PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS OF PREFIX /IN-/ IN FRENCH

Siti Ayu Masthuroh, M. Suryadi, Agus Subiyanto Master of Linguistics, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Jl. Prof. Sudarto No.13, Tembalang, Semarang, Midle Java, Indonesia Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Article History: Submitted: (diisi editor); Revised: (diisi editor); Accepted: (diisi editor) DOI: (diisi editor)

RETORIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra dan Pengajarannya under Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License. ISSN: 2614-2716 (print), ISSN: 2301-4768 (online) http://ojs.unm.ac.id/retorika

Abstract: This article aims to know sound variations of prefix /in-/ in French and to explain pho- nological process of prefix /in-/ in French. The addition of the prefix / in- / can change the meaning of words into the opposite meaning. This prefix has orthographic and phonetic variation which means there are phonological rules in it, the focus of research is on sound variations and phonolog- ical rules prefix / in- / in French. The research subject is French, while the object research is adjective in French with prefix / in- /. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with observation method and note-taking technique. The approach used is transformational generative phonology. The addi- tion of the prefix /in-/ indicates that this prefix has a function as a negative marker (negative pre- fixes). The result of the analysis shows that sound variations of prefix /in-/ in French are [iŋ-], [in-], [im-], [il-], [iʁ-]. The phonological process that occurs in it is an assimilation process. Assimilation process that occurs in the form of nasalization because there are changes in the sound of consonants that are nasalized in the nasal sound environment.

Keywords: assimilation, phonological process, prefix /in-/

According to Institute Français d’Indo- verb conjugations, yet French also has a high nésie (IFI), French is a language spoken widely level of language derivation. One of the examples by more than 300 million speakers in several we can find is the prefix found in adjectives. countries spread across 5 continents such as Can- The process of forming a word is basically ada, Madagascar, Haiti, Belgium, Morocco, etc. not detached from the process of derivation It belongs to the Latin language which has been (Katamba, 1993: 44). Affixation is one of the der- continuously developed into French lang-uage ivation processes that can cause new words due to used as it is today. Latin is as very inflective lan- the meaning, category, and manner of the word guage as Greek (Hocket: 1954). Because of the changed. Changes in meaning of words are lo- influence of Latin language, French is not only in- cated in the prefix of negation which can change cluded in one inflective language; For instance on the meaning into refutation. The negation prefix

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/in-/ has orthographic and phonetic variation. It The results of the research explained that the three means that there are several sound rules in it, For dialects have the same form and meaning but example is the word utile [ytil] in French it has there are significant phonological differences be- the meaning of “useful”, when the prefix negation tween the Mange dialect and the Kadai dialect. /in-/ is added, the word becomes inutile [inytil] Subsequently, Hardiany (2019) examining the and the meaning changes into “useless”. Yet, in "phonological process on the prefix /Me-/ in In- another case like the word capable [kapabl] donesian language" and explained that the phono- which has the meaning of “able”, it is changed logical process that occurs in the prefix /me-/ in into incapable [ɛ̃kapabl] and its meaning be- is the addition of consonant comes “incapable” when the prefix negation in- is and also the assimilation of consonant-vocal. It is added so the prefix in- can be regarded as a mor- also explained several rules for adding sound in phophonemic process because it causes the ap- the phonological process of the prefix /me-/ in In- pearance of pronunciation and adjustment of the donesian language. Zen (2016) conducted a re- writing resulting in a new variation or allomorphs search in his thesis entitled "Phonological Change of a morpheme. In linguistics, the changes in mor- in Sanskrit Vocabulary in Javanese", it is found pheme variation are examined in morphophone- that to explain the existence of sound changes in mic. According to Katamba (1993: 34) morpho- the process of absorption of Sanskrit vocabulary phonemic is part of the linguistic study related to in Javanese can be seen through the rules. The morphology and phonology which is used to ex- rules represent patterns of change from groups of plain how morphemes are realized at the phono- words that have the same pattern. Then, 43 sound logical level then. change rules can be found in this study. Subse- This study focuses on variations and rules quent research was carried out by Tauk (2016) en- of sounds in the French negation prefix in-, so that titled "Processes and Positional Phonological it is more focused in its phonological point of Rules of Helong Language: Generative Study" view. The purpose of this study is to figure out the which discussed the process of sound change in sound variations appear in the French negation the Helong language and found 5 processes and prefix in- and to know the phonological process rules of sound change, including vocal deletion, of it. consonant deletion, metathesis, dissimilation, and Previous research on phonological pro- gemination. In addition, Nurhantoro (2014) car- cesses has been carried out by several researchers. ried out a study on “The Assimilation of English Francis and Taylor (2015) in their research on Af- Negative Prefixes Forming Adjectives” and dis- fixal Negation in French, German, and Russian cussed the forms of English negative prefix and discussed the types of affixes, especially prefixes explained its phonological process. that have the function of negation markers in The similarity between this current study French. Francis and Taylor discuss how the types and several previous studies mentioned above is of prefix negation go through their morphological to focus on the phonological process and the or word formation. Meanwhile, Indrawati (2015) sound change rules, while the difference is on the conducted a study on the Phonological Process in data material which is in the form of French. In Adopting Indonesian Words into Ciacia in Buton addition, French has several prefixes that function District, Southeast Sulawesi and found the pho- as negative prefixes markers, including dé-, dés-, nological processes that occur in the adoption of mé, més, mal, non-, and in-. All of the prefixes Indonesian words into Ciacia in the form of add- mentioned is considered a negative derivative ing and removing sounds at the end of words. prefix (Francis, 2015). But the interesting thing is That is because the Ciacia language does not rec- in the prefix in- because it has an allomorph and ognize the existence of words with closed tribes. allographic form. In this research, it reveals and Furthermore, Ridwan (2020) in his research enti- explains the influence of phonological processes tled Phonological Variation of Taliabu Language that cause the formation of various allomorphs Dialects discusses the phonological variations of and allographs in French prefixes. three Talibu dialects based on variations in vowel In this study, the theory used is transforma- sounds and variations in consonant sounds. The tional generative phonology. It emerges and de- three Talibu dialects referred to are the Kadai di- velops in the transformational grammar, also alect of the Siboyo dialect and the Mange dialect. called transformational-generative grammar. Ge- Masthuroh, Suryadi, & Subiyanto, Phonological Process of Frefix /in/ in French 323 nerative grammar was first raised by Noam cesses of assimilation, namely palatalization, la- Chomsky in a book called Syntactic Structure bialization, sound assimilation, assimilation of (Sampson, 1980). Transformational grammar as- place of articulation, assimilation of manner of ar- sumes that the emergence of language variation is ticulation and nasalization. Meanwhile Schane based on a process of transformation and there are (1992) stated that there are 4 sorts of assimilation: generalizations of languages in the world, it can consonant-vocal, vocal-consonant, vocal-vocal be inferred that there are universal rules in the and consonant-consonant. form of language patterns in the human mind. One of the studies on transformational grammar METHOD is about the phonological rules in generative pho- nology. There are 2 concepts in generative pho- This research is a qualitative descriptive nology; deep structure and surface structure. study. The data sources used are from Le Petit La- Deep structure is symbolized with / / while sur- rousse dictionary which includes adjectives in face structure is symbolized with [ ]. Deep struc- French with the prefix / in /. Besides using it, the ture is the language patterns that exist in the hu- researcher also used mobile application named man mind, while surface structure is a variation Transcription version 1.6.9; a tool to know of language that appears in its concrete form. This French-specific phonetic transcriptions, to check transformation process (phonological rule) is the phonetic transcript and converted its data. one that connects the deep and the surface struc- In this study, the researcher used observa- ture. To be able to understand it, it is necessary to tion method. According to Sudaryanto (2015) look at the distinctive features of sound. Odden there are two basic techniques in this method: (1) (2005: 136) stated that the theory of distinctive participatory observation; there is an involvement features is a set of phonetic features that is based or participation of the researcher in using the lan- on sound properties used in phonological analy- guage, and (2) non-participatory observation; sis. So, through this distinctive feature, we can see there is no an involvement or participation of the the difference between one sound and another, to researcher in using the language. In this study, the explain the sort of phonological rules in it then. researcher didn’t involve in using the language, There are 4 parameters used in distinctive fea- but the researcher only observed the using of the tures: (1) Major class features (consists of: syl- language in a dictionary. So the technique used labic, consonantal-nonconsonantal, sonorant- here is non-participatory observation. nonsonorant) (2) Place of articulation features Besides, the researcher also used note-tak- (consists of: coronal-noncoronal, anterior- ing method to gain the data from the language an- nonanterior) (3) Manner of articulation features alyzed by the researcher. At first, the data from (consists of: continuant-noncontinuant), and (4) dictionary was orthographic, but this current Vowels features (consists of: round, height, back- study is about the phonological process. So, the ness, tense dan lax). researcher converted those data into the phonetic Schane (1992) stated there are 4 categories one. There are several steps used to figure out the of phonological processes: (1) assimilation, (2) phonological process in this study; observing the syllable structure processes, (3) weakening and distribution of sound, observing the form of allo- strengthening, and (4) neutralization. According phones, determining the phonological rules, and Laver in Nafisah (2017: 75) stated that assimila- observing the distinctive features of sound in the tion is a phonological process in which there is an phonological process occurred. influence between one sound and another, and this result in the features of influenced sounds changed based on the sounds that influence. FINDINGSS AND DISCUSSION There is an influence between the sound and the segment in a word or among the components of Findings compound words. According to Chaer (2007: 135) assimilation is a phonological process where French has two classifications of affixa- there is a change of a sound into another sound tion, prefix and suffix. The prefix /in-/ is included due to the influence of the surrounding sound. in prefix that attached to the adjective, which Katamba (1991: 86) stated that there are six pro- functions as a negative prefix marker. An inter- esting thing that can be found is that the prefix /in/ 324 RETORIKA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, Vol. 13, No. 2, August 2020, pp. 321–327 has several forms of allomorphs and allographs. Table 3. Alveolar Nasal Sound On Prefix /In-/ These causes there are several adaptation of pro- Adjectives nunciation of the prefix /in-/ in French Glosa In French, the addition of the prefix /in-/ Stem Affixation indicates that this prefix has a function as a nega- aksɛptabl inaksɛptabl “unacceptable” tive prefix. The addition of prefix /in-/ caused an atɑdy inatɑdy “unexpected” assimilation process because the change in the ̃ ̃ sound of the prefix is influenced by the sound af- efikas inefikas “ineffective” terwards or in other words the prefix /in-/ is as- elegɑ̃ inelegɑ̃ “inelegant” similated to the following sound. odibl inodibl “inaudible” The adjective affixation process of the pre- fix /in-/ shows the meaning of refutation. Its ex- ublijabl inublijabl “unforgettable” istence causes sound changes when the mor- ytil inytil “useless” pheme creates a word. The following is the pho- ɔʁganize inɔʁganize “unplanned” nological process of the prefix /in-/ on the form- ing adjectives in French. Table 4. Bilabial Nasal Sound On Prefix /In-/ Table 1. Adjectives with Prefixes /In-/ Adjectives Stem Affixation Glosa

Adjectives “unusable” Stem Affixation Glosa metabl imetabl moʁal imoʁal “immoral” patjɑ̃ iŋpatjɑ̃ “impatient” modest immodest “improper” Byvabl iŋbyvabl “undrinkable” “unmotivated” kɔʁekt iŋkɔʁekt “incorrect” motive imotive “immovable” Define Iŋdefini “unclear” mobil imobil fidɛl iŋfidɛl “disloyal” mɔʁtɛl imɔʁtɛl “undead” vylneʁabl iŋvylneʁabl “insusceptible” mɑ̃ʒabl imɑ̃ʒabl “inedible” toleʁabl iŋtoleʁabl “intolerant” mateʁijɛl imateʁijɛl “intangible” aksɛptabl inaksɛptabl “inacceptable” Table 5. Alveolar Lateral Sound On Efikas inefikas “ineffective” Prefix /In-/ Odibl inodibl “inaudible”

moʁal imoʁal “immoral” Adjectives Glosa Legal illegal “unofficial” Stem Affixation ʁeel iʁeel “unreal” limite ilimite “unlimited” legal ilegal “unofficial” Table 2. Velar Nasal Sound on Prefix /In-/ lizibl ilizibl “unread”

Adjectives leʒitim ileʒitim “invalid” Stem Affixation Glosa lisit ilisit “disallowed” patjɑ iŋpatjɑ “impatient” ̃ ̃ “illogic” pɛʁ iŋpɛʁ “uneven” loʒik iloʒik Batabl Iŋbatabl “impervious” lɛtʁe ilɛtʁe “illiterate” kɔʁekt iŋkɔʁekt “incorrect” lymine ilymine “unlighten” kɔ̃sjɑ̃ iŋkɔ̃sjɑ̃ “unconscious” depɑ̃dɑ̃ iŋdepɑ̃dɑ̃ “independent” Define iŋdefini “unclear” Table 1 shows that /iŋ/ is an underlying fidɛl iŋfidɛl “disloyal” form. It is because the prefix is not affected by the Vizibl iŋvizibl “unseen” surrounding sound environment and can be seen in its distribution, in a sense, this prefix /iŋ/ which

Masthuroh, Suryadi, & Subiyanto, Phonological Process of Frefix /in/ in French 325 has a high level of occurrence frequency used as voiceless [t], alveolar plosive voiced [d], a prefix negation on adjectives. and velar plosive voiceless [k]. In the other hand, sounds are labiodental fricative voiceless Tabel 6. Uvular Fricative Sound On Prefix /in-/ [f] and labiodental fricative voiced [v]. The pho- nological rule is as follows: Adjectives Stem Affixation Glosa b p ʁealizabl iʁealizabl “infeasible” k / in- / [ iŋ-] / − ʁɛspɔsabl iʁɛspɔsabl “irresponsible” v ̃ ̃ f ʁegylje iʁegylje “irregular” d [ t ] ʁepaʁabl iʁepaʁabl “unfixable” ʁɛspiʁabl iʁɛspiʁabl “unrelieved” Its distinctive feature is as follows:

ʁeel iʁeel “unreal” + nasal + nasal − syl [ +cor ] → [ − cor ] /− [+con] Afterwards, we can observe the allophone + ant − ant + son of phoneme /iŋ/. It is the variation and also the It can be inferred that prefix /in-/ is influenced by form of the sound realization of the phoneme. It or assimilated with the following sound. The can be recognized that the allophone form of pho- sound change is realized with [iŋ-] sound or it is neme are /iŋ-/ are [iŋ-], [in-], [im-], [il-],and [iʁ-]. defined as velar nasal. Basically, velar area of the The following is the scheme of the allophone palate (roof of the mouth) is relatively wide and form: the movement of the dorsum is not that precise. / iŋ / Therefore, velar is easy to assimilate, by displac- ing the articulation back or front depend on the quality of contiguous vowels (Odden 2005: 31). The assimilated sounds are fricative and plosive, [ iŋ ] [ in ] [ im ] [ il ] [ iʁ ] either voiced or voiceless.

Based on the table 1 the prefix /in-/ can in- Prefix /in-/ Become Alveolar Nasal Sound dicate the change of sound based on the words surrounding it. The sounds generated are velar na- Prefix /in-/ become alveolar nasal when it sal, alveolar nasal, bilabial nasal, alveolar lateral, encounters the initial phoneme of vowel sound. and uvular fricative. Alveolar is a sound produced by sticking the tip of the tongue to the alveolus. Whereas, Nasal is a Discussion sound caused by the existence of obstruction in the nasal cavity (Odden, 2005:31). It can be in- Prefix /in-/ Become Velar Nasal ferred that alveolar nasal sound can be generated by sticking the tip of the tongue to the alveolus Prefix /in-/ can be velar nasal when it en- along with the existence of obstruction in the na- counters initial phoneme like fricative and plo- sal cavity. sive. Velar is a sound that is pronounced with the Table 3 indicates that prefix /in-/ will be al- back part of the tongue against the soft palate, also veolar nasal [in-] when it encounters vowel known as the velum. Whereas, Nasal is a sound sound. The vowel sounds are open front un- caused by the existence of obstruction in the nasal rounded [a], close-mid front unrounded [e], close- cavity (Odden, 2005: 28). Therefore, velar nasal mid back rounded [o], close back rounded [u], is a sound that is pronounced with the back part close front rounded [y], and open-mid back of the tongue against the velum along with the ex- rounded [ɔ]. The following is its phonological istence of obstruction in the nasal cavity. rules: / in- / [ in-] / − v Table 2 shows that the prefix /in-/ will be Based on the rule above, we can infer: pre- [iŋ-] when it encounters plosive and fricative fix /in-/ become alveolar nasal sound when it en- sound. The sorts of plosive are bilabial plosive counters vowel sound. The distinctive feature of voiceless [p], bilabial plosive voiced [b], alveolar the rule is as follows:

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+ nasal + nasal + syl middle of the mouth. This sound belongs to [ + cor ] → [ + cor ] /− [ ] − cons voiced sound. + ant + ant Table 5 indicate that the prefix /in-/ will Prefix /in-/ assimilates with the sound af- sound [il-] when it encounters alveolar lateral ap- terwards. The sound change can be generated proximant [l]. In Indonesian, this sound is called with [in-] sound and defined as alveolar nasal the lateral alveolar approximation, the sound [l] is sound. That sound is vowel sounds; rounded or found in the words lalat (fly) and lapar (hungry). unrounded. The phonological rules that emerge in the sound changes are as follows: Prefix /in-/ Become Bilabial Nasal Sound / in- / [ il ] / - [ l ] Based on the rule above, we can infer: pre- Prefix /in-/ become bilabial nasal sound fix /in-/ can be alveolar lateral approximant when when it encounters initial phoneme of bilabial na- it encounters alveolar lateral approximant sound. sal sound. Bilabial is a sound that caused by a The distinctive features of these rules are: constriction of both lips or between upper and lower lips is closed. Whereas, Nasal is a sound − syl − syl caused by obstruction in the nasal cavity. It can + nasal + cons + cons be inferred that bilabial nasal sound is generated [ + cor ] → + son /− + son by constricting the both lips; upper and lower lip, + ant + cor + cor along with the existence of obstruction in the na- [ + ant ] [ + ant ] sal cavity. Table 3 and Table 4 shows that the prefix /in-/ will sound [im-] when it encounters the con- Prefix /in-/ Become Uvular Fricative Sound sonant sound of bilabial nasal [m]. In Indonesian Prefix /in-/ can be uvular fricative when it language, this sound called bilabial nasal conso- encounters the initial phoneme of uvular fricative nant. The sound [m] can be found in some words sound. Uvular is a sound generated with the back like makan (eat) and mandi (take a bath) and the of the tongue against the uvula. Several sorts of following is its phonological rule: Uvula are stop, fricative, nasal, trill, or approxi- / in- / [ m ] / - [ m ] mation. In other hand, fricative is a sound pro- Based on the rule above, we can infer: velar duced by forcing air through a narrow channel nasal sound become bilabial nasal when it en- made by placing two articulators close together; counters bilabial nasal sound. The distinctive fea- such as the lower lip against the upper teeth in the ture of it is as follows: case of [f], the back of the tongue against the soft + nasal + nasal +nasal palate in the case of [ʁ] in French. It can be in- [ + cor ] → [ − cor ] /− [ − cor ] ferred that uvular fricative sound is a sound pro- + ant + ant +ant nounced with the back of the tongue against the uvula along with the airstream come out through Prefiks /In-/ Become Alveolar Lateral Ap- two articulators; the back of the tongue and the proximant Sound uvula. Prefix /in-/ becomes alveolar lateral ap- Tabel 6 indicates that the prefix /in-/ will proximant sound when it encounters initial pho- be the [Iʁ-] sound when it encounters the uvular neme of alveolar lateral sound. Alveolar is a fricative sound [ʁ]. In the Indonesian phonologi- sound generated by sticking the tip of the tongue cal system does not recognize the uvular fricative on the alveolus. Meanwhile, lateral approximant sound [ʁ]. The phonological rules that appear on sound can be generated when the airstream pro- sound changes are as follows: ceeds along the sides of the tongue, but it is / in- / [ʁ ] / - [ʁ ] blocked by the tongue from going through the Based on the rule above, we can infer: The middle of the mouth. It can be inferred that alve- prefix /in-/ becomes the uvular fricative when it olar lateral approximant sound can be generated encounters the sound of uvular fricative. The dis- by sticking the tip of the tongue on the back of the tinctive features of the rules are: mouth along with the airstream blocked in the Masthuroh, Suryadi, & Subiyanto, Phonological Process of Frefix /in/ in French 327

− syl − syl there is a variation of sound in the prefix /in-/. + nasal + cons + cons Variations of sounds that occur are velar nasal, al- − cor + son + son [ ] → veolar nasal, bilabial nasal, alveolar lateral, and − ant − cor − + cor uvular fricative. + voiced − ant + ant The phonological process that occurs in it [+ cont] [ +cont ] is an assimilation process; there is an influence CONCLUSION between one sound and another. This results in the features of the influenced sound changing in The prefix /in-/ in French represents the ne- accordance with the influencing sound. The as- gation. Analysis results show that There are sev- similation sound process that occurs is in the form eral variations of the sound form of the prefix /in- of nasalization because there are changes in the / in French; [iŋ-], [in-], [im-], [il-], [iʁ-]. The pre- sound of consonants that are nasalized in the nasal fix / in- / can indicate changes in sound based on sound environment. the surrounding word environment. As a result,

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