage should be returned to the ‘owner’ of that heritage.

11.2 Dispute Resolution between the RAP and the Sponsor

As there is no RAP currently appointed for the activity area or to evaluate the CHMP, contingency plans for dispute resolution in relation to the implementation of the CHMP or the conduct of the activity is not applicable.

134 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 11.3 Management of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Discovered during the Activity

This contingency plan includes discovery, notification, evaluation, section 61 matters and reporting procedures. This contingency plan must be followed if any unexpected cultural heritage is discovered during the activity. In the activity area unexpected cultural heritage comprises: 1. Human remains (see Section 11.3.1). 2. Stone artefact scatters that contain cultural heritage attributes which, when assessed, are below the analytical threshold of moderate scientific significance (see Section 11.3.2). 3. Stone artefact scatters that contain cultural heritage attributes which, when assessed, equal or exceed the analytical threshold of moderate scientific significance (see Section 11.3.2). 4. All other place-types not mentioned above (see Section 11.3.2).

11.3.1 Discovery of Human Skeletal Remains

If any suspected human remains are found during the activity, works must cease. The Victoria Police and the State Coroner’s Office should be notified immediately. If there are reasonable grounds to believe that the remains are Aboriginal, the Department of Environment and Primary Industries’ State Control Centre must be contacted immediately on 1300 888 544. This advice has been developed further and is described in the following 5 step contingency plan. Any such discovery at the activity area must follow these steps.

1. Discovery:

x If suspected human remains are discovered, all activity in the vicinity must stop to ensure minimal damage is caused to the remains; and x The remains must be left in place, and protected from harm or damage.

1. Notification

x Once suspected human skeletal remains have been found, the Coroner’s Office and Victoria Police must be notified immediately; x If there is reasonable grounds to believe that the remains could be Aboriginal, the DEPI State Control Centre must be immediately notified on 1300 888 544; x All details of the location and nature of the human remains must be provided to the relevant authorities; and x If it is confirmed by these authorities that the discovered remains are Aboriginal skeletal remains; the person DRAFTresponsible for the activity must report the existence of the human remains to the Secretary, DPC, in accordance with s.17 of the Act.

2. Impact Mitigation or Salvage:

x The Secretary, after taking reasonable steps to consult with any Aboriginal person or body with an interest in the Aboriginal human remains, will determine the appropriate course of action as required by s.18(2)(b) of the Act; x An appropriate impact mitigation or salvage strategy as determined by the Secretary must be implemented. This will depend on the circumstances in which the remains were found, the number of burials found and the type of burials, and the outcome of consultation with any Aboriginal person or body.

3. Curation and Further Analysis:

x The treatment of salvaged Aboriginal human remains must be in accordance with the direction of the Secretary.

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 135 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

4. Reburial:

x Any reburial site(s) must be fully documented by an experienced and qualified archaeologist, clearly marked and all details provided to OAAV; x Appropriate management measures must be implemented to ensure that the remains are not disturbed in the future.

11.3.2 Discovery of Other Aboriginal Cultural Heritage

1. A person making such a discovery will immediately suspend any relevant works at the location and within a 5m radius of the relevant place extent.

2. The person shall immediately notify the nominated Project Delegate for the Sponsor.

Sponsor – Project Delegate Chris Righetti Wind Generation Project Manager Trustpower Australia Pty Ltd Level 6, 52 Collins Street Melbourne VIC 3000 03 9654 3066 0439 809 609 [email protected]

3. The Sponsor’s Project Delegate will notify the heritage advisor, and if necessary to prevent any further disturbance, the location will be isolated by a fence, safety webbing or other suitable barrier and works may recommence outside this 5m area of exclusion.

4. The heritage advisor will evaluate the Aboriginal cultural heritage. The heritage advisor will determine if it is part of an already known place or should be registered as a new place. The heritage advisor must report the discovery to the Secretary by updating and / or completing place records and advise on possible management strategies.

5. The heritage advisor will facilitate the involvement of the RAP, or in the absence of a RAP, a traditional owner group (TOG) in the onsite investigation and assessment of significance of the Aboriginal cultural heritage.

6. If the Aboriginal culturalDRAFT heritage is assessed by the heritage advisor, in consultation with the RAP, or in the absence of a RAP, a TOG, as a place with below moderate scientific significance or no specific cultural significance, then after recording the material, no further management is required and works may proceed. The heritage advisor must submit relevant documentation to Site Registry, OAAV.

7. If other Aboriginal cultural heritage is discovered, the heritage advisor in consultation with the RAP, or in the absence of a RAP, a TOG, and the Sponsor, must explore all options to avoid impact to the Aboriginal cultural heritage. If impact is unavoidable, then it must be minimised where possible and salvage excavation of the Aboriginal cultural heritage undertaken to minimise impact, if considered appropriate by the heritage advisor. In consultation with the RAP salvage excavation methodology must be carried out in accordance with proper archaeological practice taking into account occupational health and safety issues. After recording the material works may proceed. The heritage advisor must complete the appropriate Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Registry forms and submit a report to OAAV detailing the results of excavations. If human remains are discovered the contingency in Section 11.3.1 must be followed.

136 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

8. Within a period not exceeding three (3) working days a decision must be made by the heritage advisor in consultation with the RAP, or in the absence of a RAP, a TOG, and the Sponsor, as to the process to be followed to manage the Aboriginal cultural heritage in a culturally appropriate manner, and how to proceed with the works.

Failure of parties to reach an agreed course of action in this manner will be classed as a Dispute under this agreement;

9. Work may recommence within the 5m radius exclusion zone:

- When the appropriate protective measures have been taken; - Where the relevant Aboriginal cultural heritage records have been updated and / or completed; - Where all parties agree there is no prudent or feasible course of action; or - Once any relevant dispute has been resolved.

10. Where relevant, the cultural heritage advisor, Sponsor and RAP will ensure that the above steps are followed and that legal obligations and requirements are complied with at all times.

11. Custody and management of any artefactual material discovered during the activity must be arranged by the cultural heritage advisor in consultation with the RAP. Currently there is no relevant RAP for the Activity Area. Artefacts will be retained by the cultural heritage advisor until the activity is completed or until a RAP is approved, whichever is earlier. If no RAP is approved then custody of the artefacts will be offered in order of priority to the following:

- Any relevant Native Title holder; - Any relevant person/s with traditional or familial links; - Any relevant Aboriginal body with historical or contemporary interests; - The land owner; or - The Museum of Victoria (s.61(e)).

If no party accepts custody of the artefacts, then the Sponsor must ensure the artefacts are reburied as close to the original place location as practical within four weeks after the completion of the activity. The reburial location must be documented to submeter accuracy using GDA94 MGA coordinates and reported to OAAV. Any Aboriginal cultural heritage found during the conductDRAFT of the activity must be dealt with according to the Contingency Plan.

11.4 Notification of the Discovery of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage found during the Activity

The notification of the discovery of Aboriginal cultural heritage is dealt with in Section 11.3 above. Please note that there is different notification procedures for the discovery of human skeletal remains (SSection 11.3.1, point 2) compared to all other Aboriginal cultural heritage (SSection 11.3.2, point 2).

11.5 Reviewing Compliance with the CHMP and Mechanisms for Remedying Non-Compliance

Review of this plan can be undertaken at any time by project delegates representing the Sponsor and OAAV, or an agreed independent reviewer, to ensure that all parties are complying with the terms of the plan. A checklist is provided in Appendix 10.

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 137 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

APPENDIX 1 – CHMP DOCUMENTATION

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APPENDIX 2 – GLOSSARY

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146 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

Aeolian Sediments: Wind-borne, wind-blown or wind-deposited material, usually sand, but also silt and clay. Alluvium: Sedimentary unconsolidated deposits lain down through the action of running water. Usually found in or near rivers and floodplains. It is usually applied to coarser sediments such as sands and gravels, but sometimes to finer particles such as silt and clay. Anvil: A portable flat stone, usually a river pebble, which has been used as a base for working stone. Anvils that have been used frequently have a small circular depression in the centre where cores were held while being struck. An anvil is often a multifunctional tool used also as a grindstone and hammer stone. Archaeological Site: A place/location of either Aboriginal or non-Aboriginal origin. Aboriginal archaeological sites have been formed prior to the European settlement of Australia, and may be in any of the forms outlined above. Artefact: Any product made by human hands or caused to be made through human actions. Artefact Horizon: A discernable horizontal distribution of artefacts within a natural soil horizon. An artefact horizon has generally suffered a degree of post depositional disturbance that has affected the spatial and temporal integrity of the deposits and associated artefact assemblage. Artefact Scatter: A scatter of cultural material, most commonly stone artefacts. Artefact scatters are often the only physical remains of places where Aboriginal people have camped, prepared and eaten meals and worked stone material. Basalt: Fine-grained, hard, but easily weathered dark-grey igneous rock formed by the cooling of lava. Bedrock: Solid rock at the surface or rock at depth that has been undisturbed by weathering. Blade: A long parallel sided flake from a specially prepared core. Blade flakes are twice as long as they are wide. Bipolar: A core or a flake, which, presumably, has been struck on an anvil. That is, the core from which the flake has been struck has been rotated before the flake has been struck off. Bifacial platforms tend to indicate that the flake has come off a heavily worked core. Broken Flake: Defined by the part of the flake remaining, ie proximal (where the platform is present), medial (where neither the platform nor termination is present), or distal (where the termination is present). Calcareous: A sediment containing calcium carbonate in concentrations of up to 50%. Coffee Rock: A term used to describe a hardened iron- and organic-rich cemented deposit that when wet, resembles coffee grains. It is usually found in sandy soils that have a source of iron and organic matter. Colluvium: An unconsolidated mixture of weathered material (gravel, sand, silt and clay) transported downslope by the force of gravity. Complete Flake: An artefact exhibiting a ventral surface (where the flake was originally connected to the core), dorsal surface (the surface that used to be part of the exterior of the core, platform and/or flake scar). Core: An artefact from which flakes have been detached using a hammer stone. Core types include blade, single platform, multiplatform and bipolar forms. These artefacts exhibit a series of negative flake scars, each of which represents the removal of a flake. Core types are as follows: x Unidirectional cores - These cores have scars originating from a single platform, and all the flakes struck from the core have been struck in the same direction from that platform. x Bidirectional cores - These cores have two platforms, one opposite the other; flakes have been struck from each of the platforms, and thus from opposite directions. x Bifacial cores - These kinds of core have a single platform, but the flakes struck from it have been detached from two coreDRAFT faces. x Multidirectional cores - These cores have two or more platforms and there is no clear pattern, either in the orientation of the platforms or in the orientation of the scars resulting from the striking of flakes from those platforms. x Bipolar core - Nodules or cobbles that are flaked using an anvil. The resulting artefacts exhibit crushing on their proximal, distal and often their lateral margins, where they have been rotated. Cultural Heritage: Something that is inherited or passed down because it is appreciated and cherished. Categories of cultural heritage include; built structures and their surrounds, gardens, trees; cultural landscapes; sites; areas; precincts; cemeteries; ruins and archaeological sites; shipwrecks; sites of important events; commemorative sites; contents of buildings and significant relics, objects artefacts and collections of objects. Burials: Burial places may occur in association with campsites, in mounds or shell middens or in specific burial grounds that lack any other cultural material. Softer ground was chosen for burials, and any sandy area can be expected to contain burials. Burial places can contain one or a number of individuals. Burials places and cemeteries are a common archaeological place type in the sand country adjoining the Murray River, though are a rare feature in the southern part of Victoria. Contact Place: These are places relating to the period of first contact between Aboriginal and European people. These places may be associated with conflict between Aboriginal people and settlers, mission

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 147 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 stations or reserves, or historic camping places. The artefact assemblage of contact places will often include artefacts manufactured from glass. Dune: A mound or ridge of wind-blown granular material (usually sand) that is partially, fully or bare of vegetation, and capable of being moved from one location to another while still retaining its characteristic shape. Ferruginous: Rocks or soils containing a large percentage of iron. Ferruginisation: The process by which iron minerals move in the sediment and/or regolith, staining and cementing the substrate to form a hard, iron-rich layer. Fluvial: Referring to rivers and their processes. E.g. stream erosion and deposition. Gilgai: An undulating surface of mounds and depressions resulting from the uneven shrinking and swelling of the soil. Usually present on basalt soils, but also on alluvial soils. Granite: A coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock, usually comprised of quartz, feldspar and micas. Groundwater: Water that lies within the saturated zone of rock and soil. It moves between pore spaces, cavities and fractures in the sediment and rock under the influence of gravity. Groundwater can transport trace minerals and elements dissolved in the water. Hearth: Usually a subsurface feature found eroding out of a river or creek bank or in a sand dune - it indicates a place where Aboriginal people cooked food. The remains of a hearth are usually identifiable by the presence of charcoal and sometimes clay balls (like brick fragments) and hearth stones. Remains of burnt bone or shell are sometimes preserved within a hearth. High Integrity Occupation Deposit: The laying down of deposits by human activities that bury artefacts to form distinct stratigraphic entities such as layers (eg dense lens of stone artefacts & bone between environmental deposits, stratified shell deposits) or features (hearths, occupation mounds). High integrity occupation deposits have a high degree of spatial and temporal integrity. Holocene Period: The time from the end of the Pleistocene Ice Age (c 10,300 BP) to the present day. Hydrothermal Quartz: Also known as milky quartz. Formed by the intrusion of hydrothermal water containing dissolved silica and other minerals into folded bedrock (commonly metasediments). The hydrothermal water reaches a natural trap such as an anticlinal fold or a fault before cooling, allowing the silica to precipitate into quartz. Igneous: Rocks that have formed through the crystallisation of magma. Intrusion: The act of an intrusive igneous rock rising up through the Earth’s crust and breaking through the lower levels of the bedrock. Iron Staining: Where a crust of iron oxide enriched clay coating precipitates on the surfaces of individual sediment grains, giving an orange-red-yellow stain to the sediment or soil as a whole. Last Glacial Maximum: A period of cold, dry conditions on Earth when the ice caps on the polar regions were at their largest extent. This period lasted between approximately 18-24 ka BP. Lava: Molten material extruded from a volcano or fissure in the Earth’s surface. Lithic: Anything made of stone. Metamorphism: The process by which rocks are transformed by recrystallisation due to increased heat and/or pressure in the Earth’s crust. Metamorphism can be either on a regional scale or on a contact scale. Middens: Midden is a term borrowed from the Danish. It originally applied to the accumulations of shell and other food remains left by Mesolithic man. Australian middens are an accumulation of hearth and food debris, which has built up a depositDRAFT over a length of time. Middens are generally comprised of charcoal and either freshwater or coastal shell species, depending on the place's location. Middens may also contain stone artefacts, and the food refuse of other native animals such as small mammals. The thick deposit of burnt shells and dark grey/black deposit can distinguish middens within the landscape. Coastal shell middens are often found in close association with rock platforms. Freshwater shell middens are found in close proximity to areas with freshwater mussels. Mounds: Mounds are accumulation of hearth (fire place) debris, which has over time built a thick deposit on the ground's surface. Mounds are generally comprised of charcoal; burnt clay balls and burnt food refuse (eg native animal bones). Mounds may also contain stone artefacts. On rare occasions mounds may also contain human burial remains. Mounds can be distinguished in the landscape by their characteristic dark grey/black deposit and height above surrounding land. Mounds that have been utilised over long periods can obtain dimensions of over 100 metres in length and 1 metre in height. Mounds are generally situated close to major streams, and large water bodies. In times of flood, mounds are often become marooned, and provide dry land points from which surrounding resources could have been exploited. Occupation Surface: A distinct layer or interface between depositional strata upon which human activities were carried out and artefacts/features deposited. Most commonly this may be a prior land surface (eg soil horizon) that has been subsequently buried by later environmental deposits (eg dune deposits).

148 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

Pisolith: Hard, iron-cemented spherical particles of sediment (usually sand). These range in size from 3mm to 6mm. Pleistocene: The geological period corresponding with the last or Great Ice Age. The onset of the Pleistocene is marked by an increasingly cold climate. The date for the start of the Pleistocene is not well established, and estimates vary from 3.5 to 1.3 million years ago. The period ends with the final but gradual retreat of the ice sheets, which reached their present conditions around 10,300 BP. Raw Material: Organic or inorganic matter that has not been processed by people. Regolith: An incoherent mantle of varying thickness that lies above fresh rock. This is usually the decomposed, weathered and broken up derivative of the fresh bedrock. The soil profile lies above this layer. Sand Sheet: A thin, continuous deposit of sand with no large topographic features on the surface. Scarred Tree: Scars on trees may be the result of removal of strips of bark by Aboriginal people for the manufacture of utensils, canoes or for shelter; or resulting from small notches chopped into the bark to provide toe and hand holds to climber after possums, koalas and/or views of the surrounding area. A scar made by humans as opposed to naturally made by branches falling off, etc. is distinguished by the following criteria: symmetry and rounded ends, scar does not extend to the ground, some re-growth has occurred around the edges of the scar, and no holes or knots present in the heartwood. Scoria: Pyroclastic volcanic rock containing numerous gas pockets and spaces. Colour ranges from red- brown to black. Sensitivity: Based on collated existing data and place inspection an area or specific place may contain sensitivity for extant or archaeological deposits. Background research will present the most likely place types, contents and state of preservation. Siliceous: Rocks and sediments that contain an abundance of silica. Stony Rise: Irregular, hummocky and stony ground formed on younger lava flows. Caused by uneven cooling and slumping of basalt flows. Swale: A linear depression that runs between two ridges. This is usually applied to dune environments where the swale is located between two dune ridges and is occupied by a swampy environment. Terrace: A gently sloping or flat step-like structure usually associated with a fluvial environment and bounded by steeper slopes on the outer margins. Streams commonly flow along terraces. Terraces can be paired or unpaired according to the depositional environment. Uplift: Upward surface movement attributed to faulting or movement of the continental plates. Visibility: Refers to the degree to which the surface of the ground can be observed. It is generally expressed in terms of the percentage of the ground’s surface visible for an observer on foot (Bird 1992). For example 10% visibility equates to 10cm2 per 1 m2 of ground surface that is not covered by vegetation or soil deposit. The following applies to descriptions of ground surface visibility within this report. 0% No visible ground surface 50 – 70% Good 0 – 10% Very Poor 70 – 90% Very Good 10 – 30% Poor 90 – 100% Excellent 30 – 50% Fair Weathering: The process by which fresh rock degrades/breaks down at or near the surface. This process modifies rock chemically, organically, and/or physically, whereby a mantle of waste known as regolith will remain in situ until it is eroded away. DRAFT

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 149 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

APPENDIX 3 – PLACE GAZETTEER

DRAFT

150 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

Primary Grid Coordinate VAHR No Place Name Place Type GDA94 MGA Zone 54 Low Density Artefact 7422-0566 Dundonnell Wind Farm 1 671394.98E 5803519.96N Distribution 7422-0568 Dundonnell Wind Farm 2 674782.8E 5808210.383N Artefact Scatter 7422—567 Dundonnell Wind Farm 3 670069.232E 5807369.144N Artefact Scatter 7422-0154 Mogila 1 669320E 5807277N Earth Feature (Mound) 7422-0156 Mogila 3 669520E 5807177N Earth Feature (Mound) 7422-0314 Mount Violet 1 673020E 5804677N Earth Feature (Mound)

DRAFT

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 151 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

APPENDIX 4 – EXCAVATION & ARTEFACT INVENTORY

DRAFT

152 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors

H 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 P – CHMP 12393 – CHMP 12393

n o i t p i r c s e Dundonnell Wind Farm D

e l i f o r P basalt ↓ basalt very firm dark reddish brown clay basalt very firm dark brown clay basalt very firm dark reddish brown clay basalt basalt firm dark reddish brown clay basalt basalt basalt ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ basalt basalt basalt ↓ ↓ ↓ 153 [1] 0-10cm weak strong brown clay[1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm silt firm mid reddish brown clayey [1] 0-20cm [2] 20cm weak mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm silt firm mid reddish brown clayey [1] 0-15cm [2] 15cm weak mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-5cm [2] 5-10cm silt firm mid reddish brown clayey [1] 0-25cm [2] 25cm weak mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-20cm [2] 20cm weak mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-20cm [2] 20cm silt very weak mid reddish brown clayey [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-5cm [2] 5cm very weak mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm very weak pale reddish brown clay [1] 0-15cm [2] 15cm weak dark reddish brown clay [1] 0-5cm [2] 5cm weak mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-5cm [2] 5cm

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r a o b f r d u t n s a i L D Depression Stony rise depression Stony rise depression Stony rise depression Stony rise Stony rise depression Stony rise Stony rise depression Stony rise depression Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise

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i r t s i D

4 s DRAFT t ------r A

3 h t 5 5 p 15 25 10 15 10 25 20 20 10 10 10 15 15 15 e D

2 t n e t x 50 x 50 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x E 100 x 100 100 x 100 x

1 g n i h t r o 580288 580288 580306 5809326 5809326 5809290 5809289 5809271 5809249 5809287 5809288 5809184 5809201 5809222 5809188 5809182 5809165 5809165 N

1 g n i t s a 672524 672520 672522 672542 672561 672520 672522 672505 672487 672056 672053 672056 672074 672092 672060 672067 E

o N TP1 TP2 TP3 TP4 TP5 TP6 TP7 TP8 TP9 TP10 TP11 TP12 TP13 TP14 TP15 TP16 Archaeology At Tardis

H 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.5 P – CHMP 12393 – CHMP 12393

n o i t p i r c s e Dundonnell Wind Farm D

e l i f o r P firm dark reddish brown clay firm dark reddish brown silty clay firm ↓ ↓ basalt firm mid reddish brown clay firm mid reddish brown clay basalt firm mid reddish brown clay basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ basalt basalt ↓ ↓

[1] 0-15cm weak dark reddish brown clay [1] 0-15cm [2] 15cm weak dark reddish brown clay [1] 0-5cm [2] 5cm silt weak mid reddish brown clayey [1] 0-10cm [2] 10-15cm silt weak mid reddish brown clayey [1] 0-10cm [2] 15cm silt weak mid reddish brown clayey [1] 0-10cm [2] 15cm silt weak mid reddish brown clayey [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm silt weak mid reddish brown clayey [1] 0-15cm [2] 15cm silt weak mid reddish brown clayey [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm silt weak mid reddish brown clayey [1] 0-15cm [2] 15cm weak dark reddish brown clay [1] 0-5cm [2] 5cm silt weak mid reddish brown clayey [1] 0-15cm [2] 15cm silt weak mid reddish brown clayey [1] 0-23cm [2] 23cm weak mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-20cm [2] 20cm silt very weak mid reddish brown clayey [1] 0-20cm [2] 20-25cm very weak mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-20cm [2] 20cm

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r a o b f r d u t n s a i L D Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise depression Stony rise depression Stony rise depression Stony rise depression Stony rise depression Stony rise depression Stony rise Stony rise Plain Stony rise Stony rise Plain Plain

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4 s DRAFT t ------r A

3 h t 5 p 15 15 15 15 10 15 10 15 15 15 25 10 20 25 15 e D

2 t n e t x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x E 100 x 100 100 x 100 x

1 g n i h t r o 5809180 5809180 5809185 5808876 5808893 5808908 5808869 5808863 5808855 5808837 5808876 5808876 5807592 5807594 5807586 5807590 5807591 N

1 g n i t s a 672038 672020 671614 671615 671615 671635 671657 671610 671601 671590 671573 673515 673532 673550 673535 673558 E

o Archaeology At Tardis N TP17 TP18 TP19 TP20 TP21 TP22 TP23 TP24 TP25 TP26 TP27 TP28 TP29 TP30 TP31 TP32 154

H 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 P – CHMP 12393 – CHMP 12393

n o i t p i r c s e Dundonnell Wind Farm D

e l i f o r P very firm dark brown clay very firm dark brown clay firm mid brown clay firm mid brown clay ↓ ↓ ↓ basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ basalt basalt ↓ ↓ 155 [1] 0-15cm very weak mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-15cm [2] 20cm very weak mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 20cm very weak mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-5cm [2] 5cm very weak dark reddish brown clay [1] 0-5cm [2] 5cm Figure 12See weak mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-25cm [2] 25cm weak mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-15cm [2] 15cm weak mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-25cm [2] 25cm weak mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak dark reddish brown clay [1] 0-30cm [2] 30-35cm very weak dark reddish[1] 0-15cm brown clay [2] 15cm very weak dark reddish[1] 0-30cm brown clay [2] 30-40cm silt weak mid brown clayey [1] 0-5cm [2] 5-10cm firm mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-25cm [2] 25cm firm mid brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm

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n m r a o b f r d u t n s a i L D Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Mid-slope Mid-slope Mid-slope Mid-slope Mid-slope Mid-slope Mid-slope Mid-slope Mid-slope Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise

cultural heritage advisors 5 n o i t u ------b

i r t s i D

4 s DRAFT t ------r A

3 h t 5 5 5 p 15 10 30 25 15 25 10 10 35 15 40 10 10 e D

2 t n e t x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x E 100 x 100 100 x 100 x

1 g n i h t r o 586922 5807570 5807570 5807552 5807595 5807598 5806902 5806944 5806904 5806904 5806880 5806859 5806904 5806907 5804656 5804669 5804681 N

1 g n i t s a 673514 673513 673493 673475 673779 673800 673822 673801 673822 673781 673781 673760 673738 672393 672395 672395 E

o N TP33 TP34 TP35 TP36 TP37 TP38 TP39 TP40 TP41 TP42 TP43 TP44 TP45 TP46 TP47 TP48 Archaeology At Tardis

H 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 P – CHMP 12393 – CHMP 12393

n o i t p i r c s e Dundonnell Wind Farm D

e l i f o r P very firm mid brown clay ↓ basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ basalt basalt basalt ↓ ↓

[1] 0-10cm firm dark reddish brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm firm dark brown clay [1] 0-15cm [2] 15cm firm dark reddish brown clay [1] 0-20cm [2] 20cm firm mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-25cm [2] 25cm firm mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm firm mid brown clay [1] 0-15cm [2] 15cm weak dark reddish brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10-15cm firm dark reddish brown clay [1] 0-20cm [2] 20cm firm mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm firm mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm firm mid brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak dark brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak dark brown clay [1] 0-5cm [2] 5cm weak mid brown clay [1] 0-20cm [2] 20cm weak mid brown clay [1] 0-5cm [2] 5cm

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n m r a o b f r d u t n s a i L D Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise

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i r t s i D

4 s DRAFT t ------r A

3 h t 5 5 p 10 15 20 25 10 15 15 25 10 10 10 10 10 20 e D

2 t n e t x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x E 100 x 100 100 x

1 g n i h t r o 5804692 5804692 5804660 5804662 5804665 5804648 5804637 5804627 5804656 5804656 5804650 5803572 5803594 5803615 5803636 5803571 5803570 N

1 g n i t s a 672397 672384 672373 672364 672394 672393 672392 672405 672415 672422 671913 671916 671917 671918 671890 671956 E

o Archaeology At Tardis N TP49 TP50 TP51 TP52 TP53 TP54 TP55 TP56 TP57 TP58 TP59 TP60 TP61 TP62 TP63 TP64 156

H 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.5 P – CHMP 12393 – CHMP 12393

n o i t p i r c s e Dundonnell Wind Farm D

e l i f o r P black clay basalt rigid black clay very strong dark greyish black clay very strong black clay ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 157 [1] 0-10cm weak mid brown clay weak mid brown [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak mid reddish brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak mid brown clay [1] 0-15cm [2] 15cm weak dark brown clay [1] 0-5cm [2] 5cm weak dark reddish brown clay [1] 0-5cm [2] 5cm dark brown clay weak very [1] 0-5cm [2] 5-10cm silt weak dark brown clayey [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm very firm very dark [1] 0-15cm brown clay [2] 15-20cm clay weak greyish brown [1] 0-15cm [2] 15-20cm weak greyish brown clay[1] 0-5cm [2] 5cm weak dark brown clay [1] 0-5cm [2] 5-15cm rigid black clay [1] 0-5cm [2] 5cm weak dark brown clay [1] 0-5cm [2] 5cm dark brown clay weak very [1] 0-5cm [2] 5-15cm

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r a o b f r d u t n s a i L D Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise cow Stony rise/ trampling

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i r t s i D

4 s DRAFT t ------r A

3 h t 5 5 5 5 5 p 10 10 10 10 15 10 10 20 15 10 15 e D

2 t n e t x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x E 100 x 100 100 x

1 g n i h t r o 5803568 5803568 5803554 5803534 5803510 5803576 5803564 5803564 5803122 5803142 5803163 5803120 5803121 5803102 5803082 5803125 5803126 N

1 g n i t s a 671967 671914 671910 671912 671935 671872 671850 670811 670811 670806 670829 670850 670810 670811 670789 670767 E

o N TP65 TP66 TP67 TP68 TP69 TP70 TP71 TP72 TP73 TP74 TP75 TP76 TP77 TP78 TP79 TP80 Archaeology At Tardis

H 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 P – CHMP 12393 – CHMP 12393

n o i t p i r c s e Dundonnell Wind Farm D

e l i f o r P very firm dark olive black clay rigid black clay black clay firm dark brown clay dark reddish brown clay strong reddish grey claystrong reddish yellow clay strong reddish yellow clay strong ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ firm dark reddish brown clay rigid black clay basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ basalt basalt ↓ ↓

[1] 0-5cm weak dark brown clayey silt weak dark brown clayey [1] 0-5cm [2] 5-10cm weak greyish brown clay[1] 0-5cm [2] 5cm weak mid brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm strong dark grey clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm silt clayey dark olive black rigid [1] 0-10cm [2] 10-15cm weak dark greyish brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak mid brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm very firm dark brown clay[1] 0-5cm [2] 5-10cm strong dark grey clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm [1] 0-15cm [1] 0-20cm weak light grey clay [1] 0-5cm [2] 5-15cm strong dark reddish brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak dark reddish brown clay [1] 0-5cm [2] 5-15cm [1] 0-5cm silt firm dark reddish brown clayey [1] 0-5cm [2] 5-15cm [2] 15cm [2] 20cm [2] 5cm

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r a o b f r d u t n s a i L D Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Rabbit warren Rabbit warren Rabbit warren Rabbit warren Rabbit warren Rabbit warren Rabbit warren

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4 s DRAFT t ------1 r A

3 h t 5 5 5 p 10 10 10 15 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 e D

2 t n e t x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x E 100 x 100 100 x 100 x

1 g n i h t r o 5802976 5802976 5802996 5803016 5802975 5802973 5802957 5802936 5802980 5802976 5803648 5803654 5803643 5803643 5803656 5803519 5803530 N

1 g n i t s a 671219 671218 671217 671240 671262 671216 671221 671197 671179 671491 671498 671481 671481 671482 671391 671389 E

o Archaeology At Tardis N TP81 TP82 TP83 TP84 TP85 TP86 TP87 TP88 TP89 TP90 TP92 TP94 TP91 TP93 TP95 TP96 158

H 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 P – CHMP 12393 – CHMP 12393

n o i t p i r c s e Dundonnell Wind Farm D

e l i f o r P weak dark reddish brown clay reddish yellow clay strong reddish yellow clay strong ↓ ↓ ↓ basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ basalt basalt basalt basalt ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 159 [1] 0-20cm silt firm dark reddish brown clayey [1] 0-5cm [2] 5-20cm silt firm dark reddish brown clayey [1] 0-5cm [2] 5-20cm weak dark brown clay [1] 0-5cm [2] 5cm weak dark brown clay [1] 0-5cm [2] 5cm weak dark reddish brown[1] 0-5cm clay [2] 5cm weak dark reddish brown clay [1] 0-15cm [2] 15cm weak dark brown clay [1] 0-5cm [2] 5cm weak dark brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak mid brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak dark brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak dark brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak dark brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak dark brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak dark brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak dark brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm

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n m r a o b f r d u t n s a i L D Rabbit warren Rabbit warren Rabbit warren Hillock Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Mid-slope Stony rise

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i r t s i D

4 s DRAFT t ------r A

3 h t

5 5 5 5 p 10 10 10 10 15 10 10 10 10 10 10 e D

2 t n e t x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x E 100 x 100 100 x

1 g n i h t r o 5803507 5803507 5803521 5803519 5803520 5803531 5803542 5803553 5803509 5803513 5803509 5803508 5803501 5803490 5803479 5803468 58033511 58033511 N

1 g n i t s a 671393 671400 671379 671500 671500 671503 671499 671502 671511 671520 671531 671540 671503 671502 671503 671502 E

o N TP98 TP97 TP99 TP100 TP101 TP102 TP103 TP104 TP105 TP106 TP107 TP108 TP109 TP110 TP111 TP112 Archaeology At Tardis

H 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.5 P – CHMP 12393 – CHMP 12393

n o i t p i r c s e Dundonnell Wind Farm D

e l i f o r P strong reddish yellow clay strong reddish yellow clay strong ↓ ↓ basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ basalt basalt basalt orange silty clay strong basalt ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

[1] 0-5cm weak dark brown clay [1] 0-5cm [2] 5cm weak dark brown clay [1] 0-5cm [2] 5cm weak dark brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak dark brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak dark brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak dark brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak dark brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak dark brown clay [1] 0-5cm [2] 5cm weak dark reddish brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10-20cm weak dark brown clay [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak dark reddish brown clay [1] 0-5cm [2] 5cm weak reddish brown clay[1] 0-5cm [2] 5cm weak dark reddish brown clay [1] 0-5cm [2] 5-15cm very weak brown silt [1] 0-50cm [2] 50cm weak brown silt [1] 0-30cm [2] 30cm

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n m r a o b f r d u t n s a i L D Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise

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i r 0-5: 8 t 5-10: 4 10-15: 3 10-15: 3 15-20: 2 s 20-25: 13 i D

4 s DRAFT t ------r 30 A

3 h t 5 5 5 5 5 5 p 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 50 30 e D

2 t n e t x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x 50 x E 100 x 100 100 x 100 x 100 x

1 g n i h t r o 5803512 5803512 5803508 5803510 5803507 5804127 5804148 5804165 5804125 5804121 5804650 5804089 5804129 5804132 5808528 5808210 N

1 g n i t s a 671489 671478 671467 671456 672170 672193 672176 672189 672206 672176 672161 672150 672132 E 673639.1 673639.1 674782.8

o Archaeology At Tardis N TP113 TP114 TP115 TP116 TP117 TP118 TP119 TP120 TP121 TP122 TP123 TP124 TP125 TP126 TP127 160

H 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6.5 P – CHMP 12393 – CHMP 12393

n o i t p i r c s e Dundonnell Wind Farm D

e l i f o r P strong dark reddish brown clay and very firm reddish brown clay and scoria very firm greyish brown clay strong dark black claystrong ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ basalt strong dark reddish brown clay basalt brown clay very strong reddish basalt reddish brown clay and scoria reddish brown clay very firm dark reddish brown clay basalt basalt basalt ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 161 [1] 0-35cm weak brown silt [1] 0-35cm [2] 35cm silt firm reddish brown clayey [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm weak brown silt [1] 0-40cm [2] 40cm very firm reddish brown silt [1] 0-20cm [2] 20cm [1] 0-10cm firm brown silt [1] 0-15cm [2] 15cm firm reddish brown silt [1] 0-15cm [2] 15cm firm reddish brown silt [1] 0-25cm [2] 25cm firm reddish brown silt [1] 0-15cm [2] 25cm very weak reddish [1] 0-25cm brown silt [2] 25cm weak brown silt [1] 0-40cm [2] 40cm firm reddish brown silt [1] 0-10cm [2] 10-15cm scoria firm reddish brown silt [1] 0-10cm [2] 10-15cm weak reddish brown silt [1] 0-15cm [2] 15cm firm reddish brown silt [1] 0-10cm [2] 10-20cm

e /

c

n m r a o b f r d u t n s a i L D Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Flood area Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise

cultural heritage advisors 5 n o i t u ------b

i r 0-5: 1 t 5-10: 7 5-10: 7 10-15: 5 10-15: 5 15-20: 1 10-15: 5 10-15: 6 15-20: 4 10-15: 6 10-15: 2 10-15: 5 s 15-20: 13 i D

4 s DRAFT t ------6 5 7 7 6 2 5 r 13 11 A

3 h t p 35 10 40 20 10 15 15 25 25 25 40 15 15 15 20 e D

2 t n e t x E 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x

1 g n i h t r o 5806004 5806004 5806238 5805906 5807369 5807787 5807823 5807380 5807369 5807360 5807369 5807349 5807361 5807389 5807352 5807394 N

1 g n i t s a 671873 671504 E 669428.1 669428.1 670069.2 669790.3 669596.8 670070.5 670061.1 670068.5 670050.1 670068.4 670057.8 670070.2 670054.8 670069.7

o N TP128 TP129 TP130 TP131 TP132 TP133 TP134 TP135 TP136 TP137 TP138 TP139 TP140 TP141 TP142 Archaeology At Tardis

H 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 P – CHMP 12393 – CHMP 12393

n o i t p i r c s e Dundonnell Wind Farm D

e l i f o r P very strong dark reddish brown clay dark reddish brown clay and scoria ↓ ↓ basalt very firm reddish brown clay very firm greyish brown clay and scoria basalt very firm reddish brown clay/scoria with basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt basalt dark reddish brown clay and scoria ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

[1] 0-25cm firm reddish brown silt [1] 0-25cm [2] 25cm firm reddish brown silt [1] 0-5cm [2] 5cm-20cm very firm reddish silt brown clayey [3] 20cm weak reddish brown silt [1] 0-15cm [2] 15cm weak reddish brown silt [1] 0-15cm [2] 15cm firm reddish brown silt [1] 0-20cm [2] 20cm yellow mottles weak reddish brown silt [1] 0-25cm [2] 25cm firm reddish brown silt [1] 0-20cm [2] 20-25cm silt weak greyish brown [1] 0-30cm [2] 30cm silt weak greyish brown [1] 0-20cm [2] 20cm silt weak greyish brown [1] 0-20cm [2] 20cm weak reddish brown silt [1] 0-40cm [2] 40cm silt weak greyish brown [1] 0-35cm [2] 35cm silt weak greyish brown [1] 0-25cm [2] 25cm weak reddish brown silt [1] 0-20cm [2] 20cm weak reddish brown silt [1] 0-5cm [2] 5-10cm

e /

c

n m r a o b f r d u t n s a i L D Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise

cultural heritage advisors 5 n o i t u ------b

i r 0-5: 1 t 5-10: 2 5-10: 1 5-10: 6 10-15: 2 10-15: 2 15-20: 8 10-15: 4 15-20: 1 10-15: 4 15-20: 3 s i D

4 s DRAFT t ------9 5 3 1 r 13 A

3 h t p 25 20 15 15 20 25 25 30 20 20 40 35 25 20 10 e D

2 t n e t x 50 x 50 x E 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x

1 g n i h t r o 5807368 5807368 5807370 5807342 5807377 5807365 5807361 5807360 5808221 5808209 5808198 5808210 5808455 5808452 5807366 5807341 N

1 g n i t s a 670166 670207 E 670089.3 670089.3 670110.2 670051.7 670034.3 670130.3 670148.7 674781.1 674796.7 674782.2 674773.8 674851.5 674852.3 670169.7

o Archaeology At Tardis N TP143 TP144 TP145 TP146 TP147 TP148 TP149 TP150 TP151 TP152 TP153 TP154 TP155 TP156 TP157 162

H 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 P – CHMP 12393 – CHMP 12393

n o i t p i r c s e Dundonnell Wind Farm D

e l i f o r P weak dark reddish brown clay ↓ dark reddish brown clay dark reddish brown and very strong dark reddish brown clay basalt basalt and scoria very strong dark reddish brown clay brown clay & scoria very strong dark greyish brown clay very strong dark greyish ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 163 [1] 0-20cm weak reddish brown silt [1] 0-20cm [2] 20-25cm weak reddish brown silt [1] 0-20cm [2] 20cm weak reddish brown silt [1] 0-20cm [2] 20cm scoria weak reddish brown silt [1] 0-20cm [2] 20cm weak reddish brown silt [1] 0-20cm [2] 20cm weak reddish brown silt [1] 0-10cm [2] 10cm silt weak greyish brown [1] 0-20cm [2] 20cm silt weak greyish brown [1] 0-20cm [2] 20cm

e /

c

n m r a o b f r d u t n s a i L D Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise Stony rise

cultural heritage advisors 5 n o i t u - - - b

i r 0-5: 1 t 5-10: 2 10-15: 4 10-15: 4 15-20: 8 s i D

4 s DRAFT t - - - - 4 2 1 8 r A

3 h t p 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 25 e D

2 t n e t x E 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x 100 x

1 g n i h t r o 5807380 5807380 5807383 5807404 5807347 5807404 5807415 5807435 5807362 N

1 g n i t s a E 670160.8 670160.8 670130.2 670129.7 670130.4 670068.4 670068.9 670069.6 670179.8

o N TP158 TP159 TP160 TP161 TP162 TP163 TP164 TP165 Archaeology At Tardis Max Dim (mm) 14 11 34 13 20 21 12 10 14 18 14 16 13 18 8 17 20 29 29 24 29 14 12 19 13 13 13 11 27 19 38 14 12 9 25 8 13 Thick- ness (mm) 3 3 6 3 8 13 3 2 5 7 7 4 4 4 4 3 6 10 15 5 7 4 4 3 2 3 3 3 5 11 10 3 4 4 13 1 4 – CHMP 12393 – CHMP 12393 Width (mm) 11 8 34 13 10 17 8 8 14 14 11 14 10 11 7 15 11 28 28 14 17 13 9 14 13 6 13 10 7 18 27 12 9 5 18 4 11 Length (mm) 14 9 16 12 20 16 12 10 13 16 12 16 11 17 8 15 19 20 29 24 29 11 9 15 9 13 8 9 27 18 35 9 13 9 25 8 12 Longest scar 16 22 Dundonnell Wind Farm No of complete scars 3 3

Flake Termination Feather Feather Feather Feather Feather Feather Feather Feather Feather Feather Hinge Hinge Feather Feather Feather Feather Feather Feather Feather Hinge Feather Feather Feather Step Feather Feather Hinge Flake Platform Flaked Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Crushed Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Crushed Plain Plain Plain Crushed Plain Plain Plain Plain Crushed Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Crushed

% retouch / usewear None 1-32% 33-66% None None None None None None 1-32% None None None None None None None None 33-66% None 1-32% None None None None None None None None None None 1-32% None None None

cultural heritage advisors

Cortex % None None None 1-32% None 1-32% None None None None None 1-32% None None None None None None None None 1-32% None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None DRAFT Primary FormPrimary Flake – Proximal Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Proximal Flake - Complete Angular Fragment Flake - Complete Flake - Distal Flake - Longitudinal Split Angular Fragment Flake - Complete Blade - Complete Flake - Complete Core - Bidirectional Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Proximal Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Blade - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Distal Flake - Complete Angular Fragment Core - Bidirectional Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Raw Material Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Other Quartz Silcrete Silcrete Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Silcrete Quartz Quartz Quartz Silcrete Quartz Quartz Depth (cm) Surface 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 5-10 5-10 5-10 5-10 10-15 10-15 10-15 15-20 15-20 20-25 20-25 20-25 20-25 20-25 20-25 20-25 20-25 20-25 20-25 20-25 20-25 20-25 10-15 10-15 10-15 10-15 10-15 15-20 Zone 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 Northing 5803519.96 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5808210.383 5807369.14 5807369.14 5807369.14 5807369.14 5807369.14 5807369.14 Archaeology At Tardis Easting 671394.98 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 674782.8 670069.23 670069.23 670069.23 670069.23 670069.23 670069.23 164 TP Surface 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 131 131 131 131 131 131 Max Dim (mm) 17 18 17 14 18 22 34 20 13 15 18 8 10 10 22 15 24 9 21 22 13 12 24 11 27 14 14 16 20 13 10 12 19 26 16 15 6 Thick- ness (mm) 3 5 10 2 8 10 13 5 5 7 3 2 4 2 5 3 6 2 4 7 3 6 11 2 6 3 4 2 3 4 3 3 5 7 3 4 2 – CHMP 12393 – CHMP 12393 Width (mm) 16 17 12 7 12 16 34 13 13 15 14 6 7 10 21 14 19 9 21 15 8 8 24 9 25 14 6 11 13 13 10 6 7 23 16 14 6 Length (mm) 8 16 16 14 18 22 14 20 13 8 17 8 10 9 12 10 18 6 14 22 12 12 15 8 21 13 14 15 20 9 7 12 19 26 9 12 8 Longest scar 22 Dundonnell Wind Farm No of complete scars 1 165 Flake Termination Feather Feather Feather Feather Feather Feather Feather Feather Feather Feather Feather Hinge Feather Feather Feather Feather Hinge Feather Feather Feather Feather Hinge Feather Feather Plunge Feather Flake Platform Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain

% retouch / usewear None None None None 1-32% 1-32% None None None 1-32% None None None None None None None None 1-32% None None 1-32% None None None None None None None None None None 1-32% None None None

cultural heritage advisors

Cortex % None None None None 1-32% None 1-32% None None None None None None None None None 1-32% None None None None None None None 1-32% None None None None None None None 1-32% None None None None DRAFT Primary FormPrimary Flake - Medial Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Blade - Proximal Angular Fragment Core - Unidirectional Flake - Distal Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Proximal Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Proximal Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Distal Flake - Complete Flake - Proximal Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Proximal Flake - Complete Flake - Longitudinal Split Angular Fragment Flake - Complete Flake - Medial Flake - Proximal Flake - Complete Raw Material Silcrete Quartz Quartz Quartzite Chert Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Chert Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Chert Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartzite Quartz Quartz Quartz Chert Silcrete Silcrete Silcrete Quartz Depth (cm) 10-15 10-15 10-15 10-15 10-15 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 0-5 10-15 10-15 10-15 10-15 10-15 10-15 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 5-10 5-10 5-10 5-10 5-10 5-10 5-10 5-10 Zone 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 Northing 5807379.73 5807379.73 5807379.73 5807379.73 5807379.73 5807369.38 5807369.38 5807369.38 5807369.38 5807369.38 5807369.38 5807369.38 5807369.38 5807369.38 5807369.38 5807369.38 5807369.38 5807369.38 5807360.22 5807360.22 5807360.22 5807360.22 5807360.22 5807360.22 5807360.22 5807360.22 5807360.22 5807360.22 5807360.22 5807369.07 5807369.07 5807369.07 5807369.07 5807369.07 5807369.07 5807369.07 5807361.24 Easting 670070.52 670070.52 670070.52 670070.52 670070.52 670061.09 670061.09 670061.09 670061.09 670061.09 670061.09 670061.09 670061.09 670061.09 670061.09 670061.09 670061.09 670061.09 670068.49 670068.49 670068.49 670068.49 670068.49 670068.49 670068.49 670068.49 670068.49 670068.49 670068.49 670050.06 670050.06 670050.06 670050.06 670050.06 670050.06 670050.06 670057.81 Archaeology At Tardis TP 134 134 134 134 134 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 136 136 136 136 136 136 136 136 136 136 136 137 137 137 137 137 137 137 139 Max Dim (mm) 15 12 24 10 34 28 19 15 11 21 18 16 20 18 19 11 16 17 15 20 13 16 41 13 19 14 13 11 21 6 21 27 35 28 27 21 9 Thick- ness (mm) 3 4 8 4 8 5 4 4 3 8 3 7 7 6 6 3 5 5 6 7 4 3 14 2 3 6 4 2 3 3 8 6 18 11 11 6 2 – CHMP 12393 – CHMP 12393 Width (mm) 13 12 18 7 27 15 16 15 7 14 10 11 10 12 16 11 16 15 15 14 12 16 19 11 15 14 13 8 21 6 16 27 31 22 13 18 7 Length (mm) 13 11 24 10 32 23 18 13 11 21 16 16 20 18 18 11 13 12 12 20 13 10 41 10 16 13 10 11 12 6 21 19 35 25 27 21 9 Longest scar 20 30 Dundonnell Wind Farm No of complete scars 2 4

Flake Termination Feather Feather Feather Feather Plunge Plunge Feather Feather Feather Feather Feather Plunge Feather Crushed Hinge Feather Feather Feather Feather Feather Plunge Feather Feather Flake Platform Cortex Plain Crushed Plain Plain Plain Plain Crushed Plain Plain Plain Cortex Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Cortex Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Cortex Cortex Plain

% retouch / usewear None None None None 1-32% None None None None None 33-66% None None 33-66% 33-66% None None 1-32% None 1-32% None None 1-32% None None None None None None None 33-66% 1-32% None None None

cultural heritage advisors

Cortex % None 1-32% 1-32% None None None None None None None None 33-66% None 1-32% None None 1-32% None None 1-32% None None 1-32% None None 33-66% None None None None None 1-32% None None 67-99% 1-32% None DRAFT Primary FormPrimary Flake - Proximal Flake - Proximal Flake - Proximal Angular Fragment Flake - Complete Blade - Complete Flake - Distal Flake - Proximal Flake - Complete Core - Unidirectional Flake - Complete Angular Fragment Flake - Complete Flake - Longitudinal Split Flake - Complete Flake - Distal Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Proximal Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Proximal Flake - Complete Flake - Medial Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Distal Flake - Complete Flake - Proximal Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Core - Bidirectional Flake - Proximal Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Proximal Raw Material Quartz Crystal Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartzite Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Chert Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Silcrete Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Hornfels Chert Quartz Chert Chert Silcrete Quartz Quartz Quartz Depth (cm) 5-10 5-10 5-10 5-10 5-10 5-10 10-15 10-15 10-15 10-15 10-15 10-15 10-15 10-15 10-15 10-15 10-15 10-15 10-15 10-15 10-15 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 0-5 10-15 10-15 10-15 10-15 5-10 5-10 15-20 Zone 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 Northing 5807361.24 5807361.24 5807361.24 5807361.24 5807361.24 5807361.24 5807388.93 5807388.93 5807388.93 5807388.93 5807388.93 5807388.93 5807352.17 5807352.17 5807393.52 5807393.52 5807393.52 5807393.52 5807393.52 5807367.96 5807367.96 5807367.96 5807367.96 5807367.96 5807367.96 5807367.96 5807367.96 5807367.96 5807367.96 5807369.62 5807369.62 5807369.62 5807369.62 5807369.62 5807364.68 5807364.68 5807364.68 Archaeology At Tardis Easting 670057.81 670057.81 670057.81 670057.81 670057.81 670057.81 670070.19 670070.19 670070.19 670070.19 670070.19 670070.19 670054.77 670054.77 670069.73 670069.73 670069.73 670069.73 670069.73 670089.32 670089.32 670089.32 670089.32 670089.32 670089.32 670089.32 670089.32 670089.32 670089.32 670110.24 670110.24 670110.24 670110.24 670110.24 670130.28 670130.28 670130.28 166 TP 139 139 139 139 139 139 140 140 140 140 140 140 141 141 142 142 142 142 142 143 143 143 143 143 143 143 143 143 143 144 144 144 144 144 147 147 147 Max Dim (mm) 18 15 13 23 23 38 35 15 15 10 14 14 14 18 21 12 9 32 16 12 13 19 17 13 15 15 24 9 28 Thick- ness (mm) 6 5 3 6 6 6 13 4 2 4 6 7 5 5 7 4 2 5 4 3 3 6 3 2 3 4 10 3 13 – CHMP 12393 – CHMP 12393 Width (mm) 16 15 12 23 15 13 16 15 7 9 11 7 11 16 21 4 9 17 16 12 11 13 6 8 13 8 20 9 19 Length (mm) 15 11 8 17 22 38 35 11 14 7 11 14 13 15 16 12 9 32 12 8 13 19 17 13 15 15 18 6 28 Longest scar Dundonnell Wind Farm No of complete scars 167 Flake Termination Feather Feather Feather Plunge Feather Feather Feather Feather Feather Feather Feather Feather Feather Hinge Crushed Feather Plunge Feather Feather Crushed Feather Feather Hinge Feather Feather Flake Platform Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Crushed Crushed Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Crushed Plain Plain Plain Plain Plain Crushed Plain Plain Plain

% retouch / usewear None None None 1-32% None None None None None None None None None None None None None 67-99% None None None 1-32% None None None None None None 1-32%

cultural heritage advisors

Cortex % None None None None 1-32% None None None None None None None None 1-32% 1-32% None None None None None None None None None None None 33-66% None 67-99% DRAFT Primary FormPrimary Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Longitudinal Split Angular Fragment Flake - Complete Flake - Longitudinal Split Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Medial Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Distal Blade - Complete Flake - Complete Angular Fragment Flake - Complete Flake - Complete Flake - Proximal Angular Fragment Raw Material Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartzite Silcrete Crystal Quartz Silcrete Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Quartz Chalcedony Quartz Quartz Quartz Chert Silcrete Silcrete Silcrete Silcrete Silcrete Quartz Other Depth (cm) 5-10 5-10 5-10 5-10 5-10 5-10 5-10 10-15 10-15 10-15 10-15 15-20 15-20 15-20 10-15 10-15 10-15 10-15 5-10 5-10 0-5 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 Zone 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 Northing 5807361.24 5807359.93 5807359.93 5807359.93 5807359.93 5807359.93 5807359.93 5807359.93 5807359.93 5807359.93 5807359.93 5807359.93 5807359.93 5807359.93 5807382.56 5807382.56 5807382.56 5807382.56 5807403.79 5807403.79 5807414.62 5807362.03 5807362.03 5807362.03 5807362.03 5807362.03 5807362.03 5807362.03 5807362.03 Easting 670148.67 670166.02 670166.02 670166.02 670166.02 670166.02 670166.02 670166.02 670166.02 670166.02 670166.02 670166.02 670166.02 670166.02 670130.21 670130.21 670130.21 670130.21 670068.42 670068.42 670068.9 670179.8 670179.8 670179.8 670179.8 670179.8 670179.8 670179.8 670179.8 Archaeology At Tardis TP 148 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 159 159 159 159 162 162 163 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

APPENDIX 5 – SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENT

DRAFT

168 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393

The following Appendix presents the scientific significance assessment ratings of Aboriginal cultural heritage places identified within the activity area. The heritage values of a place are broadly defined as the ‘aesthetic, historic, spiritual scientific or social values for past, present or further generations’ (AAustralia ICOMOS, The Illustrated Burra Charter 1999). Cultural significance considers aesthetic, historic, spiritual and social values.

Table 16 Place Scientific Significance Assessment Rating

VAHR No 7422-0566 7422-0568 7422-0567 Query Answer Rating Answer Rating Answer Rating Artefact density per m2 1 0 30 2 6 1 Extent of place No 0 No 0 No 0 Natural soil horizons Yes 0 Yes 0 Yes 0 Disturbance High 0 Low 0 Low 0 Contact or Pleistocene / No 0 No 0 No 0 Early Holocene* More than one period* No 0 No 0 No 0 High integrity occupation deposits, surfaces or No 0 No 0 No 0 features* Multiple artefact horizons, stratified high integrity occupation No 0 No 0 No 0 deposits, surfaces or features* Natural history research No 0 No 0 No 0 potential* Representativeness* C 0 C 0 R 1 Scientific Significance Extremely low (0) Low (2) Low (2)

Artefact Scatters

Average Artefact Density DRAFT Places with higher average artefact densities per m2 contain larger amounts and more varied information. Higher artefact densities usually represent more intensive and varied human behaviour. For example, focussed Aboriginal activity, such as longer-term campsites, will generally leave high concentrations of cultural material. In contrast, Aboriginal people traversing the landscape, dropping or otherwise discarding stone artefacts on a regular basis will often leave a very low density of artefacts. This is considered to represent background cultural noise or background archaeological noise and is identified by artefact densities with less than five artefacts per m2. The higher the density of stone artefacts within a place, the higher its scientific significance.

Extent of Artefact Densities

Larger places are usually considered to have higher scientific significance than smaller ones because they generally contain more information. Larger places were likely the focus of more intensive and varied Aboriginal behaviour, and visited more frequently. Based on consulting experience and benchmarking a significant size threshold is notionally considered here to be at

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 169 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 least 100m x 100m in extent (or 10,000m2). Place-size data from most registered places on the VAHR is not used because it is not of sufficient accuracy for rating scientific significance. It is envisaged that additional benchmark data from the VAHR will be available in the future in order to refine the place-size criteria used in this scientific significance assessment framework.

Natural Soil Horizons

Natural formation processes may form natural soil layers or horizons by the laying down of sediments by natural agents such as wind and water (IIsbell 2002; McKenzie et al 2004; cf Schiffer 1972, 1976: 15-16, 1983). These horizons may be subsequently created or destroyed by various post-depositional processes. The process of soil profile genesis and development may bury artefacts but without forming obvious anthroposols or high integrity occupation deposits. Artefacts found within natural soil profiles habitually form artefact horizons. The temporal and spatial integrity of artefact horizons will depend on the depositional and post-depositional formation processes of these deposits. Generally they have less temporal and spatial integrity than intact high integrity occupation deposits and, with all other criteria being equal, have less scientific significance. They comprise the overwhelming artefact scatter type encountered during complex assessments.

Disturbance

Disturbance of Aboriginal cultural heritage places can take many forms and include both environmental and human agents not only at the time of deposition but also after places have been abandoned. Disturbance can be categorised as low, high or significant. Low disturbance is when archaeological deposits or features have little discernable disturbance so they are essentially intact and retain a high degree of spatial and temporal integrity. High disturbance is when agents have likely altered the temporal and spatial integrity to such an extent which has lowered their information potential and therefore scientific significance. Examples of high disturbance include deflation, native vegetation clearance, ploughing, rabbit burrowing, heavy stock trampling and stock rubs. Significant ground disturbance has altered the information potential of a place to such a degree that it has effectively destroyed the integrity of the place. Examples of significant ground disturbance include heavy natural erosion, or grading, excavating digging, dredging and deep ripping by machinery. The information potential remaining will essentially be the intrinsic attributes of the artefacts themselves.

Period and Number of Periods Represented

Most places contain stone tool assemblages attributed to the Australian Small Tool Tradition which may be dated 6,000 and 7,000DRAFT years ago (HHiscock & Attenbrow 2004). The landform and depositional context is also usually attributed to the period of latest landscape formation associated with present sea level stabilising 5,000 to 6,000 years BP (MMarsden & Mallet 1975: 114- 116; Bird 1993: 145; Douglas & Ferguson 1993: 387; Kershaw 1995: 669). Other periods, such as the Late Pleistocene and European Contact, are poorly represented in the archaeological knowledge base. Due to their rareness they are of high research interest and significance. Places with more than one period represented allow the investigation of cultural change, interaction and adaptation over a longer period of time. Based on the criteria of research potential and rarity, these places will have increased scientific significance.

High Integrity Occupation Deposits, Surfaces and / or Features

OAAV has no official definition of an occupation deposit or feature (r.61(6) Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007) but unofficially defines an occupation deposit as “anything that is indicative of human occupation eg a single artefact ...” (OAAV email 25.5.2009). This nominal definition of an occupation deposit takes no account of the depositional context of cultural material which is critical in understanding the archaeological record and the interpretation of past human behaviour – as pointed out by Binford (11964: 431) more than 45 years ago in the distinction between primary

170 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 and secondary depositional context. Taking the above into account, and in contrast to the nominal definition of OAAV, a high integrity occupation deposit can be defined as a deposit formed by the laying down of deposits (artefacts and / or sediments) by human activities that bury artefacts and form distinct archaeological stratigraphic entities such as layers (eg dense lens of stone artefacts & bone between natural soil horizons, stratified shell deposits) or features (eg hearths, occupation mounds). An occupation surface is a distinct layer or interface between depositional strata upon which human activities were carried out and artefacts / features deposited. Most commonly this may be represented by a prior land surface (eg soil horizon) that has been subsequently buried by natural soil horizons (eg dune deposits). High integrity occupation deposits, features and surfaces have a high degree of spatial and temporal integrity and therefore will have higher scientific significance than archaeological deposits with lower integrity (eg artefact horizons in environmental deposits).

Multiple Artefact Horizons, Stratified High Integrity Occupation Deposits, Surfaces and / or Features

Places with multiple artefact horizons, stratified high integrity occupation deposits, surfaces and / or features have the potential to investigate chronological change within places; often with greater time depth and chronological resolution compared to places with lower spatial and temporal integrity. They are rarer, have higher research potential, and therefore also have higher scientific significance. High integrity occupation deposits, surfaces and features will likely have higher scientific significance than artefact horizons.

Natural History Potential

Some places have environmental evidence that may span many thousands of years and therefore have the potential to answer significant research questions regarding natural history, climatic and environmental conditions. This evidence can be used to investigate human evolution and adaptation. Generally this evidence is rarely found in Victorian places and has high research potential and scientific significance.

Representativeness

Representativeness refers to the regional distribution of a particular place-type and its scientific significance. It is assessed to whether the place is common, rare or very rare in a given region. Assessments of representativeness are biased by current knowledge of the distribution and numbers of places in a region. Current knowledge varies from place to place, depending on the extent and quality of previousDRAFT archaeological research. Consequently, a place that is assigned low scientific significance based on other queries, but is considered a rare occurrence, may only be regarded as such in terms of current knowledge of the regional archaeology. Its rareness may not necessarily increase the place significance to moderate or above.

The representativeness used for Aboriginal cultural heritage places are:

x Common occurrence; x Rare occurrence; x Very rare occurrence.

Common places include the majority of stone artefact scatters. Typically such stone artefact scatters have the following attributes: below moderate artefact density class (≤45 artefacts per m2); date to the Late Holocene, and no evidence of high integrity occupation deposits or features, stratified or otherwise. Rare stone artefact scatters typically have the following attributes: moderate or above artefact density class (≥46 artefacts per m2); more than one artefact horizon; more than one period of occupation (eg early and late Holocene); but may not have high integrity occupation deposits. Very rare stone artefact scatters typically have the following attributes: moderate or

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 171 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 above artefact density class (≥46 artefacts per m2); high integrity occupation deposits, stratified or otherwise; and occupation from more than one period (eg late Pleistocene and late Holocene). Ensuring a representative sample of significant place-types is preserved provides opportunities for research questions and techniques not yet developed to be available for future archaeologists.

Stone artefact scatters identified during this investigation are rated according to the following queries and answers:

1. What is the average artefact density per metre? Stone Artefact Density (per m2)* Score Density Class 1 – 4 0 Extremely low 5 – 15 1 Very low 16 – 30 2 Low 31 – 45 3 Low – moderate 46 – 60 4 Moderate 61 – 75 5 Moderate – high 76 – 90 6 High 91+ 7 Very high *Minimum artefact size 10mm 2. If the average artefact density rates 46 artefacts per m2 or above, is the density spatially extensive (more than 100m x 100m, 10,000m2)? No = 0, Yes = +1 3. Are artefacts within natural soil horizons? No = high integrity occupation deposits (see below), Yes = 0 4. Are the natural soil horizons disturbed? No = 0, Yes (high) = -1, Yes (significant) = -2 5. Are European Contact or Pleistocene / Early Holocene periods represented? No = 0, Yes = +1 6. Is more than one period represented? No = 0, Yes = +1 7. Are there high integrity occupation deposits, occupation surfaces and / or features? No = 0, Yes = +1 8. Are there multiple artefact horizons, stratified high integrity occupation deposits, occupation surfaces and / or features? No = 0, Yes = +1 (artefact horizons), Yes = +2 (high integrity occupation deposits, surfaces, features) 9. Is there an opportunity to research natural history (eg climate & environmental changes)? No = 0, Yes = +1 10. Is the place a common, rare or very rare occurrence? C = 0, Rare = +1, Very rare = +2

Artefact scatters are rated accordingDRAFT to the following scores from the detailed list of queries above: Score Scientific Significance Rating 0 extremely low 1 very low 2 low 3 low – moderate 4 moderate 5 moderate – high 6 high 7+ very high

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APPENDIX 6 – PREVIOUSLY REGISTERED PLACES WITHIN THE GEOGRAPHIC REGION

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VAHR NO PLACE NAME PLACE TYPE 7422-0001 LAKE BOLAC 1 LB/1 & LB/2 ARTEFACT SCATTER; EARTH FEATURE EXCAVATIONS (HEARTH) 7422-0006 FRED MORTON 1 FM/1 ABORIGINAL HUMAN REMAINS (BURIAL); EARTH FEATURE (HEARTH) 7422-0007 BARRABOOGA EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0012 LAPPENICH STH 1 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0013 LAPPENICH STH 2 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0014 LAPPENICH STH 3 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0015 EILYAR 1 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0016 GLEN EYNORD 1 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0017 LAKE WHITE ARTEFACT SCATTER 7422-0051 DA 2 QUARRY 7422-0052 DA 3 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0094 PAGAN 1 SCARRED TREE 7422-0095 KIA ORA 1 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0096 KILLARA 1 SCARRED TREE 7422-0097 KILLARA 2 SCARRED TREE 7422-0100 MOASKAR 1 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0101 MOASKAR 2 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0104 SALT CREEK PADDOCK EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0118 KARRONBRAE 2 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0119 BOORANA EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0123 GLEN EYNORD 2 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0132 WAHROONGA 1 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0133 PARUPA PARK 2 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0134 PARUPA PARK 1 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0154 MOGILA 1 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0155 MOGILA 2 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0156 MOGILA 3 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0157 BARFOLD 2 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0158 BARFOLD 3 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0159 BARFOLD 4 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0160 BARFOLD 5 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0161 BARFOLD 6 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0162 BARFOLD 1 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0163 LAMONT EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0164 BROOKS EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0165 CABARITA EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0166 MYRNGRONG ARTEFACT SCATTER 7422-0167 BOOROOK 12DRAFT EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0168 BOOROOK 1 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0169 BOOROOK 3 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0170 BOOROOK 2 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0171 BOOROOK 7 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0172 BOOROOK 4 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0173 BOOROOK 6 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0174 BOOROOK 5 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0175 BOOROOK 8 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0176 BOOROOK 9 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0177 BOOROOK 10 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0178 BOOROOK 11 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0209 SALT CREEK 5 SCARRED TREE 7422-0210 SALT CREEK 6 SCARRED TREE 7422-0211 GUM SWAMP 1 SCARRED TREE 7422-0216 GRANGE 3 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0217 KARMALA 1 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND)

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VAHR NO PLACE NAME PLACE TYPE 7422-0218 KARMALA 2 ARTEFACT SCATTER; ABORIGINAL HUMAN REMAINS (BURIAL) 7422-0219 SALT CREEK 3 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0220 SALT CREEK 4 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0221 SALT CREEK 2 ARTEFACT SCATTER; EARTH FEATURE (HEARTH) 7422-0223 SALT CREEK 1 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0224 DAVIDSONS 1 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0230 DAVIDSONS 2 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0231 DAVIDSONS 3 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0232 DAVIDSONS 4 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0233 BRIGADOON 1 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7422-0234 BRIGADOON 2 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7422-0285 LAKE BOLAC 2 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7422-0286 LAKE BOLAC 3 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7422-0287 JN 1 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND); ABORIGINAL HUMAN REMAINS (BURIAL) 7422-0289 JN 2 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND); ABORIGINAL HUMAN REMAINS (BURIAL) 7422-0304 WOORNDOO 1 SCARRED TREE 7422-0314 MOUNT VIOLET 1 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0339 KT 1 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0340 KT 2 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0367 TSALTA 1 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0368 BROLGA 1 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0369 LB 4 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7422-0411 MACKENZIE MOUND EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0412 SMITH SCATTER ARTEFACT SCATTER 7422-0455 HIGGINS AXE/1 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7422-0461 B. MCCROW 1 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7422-0464 HIGGINS 1 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0471 BLYTH OVEN 1 EARTH FEATURE (HEARTH) 7422-0476 JUBB 1 SCARRED TREE 7422-0477 JUBB 2 EARTH FEATURE (HEARTH) 7422-0483 DAVIDSONS 5 ABORIGINAL HUMAN REMAINS (BURIAL) 7422-0505 LAKE BOLAC RIDGE 1 ARTEFACT SCATTER; EARTH FEATURE (HEARTH) 7422-0512 PRESTON 1 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7422-0517 KNIGHTS LAKE 1 ABORIGINAL HUMAN REMAINS (BURIAL) 7422-0523 BOOROOK 11DRAFT EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0524 BOOROOK 12 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7422-0525 O'BRIEN COLLECTION OBJECT COLLECTION 7422-0526 PETER COY'S COLLECTION OBJECT COLLECTION 7422-0528 WILLAURA GROOVED AXE ARTEFACT SCATTER 7422-0546 TIVERTON 1 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7422-0547 TIVERTON 2 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7422-0548 TIVERTON 3 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7422-0549 TIVERTON 4 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7422-0550 MOUNT FYANS 1 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7422-0552 LAKE BOLAC ARTEFACT SCATTER ARTEFACT SCATTER 7422-0560 SALT CREEK BRIDGE 1 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7422-0561 MORTLAKE-ARARAT RD, WOORNDOO ARTEFACT SCATTER 7522-0017 NERRIN NERRIN SCARRED TREE 7522-0019 SOUTH TERRINALLUM 1 BURIAL / HUMAN REMAINS 7522-0046 BULLOCK FLAT 5 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7522-0047 BULLOCK FLAT 6 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7522-0048 BULLOCK FLAT 7 ARTEFACT SCATTER

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VAHR NO PLACE NAME PLACE TYPE 7522-0049 BULLOCK FLAT 8 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7522-0050 BULLOCK FLAT 9 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7522-0051 BULLOCK FLAT 10 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7522-0052 BULLOCK FLAT 11 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7522-0053 BULLOCK FLAT 12 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7522-0054 BULLOCK FLAT 13 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7522-0055 BULLOCK FLAT 14 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7522-0056 BULLOCK FLAT 15 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7522-0057 BULLOCK FLAT 16 EARTH FEATURE (MOUND) 7522-0059 SALT CREEK 1 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7522-0060 SALT CREEK 2 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7522-0061 SALT CREEK 3 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7522-0062 SALT CREEK 4 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7522-0063 SALT CREEK 5 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7522-0064 SALT CREEK 6 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7522-0065 SALT CREEK 7 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7522-0066 SALT CREEK 8 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7522-0067 SALT CREEK 9 ARTEFACT SCATTER 7522-0072 TERINALLUM CRANIUM ABORIGINAL HUMAN REMAINS (BURIAL)

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APPENDIX 7 – 1750 ECOLOGICAL VEGETATION CLASSES

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EVC Class Description No

An open, eucalypt woodland to 15m tall. Occupies poorly drained, fertile soils on flat or gently undulating plains at low elevations. The understorey consists of a few sparse shrubs over a species-rich grassy and herbaceous ground Plains Grassy layer. The annual rainfall is approximately 500-700m. Typical tree species 55 Woodland include River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) at 8 per ha. Typical (3.1) smaller plant species known to have been exploited by Aboriginal people include Golden Wattle (Acacia pycnantha), Cranberry Heath (Astroloma humifusum), Kangaroo Grass (Themeda triandra).

Eucalypt dominated woodland to 15m tall with occasional scattered shrub layer over a mostly grassy / sedgy to herbaceous ground layer. Occurs on low gradient ephemeral to intermittent drainage lines, typically on fertile colluvial / alluvial soils, on a wide range of suitably fertile geological substrates. These minor drainage lines can include a range of graminoid and Creekline Grassy herbaceous species tolerant of waterlogged soils, and are presumed to have 68 Woodland sometimes resembled a linear wetland or system of interconnected small (3.1) ponds. Typical tree species comprises River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) at 15 per ha. Typical smaller plant species known to have been exploited by Aboriginal people include Blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon), Small Leaf Bramble (Rubus parvifolius), Ruby Saltbush (Enchylaena tomentosa var. tomentosa), Common Tussock Grass (Poa labillardierei) and Common Read (Phragmites australis).

Usually treeless, but in some instances can include sparse River Red Gum or Swamp Gum. A sparse shrub component may also be present. The Plains Grassy characteristic ground cover is dominated by grasses, small sedges and 125 Wetland herbs. Typically species rich on the outer verges but is usually species poor (3.1) in the wetter central areas. Typical smaller plant species known to have been exploited by Aboriginal people include Common Tussock-grass (Poa labillardierei) & Water Ribbons (Triglochin procerum sl).

Treeless vegetation less than 1m tall dominated by largely graminoid and herb life forms but may have originally contained scattered woody plants. Plains Grassland Occupies more freely draining red loamy basalt derived soils and 132 (3.1) occasionally lighter sedimentary soils in areas receiving at least 500mm annual rainfall. Typical smaller plant species known to have been exploited by Aboriginal people include Kangaroo Grass (Themeda triandra)

A variable open eucalypt woodland to 15m tall or occasionally Sheoak / DRAFTAcacia woodland to 10m tall over a diverse ground layer of grasses and herbs. The shrub component is usually sparse. It occurs on sites with moderate fertility on gentle slops or undulating hills on a range of geologies. Typical tree species comprise Swamp Gum (Eucalyptus ovata), Narrow-leaf Grassy Woodland 175 Peppermint (Eucalyptus radiata sl) and Manna Gum (Eucalyptus viminalis (3.1) ssp. viminalis) at 15 per ha as well as Drooping Sheoak (Allocasuarina verticillata), Lightwood (Acacia implexa) and Black Wattle (Acacia mearnsii). Typical smaller plant species known to have been exploited by Aboriginal people include Golden Wattle (Acacia pycnantha), Black-anther Flax-lily (Dianella revoluta sl), Small-leaved Clematis (Clematis microphylla).

Occurs in seasonally wet depressions on volcanic and sedimentary plains, typically associated with fertile, silty, peaty or heavy clay paludal soils. Primarily sedgy-herbaceous vegetation, sometimes with scattered or fringing Plains Sedgy eucalypts or tea-tree / paperbark shrubs in higher rainfall areas. A range of 647 Wetland aquatic herbs can be present, and species-richness is mostly relatively low to (3.1) moderate, but higher towards drier margins. Typical smaller species known to have been exploited by Aboriginal people include Hollow Sedge (Carex tereticaulis).

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EVC Class Description No

Stony Knoll Shrubland is a shrubland to 3m tall or low non-eucalypt woodland to 8m tall with a grassy understorey. It occurs on low stony rises on basalt flows. The soils are fertile and well drained but shallow with Stony Knoll outcropping rock, causing severe summer dryness. Typical tree species 649 Shrubland comprise Drooping Sheoak (Allocasuarina verticillata) and Sweet Bursaria (3.1) (Bursaria spinosa). Typical smaller plant species known to have been exploited by Aboriginal people include Running Postman (Kennedia prostrata), Kangaroo Grass (Themeda triandra) and Austral Bracken (Pteridium esculentum).

Herbland of permanent to semi-permanent wetlands, dominated by sedges (especially on shallower verges) and / or aquatic herbs. Occurs on fertile Aquatic Herbland paludal soils, typically heavy clays beneath organic accumulations. Typical 653 (3.1) smaller plant species known to have been exploited by Aboriginal people include Common Nardoo (Marsilea drummondii) and Water Ribbons (Triglochin procerum sl).

Aquatic Herbland / Plains Sedgy 691 See EVC 653 & 647 Wetland Mosaic (3.1)

Stony Knoll Shrubland / Plains Grassy Woodland / 714 See EVCs 649, 55 & 125 Plains Grassy Wetland Mosaic (3.1)

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APPENDIX 8 – SUMMARY CVs

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180 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 ANDREA MURPHY director

Andrea Murphy is the owner and director of Archaeology At Tardis Pty Ltd which has been in operation in Victoria for over 13 years. Andrea has more than 23 years industry experience and has qualifications in both indigenous and non-indigenous cultural heritage. She has managed a wide variety of heritage projects including EES and EIS heritage studies, major indigenous and historic archaeological excavations, desktop assessments, place surveys, monitoring and production of place management strategies.

QUALIFICATIONS AREAS OF EXPERTISE & AWARDS

QUALIFICATIONS x Residential subdivisions

Bachelor of Arts x Industrial subdivisions (Prehistory) x Wind farms La Trobe University x Transmission powerlines Master of Arts (Historic Archaeology) x Gas infrastructure La Trobe University x Water infrastructure

AFFILIATIONS x Waterway rehabilitation works

x Freeway, highway and road infrastructure Australian Society of Historic Archaeology x Rail infrastructure including urban and regional fast rail

Australian Association of x Optical fibre cable routes Consulting Archaeologists x Local government advisor and project manager

Australian Anthropological x Defence advisor and project manager and Archaeological Association x Parks Advisor and project manager

Historic Gardens Society DRAFT

National Trust

Royal Historical Society

AWARDS

Winner of the 2003 UNESCO Asia-Pacific Cultural Heritage Conservation Award

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 181 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 TOM RYMER cultural heritage advisor

Tom Rymer is a cultural heritage advisor with over fifteen years’ experience in major international archaeological research projects as well as commercial indigenous and non-indigenous cultural heritage projects. He has expertise in research, survey, archaeological excavation, artefact analysis and technical report production.

QUALIFICATIONS EXPERIENCE PROFILE & AFFILIATIONS

QUALIFICATIONS MAJOR INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS

Doctor of Philosophy x British Excavations at Jerablus-Tahtani, Syria (Archaeology) x Siouskiou-Laona Settlement Project, Cyprus La Trobe University, 2005 x Australian-Cyprus Expedition at Marki-Alonia x Marki Davari Cemetery, Cyprus AFFILIATIONS x Queensland University Alambra-Mouttes Project, Cyprus

Australian Society of SUBDIVISIONS Historic Archaeology x 550 Craigieburn Road, Craigieburn Australian Association of x Hunt Club Estate, Cranbourne Consulting Archaeologists x Burvilles Road, Armstrong Creek

x Marong Business Park Australian Archaeological x 335 Grices Road, Clyde North Association x Cascades on Clyde, Clyde North Australia ICOMOS x Edenbrook Estate, Pakenham

WIND FARMS

x Bald Hills Wind Farm x Stockyard Hill Wind Farm x Ararat Wind Farm DRAFTx Penshurst Wind Farm x Mortons Lane Wind Farm x Salt Creek Wind Farm x Cherry Tree Wind Farm x Lexton Wind Farm

INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS

x APA Australia (Operations) Gas Duplication Project x Victorian Desalination Plant Corridor Salvage x Officer South Rising Main x Lake Tyers Aboriginal Trust Sewerage Scheme x Gippsland Water Factory x Toomuc Creek Retarding Basin x Candowie Reservoir Upgrade x Tarrone Gas Plant

182 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 ROBERT O’BRYAN cultural heritage advisor

Robert O’Bryan is a cultural heritage advisor with over five years’ experience in major international archaeological research projects as well as commercial indigenous and non-indigenous cultural heritage projects. He has expertise in research, survey, archaeological excavation, artefact analysis and technical report production.

QUALIFICATIONS EXPERIENCE PROFILE & AFFILIATIONS

QUALIFICATIONS SUBDIVISIONS

Bachelor of Arts x The Sisters, 1080 Point Nepean Road Sorrento (Archaeology) x 335 Grices Road, Clyde North La Trobe University, 2008 x Victoria River, Omeo

x Broadoak Drive, Cranbourne

x Morwell East, Victoria

x Thompsons Road, Cranbourne x Boneo Road, Mornington x Greenhills Property, Pakenham

WIND FARMS

x Macarthur Wind Farm x Salt Creek Wind Farm x Stockyard Hill Wind Farm x Ararat Wind Farm

INFRASTRUCTURE & RELATED PROJECTS

x Bend Road, Keysborough x Banksia Peninsula, Victoria DRAFTx Burnside Sewer, Burnside

Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors 183 Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 MARK DOWDELL cultural heritage advisor

Mark Dowdell is a cultural heritage advisor with over three years’ experience in major international archaeological research projects as well as commercial indigenous and non-indigenous cultural heritage projects. He has expertise in research, survey, archaeological excavation, artefact analysis and technical report production.

QUALIFICATIONS EXPERIENCE PROFILE & AFFILIATIONS

QUALIFICATIONS MAJOR INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS

Bachelor of Arts x Olympic Stadium, Stratford, London (Archaeology) Flinders University, 2005 SUBDIVISIONS

Certificate in Cultural x Lot 2 2080 Point Nepean Road Sorrento Heritage Management x Subdivision of Land, Amstel Golf Course, Cranbourne 2012 x The Sisters, Sorrento

AFFILIATIONS x 132 Diamond Creek Road & 200 Beales Road, St Helena x 320 Snell Road & 13-15 Wheeler Road, Maryknoll x Boneo Park Equestrian Complex, Boneo x 502 Boundary Road, Horseshoe Bend

WIND FARMS

x Stockyard Hill Wind Farm x Ararat Wind Farm x Bulgana Wind Farm

INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS

DRAFTx FMG Solomon Hub x Hume Highway Bypass Project x Gas Supply Main, O’Hearns Road, Epping x Burnside Sewer, Burnside x Victorian Northern Interconnect Expansion Gas Pipeline

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APPENDIX 9 – COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST

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COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST

1 Recommendations Yes No

Have the recommendations been followed?

2 Suspected Human Remains

If suspected human remains are found, has all activity within 10m ceased?

Have the remains been left in place?

Has the location been fenced to prevent any further disturbance, if required?

Has the Coroner’s Office and Victoria Police been notified?

If the remains are reasonably suspected to be Aboriginal, has DEPI State Control

Centre been notified?

If confirmed to be Aboriginal remains, has the Secretary (DPC) been notified?

As determined by the Secretary (DPC), has the mitigation or salvage strategy been

implemented?

Has the reburial place been fully documented by an experienced and qualified

archaeologist, clearly marked and all details provided to OAAV?

Has a strategy been developed to ensure no further disturbance will occur to the

remains?

3 Discovery of Other Unexpected Cultural Material

Has all activity within 10m ceased?

Has the Heritage Advisor / RAP been advised?

Has the Secretary (DPC) been notified (s.24 Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006)?

Has the find been left in place?

Has the location been fenced to prevent any further disturbance, if required?

For all other finds, has an appropriate mitigation / salvage strategy been developed?

Has the mitigation / salvage works been implemented? Have the salvaged finds beenDRAFT appropriately managed in consultation with the RAP? 4 Changes to Activity

Has statutory approval been obtained for any changes to the activity?

186 Archaeology At Tardis cultural heritage advisors Dundonnell Wind Farm – CHMP 12393 REFERENCES

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