The Great Lakes, Or Inland Seas of America
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THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY From the collection of Julius Doerner, Chicago Purchased, 1918. 917.7 . l'I:NOiS HIST'uRrAl SWit' r-^^: ^ II THE AMKHICAU I-ALLtt JiY ilOOSMGBT. ; Till- GKEAT LAKES, OB INLAND SEAS OF AMERICA; EMBRACtNO PXLL DESCUirnON OF LAKES SUPERIOR, HERON, MICHIGAN, ERIE, AND ONTARIO RIVERS ST. MARY, ST. CLAIR, DETROIT, NIAGARA, AND ST. LAWRENCE; LAKE WINNIPEG, ETC.: TOOETIIER WITU TtlB COMMERCE OF THE LAIvES, AND TRIPS THROUGH THE LAKES: GIVING A DESCRIPTION OF CITIES, TOWNS, ETC. FORMING AI.TOGETIIER 3. Complete ©uibc FOR THE PLEASURE TRAVELLER AND EMIGRANT. CHitb iHap anb icmttllisjmtnls. COMPILED BY J. DISTURNELL, AUTHOR OF TUB ** FIOrCRBSQCK TOURIST, " BTG. NEW YORK: FUBLISHKD BY CHARLES SCRIBIS'ER, NO. 12-i GEAND STIiKET, 18C3. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1863, by JOHN DISTURNELL, the Southern In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for District of New York. 9; . PREFACE. In presenting to the Public the present volume, entitled " The Great Lakj£s, or ' IxLAND Seas' of America," embracing the Magnitude of the Lakes—Commerce of the Lakes—Trip through the Lakes—Route from Lake Superior to Lake Winnipeg—Tables of Distances, etc., together with a Description of Xiiigara Falls and the St. Lawrence River, the Compiler w^ishes to return his sincere thanks for the liberal patronage and the many kind favors received from those who have doubly assisted him, by contributing reliable and useful information in regard to the mnny interesting localities in which the Great Valley of the Lakes and of the St. Lawrence abounds, affoiding altogether many new and interest- ing facts of great importance to the Tourist, who may wish to visit the Inland Seas of America for health or pleasure ; the tour being one of the most healthy, picturesque, and wonderful—when viewed as a whole, from Lake Winnipeg to Lake Superior, and thence to the Gulf of St. Lawrence—on the face of the globe. In the arrangement and compilation of this work every attempt has been made to render the information it contains concise and truthful. The Magnitude and also the Commerce of the Lakes are themes of great interest, they now being whitened by a large fleet of sail-vessels, in ad- dition to the swift steamers and propellers which plough the waters of these Great Lakes, transporting annually large numbers of passengers, and an immense amount of agricultural and mineral products, to and from the different ports^ ^ r\ ^ • » «.> PREFACE. Lake Superior, the TTltima Thule of many travellers, can now be easily reached by lines of steamers starting from Cleveland and Detroit, Chi- running through Lake Huron and the St. Mary's River ; or from cago and Milwaukee, passing through Lake Michigan and the Straits of Mackinac. All these routes are fully described, in connection with the Collingwood Route, and Route to Green Bay ; affording altogether ample and cheap opportunities to visit every portion of the Upper Lakes and their adjacent shores. The most noted places of Resort are Mackinac, Saut Ste. Marie, Muni- sing, near the Pictured Rocks, Marquette, Houghton, Copper Harbor, Ontonagon, Bayfield, and Superior City. If to these should be added a Trip to the North Shore of Canada, visiting Michipicoten Island, Fort William, and other interesting localities—passing Isle Royale, attached to the State of Michigan—the intelligent Tourist would see new wonders of almost indescribable interest, while inhaling the pure atmosphere of this whole region of Lake Country. Among the Mineral Regions may be found objects of interest sufficient to induce the tourist to spend some weeks or months in exploration, hunting, and fishing ; and if, added to this, should be included a journey to the Upper Mississippi Valley, or Lake Winnipeg, an entire season could be profitably employed. For a full description of the Lower St. Lawrence, Lake Champlain, Saguenay River, etc., the Traveller is referred to the "Picturesque Tourist," issued a few years since. J. D. New York, July, 1863. —— U CONTENTS. PART I. Pa«e. IVa^niltndc of tlic I^akos or *^ In I and Seas."—Lake Superior, 13 Liiko Miehijjan —Groon Bay— I>iikf Huron—(ieorgian Buy—Lake St, Clair L;U<o Erie ' ' 14 I^ko Ontario—Tributaries of the Lakes, Ac, 15 Lake and River Navigation, IG Altitudes—Topography and Meteorology, 17 Upper Lakes—The White Fisli, 18 Fish of the Upper Lakes, 1 PhyFioal Character of the Mississippi Basin— Physical (Character of the St. I^wronce, 20 Dimensions of the Great Lakes— Progress of Development, 21 Luniu- Tidal Wave in the Great LakeS, . ^ 22 Remarkable Phenomena—Rising and Falling of the Waters, 24 PART II. Commerce of the L.akes.—Early History, 25-28 First SteamV)oat on Lake p]rie '29 Comiaerco of Butlalo, 18G2 — United States and Canadian Tonnage, 30 Toimago of the Lake Districts— Flour and Grain 31-32 Imports of Breadslufls into Great Britain Fisheries, Ac., 33 Lumber and Staves—Copper of Lake Superior, 34 Business on Lake Superior—Shipments of Copper, 35 Iron and Iron Ore—Shipments, Ac, 3G S:ilt—Saginaw Salt Sprin^j^s—Onondaga Salt Springs, 37-38 Petroleum, in Canada West, and Pennsylvania, 39 Canal Commerce— Krie Canal, ^ 40^1 Trade and Commerce of Chicago, 42-43 l^roduct of Breadslufls for Exportation, 44 Pork and Beef Packing—Beef Cattle, 45 PART lU. Trip Tlirouffli the flakes.—Bufl'alo, 46 Bi'FKALO TO Detroit—North Shore Route 47 Port Colbome—Port Dover—Port Burwell—Port Staidcy, &c 48 Point Pelee— Detroit River—Amherstburg—Sandwich —Windsor—Ac, 49 Route fkom Niaoaba Falls to Hamilton and Detroit,—St, Catharines Duudas, Ac, SO Paris—Woodiitock—Ingersoll—Loudon—Chatham, Ac, 51 —.. Vi CONTENTS. Bttffalo to Goderich, C. "W.—Dunville—Brantford, &c., 52 Goderich—Table of Distances from Buffalo to Toledo, 53 BiFFALO TO Cleveland. Toledo, &c. —Dunkirk, Barcelona, &c., 64 Erie—Conneaut—Ashtabula—Fairport, Painesville, &c., y. 55 Cleveland—Perry Monument, 56 Steamboat Route from Cleveland to Detroit, 57 Black River—Vermilion—Huron—Sandusky—Toledo, &c., 58 Railroads Diverging from Toledo—Perrysburgh, 59 Maumee City—Monroe—Trenton, &c.—Route Around Lake Erie, 60 Ohio and Erie Canals—Fort Wayne, 61 Table of Distances from Cleveland and Detroit to Superior, 62 Detroit—Railroads, kc, 63 Detroit River—He la Perche, • 64 Detroit to Milwaukee—Increase of Lake Cities, 65 Grand Rapids—Grand Haven, &c 66 Trip from Detroit to Mackinac, Chicago, &c.—Trip Across Lake Michigan, . 67 Ashley, Algonac—Newport—St. Clair. &c., 68 Southerland—Port Huron—Fort Gratiot—Sarnia, &c., 69 Route from Sarnia to Goderich, &c.—Kincardine—Saugeen, 70 Route from Port Huron to Saginaw City—East Saginaw, &c, 71 Lake Huron—Saginaw Bay—Tawas Bay, &c., 72 • 73 Lower Peninsula of Michigan—Alpena—Duncan, &c., . Old Mackinac—Grand Traverse City—Manistee—Grand Haven, &c., 74 Steamboat Route from Detroit to Green Bay, &c., 75 Green Bay—Fort Howard—Oconto, &c., 76 Xenomee City—Pensaukee—Peshtigo—Gena, &c., 77 Green Bay to Fond Du Lac. —DePere—Kaukauna—Appleton—Neenah Oshkosh, &c., '''?-'?8 Fond Du Lac—Meeting of the Waters, 79 Ports of Lake Michigan.—Michigan City, &c., 79 Xew Buffalo—St Joseph—Niles—South Haven—Holland, &c., 80 Chicago. —Railroad Routes, &c., 80-81 Distances from Chicago to Mackinac, &c., 82 Naval Vessels on the Lakes. —Mississippi and Michigan Canal, 83 Route from Chicago to Mackinac and Saut Ste. Marie, x. 84 Waukegan—Kenosha—Racino—Milwaukee, 85 Granaries of Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin, 86 Sheyboygan—Manitouwoc—Kewaunee—Ahneepee, &c., 87 Manitou Lslands—Fox Islands—Beaver Islands—Strait of Mackinac, &c., 88 Mackinac.—The Town and Fortress, 89 Lover's Leap— Altitudes of Various Points, 90 Arched Rock—Sugar Loaf, &c., 91 Island of Mackinac, 91-92 Round Island—St. Martin's Bay—Doint de Town—St. Joseph's Island- Lime Island, (fee 93 Nebish Island—Sugar Island—Lake George—Church's Landing, &c , 94 St Mary's River—Description of 95 Saut Ste. Marie—Fort Brady, 96 St. Mary's Ship Canal—Doacription of 97 — ' CONTENTS. VU DiSTANcra FROM Ck)LLiNGWOOD TO Saut Ste. Marie—Opening ond Closing of Navigation, ^^ Collingwood—Fisheries, Ac ^^ Georgian Bay—Colling woou to Salt Ste. Makib—Penetanguishene, Ac, 100 Owen's Sound—Lonely Is^land—Smith's Liay—She-ba-wa-nah-ning, Ac, 101 Man-i-tou-wah-ning—Little Current—Bruce Mines, Ac., 102 Trip from Collinowood to Fort William, C. W., 103-105 Distaaicea Around Lake SujK'rior, ^^^ Grand Pleasiue Kxcirsion Around Lake Superior, 1 ^••i Keweenaw Point—Light Houses, Ac, 1^"^ White Fish Point— Point au Sable, 1^8 Pictured Rooks—The Chapel, Ac 109-113 Uike Superior Region—Grand Island—Munising, Ac 1 1* Remarkaulk Phenomena—Monumental Rock 115-116 1 "^ Rise and Fall of the Waters of Lake Superior, 1 Marquette—Iron Mountain ^^^ Trout Fishing— Bav de Noquet and Marquette Railroad, 119 Granite Island— Huron Isles—L'Ance—Portage Entry—Houghton, PJO Portage Lake—Hancocks—Keweenaw Point, I'-l Ontonagon. , l'J2 Copper Harbor— Agate Harbor—Ea^rle Harlior—Eagle River— . Population of Ontonagon County-Lake Superior—Copper Mining Companies, 123 La Pointe—MadeUne Island ^24 25 Bayfield—Ashland—Twelve Apostles' Islands, 1 Healthv Influence of Lake Superior, 126 Superior City —Tabic of Distances—Fond du Lac, 127 Beaver Bay St. Louis River—Portland—Clifton—Buchanan—Encampment— Pigeon Bay and River 128 Royale,... , 129 Northern Shore of Lake Superior—Isle . Fisheries of Lake Superior—Trout Fishing, IJJ^ Vessels Lost in the Lake Superior Trade, l**! The Lakes—Land of the Free. Ac, 1;|*^ Trip Along the North Shore of L.\ke Su^krior, 1-^3 Taquamenon Bay—Maniainse Point— Montreid Island—Michipicoten Harbor, 1:^3 Michipicoten Island—Caribou Islaml— Otter Bay—Slate Island, 134 Copper Regions of Lake Suj>eriur—Nprth Shore, L-'t l-j Fort William, C.