The Great Lakes, Or Inland Seas of America

Home , Fort Holmes, Huron Islands, Lake Cities (train), Madeline Island, Navy Island, Queenston Heights

THE UNIVERSITY

OF ILLINOIS

LIBRARY From the collection of

Julius Doerner, Chicago

Purchased, 1918. 917.7 .

l'I:NOiS HIST'uRrAl SWit'

r-^^:

THE AMKHICAU I-ALLtt JiY ilOOSMGBT. ;

Till- GKEAT LAKES,

OB INLAND SEAS OF AMERICA;

EMBRACtNO PXLL DESCUirnON OF

LAKES SUPERIOR, HERON, MICHIGAN, ERIE, AND ONTARIO

RIVERS ST. MARY, ST. CLAIR, DETROIT, NIAGARA, AND ST. LAWRENCE; LAKE WINNIPEG, ETC.:

TOOETIIER WITU TtlB COMMERCE OF THE LAIvES, AND TRIPS THROUGH THE LAKES:

GIVING A DESCRIPTION OF CITIES, TOWNS, ETC.

FORMING AI.TOGETIIER 3. Complete ©uibc FOR THE PLEASURE TRAVELLER AND EMIGRANT.

CHitb iHap anb icmttllisjmtnls.

COMPILED BY J. DISTURNELL, AUTHOR OF TUB ** FIOrCRBSQCK TOURIST, " BTG.

NEW YORK: FUBLISHKD BY CHARLES SCRIBIS'ER, NO. 12-i GEAND STIiKET, 18C3. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1863, by JOHN DISTURNELL, the Southern In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for District of New York. 9; .

PREFACE.

In presenting to the Public the present volume, entitled " The Great Lakj£s, or ' IxLAND Seas' of America," embracing the Magnitude of the Lakes—Commerce of the Lakes—Trip through the Lakes—Route from

Lake Superior to Lake Winnipeg—Tables of Distances, etc., together with a Description of Xiiigara Falls and the St. Lawrence River, the

Compiler w^ishes to return his sincere thanks for the liberal patronage

and the many kind favors received from those who have doubly assisted

him, by contributing reliable and useful information in regard to the mnny interesting localities in which the Great Valley of the Lakes and of the St. Lawrence abounds, affoiding altogether many new and interesting facts of great importance to the Tourist, who may wish to visit the Inland Seas of America for health or pleasure ; the tour being one of the most healthy, picturesque, and wonderful—when viewed as a whole, from Lake Winnipeg to Lake Superior, and thence to the Gulf of St. Lawrence—on the face of the globe.

In the arrangement and compilation of this work every attempt has been made to render the information it contains concise and truthful. The Magnitude and also the Commerce of the Lakes are themes of great interest, they now being whitened by a large fleet of sail-vessels, in addition to the swift steamers and propellers which plough the waters of these Great Lakes, transporting annually large numbers of passengers, and an immense amount of agricultural and mineral products, to and from the different ports^ ^ r\ ^ • » «.> PREFACE.

Lake Superior, the TTltima Thule of many travellers, can now be easily reached by lines of steamers starting from Cleveland and Detroit, Chi- running through Lake Huron and the St. Mary's River ; or from cago and Milwaukee, passing through Lake Michigan and the Straits of Mackinac. All these routes are fully described, in connection with the Collingwood Route, and Route to Green Bay ; affording altogether ample and cheap opportunities to visit every portion of the Upper Lakes and their adjacent shores. The most noted places of Resort are Mackinac, Saut Ste. Marie, Muni-

sing, near the Pictured Rocks, Marquette, Houghton, Copper Harbor, Ontonagon, Bayfield, and Superior City. If to these should be added a Trip to the North Shore of Canada, visiting Michipicoten Island, Fort William, and other interesting localities—passing Isle Royale, attached to the State of Michigan—the intelligent Tourist would see new wonders of almost indescribable interest, while inhaling the pure atmosphere of

this whole region of Lake Country. Among the Mineral Regions may be found objects of interest sufficient to induce the tourist to spend

some weeks or months in exploration, hunting, and fishing ; and if, added

to this, should be included a journey to the Upper Mississippi Valley, or Lake Winnipeg, an entire season could be profitably employed.

For a full description of the Lower St. Lawrence, Lake Champlain,

Saguenay River, etc., the Traveller is referred to the "Picturesque Tourist," issued a few years since. J. D. New York, July, 1863. —— U

CONTENTS.

PART I.

Pa«e. IVa^niltndc of tlic I^akos or *^ In I and Seas."—Lake Superior, 13 Liiko Miehijjan —Groon Bay— I>iikf Huron—(ieorgian Buy—Lake St, Clair L;U

PART II.

Commerce of the L.akes.—Early History, 25-28 First SteamV)oat on Lake p]rie '29 Comiaerco of Butlalo, 18G2 — United States and Canadian Tonnage, 30 Toimago of the Lake Districts— Flour and Grain 31-32 Imports of Breadslufls into Great Britain Fisheries, Ac., 33 Lumber and Staves—Copper of Lake Superior, 34 Business on Lake Superior—Shipments of Copper, 35 Iron and Iron Ore—Shipments, Ac, 3G S:ilt—Saginaw Salt Sprin^j^s—Onondaga Salt Springs, 37-38 Petroleum, in Canada West, and Pennsylvania, 39

Canal Commerce— Krie Canal, ^ 40^1 Trade and Commerce of Chicago, 42-43 l^roduct of Breadslufls for Exportation, 44 Pork and Beef Packing—Beef Cattle, 45 PART lU.

Trip Tlirouffli the flakes.—Bufl'alo, 46 Bi'FKALO TO Detroit—North Shore Route 47 Port Colbome—Port Dover—Port Burwell—Port Staidcy, &c 48 Point Pelee— Detroit River—Amherstburg—Sandwich —Windsor—Ac, 49 Route fkom Niaoaba Falls to Hamilton and Detroit,—St, Catharines Duudas, Ac, SO Paris—Woodiitock—Ingersoll—Loudon—Chatham, Ac, 51 —..

Vi CONTENTS.

Bttffalo to Goderich, C. "W.—Dunville—Brantford, &c., 52 Goderich—Table of Distances from Buffalo to Toledo, 53 BiFFALO TO Cleveland. Toledo, &c. —Dunkirk, Barcelona, &c., 64

Erie—Conneaut—Ashtabula—Fairport, Painesville, &c., y. . 55 Cleveland—Perry Monument, 56 Steamboat Route from Cleveland to Detroit, 57 Black River—Vermilion—Huron—Sandusky—Toledo, &c., 58 Railroads Diverging from Toledo—Perrysburgh, 59 Maumee City—Monroe—Trenton, &c.—Route Around Lake Erie, 60 Ohio and Erie Canals—Fort Wayne, 61 Table of Distances from Cleveland and Detroit to Superior, 62 Detroit—Railroads, kc, 63 Detroit River—He la Perche, • 64 Detroit to Milwaukee—Increase of Lake Cities, 65 Grand Rapids—Grand Haven, &c 66 Trip from Detroit to Mackinac, Chicago, &c.—Trip Across Lake Michigan, . 67 Ashley, Algonac—Newport—St. Clair. &c., 68 Southerland—Port Huron—Fort Gratiot—Sarnia, &c., 69 Route from Sarnia to Goderich, &c.—Kincardine—Saugeen, 70 Route from Port Huron to Saginaw City—East Saginaw, &c, 71 Lake Huron—Saginaw Bay—Tawas Bay, &c., 72 • 73 Lower Peninsula of Michigan—Alpena—Duncan, &c., . . Old Mackinac—Grand Traverse City—Manistee—Grand Haven, &c., 74 Steamboat Route from Detroit to Green Bay, &c., 75 Green Bay—Fort Howard—Oconto, &c., 76 Xenomee City—Pensaukee—Peshtigo—Gena, &c., 77 Green Bay to Fond Du Lac. —DePere—Kaukauna—Appleton—Neenah Oshkosh, &c., '''?-'?8 Fond Du Lac—Meeting of the Waters, 79 Ports of Lake Michigan.—Michigan City, &c., 79 Xew Buffalo—St Joseph—Niles—South Haven—Holland, &c., 80 Chicago. —Railroad Routes, &c., 80-81 Distances from Chicago to Mackinac, &c., 82 Naval Vessels on the Lakes. —Mississippi and Michigan Canal, 83 Route from Chicago to Mackinac and Saut Ste. Marie, x. 84 Waukegan—Kenosha—Racino—Milwaukee, 85 Granaries of Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin, 86 Sheyboygan—Manitouwoc—Kewaunee—Ahneepee, &c., 87 Manitou Lslands—Fox Islands—Beaver Islands—Strait of Mackinac, &c., 88 Mackinac.—The Town and Fortress, 89 Lover's Leap— Altitudes of Various Points, 90 Arched Rock—Sugar Loaf, &c., 91 Island of Mackinac, 91-92 Round Island—St. Martin's Bay—Doint de Town—St. Joseph's Island-

Lime Island, (fee 93

Nebish Island—Sugar Island—Lake George—Church's Landing, &c , 94 St Mary's River—Description of 95 Saut Ste. Marie—Fort Brady, 96 St. Mary's Ship Canal—Doacription of 97 — '

CONTENTS. VU

DiSTANcra FROM Ck)LLiNGWOOD TO Saut Ste. Marie—Opening ond Closing of Navigation, ^^ Collingwood—Fisheries, Ac ^^ Georgian Bay—Colling woou to Salt Ste. Makib—Penetanguishene, Ac, 100 Owen's Sound—Lonely Is^land—Smith's Liay—She-ba-wa-nah-ning, Ac, 101 Man-i-tou-wah-ning—Little Current—Bruce Mines, Ac., 102 Trip from Collinowood to Fort William, C. W., 103-105 Distaaicea Around Lake SujK'rior, ^^^ Grand Pleasiue Kxcirsion Around Lake Superior, 1 ^••i Keweenaw Point—Light Houses, Ac, 1^"^ White Fish Point— Point au Sable, 1^8 Pictured Rooks—The Chapel, Ac 109-113 Uike Superior Region—Grand Island—Munising, Ac 1 1* Remarkaulk Phenomena—Monumental Rock 115-116 1 "^ Rise and Fall of the Waters of Lake Superior, 1 Marquette—Iron Mountain ^^^ Trout Fishing— Bav de Noquet and Marquette Railroad, 119 Granite Island— Huron Isles—L'Ance—Portage Entry—Houghton, PJO Portage Lake—Hancocks—Keweenaw Point, I'-l Ontonagon. , l'J2 Copper Harbor— Agate Harbor—Ea^rle Harlior—Eagle River— . Population of Ontonagon County-Lake Superior—Copper Mining Companies, 123 La Pointe—MadeUne Island ^24 25 Bayfield—Ashland—Twelve Apostles' Islands, 1 Healthv Influence of Lake Superior, 126 Superior City —Tabic of Distances—Fond du Lac, 127 Beaver Bay St. Louis River—Portland—Clifton—Buchanan—Encampment— Pigeon Bay and River 128 Royale,... , 129 Northern Shore of Lake Superior—Isle . Fisheries of Lake Superior—Trout Fishing, IJJ^ Vessels Lost in the Lake Superior Trade, l**! The Lakes—Land of the Free. Ac, 1;|*^ Trip Along the North Shore of L.\ke Su^krior, 1-^3 Taquamenon Bay—Maniainse Point— Montreid Island—Michipicoten Harbor, 1:^3 Michipicoten Island—Caribou Islaml— Otter Bay—Slate Island, 134 Copper Regions of Lake Suj>eriur—Nprth Shore, L-'t l-j Fort William, C. W.—McKay's Mountain-Kaministiquai River, Thunder Bay—Pie Island—Black Bay—Neepigon Bay—Island of St. Ignac-e, li'.O

PART IV. • Rootc from Lake Superior to Lake Wiiiiipeg. Dog Lake—Savan or Prarie Portage, Ac, J;^ Rainy Lake and River Lake of the Woods Savan River— — 13J< Lake Winnipeg • • • • • • Winnipeg River— J^'"^ I H» Lakes in the VaUey of the Saskatchewan—Red River ot the ^orU^ Ked River Settlement, ]^ 1'-'_ Diatancea fVom Fort William to Fort Alexander, Fort Garry. A<- 1 VUl. CONTENTS.

PART V. Railroad and steamboat Route from Buffalo to l^iagara Fall§, Toronto &c 143 Waterloo—Grand Island—Xavy Island—Chippewa, 143 Falls of Niagara—Drummondsville—Battle of Lundy's Lane,. 144 Clifton—Queenston—Brock's Monument, 145 Fort George—Fort Niagara—Niagara River, » . . 146 Grand Island—Tonawanda—Schlosser's Landing—The Rapids—Goat Island, 147 Goat Island Bridge—Bath Island, &c., 148 Niagara—Horse-Shoe Fall, &c., ' 149-150 Whirlpool and Rapids—Tillage of Niagara Falls—Niagara City, 151 Suspension Bridge and the Cateraet and Rapids of Niagara^ 152-154 Rate of Charges at Niagara Falls—Lewiston—Youngstown, 155-156 Route Around Lake Ontario, 156 Lake Ontario, 157 Fort Niagara^—Mouth of Niagara River, 158 Steamboat Route from Lewiston to Oswego, Kingston and Ogdensburgh, 159 Steamboat Route from Lewiston to Toronto, Kingston, Montreal, &c 159 Alphabetical List of the Principal Ports on the Great Lakes—Situation, .' Temperature, &c., 160-162

PART YI. Adverti§emen't§.—Cleveland, Detroit and Lake Superior—Steamers Meteor and Ilhnois, 163 Steamers Northern Light, and City of Cleveland, 164 Steamer Traveler—Pleasure Excursions, 165 Steamer Iron City—Detroit and Cleveland Line of Steamboats, 166 Chicago Line for Lake Superior—Steamer Planet—Steamboat' Line for Milwaukee, &c., 167 Northern Transportation Company of Ohio, 168 Grand Trunk Line of Steamers, and Grand Trunk Railway, 169 Buflalo and Lake Huron Railway and Screw Steamers, 170 American Express Line—Lake Ontario and River St. Lawrence, 171 Royal Mail Line from Toronto to Kinj^ston, Ogdensburgh and Montreal, 172 Bay Shore Route from Green Bay to Oconto, Sturgeon Bar, &c., 172 Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad and Steamship Line, 173 Milwaukee, Prairie du Chien, and St,^aul Railway Line, 174 Great Northwestern Route from Chicago to St. Paul, Green Bay and Lake Superior, 175 Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, ..? 176 Illinois Central Railroad Routes from Chicago to Cairo, &c., 177 New York Central Railroad—People's line of Steamers, Now York to Albany, 178 Great Western Railway of Canada, 179

Hotels, in Chicago, Mackiaac, Saut Ste. Marie, Detroit, &c., 180-187

Business Advertisements, 188-1 92 G '

Page. 1. Frontispiece—Niagara Falls by Moonlight,

2. Buffalo IIardor, 'G

3. l^RRY Monument—Cleveland, Ohio, 5G

4. Detroit Harbor, C3

5. Green Bay—"Wisconsin, *?

6. Chicago Harbor, 84

7. Milwaukee Harbor, S^

8. Island of Mackinac, 89

9. Arched Rock—Mackinac, 91

10. St. Mary's River—Outlet of Lake Superior, 9o 11. Saut Ste. Marie—From American Side, OG 12. Pictured Rocks—The Chapel, 113

13. Monument Rock— Lake Superior, 115

14. Pulling a Canoe up the Rapids—Kaministaquoiah River, 138 145 15. Brock's Monument—Queenston Heights, 1-^9 1 G. Horse-Shob Fall—Niagara,

17. Fort Niagara—Mouth of Niagara River, 158 18. Cedar Rapids—St. Lawrence River I(i2 —

TABLE OF DISTANCES, From Boston, ^e^v York, Pliiladelpliia and Baltimore, to Niagara Fail§, Buffalo, Cleveland. &,c.

Miles.

1. Boston to Albany, via Western Railroad of Massachiisetts, 200 Alban'Y to XiAGARA FALLS, Via Neio York Central Railroad,.. 306—506 Niagara Falls to Detroit, Mich., via G-reat Western Railway of Canada,. 230—736

2. New York to Albant, via Hudson River Railroad. 145 Albany to Bl'FFALO, via yew York Central Railroad, 298—443

3. New York to Buffalo, via Erie Railivay 432 Buffalo to Cleveland, Oliio, via. Lake Shore Railroad, 183—615

4. New York to Harrisburg, via X. J. Central Railivay 182 Harrisburg to Pittsburgh, via Pennsylvvnia Central Railroad, 249 i'M PiTTSBURGU to Clevelan'D, via Pittsburgh and Cleveland Railway, 150—581

5. Philadelhhia to Pittsburgh, via Pennsylvania Central Railroad, 356 Pittsburgh to Cleveland, via Pittsburgh and Cleveland Railroad, 150—506

6. Philadelphia to Elihra, via Philadelphia and Elmira Railway, 275 ELiiiRA to Buffalo, via Erie Railway, 159—i34

7. Baltimore to Harrisburg. via NortMrn Central Railxoay, 85 " " Harrisburg to Elmira, N. Y. " 171—256 Elmira to Buffalo, via Erie Railway, 159—415

8. Baltimore to Pittsburgh, via Pennsylrani-a Central Railroad, 334 Pittsburgh to Cleveland, Ohio, via Pittshurgh and Cleveland Railroad,. 150—484 Cleveland to Detroit, Mich., via Steamboat Route, ,120—G04

Boston to New York, Railroad Route, 236 New York to Philadelphia, Railroad Route, 90—326 Philadelphia to Baltimore, " " 98—424 " Baltimore to Washington, *' 40—lti4 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT ROUTE,

FaoM New York to Niagara Falls axd Tohokto, C. W., Lkavixg New Yobk T SLI p. M. BY SlEAiiEB.

StaUons, etc. MUes. Usual Time. H. M. NEW YORK Albany, {Steayiier) 1-15 12 00 Schenectady, IJiailroad) 162 13 00 Utica, " 240 10 00 Rome, " 254 16 30 Syracuse, " 293 18 00 Rochester, {SL to Toronto) 374 22 45 00 Lcx-kiKirt, {Railroad) 430 25 SusPEssiox Bridge, *' 448 26 00 Lewistok, " ^'^'- TORONTO, (5tear7ier) 494 30 00

RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT ROUTE,

From New York to Oswe(K), Toronto, etc.. Lea vino New York at 7 4 10 A. M., AXD 5 p. M., BY HUDSOX RlVER liAlLKOAD.

Stations, etc Maes. Usual Time. H. M.* NEW YORK Pou^rhkecpsie, {.Railroad) 75 2 40 Iludson. " 116 4 00 Ald.vnv, " 144 6 00 Schenectady, " 162 6 GO Utica, " 240 8 30 00 Rome, '• 254 9 Syracuse, " 293 10 30 Oswego. " 328 13 00 Lewistox. {Sf^amer 110 m.) 468 TORONTO, i^SUamtr 1 50 m.) 478 27 00

Note.—Passengers by continuing on by Railroad from Syracuse, via Rochester and Lockport, will arrive at Suspen.-ion Bridge, 448 miles, in sixteen hours after leaving New York, stop at Niagara Falls if desired, and roach Toronto by llailrcvl, lia Hamilton, C. W., 81 miles farther; making the total distance from New York to Toronto by Railroad, via Suspension Bri4^, 529 mile«». .

RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT ROUTE

From New York to Lake Superior.

Stopping Places Total MUes.

New York to Albany, by Eailroad. Albany to Buffalo, " Albany to Niagara Palls, " Buffalo to Cleveland, Ohio, " Cleveland to Detroit, by Steamboat, Detroit to Port Huron, " Port Huron to Saut Ste. Marie '' " Saut Ste. Marie to Marquette . " Marquette to Ontonagon, . " Ontonagon to Bayfield, . " Bayfield to Superior City, . Total Running Time, 4 days and 14

Usual Fare from New York to Buffalo $ 9 35 " '* New York to Cleveland, 14 35 " •* New York to Detroit, Mich 16 35 Detroit to Lake Superior and Return 25 00 MAGNITUDE OF THE LAKES, OR "INLAND SEAS.'

rOTHING but a rence. The romantic beauty of the rapids voyage over all of of this noble stream, and its majestic flow the great bodies of through a healthy and rich .section of water forming the country, is unsurpassed for grand lake " Inland Seas," and river scenery. can furnish the Luke Superior, the largest of the tourist, or scientitic Inland Seas, lying between 46"^ 30' and explorer, a just 49'^ north latitude, and between 84^ 30' idea of the eitent, and 92"" 30' west longitude from Green- depth, and clear- wich, is situated at a height of 600 feet nj^ss of the waters above the Gulf of St. Lawrence, from of the Great Lakes of America, together which it is distant about 1,500 miles by with the healthy influence, fertility, and the course of its outlet and the St. Law- romantic beauty of the numerous islands, rence river. It is 460 miles long from and surrounding shores, forming a circuit east to west, and 170 miles broad in its of about 4,000 miles, with an area of widest part, with an average breadth of 90,000 square miles, or about twice the 85 miles; the entire circuit being about eitent of the State of New York—ex- 1,200 miles. It is 800 feet in greatest tending through eight degrees of latitude, depth, extending 200 feet below the level and sixteen degrees of longitude—this of the ocean. Estimated area, 31,500 region embracing the entire north half of square miles, being by far the largest the 'temperate zone, where the purity of body of fresh water on the face of the the atmospliere vies with the purity of globe—celebrated alike for its sparkling thc'^e extensive waters, or " Inland^eas," purity, romantic scenery, and healthy in- being connected by navigable rivers or fluence of itA surrounding climate. About straits. one hundred rivers and creeks are said to The States, washed by the Great Lakes, flow into the lake, the greatest part being are New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Mich- small streanfs, and but few navigable ex- igan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minne- cept for canoes, owing to numerous falls east- i>i'ta, and Canada West—the boundary and rapids. It discliarges its waters lino bi'tween the United States and the ward, by the strait, or river St. Miry, 60 British Possessions running through the miles long, into Lake Huron, which lies centre of Lakes Superior. Huron, St. 26 A'ct below, there being about 20 feet Clair, Erie, and C)ntario, together with descent at the Saut Sto Marie, which is the connecting rivers or straits, and down overcome by means of two locks and a the St. Lawrence River to the 45th paral- ship canal. Its outlet, is a most lovely lel of latitude. From thence the St. and romantic stream, embosoming a num- Lawrence flows in a northeast direction ber of large and fertile islands, covered through Canada into the Gulf of St. Law- with a rich foUage. 14 MAGNITUDE OF THE LAKES.

L.ake Michigan, lying 57 6 ft. above are discharged a great number of streams, the sea, is 320 miles long, 85 miles broad, find an outlet by the River St. Clair, com- and 700 feet deep; area, 22,000 square mencing at the foot of Lake Huron, miles. This lake lies wholly within the where it has only a width of 1,000 feet, confines of the United States. It pre- and a depth of from 20 to 60 feet, flowing sents a large expanse of water, with but with a rapid current downward, 38 miles, few islands, except near its entrance into into the Straits of Mackinac, through which it Lake St. Clair, which is 25 miles discharges its surplus waters. The strait long and about as many broad, with a is 30 or 40 miles in length, and discharges small depth of water ; the most difficult its accumulated waters into Lake Huron, navigation being encountered in passing on nearly a level with Lake Michigan. over " St. Clair Flats,^^ where only about At the north end of the lake, and in the 12 feet of water is afibrded. Ddroit River, Straits, are several large and romantic 27 mQes in length, is the recipient of all islands, affording delightful resorts. the above waters, flowing southward Cireeil Bay, a most beautiful ex- through a fine section of country into panse of water, containing several small L

20 miles broad, and 60 feet deep ; area, 564 feet, 250 miles long, 60 miles broad, 2,000 square miles. This is a remarkably and 204 feet atfits greatest depth, but, on pure body of water, presenting lovely an average, considerably less than 100 shores, surrounded by a fruitful and feet deep, discharges its surplus waters by healthy section of country. the Niagara River and Falls, into Lake Liake Huron, lying at a height of Ontario, 330 feet below; 51 feet of this 574 feet above the sea, is 250 miles long, descent being in the rapids immediately 100 miles broad, and 750 feet greatest above the Falls, 160 feet at the Falls depth; area, 21,000 square miles. This themselves, and the rest chiefly in the lake is almost entirely free of islands, rapids between the Falls and the mouth presenting a large expanse of pure water. of the river, 35 miles below Lake Erie, Its most remarkable feature is Saginaw This is comparatively a shallow body of Bay, lying on its western border. The water; and the relative depths of the waters of this lake are now whitened by great series of lakes may be illustrated the sails of commerce, it being the great by saying, that the surplus waters poured thoroughfare to and from Lakes Michigan from the vast basins of Superior, Michi- and Superior. gan, and Huron, flow across the plate of Erie

The ascertained temperature in the mid- not exceed from 600 to 2,500 feet above dle of Lake Erie, August, 1845, was tem- the level of the ocean, while the altitude pt-raturo of air 76'' Fahrenheit, at noon of the land which forms the water-shed 53-". lower tribu- water at surface 73"*—at bottom of Lake Champlain and the I.akc Ontario, the ji/tk and last taries of the St. Lawrence Kiver risea of the Great Lakes of America, is eleva- from 4,000 to 5,000 above the level of the Ver- te.! 23-4 feet above tide-water at Three sea or tide-water, in the States of Kivers on the St, Lav^Tence; it is 180 mont and New York. milf s long. 60 miles bn)ad, 600 feet deep. The divide which separates the waters Thus ba-sin succeeds basin, like the lucks of the Gulf of Mexico, from those flow- of a great canal, the whole length of ing northeast into the St. Lawrence, do waters from Lake Superior ta the Gulf (»f not in some places exceed ten or twenty St. Lawrence being rendered navigable feet above the level of Lakes Michigan it that for vessels of a large class by means of and Superior ; in fact, is said Lake the Weliand and St. Lawrence canals Michigan, when under the intluenco of thus enabling a loaded vessel to ascend or high water and a strong northerly wind, descend 600 feet above the level of the discharges some (tf its surplus waters into octan, or tide-water. Of these tive great the Illinois Kiver, and thence into the lakes, Lake Superior ha.s by far the larg- Mississippi and Gulf of Mexico^so low est area, and Lake Ontario has the least, is the divide at its southern terminus. having a surface only about one-lifth of When we consider the magnitude of that of Lake Superior, and being some- ' tliese Great Lakes, the largest body of fresh the globe, being connected wliat less in area than Lake Erie, althougii ; water on not much less, if any, in the circuit of its by navigable Straits, or canals, we may

shores. Lake Ontario is the safest body i quote with emphasis the words of an for navigation, and Lake Erie English writer: "How Uttle are they of water j in Europe, of the extent of com- the most dangerous. The lakes of great- 1 aware, est interest to the tourist or scientitic merce upon these ' Inland Sea.-*,' whoso

traveler are Ontario, Huron, t<^»gether with I coasts are now lined with liourishing

Georgian and North. Channel, and towns and cities ; whose waters are plow- Bay I Lake Superior, The many picturesque ed with maguilicent steamers, and hund- I islands and headlands, t.igether with the reds of vessels crowded with merchandise! pure dark green waters of the Upper Even the Americans themselves are not Lak|pt form a most lovely contrast during fully aware of the rising importance of I the summer and autumn months. these great lakes, as couuected with the The altitude of the land which forms Far West the water-shed of the L'j>2>tr Lakes doe.s

TEEBTJTARIES OF THE GREAT LAKES AND ST. LAWRENCE RIVER.

Unlike the tribiitarios of the Mi.>*sissip- t The following are the principal Rivora pi, falling Great Lakes that are navigable for any coubiderablo the streams into the j or the St. Lawrence River are mostly length , rapid, and navigable only for a abort distance from their mouths. . .

16 MAGNITUDE OF THE LAKES.

AMERICAN SIDE. MileS.

St. Louis River, Min Superior to Fond du Lac 20

Fox, or Neenah, Wis.. . . , Green Bay to Lake Winnebago* 36 St. Joseph, Mich St. Joseph to Niles 26 Grand River, " Grand Haven to Grand Rapids 40 Muskegon, " Muskegon to Newaygo 40 Saginaw " Saginaw Bay to Upper Saginaw 26 Maumee, Ohio Maumee Bay to Perrysburgli 18 Genesee, N. Y Charlotte to Rochester 6 CANADIAN SIDE. • MilcS.

Thames ^ Lake St. Clair to Chatham 24 Ottawa La Chine to Carillon 40 " (By means of locks to Ottawa City)\. . 70 Richelieu or Sorel Sorel to Lake Champlain {by locks) 75 Saguenay Tadusac to Chicoutimi 70 (thence to Lake St. John, .50 m.) LAKE AND RIVER NAVIGATION, TROM rOlH) DU LAC, LAKE SUPERIOR, TO THE GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE. Length in Greatest Av Depth El. above Lakeb,ijAJxx,o, RIVER3,xwY«.»o, ETC.x-iv.. miles. breadth, breadth. in feet. sea. Superior 460 170 85" 800 600 ft. St. Mary's River 60 5 2 10 to 100 Michigan 320 85 58 700 576 " Green Bay 100 25 18 100 576 •' " Strait of Mackinac 40 20 10 20 to 200 575 Huron 250 100 70 700 574 " " North Channel 150 20 10 20 to 200 574 Georgian Bay 140 55 40 500 674 " St. Clair River 38 1^ •! 20 to 60 " Lake St. Clair* 25 25 18 10 to 20 568 Detroit River 27 3 1 10 to 60 Erie 250 70 40 200 5|4 " Niagara River 35 3 .1 Ontario 180 58 40 600 234 " St. Lawrence River 760 100 2 " Lake St. Francis, foot Long Saut. . 4 142 " Lake St. Louis, foot Cascade Rapids 5 58 At Montreal 3 13 " " Lake St. Peter 12 6 " Tide-water at Three Rivers 1 At Quebec 1 "

Total miles navigation 2, 835

• By means of 17 locks, overcoming an elevation of 170 feet. t The navifjation for steamers extends 150 miles above Ottawa City, by means of portages and locks. * The St. Clair Flats, w:hich have to be passed by all large steamers and sail vessels running from Lake Erie to the Upper Lakes, now adbrds twelve feet of water, the ship channel being very narrow and winding, where stands a light and buoys to guide the mariner. :

AI.TITri»KS —TOPOOUAIMIV AM) MKTEOKOLOOT. ALTITUDE OF VARIOUS POINTS ON THE SHORES OF LAKE SUPERIOR.

LorAUTiKS. yM.ov.- I^iko Piiporior. Above tho Sc«.

Lake Supc'rior 000 feet. 600 feet. iVuiit Inniuois, South Shore 350 ** 950 •' Gros Cap, C. W., North Shore 700 " 1,300 •• " Grand Sable, South Shore 345 '• 945 " " Pictured Rooks, ^ 200 " 800 " Iron Mountains, 850 " 1,450 " Quincy Copper Mine, Portage Lake 550 " 1,150 " Mount Hcnighton, near Keweenaw Point 1,000 " 1,600 " Porcupine Mountains, Soutli Shore 1,380 '• 1,980 •• Isle Royale, Miehigan 300 '* 900 '* Minnesota Mountain.s (estimated) 1,200 *' 1,800 " Michipicotcn Island, C. W 800 " 1,400 " ' Pie Island, " 760 •' 1,360 St. Ignacc (estimated) " 1,200 " 1,800 " " McKay's Mountain, " 1,000 *' 1,600 " Thunder Cape, " 1,350 •* 1,950

TOPOGRAPHY AND METEOROLOGY.

"Tlio mountains of the region along ing the whole season, corresponds in & the south shore of Lake Superi<^r, consist remarkable degree with that of St. Peters- of two granite belts in the northwest, the burg. The tcmj^erature of the region is ITtiron Mtncntaitis to the southward, a trap very favorable to the growth of cereals. range starting from the head of Kewee- The annual ratio cif fair days at Fort naw Point, and running west and south- Brady is 168; of cloudy days* 77; rainy- west into Wisconsin, the Porcupine Jfoun- days, 71; snowy days, 47. tiifui, and the detrital rocks. The Huron " The temperature of the water of Lake Mountains in places attain an elevation of Superior during the summer, a fathom or 1,200 feet above tho Lake. The highest two below the surface, is but a few de- elevation attained by the Porcupine Moun- grees above the freezing point. In tho tains is 1,380 feet. western portion, the water is much colder *' Meteorological observations were in- than in the eastern —the surface How be- stituted by order of the Government at coming warmer a.s it advances toward the tliree military posts in the District, viz. outlet. The mirage whicli freq\iently oc- Forts Wilkins (Copper Harbor), Brady, curs, is occasioned by the difference be- and Mackinac. From tliese observations tween the temperature i>f tlie air and the it appears that the mean annual tempera- Lake. Great difficulties are experienced ture of Fort Brady is about one degree from this cause in making astronomical lower than that of Fort Wilkins, Although observations, the latter post is nearly a degree further ''Auroras, even in midsummer, are of north. This difference arises from the frequent occurrence, and exhibit a bril- insular position of Keweenaw Point, liancy rarely observed in lower latitudes." which is surrounded on sides — three by Foslrr

18 MAGNITUDE OF THE LAKES.

THE UPPER LAKES, OR "INLAND SEA," OF AMERICA. This appellation applies to Lakes Hu- The dark green waters of the Upper ron, Michigan, and Superior, including Lakes, when agitated by a storm, or the Green Bay, lying within the confines of motion of a passing steamer, presents a the United States, and Georgian Bay, brilliancy peculiar only to these trans- which lies entirely in Canada. parent waters—they then assume the ad- These bodies of water embrace an area mixture of white foam, with a lively green Of about 75,000 square miles, and, as a tinge, assuming a crystal-like appearance. whole, are deserving of the name of the In this pure water, the white fish, and •Inland Sea,' being closely connected by other species of the finny tribe, delight straits or water-courses, navigable for the to gambol, afibrding the sportsman and largest class of steamers or sail vessels. epicurean untold pleasure, which is well The shores, although not elevated, are described in the following poem bold, and free from marsh or swampy lands, presenting one clean range of coast for about 3,000 mOes. THE WHITE PISH. By a late decision of the Supreme Court of the U. States, the Upper Lakes Henbt R. Schoolcraft, in his poem. including Lake Erie, with their connect "The White Fish," says: ing waters, were declared to be seas, com- " All friends to good liviDg by tureen and dish, mercially and legally. Congress, under Concur in exulting this prince of fish a ; this decision, is empowered to improve So fine in a platter, so tempting a fry. the harbors of the lakes and the connect- So rich on a gridiron, so sweet in a pie That even before it the salmon must fall, ing straits, precisely as it has power to And that mighty honne-i otiche, of the land- do the same on the seaboard. This will beaver's tail. probably lead to a vigorous policy in the maintenance of Federal authority, both in 'Tis a morsel alike for the gourmand or faster, improving the harbors, and making pro- AVhile, whitens a tablet of pare alabaster! Its beaut}' or flavor no person can doubt. vision for the safety of commerce, and When seen in the water or tasted without protection of life, as well as guarding And all the dispute that opinion ere makes against foreign invasion. The only forti- Of this king of lake fishes, this ' deer of the lakes,'* I fication of importance that is garrisoned Regard not its choiceness to ponder or snp, is Fort Mackinac^ guarding the passage But the best mode of dressing and serving it up. through the Straits of Mackinac. * * * * The islands of these lakes are numer- Here too, might a fancy to descant inclined. Contemplate the love that pertains to the kind, ous, particularly in the Straits of Mackinac, And bring up the red man, in fanciful strains. and in Georgian Bay, retaining the same To prove its-creation from feminine brains."t bold and virgin appearance as the main-

land ; most of them are fertile and sus- * A translation of Ad-dik-keem-maig, the In- ceptible of high cultivation, although, as dian name for this fish, yet, but few are inhabited to anv consid- t Vide " Indian Tales and Legends.^ erable extent. FISH OF THE UPPER LAKES. 19

FISH OF THE UPPER LAKES.

•' Tlie numbcra, variotics. and excollout points in each of the four 8trait.«», tho quality i>f hike lish are worthy of notice. southea.m part of Lake Superior. Thunder It ia believed that no fresh waters known Hay, Sriginaw 13ay. and Fort Gratiot near can, in any respect, bear comparison. foot of Lake Huron. The P{)ort of taking They are, with some exceptions, of the the brook trout which are found in great game kind in all the lakes. Those found abundance in the rapids at tho Saut Ste in Lake Superior and the straits of St. Marie, and most iill of the streams falling Mary are of the best quality, owing to the into the Upper Lakes, aflbrds healthful cooler temperature of the water. Their amusement to hundreds of amateur tish- quantities are surprising, and apparently ermen tluring the summer and fall months. BO inexhaustible, as to warrant the V^elief The modes of taking the diflerent kinds of that were a population of millions to in- fish are in seines, dip-nets, and gill-nets, habit the lake shore, they would furnisli and the trout with hooks. an ample supply of this article of food " Those engageut any sensible diminution. There Straits of Mackinac, are composed of are sevenU kinds found in Lake Superior, Americans, Irish, French, half breeds, and some of the most delicious quality. and Indians. Some are employed by cap- that are not ftiund in the lakes below, as italists, others have their own boats and muckwaw, which grow nets. Each one is furni.

ara. i *' The following is a very partial list of white fish, with some trout. The demand a few of the prominent varieties: the for exportation increases every year, and

white fish, Mackinac and salmon-trout, : although immense quantities are caught sturgeon, rauscalunje, siskowit, pickerel, every season, still no diminution in tbvir pike, perch, herring, white, black, and number is perceived, fieet of two hundred fish-boats are rock bass, cat, pout, eel-i)out. bull-head, | "A ntach. sun-fish, dace, sucker, carp, mullet, engaged in and about the Straits, em- bill-fish. sword-fish, bull-fish, stone-carrier, bracing, however, all the lieaver group, [ sheeps-head. gar, kc. Each boat will average one barrel of fish j

"The lamprey-eel ia found in all, but I per day during the fishing season, * * * the common eel is found in neither of the j lakes, nor in any of their tributaries, except "Ye, who are fond of sport and fun, I one. The weight to which some of these who wish for wealth and strength; ye,

attain is not exceeded by the fish of any ' who love angling; ye, who believe that other inland fresh waters, except the Mis- (Jod has given us a time to pray, a time Bissippi. * * * to dance, 4c.,

inac and s;ilmon trout, sturgeon, and , fill three to four barrels of fish, without fisheries at which these taking the sport in*.o consideration, pickerel. The | "Yourt?, W. M. J.' are oaught are at Mackinac, at several i : : —

20 MAGNITUDE OF THE LAKES.

PHYSICAL CHARACTER OF THE MISSISSIPPI BASIN.

" The Yalley of the Miscissippi, boimded "It would thus appear that the internal on the one hand by the Rocky Mountains, navigation of the Upper Mississippi Yal- and on the other by the Alleghanies, em- ley is about 9,000 miles in e.xtent; but, braces a drainage area of 1,244,000 square during the summer months, even through miles, which is more than one-half of the the main channels, it becomes precarious, entire area of the United States. The and at times is practically suspended. Upper Mississippi Valley is composed of "The Mississippi Yalley, viewed as a three subordinate basins, whose respective whole, may be regarded as one great plain dimensions are as follows between two diverging coast ranges, ele- Square miles. vated from 400 to 800 feet above the sea. The Ohio basin 214,000 St. Paul, the The Upner Mississippi 169,000 head of the navigation of the The Missouri 518,000 Mississippi, is 800 feet above the ocean; Pittsburgh, at the junction of the Monon- Making a total of 901,000 gahela and Alleghany, forming the Ohio, Its navigable rivers are as follows 699 feet ; Lake Superior on the north, 600 Miles. feet ; but the water-shed on the west, at Missouri, to near the Great Falls 3,150 South P&ss, rises to nearly 7,500 feet. Missouri, above Great Falls to Three Forks 150 Osage, to Osceola 200 "It is traversed by no mountain ranges, Kansas 100 but the surface swells into hills and ridges, Big Sioux 75 and is diversitied by forest and prairie. Yfcllow-stone 800 ITpper Missij^sipj.i, to St. Paul 658 Leaving out the sterile portions west of St. Anthony, to Sauk Eapids 80 the Missouri, the soil is almost uniformly Above Little Falls, to Pokogiina Falls 250 fertile, easily cultivated, and yields an Minnesota, to I'atterson's Kapids 295 St. Croi.x, to St. Croix Falls 60 abundant return. The climate is healthy Illinois, to La Salle 220 and invigorating, and altogether the region Ohio, to Pittsburgh 975 is the most attractive for immigration of Monongahela.to Oeneva(slack-\vater,4 locks) 91 Muskingum, to Dresden " 8 " 100 any portion of the earth." GreenliivertoBowlingGreen" 5 " 186 By means of a Ship Canal^ connecting Kentucky, to Brooklyn '' 5 " 117 with the Illinois River, the waters of tho Kanawhii, to Gauley Bridge 100 Mississippi will be united with the waters "Wabash, to Lafayette 385 Salt, to Shepherdsville 30 of Lake Michigan—thus forming an un- Sandy, to Louisa 25 interrupted navigation for armed vessels Tennessee, to Muscle Shouls 600 of a large class from the Gulf of Mexico Cumberland, to Burkesville 370 to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, forming an Total navigation 8.967 inland navigation of about 3,000 miles Note.— Steamboats h.ive ascended the Des running through the sub-tropical and Moines to Des Moines Citv, Iowa Kiver to Iowa temperate zones, where nature is most City, Cedar Kiverto Cedar'liapids, and the Maquo- keta to Maquoketa City, but only during tempo- lavish of her gifts. rary floods.

PHYSICAL CHARACTER OF THE ST. LAWRENCE.

The sources of the Mississippi on the and rivers, presents a system of water- east interlock with those of the St. Law- communication of nearly equal exteiit and rence, which, with its associated lakes grandeur. —

PHYSICAL CHARACTER OF THE 8T. LAWRENCE DEVELOPMENT. 21

TABLE SHOWrNO THE DIMENSIONS OF THE enriching the region.s through which they riVK GREAT AMERICAN LAKE& How, and supplying the inhabitants with

GrralMt flr^nU^t I he varied products Like*. M«l(rht Are* in of distant climes." Icnirth. brra.lth. •Imv« ma. m. inilu. J-Ofif^r and Whitney^ s MiW Milat. Kfrt. Report on Luke Supe- Pnpprlor 4(30 170 600 81,.V)0 rior. Mirhiifan S-.'O 85 576 2*i,<»00 " The commerce of these lakes, whoso Hiir.in 260 160 574 20.4..V.O Sloops ter a« in direction. The Mississippi i.s the 16 667 12.770 Barges 8 8,719 17.fM»o longer, but the St. Lawrence discharges

the greater vohune of water; the one Totals 1 ,«VJ,3 41 3,026 $ 13,257,020 abounds in difhcult rapids, the other in The follow ing are the di.stances stupendous cataracts ; the one is subject of some to great liuctuations, the other preserves of the commercial routes, taking Chicago an almost unvarying level; the waters of as the initial point:

the one are turbid, those of the other pos- Chicago to Mackin.ic (

PROGRESS OF DEVELOPMENT.

The first colony of English extraction, ' have been carved not less than nine States, planted in the territory of the Upper Mis- which are indissolubly linked together by sissippi, was in 1788—just seventy-tive a similarity of conditions in soil arid cli- years ago^at Marietta, within the present mate, and by the ge«>graphical features of limits of Ohio, This was the origin of the Cf)untry. Thoy have already received that spirit of coloni/aition, which, within the appellation of the " FooD-PROurciNG" the lifetime of many living men. has poo- Stat<'S —an appellation which they are

I this to pled region with nine millions of hu- I destined n-taiu for all time. man beings; has subdued and brought The rivers and the lakes, which water I under cultivation, an area greater than this region. oflTer the most magnilieent sys- I that f.f all the cultivated lauds of the Brit- tern of internal commutiieation to be found j ish Empire; has connected the principal on surface of the (>arth. ; the No mount.iin commercial points with a net-work of rail- barriers interpose to divide the people in- ways more than eleven thousand miles in to hostile clans, or divert the great cur- extent; and has built up a domestic in- rents of trade in their flow to the markets dustry, the value of whose annual product of the world. "With a soil sufliciently rieh is in excess of three hundred and lifty ill organic matter for fifty successive crops; millions of dollars. Out of this territory with almost boundless fields of coal, stored 22 MAGNITUDE OF THE LAKES.

away for future use ; with vast deposits I tents of these States with the portions cul- of the useful ores, and the precious metals, tivated, it will be seen that only about 16

on the rim of the great basin ; and with 1 per cent, of the surface has been sub-

a cHmate most favorable to the develop- dued ; and, if population and cultivation j ment of human energy, it is impossible increase in the same ratio in the future as for the mind, even in its most daring spec- they have in the past, before the lapse of j ulations, to assign limits to the growth of another decade there will be collected an- the North-west. When all of these ele- nually, on the borders of the Great Lakes, ments of wealth, now in a crude state, more than 200,000,000 bushels of cereals shaH have been fully developed, there will for exportation, giving employment to a be an exhibition of human power and fleet of more than 3,000 vessels, and re- greatness such as no other people ever at- quiring avenues of more than twice the tained. capacity of existing ones. Comparing the whole superficial con-

A LUNAR TIDAL WAVE In the i¥orth American Lakes.

Extract from a Paper read by Lt.-Col. GtRaham, before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Augmt, 1860.

"Much has been written, at various In the speculations indulged in by some periods, on the fluctuations in the eleva- of these writers a slight lunar tide is tion of the surface waters of the great sometimes suspected, then again such an freshwater lakes of North America. Val- influence on the swelling and receding uable and interesting memoirs have ap- waters is doubted, and their disturbance peared from time to time in the American is attributed to the varying courses and Journal of Science and Arts, pubhshed forces of the winds. monthly at New Haven, Connecticut, "But we have nowhere seen that any* within the last thirty years, on this sub- systematic course of observation was ever ject, written by the late Brevet Brigadier- instituted and carried on by these early General Henry Whiting, of the U. S. Ar- explorers, or by any of their successors my, when a captain, by Major Lachlan, who have mentioned the subject, giving Charles Whittlesey, Esq., and others. the tidal readings at small enough inter- The observations contained in their me- vals of time apart, and of long enough moirs have, however, been directed chiefly duration to develop the problem of a diur- to investigations of the extent of the sec- nal lunar tidal wave on these lakes. The ular and annual variations in elevation of general idea has undoubtedly been that the surfaces of these lakes. no such lunar influence was here percep- " The learned Jesuit fathers of the time tible. of Marquette, a period near two centuries " In April, 1854, I was stationed at ago, and at later periods the Baron de la Chicago by the orders of the Govern- Hontan, Charlevois, Carver, and others, ment, and charged with the direction of noticed in their writings the changes of the harbor improvements on Lake Mich- elevation, and some peculiar fluctuations igan. In the latter part of August of which take place on these inland seas. that year, I caused to be erected at the —

A I.UNAK TIDAL WAVE. 23

eaat or lakoward cxtromity of the North change of the moon is shown to be thirty harbor pier, a permanent tido-gaugo fi>r (30) minutes after the time of the mo

Prof. Mather, who observed the bar- In the summer of 1854, according to ometer at Fort Wilkins, Copper Harbor, the Report of Foster and Whitney, made 47^ 30' north lat,, during the prevalence to Congress in 1850, "an extraordinary of one of these remarkable disturbances retrocession of the waters took place at which are peculiar to aU the Upper Lakes, the — Saut Ste Marie. The river here is remarks: "As a general thing, fluctua- nearly a mile in width, and the depth of tions in the barometer accompanied the water over the sandstone rapids is about fluctuations in the level of the water, but three feet. The phenomena occurred at sometimes the water-level varied rapidl}' noon ; the day was calm but cloudy ; tho in the harbor, while no such variation water retired suddenly, leaving the bed occurred in the barometer at the place of of the river bare, except for the distance observation. The variation in the level of about twenty rods where the channel of the water may be caused by varied is deepest, and remained so for the space barometric pressure of the air on the of an hour. Persons went out and caught water, either at the place of observation, fish in the pools formed in the rocky cavi- or at some distant point. A local in- ties. The return of the waters was sud- creased pressure of the atmosphere at den, and presented a sublime spectacle. the place of observation, would lower the They came down hke an immense surge, water-level where there is a wide expanse roaring and foaming, and those who had of water ; or a diminished pressure, under incautiously wandered into the river bed, the same circumstances, would cause the had barely time to escape being over- water to rise above its usual level." whelmed."

Rising and Falling of the Waters of Lake Michigan.

[From the Chicago Tribune, May 28, 1S61.]

One of those singular oscillations in the the current between the outer and inner Lakes, or "Inland Seas," which have breakwater, near the Illinois Central Rail- been observed occasionally from the time road House, was so great at times that a of the exploration of the Jesuit Fathers, row-boat made little or no headway against was witnessed yesterday in Lake Michi- it. The extreme variation between high gan. A variety of signs, such as the and low water was nearly three feet. mirage of the distant shore, unusual de- The wind all day was off shore (from the pression of the barometer, and a sudden southwest), the effect of which was to rise of the temperature from a cool, bracing keep down the waters instead of accumu- air, to a sultry heat, indicated an unusual lating them at this point. About eight commotion in the atmospheric elements. o'clock in the evening it veered suddenly About eleven o'clock a. m., when our at- to the northwest, and blew a violent gale, tention was first called to the phenomena, accompanied by vivid electrical displays. the waters of the lake had risen about This morning (Monday) we hear of tele- tkirty-one inches above the ordinary level, graphic hues prostrated, of persons killed and in the course of half an hour they by lightning, &c., while the lake, altliough again receded. Throughout the whole agitated, exhibits none of the pulsatioua day they continued to ebb and flow at in- of yesterday. tervals of fifteen or twenty minutes, and !'

COMMERCE OF THK LAKES.

Extract from the Annual Report of the Trade and Commerce of Buffalo,

FOR TUB TEAB 1862.

upon this great inland sea, were confined to the bark cantK.- and the rude paddlo with which it was propelled. Never before had the cmvas here opened itself to the wind. The voyage of I>a Salle was an era in tlie history of this portion of the world. The immense fur trade with tho natives at tho extremities of these lakes, which was carried on tirst by the French and afterward by the English, was thea almost entirely unknown. It was but tho '* In' prt'^enling to tiic public our Annual year before the sites of the first trading- Review of tJie Trade and Commerce of houses had been selected. I^ Salle set Buffalo, for the year 18G2, it will not be sail from the loot of L;ike Erie, on the 7th inappropriate to revert to the past to show day of August, 1679, with a crew of thirty the rise and progress, the extent and men, and arrived at M;»ckinac on the 28th growth of the coaunerce of these vast day of that month. The first cargo of 'Inland Seas.' furs was put on board the Griffin, and she '' When in the year 1679, the Chevalier was ordered by L;i Salle to return with a de La Salle obtained permission of the crew of six men to Niagara. But a storm

' Seneca Indians to build a vessel at Cayuga was encountered, and the vessel and Ciirgo,

' Creek, six miles above Niagara Falls, which valued at fifty to sixty thousand francs, was launched in 1679, and was the tirst with all on board, was lost. Thus was

vessel moved with sails u{)on the waters ! made the first great sacrifice of life and

of Lake Erie, every portion of the great i property to the commerce of Lake Erie. West' was covered with its ancient forests. " Since that period the changes that have

| The echoing axe had never rung through been wrought in the country bordering up-

their solitudes, and the battle for mastery i on and lying beyond these lakes, surpass was yet undecided between tlie wild beast the dreams of enchantment. Enterpri.so

and his wild fw the savage hunter. The : and energy have penetrated those vast \ three guns which were lired when the ' .solitudes; the beasts of prey liave slunk

^ 'Gripfin' ^^as launched, were, probably, back into the deep fastnesses of the woods, \he first sounds of gunpowder tliat ever the native trilx'S have vanished away like broke uix)n tlie stillness of this vast re- ' their own majestic forests, and the white gion. The wondering Senec;is heard in man following fast upon their rustling them the thunders, and saw the lightnings footsteps, has subdued the wilderness to of heaven. The white man w:vs equalljr tho forms of civilization. an object of admiration and fear. ''The country from which the furs were "The arts of uavigatiou, at this pt^riod, gathered at the trading postg at Niagara, 26 COMMERCE OF THE LAKES.

Detroit, and Mackinac, including a large gration to the "West, if any had before ex- portion of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michi- isted, must have ceased, there cannot be gan, and "Wisconsin, now contains a pop- said to have been any commerce on the ulation of 6,926.874. Since the day when lakes. La Salle first opened, as it were, to future "In March, 1791, Col. Thomas Proc^.or generations the great highway upon the visited the Senecas of Buffalo Creek, and waters of Lakes Erie and Huron, tlie pro- from him the first authentic notice of Buf- genitors of this mighty multitude have falo is given. He mentions a storehouse been borne upon its waves by favoring kept by an Indian trader named Winne, winds ; and innumerable little bands gain- at Lake Erie. ing the mouth of some fair river, have "In June, 1795, a French nobleman, thence radiated over the wide-spread do- named La Rochefoucauld Liancourt, visit- main from which their descendants are now ed Buffalo and the neighboring Indian vil- pouring down upon the trusting bosom lages. At this place there were then but of the lake, the abundant products of an few houses. He mentions an Inn where almost inexhaustible fertility. he was obliged to sleep on the floor in his "Great as has been the change since clothes. the country was first explored, it has al- "In August, 1795, Judge Porter, ac- most wholly taken place since the year companied by Judah Colt, went to Presque 1800. The population of Ohio in that year Isle, now Erie, through Buffalo. Judge was only 45,365; and that was the only Porter makes mention ' that one Johnson, State, with the exception of New York the British Indian interpreter, Winne, the and Pennsylvania, of all those bordering trader, and Middaugh, a Dutchman, with upon the great lakes, wliich contained any his family, lived at Buffalo.' The only considerable settlements, or in which any road between Buffalo and Avon, in th^ enumeration of the people was taken. year 1797, was an Indian trail, and the Even Ohio was not then admitted into only house on this trail was one, about

tlie Union ; and the commercial advantage one and one-half miles east of the present ot Lake Erie were scarcely begun to be village of Le Roy, occupied by a Mr. developed tUl twenty-fiee years afterward. Wilder. As late as 1812 the roads were The first vessel bearing the American flag next to impassable, and to obtain supphes upon Lake Erie was the sloop Detroit, of from Albany, trade was carried on by a seventy tons, which was purchased of the 'circuitous route, 'through the Niagara Northwest Fur Company, by the General river to Schlosser, thence by portage to Government, in 1796. She was, however, Lewiston, thence by water to Oswego and soon condemned as unseaworthy, and up the Oswego River, through the Oneida abandoned. Up to the time of the decla- Lake and Wood Creek, and across a short ration of war in 1812, tlie whole number portage to the Mohawk River, thence by of vessels of all descriptions On these that river and around the portage of Little lakes, did not exceed twelve, and these Falls to Schenectady—and thence over the were employed either in the fur trade, or arid pine plains to Albany.' The late in transporting to the West such goods Judge Townsend and George Coit, Esq., and merchandise as were required for the came to Buffalo as traders, in 1811 by this scattered population that had found tlieir route, bringing about twenty tons of mer- way there. A few vessels were built dur- cliandise from Albany at a cost of fifty ing the war, but, probably, aa many or dollars a ton. At tliis time there were more were destroyed. And during the less than one hundred dwellings here, and three years of its continuance, aa all emi- the population did not exceed five hun- EARLT HISTORY. 27

dred. Tho mouth of Buflr;Uo Creek was 1 the present time, when compared with tliea obstructed bj a a;in(i-bar, frequently what they were tifty years [ afj;o, 'are mar-

preveating the entrance of small vessels, , vellous in our eyes,' and if some far-seeinfj and even frail Indian bark canoes were mind, a half century since, had prophesied frequently shut out. and footmen walked results of such vast ma;jnitude, lie would across its mouth on drv larul.il Vessels have been denominated an idle dreamer, then received and discharged their.1?;carg^s and a fit subject tor a lunatic asylum. at Bird Island wliarf, near Black Rock. ''The States and Territories bordering To remedy the obstructions in tlio creek on, and tributary to the great lake basin by the sand-bar at its outlet into the lake, that had fifty years ago but a few thousand it was pro[)Osed. in the year 1811, to run population, have now nearly seven milHons,

a pier into the lake, but uotliini: of moment < which will soon be augmented by the Wi4.s done till the spring of 1820. when a natural increase and by immigration to j

Bubscription was raised, by the then vil- , thirty millions, and Buffalo with its 500 lagers of Buffalo, amounting to $1,361. inhabitants in 1811, 81.000 in 1860, will j

The late Hon. Samuel Wilksou was the ' have a population of three or four hun- orig'uator and projector of this movement, dred thousand before the present century and temporary improvements were made shall have passed away. Within the lim- wliich carried away the obstructing sand- its of these lake States, where, less than bar. In 1822 tho village in its corporate forty years ago, there were neither canals capacity paid Jolm T. Lacy for building a nor railways, there are now 14.484 miles mud-scow for working in the harbor $534. of railway, and 3.345 miles of navigai)le The first corporate notice of the harbor canals, of which latter about 760 miles was made In tho latter year. Buffalo was are slack-water navigation. incorporated as a village in April, 1813, "The whole West and Northwest is and as a city on 20th of April, 1832, now traversed by a net-work of railways, ''Melish says, 'the population by the with important canal connections between last census was 365, and it was computed the different States, where there was a in 1811 at 500, and is rapidly increasing.' sparsely populated, almost interminable In 1825 the population was 2,412; in forest or uninhabited prairie. In this 1830, 8,668; in 1835, 15,661; in 1840. march of improvement, making more in- 18,213; in 1845, 29,973; in 1850. 42.261; timate the social and commercial relations in 1860, 81,129; and at the end of the of these widely separated sections of the year 1862 the population is estimated at country, the Empire State has nobly led over 100,000. In 1817 the taxable prop- the way. The fiir-seeing mind of her erty of the village was $134,400, and on honored son, Governor Clinton, projected Uiis valuation an assessment of $400 was tho Erie Canal which wa,s completed in made during that year. The valuation of 1S25, uniting the waters of tlie Hudson the real and persomd propertv of the city with the lakes. A brighter day then in 1862 is $30,911,014. dawned u|X)n the West, the popidation ''The population and valuation of prop- was rapidly augmented, which was soon erty, the harbor and harbor im[irove succeeded by larirely increased agricultu- moQts, the manufactures and commerce, ral productions that gave new life to com- j tho caual, railway, water connections merce. The era of railways was com* and j

by lake with other portions of the country, I menced in about the year 1830. the population and productions of the " With these largely increased rail fa-

West and Northwest, the large lake, canal, I cilitie.s, and the capacity of the New York canals augmenting and railway facilities for transportation at I nearly quadrupled, the '

28 COMMERCE OF THE LAKES.

facilities do not keep pace with the rapid- tion of a canal through the State of New ly augmenting population and largely in- York, that now has a prism forty-five feet creased production. Improved channels at the bottom and seventy feet at the top, of communication, both by rail and water, with seven feet of water, with locks 18 must be made, to enable the producer at feet 6 inches wide by 100 feet long. the "West to get his products more cheap- There is also a canal one hundred miles ly to market. A country vast in extent, long connecting the Illinois river with bordering upon the upper Mississippi, the lake Michigan at Chicago, and slack water Ohio, Cumberland, Tennessee, Arkansas, navigation connecting Green Bay, Wiscon- Red, and Missouri rivers and their tribu- sin, with the Mississippi river. By the taries, and the Red river of the North, construction of a ship canal about three- traversed by more than twenty thousand fourths of a mile in length, from Big miles of navigable waters, will soon be Stone Lake to Lake Traver in Minnesota, densely peopled; new States to the west steamboats from St. Paul could navigate of those already admitted will soon knock both the Minnesota river and the Red for admission into the Union; the supera- river of the North to Lake *^'innepeg, a bundant products of an almost inexhaust- distance of seven hundred miles. The ible fertility will be pouring over the lakes country traversed by these rivers is sur- and railways, and through the rivers and passingly fertile and capable of sustaining canals, imparting activity to trade, giving a dense population. Lake Winnepeg is life, strength and vital energy to the large- larger than Lake Ontario, and receives the ly augmenting commerce of the West. Sas-katch-e-wan river from the West. As the star of empire westward wends its The Sas-katch-e-wan river is navigable to way, widening the distance fiom the great a point (Edmonton House) near the Rocky sea-board marts of trade, the prospective Mountains, seven hundred miles west of wants and increased productions of scores Lake Winnepeg, and only 150 miles east of millions of people will from necessity of the celebrated gold diggings on Frazer create cheaper and more expeditious facil- river in British Columbia. The digging ities for the transportation of their surplus of that one mile of canal, would, there- products to market. There is no country fore, enable a steamboat at New Orleans on the face of the globe that has so many to pass into Lake Winnepeg and from natural advantages for a large and extend- thence to Edmonton House, some 5,000 ed internal trade as the great West and miles. A move has already been made Northwest, for constructing tliis short canal. By en- " The great basin east of the Rocky I larging the Illinois and Micliigan canal Moimtains is drained by the Mississippi and improving the navigation of the Illi- and Missouri Rivers and their tributaries, nois river, and improving and completing ! and their waters find an outlet in the the slack water navigation of the Fox Gulf of Mexico. The great lakes, having river in Wisconsin, connecting Green Bay an area equal to one twenty-fifth part of with the Mississippi river, and still fur- the Atlantic Ocean, are drained by the ther enlarging the main trunk of the New river St. Lawrence, and find an outlet in York canals, steamers could be passed the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The construc- from New York or the G\ilf of St. Law- tion of a few miles of canal makes a nav- rence, either through the canals of New igable connection from the ocean to the York or Canada into the great lakes, and great chain of lakes. These natural ad- from thence to the head waters of tho vantages have been improved to some ex- Sas-katch-e-wan, the Missouri, the Yellow tent in the United States by the construc- Stone rivers, being some 5,000 to 6,000 FIRST STEAMBOAT ON LAKE EKIK. 29

miles. The corcal yiroduct of the Statos Tiic First Steamboat on lx>rdi'ring on and tributary to the lakes L.ukc Krie. was 2»J7. 205.877 bushels 'in 1840; 434,- 802, G»n J)usliels in 1850, agaiu.st (;79.0:{1,- The Detroit Tribune furnishes some in- 659 bushels in 18G0, and the population teresting extracts on this subject, taken of these States has kept pace with their from tlie tiU-s of the Detroit (Jozette, r.f ceroal products, being G,259.345 in 1840; 1818. We select the following descrip- 9,178,003 in 1850, apiinst 13.355.093 in tion of the reception of thi.s monster of 18G0, au increase of nearly lifty per cent. the great deep by the '' Wolverineji" of that in population and cereal products in each day. decade. If the same rate jjer cent, of in- "ArouST 26, 1818: —Yesterday, be- crease in population and cereal products tween the hours of 10 and 11 .\. m., the shall be continued, the.se States in 1870 elejrant steaml)oat Walk-in-thc- Wat^, Capt. will have a population of 20.032.639. with .T. Fish, arrived. —As she passed the pub- a cereal product of 1,008.557.338 bushels; lic wharf, and that owned by Mr. J. S. in 1880, a population of 30.0 48,958, with Rob}', she was cheered by hundreds of a cereal product of 1,512,821,000 bushels; the inhabitants, who had collected to wit- in 1890. a population of 55,073,437, with ness this (in these waters) truly novel and a cereal product of 2,209,231,510 bushels, grand spectacle. She came to at Wing's and in 1900 a population of 67,010,155, wharf. She left Buffalo at half-past 1 with a cereal product of 3.403,847,265. o'clock on the 23d, and arrived off Dun- "The grain trade of Buffalo for a series kirk at 35 minutes past on the same of year.s. given in this report, lias already day. On the next morning she arrived rea'ched upwards of 72,OuO,000 bushels fo'r at Erie, Capt. Fish having reduced her the year 1802. If a crop of 680,000.000 steam during the night, in order not to of bushels of cereal products, gives Buf- pass that place, where she took in a sup- falo 72.000,000 of bushels of that crop; ply of wood. At half-past 7 p. m. she left in the year 1900, with a crop of 3,403,- Erie, andcanxeti) at Clerel'ind at 1 1 o'elo<'k. 847,205 bushels of cereal products, the On Friday, at 20 minutes pa.st 6 o'clock, grain trade of Buffalo will bo upward of p. M., sailed and arrived off Sandusky

360,000,000 of bush.-ls. The calculations Bay at 1 o'clock on Wednesday ; lay at of the forty years of the future are based anchor during the night, and then pro- on the actual results of the last thirty ceeded to Venice to wood; left Venice at years. The year 1870 will give to Buffalo 3 p. M., and arrived at the mouth of the a grain trade of upwards of 107,000,000 Detroit River, where she anchored during of bushels, and if tliere shall be a propor- the night— the whole time employed in tionate increase in the grain trade of sailing, in this first voyage from Butfalo Oswigo, the present capacity of tlie New to this, being about 44 hours and 10 min- York canals will bo entirely inadequate utes; the wind ahead during nearly the to pass through them this largo amount whole passage. Not the slightest accident of grain in addition to the lar;^.* increase happened during the voyage, and all our in tlie tonnage of other commodities, Si\y- machinery worked admiraljly. iw^ nothing of the capacity that will be "Nothing eould exceed the surprise of n-^uired fur the augmented business in the sons of the forest on seeing the W'aik- 1880. 1890, and 1900." in-ihe- Wat^-r moving majestic;illy and rapidly against a strong current, without the assistance of sails or oars. They liu.d «he banks near Maiden, and expro-scJ : :

30 COMMERCB OF THE LAKES.

their astonishment by repeated shouts of elegant style ; and the manner in which * Tai-yoh nkhee.' A report had been cir- she is found, does honor to the proprie- culated among them, that a ^big canoe' tors and to her commander. A pa.ssage would soon come from the noisy waters, between this place and Buffalo is now not which, by order of the great father of the merely tolerable, but truly pleasant. To- Cho-yno-ko-mons, would be drawn through day she will make a trip to Lake St. Clair, sturgeon! Of the with a large party of ladies and gentle- the lakes and rivers by ; truth of the report they are now per- men. She will leave for Buffalo to-mor- | fectly satisfied. The cabins of this boat row, and may be expected to visit us

j are fitted up in a neat, convenient, and again next week." LAKE COMMERCE. Commcree of Buffalo.— 1 §62.

The Collector of Customs for Buffalo has furnished the following statement, showing the arrivals and clearances of American and Foreign vessels to and from Canadian ports; also, the arrivals and clearances of American vessels to and from American ports ; the tonnage of same ; and the number of men employed

American vessels : . .

FLoUU AND GRAIN. 31

CompanitiTe »t»trment of the tonnage of ih? 1863. N'orlhwe*tern Lak^•^ an

Steamers . . 143 M.ft22 t2,lIM>,800 186'i. ProiK'llers 2M 700 Totals 1.613 413,t/26 |ia,257,ir20 Sloops •i,soo ll.<>0 B»rge« Increase in nuinln r of vessels 141 Incri-Hso in tons. 29.717 ToUls 1,502 3'53,3o9 $11.!562,450 Increase in value 1,394,070

TABLE,

KxHiBiTiNr, THE TosNAOF of th« settral Lake Di9trict4 in the Vnited Stdtea, on the 30th J'un*, 1861.

DrsTRirre. St.ite, Jjikes, Ac Total T'-nna?o. Burlincrtoa Vermont Cham plain. ... $7,774 19 Champlain New York 1,791 71 O.'^wegatchie " St. Lawrence River. 7.3:;2 r.3 Cape Vincent " 6,228 70 Sicketi'a Har.)or. ... " Ontario 888 55 Oswego " 55,552 41 Gene.see " 2,981 84 Niagara •* 774 48 Buffalo " Erie 108,224 GO Dunkirk " 4,274 2«

Presque Isle ( Erie) . . Pennsylvania 7,369 09 Cuyahoga (iJleveland) Ohio 82.518 87 Sandusky *' 15.850 24 Toledo " 6.4<;8 70 Detroit Michigan Detroit River 66.887 89 ilichilimackinac .... " Huron 4.747 59

Chicago Illinois Michigan. . . 85,743 66 Milwaukee \\ isconsin 27.048 19 Minnesota Superior

Tot.ll Tonnage $500,450 90

FLOUR AND GRAIN. FLOUR AND GRAIN TRADE OF DIFFERENT CITIES COMPARED.

Buffalo as a grain trade cities with several of The importance of i grain of Lake

receiving port, will be shown by the f<»l- 1 the grain porta of Euroi>e:

lowing comparative statements of the | .. .,.. ., . . 7

32 COMMERCE OF THE LAKES.

BUFFALO. DUNKIRK. 1860. 1861. 1S62. 1860. 1861. Flour, bbls 1.122.*35 2,159,591 2,846,022 Flour, bbls 542.765 736,.529 1,095.364

6il4,.561 Wheat bush. lS,.502.t>49 27,105.219 30,43.5.831 Wheat, bush . . 500,888 112,061 Corn, bush.. 11,386.217 21,024.657 24.2S8.627 Corn, bush 644,081 230.4(H) •149,6.54 Oats, bush.. 1,209,594 1,797,905 2.624,932 Oats, bush 3,9.50

Barley, bush. 262,158 313,757 423.124 Barley, bush . 8,843 .... 10,173

Kye, bush . . 80,822 337,764 791,5&4 Rye, bush 3,225

Total grain 41,441,440 50,597,302 58,564,07 Total grain 1,153,812 842,136 271,888

CHICAGO. OGDEXSBURGH.

1860. 1861. 1862. 1860. 1861. 1862. Flour, bbls... 713,348 1,479,284 1,755,258 Flour, bbls 248,200 411,888 576,394

Wheat, bush 14,427,083 17,385.002 13,137,-533 Wheat, bush .... 565.022 677.386 689,930 Corn, bush . 1.5.202.894 26.369,989 31,145,721 Corn, bush 867.014 1,119,594 1,120,176 Oats, bush.. 2,198.889 2,067,018 3,782,422 Oats, bush 28.242 2.365 3,336 Barley, bush, 617,619 457,589 800,476 Barley, bush.... 7,105 15,1.51 15,529 Eye, bush . . 318,976 490,969 976.752 Eye, bush 3,050 3,888

Total grain 32,824,961 46,770,587 49,842,904 Total grain 1,470,433 1,818,384 1,828,974

MILWAUKEE. TOLEDO. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1860. 1861. 1862. Flonr, bbls 305,203 492,259 503,957 Flour, bbls 807,768 1,406,676 1,585,-325

Wheat, bush. .. 9,108,458 15,930,706 14,253,85:3 Wheat, bush.... 5.:341.190 6,277,407 9,827,629 Corn, bush . . . 126,404 114,931 265,128 Corn, bush 5,386,951 5,312,038 3,813,709 Oats, bush 178,963 131,2.56 289,380 Oats, bush 129,689 41,428 2:34,7.59 Barley, bush . . 109,795 66.991 141.359 Barley, bush.... 115.992 12,064 63,038 liye, bush 52,382 73.448 159.512 Eye, bush 37,7b7 31,193 44,:36S

Total grain 10,576,002 16,317,332 15,109,232 Total grain ..... 11,011,609 11,674,130 13,983,593

OSWEGO. CAPE VINCENT. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1860. 1861. 1S62. Flour, bbls 121,399 119,056 235,382 Flour, bbls 28,940 65,407 48,576

Wheat, bush 9,651,564 10,121,446 10.982,132 Wheat, bush.... 20-3,873 276,610 816,403 Corn, bush 5,019,400 4,fr42.262 4,528,962 Corn, bush 7:3,300 124.411 249,869 Oats, bush 388,416 116,384 187,284 Oats, bush 27,299 2,994 1,0.30 Barley, bush 1,326.915 1,173,551 1,050.364 Barlev, bush ... 90,614 53,877 81,265 Kye, bush 244,311 381,687 130,175 Eye, bush 20,616 23,365 762

Total grain 16,630,606 16,435,330 16,878,917 Total grain . .. 415,707 481,257 598,829

DETROIT. Summary of Receipts, 1862. 1860. 1861. Flour, bbls. Grain, bush.

Flour, bbls . 862,175 1.321,140 Buffalo 2,846,022 58..56-1.078 Chicasjo 1,755,253 49.842,904

Wheat, bush Mi 1 wau kec 503,957 15,1 09,2:32

Corn, bush . ( )swef,'o 285,382 1 6,878.91

Oats, bush . Detroit I,54;3,b76 4,2:3:3,;357 Barley, bush Dunkirk 1,095,3('4 27],S8S

Bye, bush . Opdensburgh 576,:394 1,828,974 Toledo I,.5ii6,:325 13,988,593 Total grain 2,923,M4 4,007,818 4,233,357 Cape Vincent 48,576 ; b

BRKAD8TUFF8— FISHERIEr^ — 33

The prain trade of the preat West and ; dor cuUivrttion tlie l)rou

Nortliwest is yet in its infancy. Every i wnich the industrious and enterprising year the population is augmented by euii- settlers scatter } broad-cast the seed, to bo

gration from the Eastern and Middle ; returned to them again in iield.s of waving States as well a.s from Europe. The ' grain, from which ^9iil he reaped a boun- Btrong arms of freemen are bringing un- 1 tiful harvest.

Imports of Breadstufis into Great BritaiiL

The following from the London Ti/ne-s will show the imports of breadstuffs into Great Britain for the years 1860, 1861, and 1862, ending December 31st in each year,

xiz. : 1860. 1861. 1862. Wheat, Flour, Meal, cwt 5,139,188 6.331,375 7,31 J,317

'\^Tieat, qrs. of 8 bush 5.903.175 6,966.844 9.542.362 " Corn, " • 1.885.504 3.106,595 2,751,265 " Oats, " 2,308.380 1,875,574 1,622.919 " Barley, " 2,122,016 1,407,501 1,863,683 " Rye, " 96.898 54,142 1,694 " Peas, " 3L7,548 402:933 230,132 " " Buckwheat, .... 714 6 143 » Beans, '• 440,860 564,477 479|758

Total Grain, qrs. 8 bush 13,044,471 14,377,780 16,496,956

The Timfjs says: "The accounts have FISHERIES-FISH. now been made up of the quantities of grain and Hour imported into Great Bri- In the Sandusky bay, in the Maumoe tain on the last year and preceding years ' bay and Maumee river, in the Monroe

since the introduction of free trade, and ! bay, in the Detroit river, in the St. Clair the result is remarkablo, showing an ex- river and rapids, in Lake lluron, from { traordinary increase during the pa.-;t year. I Huron to Point aux Barques, in the Au Takini? wheat and tiour alone, we And iSiible river, in Thunder bay above Au that ihe lowest year was 1835, when the Sable river, including Sup:ar Island, in quantity of wheat imported into Great Sac'inaw bay and river, in Tawas bay, Britain was only 46,530 quarters, and of between Thunder bay and Mackinac, in- flour 81.684 cwt!, while in 1862, no less cluding Hammond's bay, in and about than 9,541.362 quarters of wheat, and Mackinac at Beaver Island and its sur- 7.314,317 cwt. of flour were imp.trled into round in^.-J, between the De Tour and the the various ports of the country." S.uilt, nU»ng tlie Eastern shore of Lake The increa.se in 1862 over 1861 is 982.- Michigan, in Green bay, in Wisconsin 942 cwt. of flour, and 2,575.518 quarters and Michigan, at Presque Isle, Pa., in

of wheat. There is a decrease on Indian , Lake Superior's numerous bays and in- corn of 355,330 quarters. J lets, are found the principal fishing 3 :

34 COMMERCE OF THE LAKES. grounds of the lakes; and the annual catch ranges from 60 to 100 thousand barrels, valued at four to six hundred thousand dollars. The lake fisheries are only second to the cod fisheries off the Atlantic coast, from Cape Cod Bay to Cape Breton, and are a source of very considerable wealth. The stock here will, probably, not exceed twenty-five hundred packages

Lake Imports op Fish.

Years. Bbls. Years. Bbls. 18.54 11,752 1859 13,391 1855 7,2-41 1S60 , 26.655 1856 6.250 1S61 8,313 1857 5,290 1862 8,647 1853 ^.. 4,203

LUMBER AND STAVES.

The LuoTber and Stave trade constitu"^es a very large portion of the freight carried on the lakes and canals, and is only second to grain. The larger portion of the East- ward movement usually takes place in mid- Bummer, when low rates of transportation rule. The principal sources of supply are the States of Ohio, Indiana, Mich- igan, Canada West, and Pennsylvania, of which more than fifty per cent, is from Michigan alone. In the northern peninsula of that State, in and around Saginaw, at Port Huron, on St. Clair river, are the largest and finest lumber districts in the West and Northwest. The supply of staves is derived from Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Canada West, of which more than eighty per cent, of the receipts at Buflfalo come from the States first mentioned. The following will show the imports at Buffalo of staves and lumber from 1846 to 1862, inclusive, and the canal exports from 1849 to 1862, inclusive: —

COPPEIl LAKE SUPERIOR. 35

of man aud beast to the supposed pKoces vessels, sail and steam, that passed tlirougli of the copper deposit. Every stroke of the canal was 838, and the aggregate ton- the pick was made at a cost ten-fold more nage was 349,612 tons. In 18G1 the than in populated districts, every disaster number of vessels was 527, and the ton- delayed operations for weeks aud even nage 276,637 tons. The tolls collected on months. the canal are six cents per ton, making an The opening of the St. Mary canal, in income of $21,676 72. The trade last 18')6, has produced a wondrous change in year may be divided as follows: Iron, pig all this wilderness region. The only set- and ore. 150,000 tons; cop|)er, 9,300 tons; tlements on the south shore of the lake, general mercliandise, 8,000 tons. at the present time, are Marquette, Port- The following, showing the .shipments age Lake, Ontonagon, Copper Harbor, aud value of (.'opper shipped from Lake Eairle Harbor, Ea;:le River, and the ad- Superior from 1845 to 18G2, inclusive, will jacent mines—all else is a vast wilderness, indicate the growth and importance of the without si^'U of human habitation. Copper mining interest of Lake Superior: The Copper region is divided into the AGGREGATE SHIPMENTS OF COPPER FROSf tliree districts of Ontonagon, Keweenaw LAKE SUPERIOR FROM 1845 TO 1862. Point, and Portage Lake. Since 1845, 120 Copj)er Mining Companies have beeu organ- Ton*. U>*. Value, Shipments In 1 '^J.'i .1:300 #.'i»0 ized under the General La\^of Michigan; 1S46..... 29. - 2.(il9 more than six millions of dollars Jiave l'!47 2ii'X lOL^V) IMS &ia 2«M),4t) organization and working of these com- " KA 2.:<<»^). N ».">.( MX) panies. " ls55..... 3,i;>& 1.4;$7.iHK) " ]s.V>..... 5.726. 2. 41 Ml. I'M) Until 1860 all the Copper of the Lake l-s-^T 5.7o9. 2.ol.\tv-rf) Superior mines was smelted at Detroit, " IS-ys..... S.VJd. l.t".lit,.H)0 Cleveland, and Boston. Since which time •* 1&.V.» 6,041. l.li:}2.iH)0 " a Boston company have erected smelting K60..... 8,614. 2..V_'«i.<»O0 isfil 10.;«7. 8.1>»o.(»00 works at Portage, Lake Superior, while " lSt32 •10,000. 4,004.t) 4.70S.6 4..'— .' worked by a Canadian company. ()ijt..n:ii:<»n 2,59T.t) i{,61

Governor of Michigaix, says tliat during I when the mines were lir.st worked, grown t!ie litst year there passed through the into a trade of large proportions, the ag-

Khip canal $12,000,000 wortli of copper ' gregate value of product from IS45 to aud iron, and general merciiandise to the 1862, inclusive, beiug about $21,941,300. |

ViUuo of $10,000,000. The numl-r .! i • KstifUHlol. 36 COMMERCE OF THE LAKES.

IRON ORE AND IRON-LAKE SUPERIOR.

The connecting of the waters of Lake Superior with the waters of Lake Huron, by the construction of a ship canal three- fourths of a mile in length, around the rapids in the Sault St. Mary river, with prism and locks of sufficient capacity for passing the largest class of vessels navigating the lakes, completed very soon after the discovery and working of the iron mines, has opened an already extensive commerce in iron ore, and pig-iron manufactured near the mines, which are sixteen to eighteen miles from Marquette. These mines are about seven hundred feet above the level of the lake, and are connected with Marquette by a railroad. To show the rise and progression of this trade, we give below an interesting statement from the Marquette Journal of January 16. 1863:

THE IRON PRODUCT OP THE LAKE SUPERIOR —SHIPMENTS OP IRON ORE. IRON OHK AKD IRON SALT. 37 quite recently built a large bituminous New York canal.s. Tlie ores of Clinton. coal furnace. Oneida, are required to m\x with t!ie orO The quality of the I>ako Superior iron of Lake Superior. The East will soon is concfdod, by all wlio havo given it a obtain its supply of pig, bar, and railroad trial, to be superior to any iron in the iron from the West. world, an is shown by the following With belter and cheaper facihiios for analysis by Prof. Johnson, giving the the transportation on the Erie canal, the strength per square inch in pounds: tonnage will assume a majrnitude and im- f)ortance commensurate with the demand 8allsbnr>-. Conn., iron .VH,00() }iwe.»i.*h(».i St) .\S.i:U for this all-important mineral product. Enjflish CttM.- .'>!*.105 <.'entiv t'..nnty. Pa VJ.4i»,i»«Vi IWLOU one no 1BO.H. < Ten*. Toiu. Lancastor ' iintv. IVnn 7t>.o<>'J Common Lngliah and American So.lHH) iN%9 &:ia i&'ig i,»>y>i Lake Superior Sy,i>?'i 1^U|' 8.7iS 1M» «.Ty5 IM-.1 3..'>GS 1m;i 1,.'.GS Large quantities of iron ore are taken 1S6-2 10,0*4 l!*6i 8.4W from Marquette, Mich., to Detroit, Cleve- land, Erie, and Huron, while several thousand tons havt; annually been brought SALT. to UutTalo for smelting, or to i)as.s throujrh In the year 18»;o, there were manufac- the Erie, Soneca, and Chemung Canals to tured in the eight following named States amalgamate with the iron ores of Penn- 12.190,953 bushels of salt, of which there sylvani-i, for the manufacture of i)ig-iron. were produced 30,900 in Massachusett.%,

Two extensive establishments have been 7,521,335 bushels in New York ; 604,300 already erected in Buffalo, which can bushels in Pennsylvania, 1,744,240 bush- smelt annually from lifteen to twenty els in Ohio, 2,05G,513 bushels in Virginia, thousand tons of ore into pi-^ iron. There 69.605 buslu-ls in Kentucky, 120.000 will soon be another smelting furnace bushels in Texa.s, and 44,000 bushels in erected here, which will, probably, be in California, valued at $2,265,302. operarion before the end of the present The discovery of salines in Michigan, year. In addition to these, a large roUing at Saginaw and vicinity, in 1839, will .soon mill for roUing railroad and bar iron has add largely to the salt product. The just been completed, and is now in full East Sairinaw Salt Company, with a capi- operation. tal of lifiy thousand dollars, was or^'ani- There is in the Lake Superior iron dis- zed in April, 1859, and oj>erations were trict enough iron ore to supply the world commenced about the tirst of May in that with iron. A new era in ship and boat year, when they commenced sinking a building is near at hand. Iron vessels well, which well was completed to the will take the place of wood, when a large depth of 670 feet about the hrst of Feb- amount of iron plates and beams will be ruary, 1860. Immediately al'tor th<' com- reeration till The opening of the iron trade of Lake July, 1860, when a block of lilXy kettles Sui»erior will, in the future, have an im- was completed. This company has six portant bearing upon the trade of the blocks of kettles in operation, besides 500 :

38 COMMERCE OF THE LAKES. solar vats. There are now in operation Oswego, which latter place has always re- 5*3 blocks of kettles, in addition to which ceived, since the completion of the Oswego forty-seven lirms and companies have canal, much the larger share for the an- been organized, and many of them have nual supply of the West. wells completed, or nearly completed, The following will show the imports of and will soon have many additional salt by canal at Buffalo and Oswego for works. the years indicated The works already in operation are IMPORTS OF DOMESTIC SALT. capable of producing 870,525 bbls. an- Buffalo, Oswego, and before the first of September Years. Ib3. lbs. nually ; next, the works being constructed ^^all 1S49 39.952,000 113,184.000 1850 25.612,000 69.090.000 capacity to one and a quarter augment the 1851 30.084,000 113.742.000 milhons of barrels annually. 1852 44,316,000 102,164,000 The manufacture of salt from the 1853 59,327.474 1S54 67.587,072 16S.41 0.000 salines of the Onondaga Salt Springs was 1855 109.325,311 14-,1 10.000 commenced as early as the year 1797, 1856 60,913.373 193,664,000 which is the date of the first leases of 1857 52,228,989 142.907.755 1858 77,001.105 243,709.816 lots, and during that year 25,474 bushels 1859 112,621.028 190,262;431 of salt were manufactured. Passing over 1860 92,949.269 159,527,670 a period of ten years, to 1807, in which 1861 159.191.278 173.193,476 year there were manufactured 165,448 1862 177,620,435 228,698,389 bushels; in 1817, 448,665 bushels; What effect upon the salt manufacture in 1827, 983.410 bushels ; in 1837, and the canal commerce of this State, the 2,161,287 bushels; in 1847, 3,951,351 discovery and working pf the salines of bushels; in 1851,4,614,117 bushels; in the Saginaw Valley in Michigan will have, 1861, 7,300,000 bushels; in 1862, 9,016,- remains to be seen. The favorable ac- 013 bushels. These salines have supplied counts of the strength of these the Eastern, Middle, Western and North- newly discovered salines, and the progress western States for many years, and in a already made in the manufacture of salt, little more than half a century the pro- belief that Michigan duct has been augmented from 25,474 induce the wiU soon be a strong competitor with York in bushels in 1797, to 9,016,013 bushels in New the markets of the West for this almost 1862,' making the total product since 1797 commodity. upwards of 145,000,000 of bushels. The universally used United States government duties on foreign salt, and the adoption of a higher PETROLEUM. rate of toll than on domestic salt, have protected the manufacture to such an ex- During the last two years Petroleum tent, that foreign salt (until 1862. when the has assumed an importance in the economy rate of toll on it was reduced) was almost and material interests of the country that entirely excluded from finding a consump- is as yet but partially developed. The late- tive demand. The salt manufacture in ly discovered use of this crude commodity, New York has given employment to a that is found deposited in large reservoirs large number of our people, and has largely from five to seven hundred feet beneath augmented both the tonnage and revenue the surface of the earth, which, when of the New York canals. The outlets for tapped, flows upward to the surface in our domestic salt, going to Western States almost inexhaustible supply, is producing and Canada, is by the way of Buffalo and a revolution in the economies of the pec- PETKOLEUM. 39 pie's light. In Canada West, in the Pittsburg, destined for Philadelphia and vicinity of Sarnia, and on Oil Creok in Baltimore, 71^,658 tons, being equal t^ Pennsylvania, these supply reservoirs about 442,000 bbls. of oil have already been largely developed, and In every considerable town in the Mid- new discoveries will, probably, show a dle and Western States, there are oil re- large extent of territory where this crude fineries for manufacturing the crude Pe» commodity can be obtained. iroleum. In the Pennsylvania oil regions there This discovery ha3 left Coal Oil, Cam- are seventy-live Mowing wells, sixty-two phene, Lard and Whale Oils at a discount. wells that formerly flowed and were A cheap light of great briUiancy has been pumped, besides three hundred and tifiy- obtained for the million, and its discovery eight wells sunk and commenced, costing, and introduction into general use will, in on an average, on? thousand dollars each, a very considerable measure, affect prices equal to $495,000. In the vicinity of these of other commodities previously used for wells are twenty-five refineries for refiuing illuminating purposes, and will give ft the crude Petroleum, which, with the respite to the Whale, and bids lair to ni^vchinery and buildings, have been erected rival even coal gds in cheftpuess and illu- at a cost of about $500,000. The daily minating power. product of the Pennsylvania wells is The refining of crude Petroleum haa about 4,400 barrels. already obtained a very considerable miig- Some of the Mowing wells of this oil nitudo in Buttalo. Some eleven refineries district have produced as high as from have been erected in this city within the two to seven hundred barrels of crude oil last two years, in which $125,000 to daily. $130,000 in capital has been invested, There are in Canada "West thirty-seven giving employment to upwards of a hun- firms engaged in refining the crude Petro- dred persons, having a capacity to refine leum produced near Sarnia, with a week- 75,000 to 80,000 barrels of the crude oil ly product of about 2,200 bbls. of refined annually. oil from seventy-three stills, which will In all the busy marts of trade, in every give an annual product of refined oil, if considerable town in the Eastern, and run to their full capacity, of 32,120,000 Middle, and Western States, the odorous gallons. The annual product of the Petroleum meets the olfactories of the Pennsylvania oil regions, at about 4,400 passers-by. barrels daily, will be about 53,400,000 What the results of this important dis- gallons. covery will be during the next ten years remains to be seen. If the supply is in- Export of Petrolecm in 1862. FuKEiGN exhaustible, and the developments of the From Gallons.- Value. past two years are any criterion for the Niw Vork 6.7sl.:.t« $2,037,413 future, the half has not been told of its l'hila.lclphia •A6o7.:ii:i 627,57.% It already H.,^-,,11 ';'.»1.G15 4.J7.S.VJ importau<^ to the world. has <-.in;i(la 1.279.itO0 25.%S>(ii> become an important article in foreign and domestic commerce. The foreign ToUls 11.501,331 $3,2*0,W7 export is already counted by millions, and The exports from the port of New York in its distribution supi)lies nearly all the in 18GI, were only 1,112,250 gallons. important countries of Europe, Australia, There were carried Eastward from the and other places in the East Indies, Cali- Poun.sylvania oil regions in 1862, over fornia, some of the South American the Pennsylvania Central railroad, from States, and the Islands of the Pacific. :

40 COMMERCE OF THE LAKES.

CANAL COMMERCE.

The construction of the Erie Canal was size to pass boats drawing 3|- feet of commenced in the year 1817, and the water, 14 feet beam by 80 feet long. waters of Lake Erie were united with the The original cost of the first structure waters of the Hudson river on the 26th was $9,027,456. of October, 1826, The first revenue from In 1835 the LegislalTire passed an act the Oswego canal was received in 1828. providing for its enlargement. Under This work was at first suggested as early this and other acts, the prism of the canal as 1816, by a memorial from the city of has been increased so as to be 70 feet on New York to the Legislature. As early the surface, 42 feet on the bottom, and 7 as 1724, Cadwallader Golden, then Sur- feet in depth, with locks 110 feet long by veyor-General of the province of New 18 feet wide, passing boats ^%h feet long Tork, described the route as practical to by 17^ feet beam, drawing 5 feet 10 inch- Lakes Cliamplain and Ontario. es to 6 feet of water. The Erie Canal is one of the largest There are now 71 locks on the Erie and most important canals in the world. canal between Buflfalo and Albany, and 18 Notwiifestanding the contracted scale of locks on the Oswego canal between Syra- the first structure, the predictions of its cuse and Oswego. projector, DeWitt Chnton, have been more The enlargement is now completed after than verified. the plan adopted in 1835, with some modi- This work was urged by Gov. DeWitt fications, at an additional cost of about Chnton in 1791, and in 1792 by General fifty millions of doUars. Schuyler; by Surveyor-General DeWitt Connecting with the main trunk of the in 1808, and at every meeting of the Erie canal are the Champlain, 64 miles

Legislature till 1817, when the work was long ; the Chenango, 98 miles ; the Black commenced. In 1810 Governeur Morris, River, 103 miles; the Chemung canal; Stephen Van Rensselaer, De Witt Clinton, the Genesee Valley canal, besides sever- Peter B. Porter, and others, were, by al other connecting links, making, with joint resolution of the Legislature, ap- the Erie and Oswego canals, a total of pointed as Commissioners for exploring 1,028 miles of canal, including 100 miles the route from the Hudson river to Lakes of slack water navigation connected by Ontario and Erie. canals, within and belonging to the State In 1812 these Commissioners, in their of New York. report to the Legislature, estimated that, in 1832, there would be 250,000 tons brought down the canals, which estimate Cost and Revenues of the New York fell very considerably short of the amount Canals. carried on the canals during thtfflyear. This work is 352 miles in length, from The State Auditor, in his report to the Buflfalo to Albany, and 345 miles from Legislature in 1863, makes a balance sheet, Buffalo to Troy. The rise and fall from from which the following summary of the Lake Erie to the Hudson is 692 feet. revenue from all sources, from 1817 to The prism was originally 40 feet wide at and including September 30th, 1862, and the surface, and 28 feet at tlic bottom, the disbursements for all purposes for the and four feet deep, with locks of sullicieut same period, has been made, viz. .

CANAL . COMMERCE. 41

Receipts.

Gross canal tolls $81,088,958 45 Diiv«*t taxes on the peoi>le 8,80(1,381 94 In«iiri-vt laxcs, viz: Auc..lufsf},:)Jh2,t)ii!)05 Salt duties 2,0&Q),4:>S 06 Tax OQ St'mboat

6,721,00710 General Fa ml fur Dc- ttciencies l,3Sfi,49S 8S Sali'S caual lands, U'iO,olS 15 lnt«\"St on Stivtst- inents and deposits S.T_';1417 12 Pr«>iuiuui« on louns. i..">4..V.U 23 Rents, surplus w't'a. by.421 74 Eltnira and Chctnung Canal Feeder 290.0&7 66 Mlsctllaneoas sources l,Wl>,TU9 88 -$101,791,104 65

Disbursements.

Prems. on purchase of stocks, comml9.,JiiC |.3r»G,T99 79 Intin-st on loans 81,bJl,4(.»8 12 Con iractors.ColU-c'tora, Weitrhm:i8tora,&c.. 22,5

Balance due f 19.M9,52S 42 Kcceivcd from General Fund. l,3a6,4yb JvS

Cana] debt unpaid and uoproTidcd for $20,936,027 30

The magnitude of the trade and tonnage of the New York Canals will be Bliown by the following exhibit, giving the tonnage and revenue in each year from 1820 to 1862, inclusive:

Toll, all Toll rec'd Tonnage. N. Y. CIS. at Buffal 1820 $5,244 ls21 lb22 W,072 1923 19<).6:» 42 COMMERCE OF THE LAKES.

There are other commercial interests of Mississippi River, terminating at Chicago, great magnitude not mentioned in the Illinois, and other internal improvements. above extracts from the Report of the A railroad route from the Upper Missis- Trade and Commerce of BuSalo, of which sippi, commencing near St. Paul, Minne- we might enumerate different kinds of sota, has been surveyed, and wiU, no grain, beef, pork, butter, cheese, ^vhiskej, doubt, terminate at Superior City, or Bay- alcohol, hides and leather, coal, wool, field, favorably situated on the South potatoes, fruit, &c. Shore of Lake Superior. The trade with Canada, and with for- The incalculable advantages of this lat- eign ports, passing through the Welland ter communication, to Lake Commerce, Canal, and down the St. Lawrence River can only be realized when fully completed to the Atlantic, is of great and growing —thus draining Northern Iowa, Minneso- importance—destined, no doubt, to in- ta, and Dacota's of their rich agricultural crease immensely on the opening of the products-v-all of which will flow eastward proposed Ship Canal, to connect with the to the Atlantic, and European markets.

TRADE AND COMMERCE OF CHICAGO.

Extract from the Report of the Committee on Statistics, 1863.

As an evidence of the increase of agri- of cultivation, your Committee would di- [ cultural products since 1859, consequent rect attention to the provision trade oT on improved crops and an enlarged \ area j Chicago for the last four years.

TABLE, SHOWING THE RECEIPTS AT CHICAGO OP THE ARTICLES NAMED FOR THE TEARS 1859-'62. ARTICLES. .

TRADB AND COMMER E OF CHICAf;0. 43

over 3.000 milea in a direct lino to the countries f.-om New Orleans and New market-; of the world —these consider- York respectively, as follows: ations have been sulTicieutly powerful to From From divert the great How of animal and vcg- ^^'^ ^'''1'''*"*' _ ^'T'"A"''^;" etable food from the South to the East. Whoat," bu.sljels. 2,165) Wlu-at Flour, barrels. ... Up to 18G0. the West found a local mar- Indian 0»rn, bu.'^ht'ls,. . ket for an inconsiderable portion of her Indi.m Moal, barrels. ... breadstuff's and provisions in the South; Pork. barril». ''"^'""^ but after supplving this local demand, the "'""^ =^"** I'"""'** j amount which was e.^ported from New The total receipts of gram of all kmds, 44 COMMERCE OF THE LAKES.

SHIPMENTS OF CEREALS FEOM FOLTB LAKE POETS, IN 1862.

Places. Flonr. "WTieat. Corn. Other Grain. bbls. bush. bush. bu!?b. Chicago 1,739.849 13.808.898 29,452.(J10 4,51G.35'7 Milwaukee 711.405 14.915.fi80 9,489 250,292 Toledo* 1,261,291 9,314.491 3,781,634 Detroit-I- 998,535 3.278.033 310.618 122,109

Totals 4,711,080 41,317,102 33,554,351 4,883,758 Grand Total—(Flour reduced to bushels) 103,315,611

The mining population of Lake Superior per cent, of all the flour, more than eighty absorb not less than 150,000 bushels of per cent, of all the wheat, and more than cereals, which do not appear in the above seventj^-five per cent, of the cereals of all tables, and which will account for the dis- kinds ; while Chicago and Toledo together crepancies between the amounts shipped furnish more corn than finds ita from the initial points, and the amounts way eastward through all these ave- forwarded from the secondary points. nues, and Chicago alone contributes more These tables are illustrative, as showing than forty per cent, of the whole gross that, in this great grain-movement, the product. four lake ports furnish more than fifty STATEMENT, Showing the Capacity of our Warehoiises for Handling and Storing Grain in Chicago. ELEVATING WAEE1IOU3E3. ""^^f ^^^^^^^^ s^piJ^day. bush. bush. bush. Sturges, Buckingham & Co., A 700.000 65,000 225,000 " " B 700.000 65,000 225.000 Flint & Thompson 160.000 25.000 50^000 " R. I. R. R 700.000 55,000 200.000

Charles Wheeler & Co., Gr. & C. U. R. R.. . . 500,000 50,000 125,000 Munger & Armour 600,000 50,000 100,000 Hiram Wheeler 450,000 60,000 150,000 Munn & Scott 200,000 30,000 75,000 0. Lunt & Brother 80,000 30,000 40.000 Ford & Norton lOOJOOO 40,000 45,000 George Sturges & Co., Fulton Elevator 100^000 25,000 50,000 Walker, Washburn & Co 75,000 30,000 60,000 Albert, Sturges & Company 700,000 65.000 225,000 Armour, Dole & Co 850,000 85,000 225,000 Munn & Scott (new house) 600,000 55,000 200,000 L. Newberry & Co 300,000 40,000 100,000 Flint & Thompson (new house) 1.000.000 90,000 530.000 Armour, Dole & Co. " 800,000 90,000 230.000

Total Capacity of Warehouses 8,615,000 950,000 2,555,000 * Amount received from Chicago deducted. t Amount received from Chicago and Milwaukee deducted. TUAUE AND COMMKBCE OF CHICAGO. 45

PORK AND BEEF PACKING.

The progress which has been made in Pork Packiug in Chicago during the past two rears, is probably without a parallel in the history of auj other citj in the United States. During the past rear there have been erected aJong the River seven large Tork and Beef houses, all of which have been constructed on the most approved plans. Besides these, there have been built a large number of s.Ttialler structures, of more or lesa permaueuce; all of which, with the temporary occupation of stores, outhouse.s. 4c, give great ad(^itional facilities in the extension of this tjusiness. As the Rea.st)n is not yet closed,* we can only judge of the packiug for 1862-'3, by the number cut from the commencement of the season, till January 1, which foots up 539,216, against 229,850, packed during the same {>eriod in 1861 —an increase, thus far, of .309,366. During the past two 8ea.<'ons, a large proportion of the Hogs cut have been made into English Middles, for the Liver- j)Ool and J^ondon markets. In the early part of this season, nearly every packiug hou.se in the city was engaged in this branch of the business. Tiie favor with wliich Chicago brands have been received in the leading markets of England, war- rants us in the belief that the trade will be one of permanence.

TABLE SkofdAg Ok* nwmber o( Hogs Rec«if>ed and Fortcnrd^l furJit« ye<.irt.

EBCEIVXD.

»*'« Live. Dressed. Totau 41C.-.'25 124,-2(U M4Ur)C , l!vS671 M>..'»:« '2Tl.-.">4: l^i.U^ 107.715 SO-J.-Mi l&Oi Mll.(«9 l>rt,S4a 67.'..»(»tJ.

l^fii U10,a7l 287,aj» i^'iA^&ao I TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES,

Giving a Descriptiou of Cities, To\rns, &c.

ing "West. The harbor of Buffalo ;=:^^ is the most capacious, and really the easiest and safest of access on our inland waters. Improve- ments are annually made by dredging, by the construction of E% new piers, wharves, warehouses, p- and elevators, which extend its .facilities, and render the dischai^e i^y and trans-shipment of cargoes

^' more rapid and convenient ; and in this latter respect it is without qual. Buffalo, " Queen OiTY of the Lakes," Buffalo was first settled by the whites possessing commanding advantages, being in 1801. In 1832 it was chartered as a 22 miles above Niagara Falls, is distant city, being now governed by a mayor, re- from Albany 298 miles by railroad, and corder, and board of twenty-six aldermen. about 350 miles by the line of the Erie Its population in 1830, according to the Canal: in N. lat. 42^ 53', W. long. TS*^ 55' United States Census, was 8.668; in 1840, from Greenwich. It is favorably situated 18,213; and in 1850, 42,261. Since the for commerce at the head of Niagara River, Jatter period the limits of the city have the outlet of Lake Erie, and at the foot been enlarged by taking in the town of

of the great chain of Upper Lakes, and is Black Rock ; it is now divided into thir- the point where the vast trade of these teen wards, and, according to the Census inland seas is concentrated. The harbor, of 1860, contained 81,130 inhabitants, be- formed of Buffalo Creek, lies nearly east ing now the third city in point of size in and west across the southern part of the the State of New York. The public build- city, and is separated from the waters of ings are numerous, and many of them fine

Lake Erie by a peninsula between the specimens of architecture ; while the pri- creek and lake. This harbor is a very vate buildings, particularly those for busi- secure one, and is of such capacity, that ness purposes, are of the most durable although steamboats, ships, and other construction and modern style. The man- lake craft, and canal-boats, to the number, ufacturing establishments, including sev- in all, of from three to four hundred, have eral extensive ship-yards for the building . Eometimes been assembled there for the and repairing of lake craft, are also numer- transaction of the business of the lakes, ous, and cofiducted on a large scale, pro- yet not one-half part of the water accom- ducing manufactured articles for the modations has ever yet been occupied by American and Canadian markets. the vast business of the great and grow- The principal public buildings are an BUFFALO TO DETROIT NORTH SlIOIiK UOITK. 41

U. States Custom-irouso and Post-OfTico; different port."* on Lnko Erie and the Up- City Hall: Cuurt-Houso and Jail; 2 Thea- |)er Lakes seven dillerent Lines of I'ro- tres, and fiO Churche.'* of difierent denom- j)ellers, annually transporting an inunense inations. Here are also 8 bunking houses, amount of merchdndiso and produce, 4 Savinj^s liauks, and several Fire and which finds its exit eastward by means of

Marine Insurance Companies. I the Krie Canal, and the several Railroad The Lines of Steamers and liailroads Lines. divergiiiif from Buffalo tend to make it one ' "The climate of Buffalo is, without of the greatest thoroughfares in the Un- doubt, of a more even temperature than ion. Steamers and propellers run to Cleve- any other city in the same parallel of lati- land, Siiuduskv, Toledo, Detroit, Mjukinao, , tude from the Mississippi to the Atlantic Saut Ste. Marie, LJreeu liay, Milwaukee, coa^t. ()bservations have shown that the ic. Chicago, 1 thermometer never ranges as low in winter, nor as high in .>-ummer, a.s at points in R.A.1LR0ADS RL'KVI.SV, FROM BrKFALO. I Massachusetts, ! the eastern and central 1. Xew York Cenlrai, to Albany and portions of this State, the northern ami Troy, 293 miles. southern shores of l>ake Erie in Michigan, 2. liujjalOy Niagara Falls, and Lewiston^ Northern Illinois, and Wiscjusin. The 23 mile.s. winters are not as keen, nor the summers, 3. liufalo, Xisw York, and Erie, to the cooled by the breezes from the lake, aa dty of Xew York, -i'M miles. sultry ; and in a siinitary |)oint of view, 4. Lake Shore liailroud, to Cleveland, it is probably one of the healthiest cities Ohio, 18:i miles. in the world. 5. Buffido and Lake Huron Raitwaii, '• Loudon, usually considered the health- ICl miles. iest of cities, has a ratio of one death in 6. Grent Western (Canada) Raihray forty inhabitants. The ratio of Buffalo is

(Sus. Bridge to Detroit, Mich.). 2:50 mil.-s. : one in tifty-six. The favorable situation There are al.<:o four lines of City Rail- of the city for drainage, and for a sui)ply

I roads running to different points within of pure water; its broad, well-paved

I the limits of Buff'alo. streets, lined with shrubl»ery aad shade-

The principal Hotels are the American, I trees; its comparatively mild winters; its St. and James Hot-l, and Mansion Uuuse, cool summers ; its pleasant drives and j on Main street; Bonner/ s Hotel, on Wash- picturesque suburbs, and its proximity to I in;^t< -n street, and the United States, facing the '/J/^.!.-,' combine to render it one of the Terrace. the most desirable residences on the con-

There are now running from Buffalo to i tinent."

BUFFALO TO DETROIT-NORTH SHORE ROUTE.

On leaving the wliarf at Buffalo, the is a long strip of land, nearly 20 miles '^* nicrs usually run direct for Long long, and from one to three miles in width, I on the Canada, or North Shore of covered for the most part with a stunted --• Erie, proceeding for most of the I growth of forest trees. It was formerly distance in British waters, to the mouth a peninsula, running out from the laud of Detroit River. in an easterly direction, nearly half way LoNO I'oi.NT, 65 miles from Buffalo, across the lake; but the waters having 48 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. made a wide breach across its western shore is more or less tinged with muddy extremity, has converted it into an island. water, proceeding from the streams empty- There is an important light-house on the ing into the lake. east end to guide the 'mariner on his pas- Port Burwell, C. W., about 35 miles sage through Lake Erie, here about 40 west of Long Point, is handsomely situ- miles wide, and where is found the great- ated at the mouth of Otter Creek. Here est depth of water. To this Point both is a hght-house and good harbor. A shores of the lake can be seen in a clear large amount of lumber and other pro- morning from the deck of the steamer, ducts are annually exported from this affording a most grand sight when the place to Eastern markets. sun rises on a cloudless day. Then may Port Stanley, about 25 miles far- usually be seen a fleet of vessels wending ther west, is handsomely situated at the their way toward Buffalo or the mouth of mouth of Kettle Creek, being in part stir- j the Welland Canal, through which chan- rounded by high and picturesque hills in nel annually passes a great number of the immediate vicinity. The harbor is stseam propellers and saU vessels on their well protected, and much frequented by way to Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence British and American vessels running on River. Lake Erie. It is nine miles south of St. Port CoLBOR^^;, C. W., situated about Thomas, and twenty-four from London, 20 miles west of Buffalo, lies at the mouth the chief town of the county of Middle- of the Welland Canal, while sex, for which place it may be considered Port Maitland, some 20 miles far- the out-port. A plank-road runs between ther, is situated at the mouth of Grand the \^o places; also, the London ana River, where is a navigable feeder com- Port Stanley Railroad, connecting with municating with the canal, thus- affording the Great Western Railway of Canada. two entrances to the above canal. Steamers run from Port Stanley to Buf- Port Dover, about 70 miles west of falo, Cleveland, and other ports on Lake Buffalo, and 40 miles distant from Ham- Erie. ilton by proposed railroad route, is situated Poixt aux Pixs, or Rond' Eau (usually on the north shore of Lake Erie, at the called by the American navigators Pound mouth of the river Lynn. Here is a good O), about 100 miles west of Long Point, harbor, and the village is a place of grow- is a cape which projects from the Canada ing importance, containing about 1,000 shore, enclosing a natural basin of about inhabitants. 6,000 acres in extent, with a depth of Port Ryerse and Port Rowan are from ten to twelve feet, thus forming an small villages on the Canada shore, situ- excellent and secure harbor, the entrance ated on the bay formed by Long Point. to which has been improved by the Cana- piers, Inland there is to be found a rich and dian government by running out ship fine farming district, consisting of some etc. It is proposed to construct a of the best lands in Canada West. canal from this port to the St. Clair River, avoid- The Sand Hills, immediately west of a distance of about 35 miles, thus Long Point, are seen for some distance ing the St. Clair Flats. Another Canadian as the steamer pursues her onward course project is to construct a canal from Gode- toward Point aux Pins, passing through rich to Hamilton, C. W., about 120 miles the widest part of the lake, where both in length. miles shores are lost sight of for a number of Point Pelee, l}ang about 40 River, pro- miles. The water usually presents a clear east of the mouth of Detroit green color in the middle, but near the jects a number of miles into Lake Erie, DETROIT RIVER BUFFALO TO UKTKOIT NOiHlI MiOKK KoLlE. 49 and forms, in connection with the island may here bo seen, surrounded by highly of Point PeK'6 and other i.-*lands in the cultivated grounds. About a mile below vicinity, the most picturesquo portion of the town is a chalybeate spring, which la lake scenery to be met with on this in- said to resemble the waters of Chelten- land sea. ham, in England. British and American Point Pel6b Island, belonging to vessels freipiently land at Amherstburg, Canada, is about seven miles long, and on their trips to and from tho Upper two or three miles in width. It is'^i- Lakes. habited by a few settlers. The island is Fort Maldek, capable of accommo- said to abound with rod cedar, and pos- dating a regiment of troops, is situated sesses a tine lirae-stono quarry. A light- about half a mile above Amherstburg, house is situated on the east side. on the east bank of the river, the channel The steamers bound for Detroit River of which it here commands. usually pass to the north side of Point At Browxstow.v, situated on the Pel<'e Island, and run across Pi'juon Riy opposite side of the river, in Michigan, is toward 3ir Point, situated at the mouth the battle-'j round where the Americans, of Detroit River. Several small islands under disadvantageous circumstaneos, and are passed on the south, called ElisI Sifter, with a slight loss, routed tho British MidLUe S'Mer, and U'e-sf Sister; also, in forces, which lay in ambush, as the former the distance, may be seen the Bass were on their way to relieve the fort at Ii?LANDS, known as the "North Bass," Frenchtown, which event occurred August ''Middle Bass," and ''South Bass." On 5, 1812. the west side of the latter lies the secure Sandwich, C. W., is beautifull- sit- harbor of Plt-ix-Bay, celebrated as the uated on the river, two miles below rendezvous of Com. Perry's fleet, before Detroit, and nine miles below Lake St. and afier the glorious naval victory which Clair. It stands on a gently sloping bank he achieved over the British fleet, Sep- a short distance from tho river, which is tember 10th, 1813. here about a mile wide. This is one of Detroit Rivkr, forming one of the the oldest settlements in Canada West. links between the Upper and Lower Lakes, The town contains 3,133 inhabitants. is next approached, near the mouth of Windsor, C. W., situated in the which may be seen a light on the Michi- township of Sandwieh, is a village direct- gan shore called Gihraltiir Li'jht. and an- ly opposite Detroit, with which it is con- otlier light on an island attached to Can- nected by three steam ferries. It was a^ the steamers usually entering the laid out in 1834, and is now a place of river through the east or British Gkaniid considerable business, having a population of the river, although vessels often pass of about 2.500 inhabitants. Here ter- through tlie west or Ani^rican Channel. minates the Grc'U Wt-it^-ru liudway of Amiif.rstburoh, C. W., 18 miles Canada, which extends from Niagara Falls below Detroit, is an old and important or Suspension Bridge, via Hamilton and town. The situation is good; the banks London, to opposite Detroit—thus forming of the river, both above and below the an important link in tho great line of village, but particularly the latter, where railroads, now linished, running from the the river emerges into Lake Erie, are very seaboard at ditlereut points to the Missis- Rivera. beautiful : several handsome residences sippi and Missouri ^

RAIJLROAO ROUTE from Niagara Falls to Hamilton and I>ctroit, via Great 'Western Railway of Canada.

This great International Line, extend- Suspension Bridge, is a thriving village ing from Niagara River to Detroit River, about one mile from the station. opposite the city of Detroit, a distance of Grimsby, 5 miles farther, is situated 229 miles, passes through a fine and in- on' Forty-mile Creek, the scene of some teresting section of country, equal in hard fighting during the war of 1812. It

many respects to Western New York. is a small village of 350 inhabitants ; there It connects with the New York Central are two churches, a hotel, and several

and Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroad, stores ; also, a grist and saw mills prO' forming a great through route of travel. pelled by water-power. Starting from the Suspension Bridge at Hamilton, 43 miles from Suspen- Clifton, two miles below the Falls of Ni- sion Bridge, is the principal station on the agara, the passenger train soon reaches line of the Great Western Railway, where the verge of the mountain ridge over- are located the principal offices and work- looking the plain below, while in the dis- shops connected with the company. Here tance may be seen the broad waters of is a commodious depot and steamboat land- Lake Ontario, usually studded with sail ing. Carriages and omnibuses are always vessels and propellers on their way to or in readiness to convey passengers to the from the mouth of the "Welland Canal. hotels in the city, and steamboat landings. " Traced like a map, the landscape lies The Toronto Branch of the Great West- In cultured beauty stretching wide." ern Railway commences at Hamilton, and Thorold, nine miles, is situated on extends a distance of thirty-eight miles to the line of the "Welland Canal, where is the city of Toronto, running near the shore abundant water-power propelhng five of Lake Ontario. or six flouring mills. A railroad ex- On leaving Hamilton for Windsor or tends to Port Dalhousie, some five or six Detroit, the road passes near the mansion miles distant, connecting with a steamer of the late Sir Allan M'Nab, and over the running to Toronto. This road will be Des Jardines Canal, entering the head of extended to Port Colbourne, on Lake Burlington Bay. Here is also a Suspen- Erie, about twenty miles distant. sion Bridge in sight, thrown oveir the St. Catherines, 12 miles from the stream as it cuts its way through the high Suspension Bridge, is a flourishing town, bank which encircles the bay or lake. also situated on the line of the Welland This point presents a beautiful view, both Canal, which connects Erie and Ontario. on leaving or arriving at the head-waters This has become of late a fashionable of Lake Ontario, place of resort during the summer months, DuNDAS, five miles from Hamilton, caused by the mineral waters of the " Ar- is situated on rising ground on the side tesian Wells'^ obtaining great celebrity, of the mountain, and is a thriving manu- owing to their curative properties. Here facturing place, having the advantage of are several well-kept hotels for the accom- a stream which flows, or rather ruslies, modation of visitors. St. Catherines is with great impetuosity through its centre, justly termed "i/ie Saratoga of Canada,^ working on its way numerous mills. The being annually visited by thousands of Des Jardines Canal runs from hence to invalids and pleasure-seekers. Burlington Bay, enabling the manuliic- their at their own doors. Beamsville, 22 miles from the I turers to ship goods —

BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS TO DETROIT. 51

nARRrsBUROH, 19 miles from ITain- Bridge, and 110 miles from Windsor, if I ilton. is the station of the (Jolt Branch of not, like her English namesake, the (Ireiit Western Railway. Paris, with the Upper and Lower The prcit resort Of all Ih.' ciirth—c-h.ok.TiM| with all .'5. inhabitants; Town, contains about 500 Cutnplfxions of inuukind so ciilloil from its contiguity to beds of pypjiuna or pla^iter of Paris. It posses.ses Ls nevertheless a very stirring business a considerable amount of water-power, place, and presents another inst ince of the which works numerous mills. There are energy aud enterprise of the Canad ans. two foundries, a tannery, machine-shop, Ten years ago, this then very small vil- distillery, saw-mill, etc. The Buffalo and lage of wooden hou.ses wa.s entirely fyitke Huron Railway intersects the (.Jreat burned down, and now on its ashes is We.stern at this point, running to Gode- raised a moat fiourishing city, containing rich. on Lake Huron. four banks, several wholesale houses, fif- Woods rocK, 4S miles from TTam- teen churches, many of them handsome ilton, and 138 miles from Windsor, is a structures, and the English Church hav- county town, well situated on rolling ing a fine peal of bells; life and fire-in- ground, and contains about 4,500 inhab- surances otficee. breweries and distilleries. itants. It may be called a town of mag- It has three newspapers and several good nirtc«-'nt distances; East and West Wood- hotels. Population nearly IS.OOO. It is stock forming a street upward of a mile well watered by the river Thames, which, in length. The vacant spaces, however, however, is only navigable up to Chatham, are fast being filled up with stately edi- sixty miles distant. fices, and it will thus in a short time be- The London and Port Stanley R. R. here come one of the handsomest thorougli- joins tho Great Western Railway; length fares in Canada. In this locality, noted 24 miles, running south to Lake Erie. for its handsome country seats —and Chatuam, 46 miles from Windsor, indeed all the way from Hamilton—the situated on the river Tliames, possesses land, as seen from the road (the railroad the great advantage uf a navigation, and for the most part passes throujrh a new is therefore a place of considerable busi- country), is rolling and well cleared of ness. It contains eight churches; and trees and stumps, presenting more the being the county town of Kent, it has a appearance of "merrie England" than court-house, a very handsome building, any other section of the Province. several grist aud saw mills, woollen factory, IXGER-SOLL, nine miles farther, for- two fouudries, machine-shop, etc. Steam- merly an Indian village, now contains ers ply between Chatham, Detroit, and about 2.000 inhabitants. A small arm Amherstburg. Population about 5,000. of tlie Th.imes runs through it, and fur- Windsor, 229 miles from Suspension nishes some water-power, by which sev- Bridge, opposite Detroit, prettily situated eral mills are worked. iSince the opening on the banks of the river, is a place

BUFFALO TO GODERICH, C. W., via BUFFALO AND LAKE HURON RAILWAY.

This important line of travel extends situated on Grand River, and named after from BuflFalo, N. Y., crossing Niagara Brant, the renowned chief of the Six Na- River by means of a steam ferry at Black tions Indians, who, with his tribe, steadily Rock to Fort Erie, on the Canada side. supported the British Crown during the It is proposed to construct a permanent American War. "In ^Gertrude of Wyo- railroad bridge of about one mile in ming^ he is alluded to in disparaging length, a short distance above the present terms ferry. From Fort Erie the line of the 'The mammoth comes—the fiend, the monster railway extends westward within a short Brant.^ distance of Lake Erie for forty miles, to But some years afterward Campbell was Dunville, situated at the mouth of Grand obliged to apologize to Brant's son, who visit as it appeared, River, crossing the Welland CanaL J happened to London; From DunvUle the road runs along the Ion satisfactory evidence, his father was present at the horrible desolation valley of the river on the*north side to I not even Brantford, 38 miles farther, and from of Wyoming. This much is due to the thence extends westward to Paris, where memory of Brant, who was a brave war- it connects with the Great Western Rail- rior and a steadfast ally of the British, way of Canada. The line thence runs to and always exerted himself to mitigate Stratford, C. W., where it connects with the horrors of war." the Grand Trunk Railway, a total distance Brantford, until the opening of the from Buflfalo of 116 miles. From this Great Western Railway, was a great whea^ point the road is now completed and in market, the streets being crowded with running order to Goderich, situated on hundreds of wagons daily ; but that road Lake Huron, a total distance of 163 miles. created other markets, and to this extent Dunville is advantageously situated the town has suffered. It has, however, on the Grand River, at a point where it other sources of prosperity. There is no is intersected by the feeder of the Wel- place in the Province which commands land Canal. It is a place of considerable such extensive water-power, and which. business, and contains several grist, saw, is made available for the working of nu- and plaster mills, and a tannery. Popu- merous mills. The iron foundries, ma- lation about 1,500. chine shops, and potteries are on a large The Wdland Canal is one of the many scale, and have caused the place to be re- works of the same kind of which Cana- garded as the Birmingham of Canada. It dians may be proud. This Canal aflbrds has a goodly number of churches of vari- a passage for propellers, sloops, and ous denominations, and one of the largest schooners of 125 tons burden, around the and handsomest hotels in the Province Falls of Niagara, and connects Lake Erie "The Kirby House." Population about with Lake Ontario. It is 42 miles long, 6,000. including feeder, 56 feet wide, and from Str.\tford is a new and thriving 8|- to 16 feet deep. The whole descent town, favorably situated on the line of the from one lake to the other is 334 feet, Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. This which is accomplished by 87 locks. section of Canada enjoys a good climate

Brantford, 78 miles from , Buffalo, and fertile soil, producing cereal grains in and 82 miles from Goderich, is beautifully great abundance. —

TADLE OF DISTANCES—SOUTH SHORK ROUTE. 53

Godericli, C. ^V., 163 miles dis- rapidly increasing in numbers and wealth- tant from Huffalo, by railroad route, is ad- Steamers run daily from this port to Sar- vaulageously situated on the east shore nia, Detroit. Saginaw, and other ports on of Lake Huron, enjoying a healthy and Lake Huron. A line of proi)ellers, car- delightful climate. Ilere is a good and rying passengers and freight, also run secure harbor, being easily accessible to from Goderich to Mackinac* Milwaukee, the largest steamers and sail vessels nav- Chicago, etc. —connecting with the Buf- igating the Upper Lakes, Here is erected falo and Lake Huron Railway—thus an extensive railroad depot, warehouses, forming a through line of travel from grain elevator, and wharves, owned bv Buflalo to the above ports. the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway Tliere are several other ports of im- company. The town is beautifully situ- portance lying north of Goderich, on the ated on elevated ground, rising about 150 Canada s\de of the lake, from whence feet above the waters of Lake Huron, .steamers run to and fro almost daily, here celebrated for their purity. The pop- during the seaaou of navigation. * ulation amounts to about 5,000, and is

TABLE OF OISTAXCKS.

FROM BUFFALO TO TOLEDO SOUTH SHORE ROUTE.

Porta, etc. Miks. Ports, etc. Miles. Buffalo. X. Y Toledo, Ohio Silver Creek, N. Y 34 Maumce Bay 7 " Dunkirk, 42 Turtle Island 10 " Portland, 52 West Sister Island 22 Erie, Pa 90 South Bass Island 40 Couneaut, Ohio 117 Sandusky. Ohio 40 A.ehtabula, " 131 Kelley's Island 45 Painesville, '* 156 Cleveland, Ohio 100 " Clevelan

Note. —The direct through route as run by the steamers from Buffalo to Toledo ia about 250 miles; the circuit of Lake Erie being about 660 miles. BUFFALO TO CLEVELAND, TOLEDO, ETC —SOUTH SHORE ROUTE.

Steamers •and propellers of a large ' anchorage and port of refuge this harbor is class leave Buflfalo dailj, during the | is extremely valuable, and much resort- season of navigation, for the difierent ed to for that purpose by steamers and ports on the American or South Shore of sail vessels during the prevalence of Lake Erie, connecting with railroad cars storms. at Cleveland, Sandusky, Toledo, and De- The village was incorporated in 1837, troit. and now contains about 4,000 inhabitants, On leaving Buffalo harbor, which is 500 dwelling-houses, five churches, a formed by the mouth of Buffalo Creek, bank, three hotels, and 20 stores of differ- where is erected a breakwater by the ent kinds, besides several extensive store- United States government, a fine view is houses and manufacturing estabhshments. aiibrded of the city of Buffalo, the Canada The Buffalo and State Line Railroad, ex- shore, and Lake Erie stretching off in the tending to Erie, Pa., runs tlirough Dun- distance, with here and there a steamer kirk, forming in part the Lake Shore line or sail vessel in sight. As the steamer of railroad, wliich, in connection with the proceeds westward through the middle of railroad leading direct to the city of New the lake, the landscape fades in the dis- York, affords great advantages to this tance, until nothing is visible but a broad locality, which is no doubt destined to in- expanse of green waters. crease with the growing trade of the lake Sturgeok Point, 20 miles from country. Buffalo, is passed on the south shore, Fredoxia, three miles from Dun- when the lake immediately widens by kirk, with which it is connected bv a the land receding on both shores. During plank-road, is handsomely situated, being

the prevalence of storms, when the full ' elevated about 100 feet above Lake Erie,

blast of the wind sweeps through this I It contains about 2,300 inhabitants, 300 lake, its force is now felt in its full power, dwelling-houses, five churches, one bank, angry forward \\'ith the an incorporated academy, four taverns, driving the waves | velocity of the race-horse, often causing twenty stores, besides some mills and the waters to rise at the lower end of the. manufacturing establishments situated on lake to a great height, so as to overflow its Canadoway Creek, which here affords banks, and forcing iis surplus waters into good water-power. In the village, near the Niagara River, which causes the only the bed of the creek, is an inflammable perceptible rise and increase of the rush spring, from which escapes a sufficient of waters at the Falls. % quantity of gas to light the village. A Dunkirk, N. Y., 42 miles from gasometer is constructed wliich forces the Buffalo, is advantageously situated on the gas through tubes to differ^t parts of the shore of Lake Erie where terminates the village, the consumer paying $4 per year New York and Erie Railroad, 4C0 miles for each burner used. It is also used for in length. Here is a good and secure lighting the streets of the village. The harbor, affording about twelve feet of flame is large, but not so strong or bril- water over the bar. A light-house, a liant as that obtained from gas in our

beacon-light, and breakwater, the latter in cities ; it is, however, in high favor with a dilapidated state, have liere been erected the inhabitants. by the United States government. As an Barcelona, N. Y., 58 mQes from BUFFALO TO CLEVELAND, TOLEDO, ETC SOUTH SHORE ROUTE. 55

Buffalo, is the westernmost village in the lake, and visible for a. distance of 15 State. It is a port of entry, anti is much miles. The beacon shows a fixed light, resorted to by steamers ami Lirgo vessels elevated 28 feet, and is visible for nine navigating the lake, aflonling a tolerably miles. goo»i harbor, where is situated a light- CoxxEAUT, Ohio,*117 miles from Buf- house which is lighted by inflammable falo and G8 from Cleveland, situated in ga^ ; it e3cai>e3 from the bed of a creek the northeast corner of the State, stav'f about h:ilt' a mile distant, and is carried in on a creek of the same name, near i pij>es to the light-liouse. trance into Lake Erie. It export-

*' Krie, thk Lake City of Pkn-xsylva- quantities of lumber, grain, pork, 1- i, KIA," distant 90 miles from lUiffalo and 95 butter, cheese, etc., being surrounded by miles from Cleveland, is beautifully situated a rich agricultural section of country. on a bluff, affording a prospect of Presquo The village contains about 2,0Q0 inhabi- Isle Bay and tiie Lake beyond. It has one tants. The harbor of Conneaut^lies two of the largest and best harbors on Lake miles from the villago, where is a light- Erie, from whence sailed Terry's tleet hou.se, a pier, and several warehouses. during the war of 1812. The most of the AsuTAHLLA, Ohio, U milcs farther vessels were here built, being linished in west, stands on a stream of the samo seventy days from the time the trees were name, near its entrance into the lake. This felled ; and here the gallant victor re- is a thriving place, inhabited by an Intel- turned with his prizes after the battle of ligent population estimated at 3,500, The Lake Erie, which took place September harbor of Ashtabula is two and a half li»th, 1813. The remains of his tiag-ship, miles from the village, at the mouth of the Laurence, lie in the harbor, from the river, where is a light-house. which visitors are allowed to cut pieces as Fairj'ORT stands on the east side of reUcs. On the high bank, a little distance Grand River, 155 miles from Buffalo. It from the town, are the ruins of the old has a good harbor for laktf vessels, and is French fort^Presque Isle. The city con- a port of considerable tra«le. This harbor tains a court-house, nine churchc.*!, a bank, is so well defended from winds, and easy three hotels, a ship-yard, .sieveral eiten- of access, that vessels run in when they \ Bive manufacturintr establishments, and cannot easily make other ports. Uere is I about 10,000 inliabitanta. In addition to a light-house and a beacon to guide the the Ixike Share Radrmul, the Philadelphia mariner. aiid Erie Railroad* terminates at this place, Paixesville, Ohio, three miles from j

affording a direct communication with ; Fairport and 30 milcs from Cleveland, is a New York, PhJadelphia, and Baltimore. beautiful and flourisldng town, l)eiDg sur- I Presque Isle Bay is a lovely sheet of rounded by a tine section of country. water, protected by an island projecting ' It is the county seat for Lake County, into Lake Erie. There is a light-house on and contains a court-house, five churches, the west side of the entrance to the bay, la bank, 20 stores, a number of beautiful * 8' in lat, 42 N. ; it shows a lixed light, residences, and about 3,000 inhabitants. elevated 93 feet above the surface of the

• This grent line traverses the Northern any1vanla RiilriLvl Company. :in

*>i- . ru, oa Iho Western Division (Ta Uiilcs). ;

66 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

is built rises abruptly from the lake level, where stands a light-house, near the entrance into the harbor, from which an extensive and magnificent view is obtained, overl'oking the city, the meandering ofthe Cuyahoga, the line of railroads, the shipping in the harbor, and the vessels passing on the Lake. The city is regularly and beautifully laid out, ornamented with numerous shade- trees, from which it takes the name of "Forest City." Near its centre is a large pubhc square, in which stands a beautiful marble statue of Commodore Oliver H. Perry, which was inaugurated Sept. 10, 1860. in the presence of more than 100,000 people. It commemorates the glorious achievement of the capture of the British fleet on Lake Erie, September 10th, 1813. Cleveland is the mart of one of the greatest grain-growing States in the Union, and has a ready communication by railroad with Xew York, Boston, and Philadelphia on the east, while continuous lines of railroads run south, and west to the confines of settlement in Kansas and Nebras- ka. It is distant 185 miles from Buffalo, 135 miles from Columbus, 107 miles from Toledo, and 144 miles from Pittsburgh by

railroad route ; 120 miles from Detroit by steamboat route. It contains a County Court-House and Jail, City Hall, U. S. Custom-House and

Post Office building ; 1 Theatre ; a Library Association with a public reading-room 2 Medical Colleges, 2 Orphan Asylums, 35 Churches of diflferent denominations; 4 Banks, a Savings Bank, and 2 Insurance Companies; also, numerous large manu-

Perry Monument, Erected Sept. 10, IS 60. facturing companies, embracing iron and

copper works, ship-buildnig, &c. ; Gas- Cleveland, "the Forest City," Cuy- works, "\^^ater-works, and two City Eail- ahoga County, Ohio, is situated on a plain, road Companies. The stores and ware- elevated 80 feet above the v.'aters < f Lake houses are numerous, and many of them Erie, at the mouth of the Cuyahog river, well built. It now boasts of 50.000 in- which forms a secure harbor for ^ essels habitants, and is rapidly increasing in of a large class; being in N. lat. 41° 30', numbers and wealth. The Lake Superior j 42', ^\ loner: 81° The bluff on which it I trnde is a source of great advantage and CLEVELAND, * TlIK FOREST CITY. 67 profit, while the other lake traffic, togeth- the Saut Ste. Marie, and the different ports er with the facilities afforded by railroads on I>ake Superior, altogether transporting and canals, makes Cleveland one of the an immense amount of merchandise, grain, favored cities bordering on the Inland lumber, iron, and copper ore. The regis- Seas of ^Vmerica. tered Tonnage of this port, in 1861, was The principal Hotels are the American 82.518 tons. Uottly Au'jier Ifou.rthem Transj^ortation Company

Johtvion Ilousf, and W'etHfU Ifousf ; all be- of Ohio has its principal office in Cleve- ing large and well-kept public houses. land. The Company owns 15 propellera of about 350 tons burden, running from Ogdensburgh and Oswego to Cleveland, Railroads divergino from Cleveland. Toledo, Detroit, Milwaukee, and Chicago.

1. CifithiTid and Erie, 95 miles in length. This line affords a cheap and si)ee(ly route 2. Clevelaiui, Columbus, aiui Cincinnati, for travellers and emigrants, as well as for 135 miles. the transportation of merchandise and 3. Cleveland and ToUdo, Northern Divi- produce. sion, 107 miles. The Cleveland Iron }fining Company, 4. Cleveland and Mahoning, 67 miles with a capital stock of .$500,000, has its finished. principal oOice in this city. The mine is 5. Clevebxnd and Pittsburgh, connecting situated neaV Marquette, Lake Superior, with Wheeling, Va.. 200 miles. being distant about 11 miles from tho 6. CleieUvui, ZtinfsriUf, and Cinrinnnti. steamboat landing. A railroad extends to 87 miles; diverging from Cleveland and the Iron Mountain, affording faciUties for Pittsburgh R. R. at Hudson. These roads the transpctrtation of 2,000 tons of iron all ruu into one poneral Depot, situated ore per day. This ore yields on an aver- near the lake, affording great facilities for age 66* per cent, of iron. The greater tho trans-

Steamboat Route from Cleveland to Detroit. Porta, etc Miles. Ports. Ptr. Milea. Detroit, Mich Cl.ETKLAM), Ohio Windsor, C. W 1 Point Pei6e Is., dnd Light 60 Fighting Island 8 Bar Point, C. W 97 Fish Island 9 Bois Blanc I3. Liijht, » ^^,(^ Wyandottf, Mich 11 Detroit r.lvor. f Mama Jiiba Is. and Lljht 12 Maiden, C. W 101 Gro6se Isle 18 Olbrultar. Mich Gibraltar. .Mich Gr.jssi' hie. '• 10-2 J/ Via " C. W T 120 >'vKp, lis 00. Usual Timk, 7 hours. :

58 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

Black River, 28 miles from Cleve- "Dear General: We have met thf land, is small a village with a good har- enemy, and they are ours : Two ships bor, where is a ship-yard and other two brigs, one schooner, and one sloop. manufacturing establishments. With esteem, etc., 0. H, Perry Vermilion, 10 miles farther on the " Gen. William H. Harrison." line of the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad, IS a place of considerable trade, situated at SaiidHsIfy, "The Bay City" capita' the mouth of the river of the same name. of Erie Co., Ohio, is a port of entry and Huron, Ohio, 50 miles from Cleve- a place of considerable trade. It is ad land and 10 miles from Sandusky, is vantageously situated on Sandusky Bay, .situated at the mouth of Huron River, three miles from Lake Erie, in N. lat. 41*^ which affords a good harbor. It contains 27', W. long. 82^ 45'. The bay is abou* several churches, 15 or 20 stores, several 20 miles long, and five or six miles in warehouses, and about 2,000 inhabitants. width, forming a capacious and excellen* The islands lying near the head of Lake harbor, into which steamers and vessel? Erie, off Sandusky, are Kelley's Island, of all sizes can enter with safety. The North Bass, Middle Bass, and South average depth of water is from ten to Bass islands, besides several smaller twelve feet. The cit}^ is built on a bed of islands, forming altogether a handsome limestone, producing a good building group. Kdley's Island, the largest and material. It contains about 10,000 in- most important, is famous for its grape habitants, a court-house and jail, eight culture, and has become a place of sum- churches, two banks, several weU-kept mer resort by the citizens of Ohio and hotels, and a number of large stores and other States. On the north side of manufacturing establishments of differ- South Bass Island, lies the secure harbor ent kinds. This is the terminus of the of Put-in-Bay, made celebrated by being Sajidiisky, Dayton, and Cincinnati Eailroad, the rendezvous of Com. Pefry's flotiUa 153 miles to Dayton, and the Sandusky, before and after the decisive battle of Mansfield, and ]\eivork Eaihoad, 116 miles Lake Erie, which resulted in the capture in length. The devdand and Toledo Bail- of the entire British fleet. road, northern division, also terminates at Sandusky, naval battle on lake ERIE. Toledo, one of the most favored September 10th, 1813, the hostile fleets Cities of the Lakes, is situated on the of England and the United States on Lake Maumee river, four miles from its month, Erie met near the head of the Lake, and and ten miles from the Turtle Island Light, a sanguinary battle ensued. The fleet at the outlet of the Maumee Bay mto bearing the "red cross" of England con- Lake Erie. The harbor is good, and the sisted of six vessels, carrying 64 guns, navigable channel from Toledo of suflicient under command of the veteran Com. depth for all steamers or sail vessels navi- ^Barclay; and the fleet bearing the gating the lakes. Toledo is the eastern '"broad stripes and bright stars" of the terminus of the Wahash and Erie Canal, United States, consisted of nine vessels running through the Maumee and Waba.sh carrying 54 guns, under command of tlie vaUeys, and communicating with the young and inexperienced, but brave. Com. Ohio River at Evansville, a distance of Oliver H. Perry. The result of this im- 414 miles ; also of the Miami and portant conflict was made known to the Erie Canal, which branches from the world in the following laconic dispatch, above canal 68 miles west of Toledo, and written at 4 p. m. of that day runs southwardly through the Miami BIFFALO TO CLEVELAND, TOLEDO, ETC. SOUTH SHORE ROUTE. 69

Valley in Western Ohio, and communi- but many portions of the States of Ken- cates with the Ohio Rivor at Cincinnati, tucky. Tennessee, and Missouri, find To- forming together the lonpost lino of canal ledo the cheapest and most expeditious navigation in th»» Uniteti States. lake-port for the interchange and transfer Tlio railroa', tlie Island llonse and Olirer House. ami Tokdo Railroad. It is also the east- The population of Toledo in 1850 was ern terminus of the Toledo, WalKVih, and about 4.000, and now it is supposed to Western Railroad, running in a south- contain 17,000 inhabitants, and is rapidly westerly direction through the Mauraee increasing in wealth and numbers. The and Wabash valleys, crossing the east- shipping interest is increasing, here being ern line of the State of Illinois, about 125 trans-smpped annually an amount of grain miles south of Chicago, and continuing exceeded onh' by Chicago, and other in a southwesterly course throuj^di Dau- kinds of agricultural products of the great Tille, Springtield. Jacksonville, Naples, West. This city is destined, hke Chicago, etc.. in Central Illinois, to the Mississippi to export (ffrect to European ports. River, and connecting with the Hannibal At this time there are in process of and St. Joseph Road, which stretches erection in Toledo many handsome dwel- nearly due west through the State of lings, numerous handsome block^s of Missouri to St. J^eepli. on the Missouri stores, a post-otfice and custom-house by River. The Dayton and Michigan Rail- the general government, and a first-class roiid, which connects Toledo with Cincin- hotel; these two latter buildings, from nati, is much tlie shortest railroad lino the plans we have seen, would do credit connecting I^ake Erie with the Ohio Rivar. to any city, and when completed can be Besides the above important roads, the classed among the most elegant struc- Cleveland and Tokdo Railroad torniiuates tures. No city in the State can boast of hero. liner private residences tlian Toledo; and Toledo is the nearest point for the im- the general cliaracter of the buildings mense country traversed by these canals erected in the past four years is substan- and railroads, where a transfer can be tial and elegant. made of freight to the more cheap trans- Peurysbl ROH, the capital of Wood Co., portation by the lakes, and thence tlirougli Ohio, is situated on the riglit bank the Erie Canal. Wellaud Canal, or <)swe;;o of the Maumee River, 18 miles above its CauiU, to the seaboard. It is not merely eiurance into Maumee Bay, the southern the country traversed by these canals and termination of I^ke Erie. It contains a railroads that send their products, and ro- court-house and jail, four churches, 20 coive their merchandise, through Toledo, stores of dilTereut kinds, tliree stoam saw- .

60 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. mills, a tannery, and several other manu- entrance into Lake Erie, and about 40 facturing establishments. Population miles from Detroit. It is connected with about 1,500. Here is the head of steam- the lake by a ship canal, and is a termi- boat navigation on the Maumee River, nus of the Michigan Southern Railroad, affording thus far a sufficient depth of which extends west, in connection with water for steamers of a large class. the Northern Indiana Railroad, to Chica- Old Fort Meigs, famous for having go, 111. The town contains about 4.000 witlistood a siege by the British and In- inhabitants, a court-house and jail, a dians in 1813, is one mile above this place. United States land-office, eight churches, Maumbe City, Lucas Co., Ohio, is several public houses, and a number of a port of entry, situated on the Maumee large stores of different kinds. Here are River, opposite Perrysburgh, at the foot two extensive piers, forming an outport of the rapids and at the head of naviga- at the mouth of the river; the railroad tion, nine miles above Toledo. A side track running to the landing. A plank- cut here connects the Wabash and Erie road also runs from the outport to the Canal with the river. The Toledo and city, which is an old and interesting lo- Illinois Railroad also passes through this cality, being formerly called Frenchtovm, place. It contains five churches, ten which was known as the scene of the stores, four flouring-miUs, three saw-miUs, battle and massacre of River Raisin in one oil-mill, and other manufacturing es- th e war of 1 8 1 2 . The Detro it, Monroe, and tablishments propelled by water-power, Toledo Railroad, just completed, passes the supply being here almost inexhausti- through this city. Steamers run from ble. Three miles above the cit^ is the Detroit to Toledo, stopping at Monroe. site of the famous battle fought against Trenton, situated on the west bank of the Indians by Gen. Wayne, in 1794, Detroit river, is a steamboat landing and known as the Battle of Miami Rapids. a place of considerable trade. Population, One mile below the town fb Old Fort 1,000. Miami, one of the early British posts. Wyandotte, ten miles below Detroit, is

Maumee River rises in the north- a • new and flourishing manufacturing east part of Indiana, and flowing northeast village, where are located the most ex- enters Lake Erie, through Maumee Bay. tensive Iron Works tn Michigan. The It is about 100 miles long, navigable 18 iron used at this establishment comes miles, and furnishing an extensive water- mostly from Lake Superior, and i« con- power throughout its course. sidered equal in quality to any in the The City of Monroe, capital of Monroe world. The village contains about 1,600 Co., Mich., is situated on both sides of inhabitants. the River Raisin, three miles above its

Railroad Route around Iâke Erie. This important body of water being en- Miles. Detroit to Toledo, Ohio, via Detroit compassed by a band of iron, we subjoin and Toledo R. R., 63 the following Table of Distances : Toledo to Cleveland, via Cleveland and Miles. Toledo R. R., lOT Buffalo to Paris, C. W., via :ûâlo and Cleveland to Erie, Pa., via Cleveland Lake Huron Railroad, 84 and Erie R. R., 95 Paris to Windsor or Detroit, via Erie to Buffalo, via Lake Shwe Road, 88 Great Western Raihvay, 158 Total miles, 595 OHIO RIVER AND LAKE ERIE CANALS. FORT WAYNE. 61

The extreme k>ngth of Lake Erie is lake about 560 miles, being about 100 250 miles, f^om the mouth of Niagara miles less distance than has been stated Kiver tu Maumeo Bav; the circuit of the by some writers on the great lakes.

Ohio River and Lake Krie €aiial§.

The completion of the Miami Caval pleted, will render it one of the strongest make.s four distinct cliannels of commu- fortilications in the country, and almost nication from the Ohio River through the impregnable against a land assault. The State of Ohio to Lake Erie, namely: site of the fort, as is well known, is in 1. The Erie Extension C'lnal, from Springwells, about three nules below the Beaver, twenty or thirty miles below city of Detroit. Its location is admirable, Pittsburgh, to 'Erie, 136 miles. 2. The being on a sHght eminence, completely Cross- Cut Rtaver Canal, which is an ex- commanding the river, which at that tension or branch from Newcastle, Pa., point is narrower than in any other place on the Beaver Canal, to Akron. Ohio, of its entire length. Ouns properly it and effectually where unites witli the Portsmouth I placed there could blockade Cleveland Can:U makint^ a caual route the river against ordinary vessels, and, — j from Beaver to Cleveland of I4:{ miles. with the aid of a few gunboats, could re- 3. The Ohio CanaJ, from Cleveland to pulse any lieet which might present it- Portsmoutli, through the centre of the self. State, 309 miles. 4. The Miami Extension, The present works were erected about which is a union of the Miami Canal with the years 1842-'43, mainly under the su- tlie Wabash and Erie Canal, through pervision of (ieneral Meigs. The f(jrm Dayton, terminating at Toledo, at the of the works is that of a star, mounting mouth of the Maumee River on Lake Erie. thirty-two barbette guns at the angles 247 mile.s. The va.st and increasing busi- which rake the moat, and protect it ness of the Ohio Valley may furnish busi- against an assault by land. The height ness for all these canals. They embrace from the bottom of the ditch is about portions of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and forty feet. The exterior of the embank- i;ia; but are not so located as to be ments was supported liy timbers, whicli,

.. . ^ from competition with one another. in the twenty years in which they have At no distant time, they would unques- stood, have become unsound, and now tionably command a sutlBcient independ- give unmistakable evidence of decay. ent busines.s, were it not probable that This fact has rendered necessary the im- they may be superseded by railways. provements which are now being made. The capacity of railways—both for rapid They consist of a wall around the entire and cheap transportation—as it is dovel- fort, built against these tiral>er.s, which oi)wd by circumstances and the progress will not be removed, and which will not of science, is destined to affect very mate- only sustain the embankments, but will rially the value and importance of canals. render the place much more impregnable. Tlie wall is seven feet and a half in Fort Wayne. thickness, and twenty feet in height on Tlie United States government is now every side. The outside facing, two feet engaged in making extensive improve- in thickness, is of brick, the remainder is stone, water-hme, ments at Fort Wayne, which, when com- , tilled in with pounded .

62 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES, sand, and mortar, making a solid wall of which will render them still more secure, j great strength. From the nature of the protecting the guns and gunners. Bar- I surrounding ground?, artillery cannot be bette guns will also be mounted on the brought to bear upon the wall, with the bastions in addition to the casemate guns, exception of about two feet at the top. which will be placed in a manner similar which extends above the level of the ditch. to that iu v.-hich they are now placed. The wall, therefore, could not be battered These improvements will greatly strength- down, and the onlj possible way by en tlie works and render them more per- which the place could be taken would be manent. The place is an important one, by a laud assault and scaling the walls as the expense the government is at in the moat by means of ladders. This rendering it impregnable clearly shows. from j is eflfectually provided against by the In case of a war with Great Britain it placing of the guns, eight of which rake would become of the highest importance. improve- And acting on the maxim, ''in time of the moat on each side. The I ments now being made still further con- peace prepare for war," it is the best time template placing these guns in casemates. , to attend to these improvements.

TABLE OF DISTANCES From 'levelAND AND DETROIT TO SUPERIOR CiTY, FORMING A GrRAND STEAM- BOAT Excursion of over Two Thousand Miles.

Ports, Ac. Place to Place. Miles. I Ports, Ac to Pli^e. Clevelaxd, Ohio I Superior City, Wis. Maiden, C. W 100 100 Point de Tour. Detroit, Mich 20 120 Bayfield, Wis " Lake St. Clair T 127 La Pointe Algonac, Mich 33 160 Ontonagon, Mich Newport^ " 6 166 Eagle Birer *' ... St. Clair, " 10 176 Eagle Harbor "... " Cupper Harbor " Port IlrRON I 17 193 Island Port Sarnia, C. W. f Manitou Point au Barque Poi-tage Entry — \ 67 Off Saginaw Bay j Houghton, Mich .(on Thunder Bay Island 75 335 Marquette " Grand Island Point de Tour ( 85 420 St. Mary's Kiver ) Pictured Rocks Church'K Landing 456 Point au Sable Saut Ste. Marie 14 470 White Fish Point... . Point Iroquois 15 4S5 Point Iroquois White Fish Point 25 510 Saut Ste. Makie . . Point au Sable 50 560 Church's Landing. .. Tour, Pictured llocks 20 580 Point de ( Grand Island 10 Lake Huron, f Marquette. Mich 40 Thunder Bay Island..

Portage Entry 70 700 Otf Saginaw Bay ( Point au Honghto •, Mich (on Portag Lake). Barque j Mich. Manitou Island 55 755 Pokt HrRQ^. \ Port Sarnia. C. ) Copper Harbor 15 770 ; W. ir, Eagle Harbor 16 786 ! St. a Mich 10 796 Xeicport '• Eagle River I Ontonagon, Mich 60 856 Algonac, Mich

; Flats La Fain te. Wis 74 930 St. Clair Buufiekl, Wis 4 934 Detroit. Mich Maiden, C. Point de Tour 10 944 j W

BuPBEiOR, City, Wis 70 1,014 1 Cleveland, Ohio DETROIT. 63

institute, water-workfl. ani '-as-works. four praiu elevators, live Pteam grist-mill-?, and several steam sa'.v- mills. besides a great number of other mauufactur- iiig establishments. There are also several extensive Detroit, "The City of thk Straits,"' ship-yards and machine-shops, where are a port of entry, and the great CDmmercial built and repaired vessels of almost, mart of the State, is favorably situated in every descriptiou. The population in N. lat. 42° 20', W. long. 82" 58', on a' 1850 was 21.891; in I860, 45,619. river or strait of the same name, elevated | The principal Hotels are the liidJle

some 30 or 40 feet above its surtace, be- ' Howe, and Mfhigan Kxctumge, on Jefferson ing feven miles below the outlet of Lake avenue, and the HusseU House, on Wood- St. Clair and twenty above the muutli of ward avenue, facing Campfis Mnrtius, an the river, where it enters into Lake Krie. open square near the centre of the City. It extends tor the distance of upward of | Detroit may be regarded as one of the

a mile upon the southwest bank of the ] most favored of all the Western cities of river, where the stream is three-fourths the Union. It was first settled by the ^ of a mile in width. The principal public French explorers as early as 1701, as a j and private oflQces and stores t^ir wholesale I mihtary and trading port. It clianged are located Jefferson its on and Woodward | ^•arrison and military government in avenue.*?, which cross each other at right! 1760 for a Briti.^h military commander angles, the latter running to the water's and troops, enduring under the latter r»i- edge. There may usually be seen a great gittie a series of Indian sieges?, as.saultK, number of steamboats, propellers, and and petty l)ut vigilant and harassing war- sail vessels of a large class, loading or fare, conducted iigainst the English gar- unloading their rich cargoes, destined for ri.son by the celebrated Indian warrior Eastern markets or f)r the Orait \V>sf. Pontiac. Detroit subsequently pa>«sed giving an animated appearance to this into pos.session of the American revolu- is place, which aptly called tlie Citij of ti«)nists ; but on the 16th August, 1812, it th". Straits. It was incorporated in 1815. was surrendered by Gen. Hull, of the being now divided into ten wards, and United States army, to (^len. Brock, com- governed by a mayor, recorder, and board mander (»f the British forces. In 1813 it of aldermen. Detroit contains the old was again surrendered to the Americana, State-hou-se. from the dome of which a under (Jen. Harrison. fine view is obtained of the city and vi- Tlio following Railroad lines diverge cinity; the City Halt Ma«»onic IlalL Fire- from Detroit: men's Hall, Mechanic's Hall, Odd Fellows' 1. The Detroit, Monroe, and Toledo Rail- Hall, the Young Men's Society Building, road, 62 miles in length, connecting with two .Market Buildings, forty Churches, ten the Michigan Southern Itailroad at Mon- Hotel.->. besides a number of taverns; a, roe, and with oilier roads at Toledo. United Siatesi ('ust(»m-house and Post- 2. The Michojun Central Railroad, 282 office, and United States Survey miles in Chiciig

64 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

Micliigan City, Ind., with the New Al- in the river. The names of these are, bany and Salem Railroad—thus forming Clay, Celeron, Hickory, Sugar, Bois Blanc, a direct line of travel to Louisville, St. Ella, Fox, Rock, Grosse Isle, Stoney, Fight- Louis, etc., as well as Chicago and the Far ing, Turkey, Mammy Judy, Grassy, Mud, "West. Belle or Hog, and He la Feche. The two 3. The Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad latter are situated a few miles above De- runs through a rich section of country to troit, near the entrance to Lake St. Clair, Grand Haven, on Lake Micliigan, op- where large quantities of white-fish are posite Mil\vaukee7^Vis. annually taken. 4. The Detroit and Port Huron Railroad, Ile la Peche, attached to Canada, was connecting with the Grand Trunk Rail- the home of the celebrated Indian chief way of Canada, connects Lake Huron by Fontiac. Parkman, in his "History of the rail with the vaUey of the Ohio River. Conspiracy of Pontiac," says: "Pontiac, 5. The Great Western Raihvay of Canada the Satan of this forest-paradise, was ac- has its terminus at Windsor, opposite customed to spend the early part of the Detroit, the two places being connected summer upon a small island at the open- by three steam ferries—thus affording a ing of Lake St. Clair." Another author speedy line of travel through Canada, and says: "The king and lord of aU this thence to Eastern cities of the United country lived in no roj-al state. His cabin States. was a small, oven-shaped structure of Steamers of a large class run from De- bark and rushes. Here he dwelt withhia troit to Cleveland, Toledo, and other ports squaws and children; and here, doubtless, Huron, he might often have been on Lake Erie ; others run to Port seen carelessly Saginaw, Goodrich, C. W., and other ports reclining his naked form on a rush-mat or on Lake Huron. a bear-skin, like an ordinary Indian war- The Lake Superior line of steamers run- rior." ning from Cleveland and Detroit direct The other fifteen islands, most of them for the Saut Ste. Marie, and all the prin- smaU, are situated below Detroit, within cipal ports on Lake Superior, are of a large tlie first twelve miles of the river after class, carrying passengers and freight. entering it from Lake Erie, the largest of Tliis has become one of the most fashion- which is Grosse Isle, attached to Michi- able and healthy excursions on the con- gan, on which are a number of extensive tinent. and well-cultivated farms. This island The Detroit River, or Strait, is a noble has become a very popular retreat for stream, through which flow the surplus citizens of Detroit during the heat of waters of the L^pper Lakes into Lake Erie. summer, there being here located good It is 27 miles in length, and from half a pubhc houses for the accommodation of mile to two miles in width, forming the visitors. boundary between the United States and Father Hennepin, who was a passenger Canada. It has a perceptible current, and on the " Griffin," the first vessel that is navigable for vessels of the largest class. crossed Lake Erie, in 1679, in his descrip- Large quantities of fisli are annually taken tion of the scenery along the route says ill the river, and the sportsman usually " The islands are the finest in the world: tinds an abundance of wild ducks, which the strait is finer than Niagara ; the breed in great numbers in the marshes banks are vast meadows, and the pros- bordering some of the islands and harbors pect is terminated with some hiUs covered of the coast. with vineyards, trees bearing good fruit, There are altogether seventeen islands groves and forests so well disposed that :

DETROIT AND MILWAUKEE RAILROAD AND STEAMSHIP LINE. 65 ono would think that Nature alone could silica, alumina, and iron, elements that not huve made, without the help of art, so can produce little or no injury ; while the charming a prospect," chlorides, much the most injurious com- pounds, are entirely absent. The pres- COMPARATIVE PLHITY OF DETROIT RIVER ence of such large quantities of silica and WATER. iron is acc>o water on tlie fuee of the pliil»e, atfordiag a cool P.^tun. Oxhitiiato Luke l.S.V> and deli^rhtt'ul bereratro at all s<.-a8un.tH> Cincinnati. Ohio liivt-r d.78fi Comparative Inc'rea^c or Ijikf Ontario 4.H>t l..ake Cities. IKtroit. Detroit Uiver. .\Ti-J 1=40. lJi,V). Clev.lan.U Lako Erie .ViXH) ISTA 41,2CA 81,131* Montreal, Sl Lawrenci- ll 6.0(W BrrFAi-o. New York..... 1.V213 Chicago, 111 4,470 2^.•J<•t) 1<>!».2«^ Of the Detroit River water, Trof. Ci.EVKLANi), Ohio 6,(171 17.IKU SCiKAf Douglass, in his report of the analysis. IHmtoiT, Mich 9,10'i 21.oiy 4.\611) EniE, Penn.. 5.s'>^ 9.419 : '"In eays estimating the value of your MiLWAi-KKK, Wis 1,700 20.(HJ1 4A.'2,%4 city water, as compared witli other Oswr.Go, New York 12,--'i)r) ICslT cities, due allowance mu.st be made for llAciXE, Wis 6,107 10,<>00 Saxdcskv. Ohio 1,434 6,W>S 8,403 the fact, that the total .soUd matter is Toi.ED<>, Ohio l.'>2*2 8.S29 18,763 materially increased by the presence of • Black i^oeX; annexed, t Ohio City annexed.

DETROIT AND MILWAUKEE RAILROAD AND STEAMSHIP LINE,

CON'NECTlNli WITH THE GREAT LINES OF TR.WEL EAST AND WEST.

On I'-aving the llailroad Depot at De- tant station, from whence a railroad extends troit the line of tliis road runs in a north- southwest to Lansin(}, the capital of the west direction to Pontiac, 2(i miles, pass- State of Michigan. It is intended to car- ing through a rich section of farming ry the lino of tliis road north to Saginaw country. City, and from thence northwo-t to The route then continues westerly to Traverse Bay on Lake Michigan, where is Fentonville, 24 miles further, where a good harbor. commences a railroad route, running From Owasso, the Detroit and Mil- through Flint, and extending north to waukee Railroad runs westward through Saginaw, favorably situated on Saginaw St. Jolin's, Ionia, and other stations, pass- river. It is intended to continue the ing down the valley of the Grand River, Ftint and P>re MarqiutU Railroad, some a rich and popidous section of country, 150 miles, to the shore of Lake Michigan, pro

66 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

"Up in the northern part of the Grand Steamboat Route from Grand River Yalley, and along and beyond the Rapids to Oraiid Haven. Muskegon River, an immense amount of pine timber is to be found, giving profit- Grand Rapids able employment to a large number of Eagle Plaster Mill 2 lumbermen." Grandville 5 7 ^raiid Hiipid«i, 158 miles west Lamont 13 20 of Detroit, and forty miles above Eastmanville 2 22 Grand Haven, an incorporated city, is Mill Point 16 38 favorably situated on both banks of Grand Grand Haven 2 40 River, where is a fall of aJjout eighteen feet, affording an immense water-power. Steamers run from this place daily to On leaving Grand Rapids for Grand Grand Haven, connecting with steamers Haven, by railroad, the route extends for Milwaukee, Chicago, and other ports north of the river, through a fertile section on Lake Michigan. Here is an active of country, mostly covered by a heavy population of about 10,000, and rapidly growth of hardwood, although the pine increasing, surrounded by a new, fertile, predominates as you approach the lake and improving country, being alike shore. famous as a wheat and fruit region. Grand Haven, Ottawa Co., Tlie city now contains a court-house Mich., is situated on both sides of Ot- and jail ; 6 tawa River, near its entrance into Lake churches ; 5 hotels ; 60 stores of different kinds ; 3 grist-mills ; 5 saw- Michigan, here eighty-five miles wide ; on

mills ; 3 cabinet- ware factories; 2 machine- •the opposite side lies Milwaukee, Wis- shops, and other manufacturing establish- consin. The different settlements, com- ments. The private dwellings and many prising Grand Haven, contain about 5,000 of the stores are elegant edifices, con- inliabitants. Here are a court-house and

jail ; structed of building material which is 3 churches ; six hotels and taverns, found in the immediate vicinity. Exten- and a number of stores and warehouses sive and inexhaustible beds of gypsum 8 large steam saw-mills, pail and tub are found near this place, producing large factories, a foundry and machine-sliop, quantities of stucco and plaster, all of and other manufacturing establishments. Vv^hich find a ready sale in Eastern and Steamers and sail vessels run from Western markets. It is estimated that Grand Haven, which has a well-protected 25,000 tons of stucco for building, and harbor, to Milwaukee, Chicago, and other plaster for fertilizing purposes, can be ports on Lake Michigan, carrying a large quarried and ground yearly from the amount of produce and lumber. The different quarries in this vicinity. At the fisheries in this vicinity are also pro- Eagle Mills, two miles below the city, is ductive and extensive. already formed an immense excavation, The sand hills on the east shore of Lake extending several hundred feet under Michigan rise from 100 to 200 feet, pre- ground, which is well worthy of a visit, senting a sterile appearance, although the where rich specimens of the gypsum can land in the Interior is very rich and pro- be obtained. ductive. TRtr FROM DETROIT TO MACKINAC, ORKKX HAV, KTC.

Trip iu*ro«<*t Lake .Hieliii^aii.

The staunch and well-built steamships, cities one of the most plea.oant and desi- Detroit, Capt. McHrifle, and MilicaHk'f, rable as regards speed and objects of in- Capt. Trowfll, run twice daily a<.Tosfl Lake t'-rest. Usual faro from Milwaukee to Miclii>,'an. counectiujr with trains on the Detroit, .«?S.O(t. Distance, 271 miles; Detroit and Milwaukee railroad. This time, 14 hours. trip is delii^'htful during the summer and From Milwaukee, westward, there is a autumn montlis when Lake Michigan is direct connection Iwth with the MUwauk^A usually calm, affoniini^ a safe and delight- timl Prm'ri^ ilu Cfiien I{ailr

TRIP FROM DETROIT TO MACKINAC. GREEN BAY, MILWATJ- KEE, CHICAGO, &c.

During the season of navigation propol- miles above Detroit ; it may be said to be 2."> ' rs of a large class, with good a^^commoila- 20 mil.'S long and miles wide, measur- jus for passengers, leave Detroit daily di- ing its length from the outlet of St. Clair r'ct fur Mackinac. Green Bay. Milwaukee, River to the head of Detroit River. Com- and Chicago, situated on Lake Michigan. pared with the other lakes it is very shal- Steamers of a large class, carrying pa-s- low, havmg a depth of only from 8 to 24 Detroit, feet as indicated Baylield's chart. It sengers and freight, also leave ! by al!nf)st daily for the Saut Ste Marie, from receives the waters of the Upper Lakes [ thence passing througli the ^hip Canal I from the St. Clair Strait by several chan- delightful nels forming islands, and discharges them into Lake Superior—forming j excursions during the summer and early into the Detroit River or Strait. In the j autumn months. ' upper portion of the lake are several ex- For further information of steamboat tensive i.slands, the largest of which is routes, see Adrcrtisf/wnts. Walpole Mnnd ; it belongs to Canada, and On leaving Detroit the steamers run in is inhabited mostly by Indians. All the a northerly direction, passing Btll or flog islands to the west of Walpole Island l>e-

' " Natid, two miles distant, which is about long to Michigan. The Walpole, or Old iliree miles long and one mile broad, pre- Ship Channel." forms tlie boundary senting a handsome appearance. The between the Unitmain channel, now used by tho with dwellings and well cultivated farms. larger class of vessels, is called the Peche Island is a small body •' North Channel." Here are passed the of land attached to Canada, lying at the " St Clair Flats,'' a great impediment to mouth of Detroit Uiver, opposite which, navigation, for tl»e removal of which Con- ou the Michigan shore, is Wind-MUl Point gress will no doubt make ample apjro- and light-house. priation sooner or later. The northea-stern Lake St. Clair commences seven channel, separating Wali»ole Nland fK-nj ;

68 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

the main Canada shore, is called " Che- nor£h, is noted for steamboat building, nail Ecartty Besides the waters passing there being extensive ship-yards, where through the Strait of St. Clair, Lake St. are annually employed a large number of Clair receives tlie river Thames from the workmen. Here are four steam saw- Canada side, which is navigable to Chat- mills, machine shops, etc. Population 1,200. Belle River here enters the ham, some 24 miles ; also the waters of about Clinton River from the west or American St. Clair from the west. side, the latter being navigable to Mt. St. Clair Strait connects Lake Huron Clemens, Michigan. Several other streams with Lake St. Clair, and discharges the flow into tlie lake from Canada, the prin- surplus waters of Lakes Superior, Mich- cipal of which is the River Sydenham. igan, and Huron. It flows in a southerly Much of the land bordering on tlie lake is direction, and enters Lake St. Clair by six marshy, as well as the islands channels, the north one of which, on the low and ; and in places there are large plains which Michigan side, is the only one at present are used for grazing cattle. navigated by large vessels in ascending AsiTLEY, or Xew Baltimore, situ- and descending the river. It receives ated on the X. W. side of Lake St. several tributaries from the west, or

Clair, 30 miles from Detroit, is a new and Michigan ; the principal of which are flourishing place, and has a fine section of Black River, Pine River, and BeUe River, country in the rear. It contains three and several rivers flow into it from the steam saw-mills, several other manufac- east, or Canadian side. It has several tories, and about 1,000 inhabitants. A flourishing villages on its banks. It is steamboat runs from this place to Detroit. 48 mQes long, from a half to a mile wide, Mt. Clemens, Macomb Co., Mich., is and has an average depth of from 40 to situated on Clinton River, six miles above 60 feet, with a current of three miles an its entrance into Lake St. Clair, and about hour, and an entire descent of about 15 30 miles from Detroit by lake and river. feet. Its waters are clear and transparent, A steamer phes daily to and from Detroit the navigation easy, and the scenery daring the season of navigation. Mt. varied and beautiful—forming for its en- Clemens contains tlie county buildings, tire length, the boundary between the several churches, three hotels, and a num- United States and Canada. The banks of

ber of stores and manufacturing establish- the upper portion are high ; those of the ments, and about 2,000 inhabitants. De- lower portion are low and in parts in- troit is distant by plank road only 20 clined to be marshy. Both banks of the miles. river are generally well settled, and many CHATH.4.M, C. "W., 46 miles from Detroit of the farms are beautifully situated. by railroad route, and about 24 There are several wharves constructed on miles above the mouth of the river the Canada side, for the convenience of Thames, which enters into Lake St. supplying the numerous steamboats pass- Clair, is a port of entry and thriving place ing and repassing with wood. There is of business, where have been built a large also a settlement of the Chippewa In- number of steamers and sail-vessels. dians in the township of Sarnia, Canada ALaON'AC, Mich., situated near the foot the Indians reside in small log or bark of St. Clair River, 40 miles from Detroit, houses of their own erection. contains a church, two or tliree saw- The City of St. Clair, Mich., is mills, a grist-mill, woollen factory, and pleasantly situated on the west side of St. about 700 inhabitants. Clair Strait, 56 miles from Detroit and 14 Newport, Mich., seven miles farther miles from Lake Huron. This is a thriv- TRIP FROM DETROIT TO MACKI.VAC, OKEEN BAV, CHICAGO, ETC. C9

\ng place, with many fine buildings, and St. Clair River here being about one mile is a ^rroat lumber depot. It contains tlio in width. A branch of the (I rand Trunk county building's for St. Clair Co., several Railway runs from Fort Gratiot, one mile churches and hotels, one fioiiring-tiiill. and and a half abrder of the town. Fort Gratiot, one and a half miles lies directly SouTiiKRLAKD, C. "W., is a small village ! north of Port Huron, oppo- on the Canatla shore, opiwsito St. Clair. site Point Henry. C. W., both situated at It was laid out in 1S3:J by a Scotch gentle- the foot of Lake Huron, where commences man of the same name, who liere erected St. Clair River. It has become an impor- an Episcopal church, and made other tant point since the completion of the

( Jrand Trunk R:iilway of Canada, tinished valuable iniproveuients. j MooRK. is a small village ten miles in 1859, whicli road terminates by a I at Detr(»it, Mich., thus forming a below Saruia on the Canada side. I branch FuoMEFiELD. or T.\lfolrd's, C. W., is ' direct railroad communication from Lake to Montreal, Quebec, another small village, liandsomely situated I Huron, eastward, four aiul a half miles below Sarnia. Here and Portland, Maine. I windmill, and a The village stands contiguous to the is an Episcopal church, a j cluster of dwellings. 'site of Fort (iratiot, and contains besides The city of Port Huron, St. Clair the railroad buildings, whicli are exten- Co., Mich., a port of entry, is advantageous- sive, one church, hve public houses, the ly situated on the west bauk of St. Clair Gratiot House being a well-kept hotel; River, at the mouth of Black River, two two stores, one oil retinery, and about 400 miles below Lake Huron. It was cliar- inhabitants. A steam ferry-boat pUea tered in is.'iS, and now contains one Con- across the St. Clair River, to accommodate gregational, one Episcopal, one Baptist, passengers and freight; the river here one Methodist, and one Roman Catholic being about 1,000 feet wide, and running

8i.x and public houses, I with considerable velocity, having a depth Church ; hotels, 20 to GO feet. forty stores, and several wareliouses ; one of from steam Houring-mill. eight steam saw-mills, In a military and commercial point of producing annually a large amount of view, this place attracts great attention, increase in lurah.-r. the logs being rafted down Black no doubt, l>eing destined to Fort luv.-r. running througli an extensive pine population and importance. The waa of th.' war with r •,'ion; here are aL=o, two yards for build- built in 1814. at the close st<»ckatie, iug <« lake craft, two retineries of petrole- Great Britain, and consists of a other um oil one iron foundry, and several other including a magazine, barracks, and manufacturing establishments. Popula- accommodations for a garri.son of one bat- entrance tion in 1860, 4,000. talion. It fully commands' the During the season of navigation, there to Lake Huron from the American shore, to the mar- is daily intercourse by steamboats with and is an interesting landmark Detroit, Saginaw, and |>orts on the Upper mcr. the ea.'^t Lakes. A steam ferry -Ixiat also plies be- Sarnia, C. "W., situated on tween Port Huron and Saruia, C. W., the bank of St. Clair River, two miles below 70 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

Lake Huron and 68 above Detroit, is a Steamboat Route from Sar- port of entry and a place of considerable nia to Oodericli, Saugeen, at trade ; two lines of railroad terminate etc. this point, and it is closely connected with Port Huron on the American shore by Steamers running to and from Detroit means of a steam ferry. The town con- on their way to the different ports on the tains a court-house and jail, county regis- east shore of Lake Huron, usually hug side, ter's office and town hall ; one Episcopal, the Canada leaving the broad waters one Methodist, one Congregational, one of the lake to the westward. Baptist, one Roman Catholic, and one Free Point Edward, 2 miles above Sarnia, lies at the foot of Huron, opposite Church ; seven public houses, the princi- Lake pal being the Alexander House and the Fort Gratiot, where are erected a large Western Hotel; twenty stores and sev- depot and warehouses connected with the eral groceries; two grain elevators, two Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. Here steam saw-mills ; one steam grist-mill^ one terminates the grand railroad connection large barrel factory, one steam cabinet extending from the Atlantic ocean to the factory, one steam iron foundry, and one Upper Lakes. It also commands the refinery of petroleum oU, besides other entrance into Lake Huron and is an im- manufacturing establishments. Popula- portant military position although at pres- tion, 2,000. ent unfortified. In the vicinity is an ex- The Grand Trunk Railway of Canada cellent fishery, from whence large quanti- terminates at Point Edward, 2 miles from ties of fish are annuaUy exported. Sarnia, extending eastward to Montreal, Bayfield, C. W., 108 miles from De- sit- Quebec, and Portland, Me. ; a branch of troit, is a new and flourishing place, the Great Western Railway also termi- uated at the mouth of a river of the same nates at Sarnia, affording a direct commu- name. nication with Niagara Falls, Boston, and Goderich. 120 miles north of Detroit, New York. Steamers run from Sarnia to is situated on elevated ground at the is Goderich and Saugeen, C. "VV. ; also to and mouth of Maitland River, where a good from Detroit, and ports on the Upper harbor. This is a very important and Lakes. growing place, where terminates the Buf- The celebrated EnniskiUen Oil Wells, falo and Huron Railroad, 160 miles in yielding an immense quantity of petroleum length. {See page 53.) oil of a superior quahty, are distant some Kincardine, thirty miles from Gode- 18 or 20 miles from Sarnia, this being the rich, is another port on the Canadian side nearest shipping port. These wells are of Lake Huron, where the British steam- easy of access by means of railway and ers land and receive passengers on their plank-roads ; the oil is brought to Sarnia trips to Saugeen. in barrels, and much of it shipped from Saugeen, C. W., is situated at the mouth hence direct to European ports, passing of a river of the same name, where is a down the St. Lawrence River. good harbor for steamers and lake craft. The St. Clair River, opposite Sarnia, here This is the most northern port to which one mile in width, flows downward with a steamers now run on the Canada side of strong current, at the rate of about six Lake Huron, and will no doubt, ere long miles an hour. be reached by railroad. TRIP FROM DETROIT TO MACKINAC, ORKEN BAY, CHIOAGO, ETC. VI

Stciiinboiit lloiite from I>4»rt Steamers run daily to Detroit and other Huron to Sa;;iiiu\v City, etc. ports. Kast Saginaw, situated on the right On leaving tlie wharf at Port Huron, bank of the rivor, about one mile below tlie steamers pass Fort liratiot and cuter Saginaw City, is a now and flourishing tlie broad waters of Lake Huron, oue of place, and bids fair to be one of the most the Great L'pper Lakes. ;dl alike celel)rated important cities of the state. It is largely for the sparkliug purity of their waters. engaged in the lumber trade, and in the The sliores are for tlie most part low. manufacture of salt of a superior quality. being covered by a heavy growth of There are several large steam saw-mills, forest trees. many with gangs of saws, and capable of Lakbih)RT. 11 miles from Port Hu- sawing from four to five million feet of ron, is a small village lying on the lake lumber annually grist and fiouring-mills, ; tihore. with four run of^ stones, planing-mills, Lkxingto-v. II miles further, is the foundries, machine shops, breweries, a capital of Siinilac County, Michigan, ship-yard. aiM other mamifacturing es- where is a good steamboat landing and a tablishments, giving employment to a flo.iri.«hing settlement. great number of workmen. Here is a

Port Sanilac, 3i miles above Port well-kept hotel, and several churches ; a Huron, is another small settlement. banking olliee and a number of largo

FoRRESTviLLE. Mich.. 47 miles from i stores and warehouses. Coal of a good Port Huron, and TJo miles nortli of De- quality is abundant, being found near the troit, situated on the west side of Lake river, and tlie recent discovery of stt't Huron, ia a new settlement, where is spr

I ated on the west shore of Lake Huron, propellers, sail from this port reguhirly I which can be seen from the ascending for Detroit and otiier lake ports. It ia

I steamer, before reaching Point aux Bar- near the head of navigation for lake craft, I ques, about seventy-hve miles above Port where five rivers unite with the Saginaw, Huron. giving several hundred miles ^f water 8a(;isaw Bay is next entered, present- communication for river rafting and tlie ing a wide expanse of waters; Lake Hu- floating of saw-logs. The surrounding ron hero attaining its greatest width, country is rich in pine, oak, cherry, black- where the mariner often encounters fierce walnut, and other valuable timber. Alt storms, which are prevalent on all of the railroad is finished from this place to Upper Lakes. To the eastward hes the Flint, connecting by stages with the De- (ioorgian Bay of Canada, with its iunu- troit and Milwaukee railroad. moraulc islaad.s. Saginaw Cm y, Saginaw County, Mich., Bay City, or Lower Saoivaw. near is handsomely situated on the left bank the nioiitli of Saginaw River, is a Mourish- of the river, 23 miles above its mouth. It iug town, with a population of about contains a court-house and jaU. several 2,.'>o(K Here is a good harbor, from churches, two hotels, fifteen stores, two whence a large amount of lumber is an- warehouses, and six steam saw-mills.* nually exported. It has lifteen .saw-mills, Population about iJ.Ooo. Tliere is a fine and other miuiu fact u ring establishments. section of country in the rear of Saginaw, 72 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

the from Saginaw City and East Saginaw to much of which is heavily timbered ; &c., and other ports on soil produces grain in abundimee, while Detroit, Chicago, of naviga- the streams afford means of easy trans- the lalces, durmg the season portation to market. Steamers nm daily tion.

LAKE HUROIJ'.

The waters of Lake Huron, lying be- altitude above the ocean, 574 feet, being tween 43° and 46*^ north latitude, are 26 feet below tlie surface of Lake Supe- surrounded by low shores on every side. rior. Its outlet, the St, Clair River, does The most prominent features are Saginaw not seem to be much larger than the St. Bay on the southwest, and the Georgian Mary's River, its principal inlet, thus leav- Bay on the northeast; the latter large ing nearly all its other waters falhng in body of water being entirely in the limits the hasin, to pass off by evaporation. On of Canada. The lake proper, may be said entering the St. Clair River, at Fort Gra- Lakes, to be 100 miles in width, from east to tiot, after passing over the Upper these west, and 250 miles in length, from south the beholder is surprised to find aU dowTi to to north, terminating at the Straits of accumulated waters compressed feet, the depth Mackinac. It is nearly destitute of is- a width of about 1,000 strong lands, presenting one broad expanse of varying from 20 to 60 feet, with a waters. It possesses several good har- downward current. Mackinac, connecting bors on its western shores, although as yet The Straits of Michigan, is a highly but little frequented. Point aux Barques, Lakes Huron and Thunder Bay, and Tlnmder Bay Islands, interesting body of water, embosoming beautiful are prominent points to the mariner. several picturesque islands, with Tawas, or Ottawa Bat, lying on the lieadlands along its shores. It varies in northwest side of Saginaw Bay, affords a width from 5 to 30 miles, from mainland good harbor and refuge during storms, as to mainland, and may be said to be from weU as Thunder Bay, lying farther to 30 to 40 miles in length. Here are good the north. Off Saginaw Bay, the widest fishing grounds, as well as at several part of the lake, rough weather is often other points on Lake Huron and Georgian experienced, rendering it necessary for Bay. %«teamers and sail vessels to run for a har- The chmate of Lake Huron and its ' bor or place of safety. shores is perceptibly warmer than Lake In addition to the surplus waters Avhich Superior during the spring, s\immer, and Lake Huron receives through the Straits autumn months, while the winter season of Mackinac and the St. Mary's River is usually rendered extremely cold from passing from the north, it receives the waters of the prevalence of nortlierly winds Saginaw River, and several other smaU over its exposed surface. On the 30th of streams from the west. This lake drains July, 1800, at S A. M., the temperature of but a very small section of country com- the air near the middle of Lake Huron, 64*^ surface, pared to its magnitude, ^^-hile its depth is was Fahr., the water on the a matter of astonishment, Vjeing from lOU 52°, and at the bottom, 50 fathoms (300 to 750 feet, according to recent surveys; feet) 42 « Fahr. THE LOWER PEIIINSULA OF MICHIGAN.

TnE Lcnrer Peninsula of Michigan is - with tho development and settlement of nearly surrounded by the waters of tho tho country, tliat of necessity, witlun Great Lakes, and, in thla respect, its aitu- comparatively a very few years, these vast ation is naturally more favorable for all forests will bo exhausted. But as the tlie purposes of trade and commerce than timber is exhauste

ble for purposes of settlement and cultiva- 1 leaving Saginaio Baij, going north, several tion. far north as the Strait of settlements and lumber estabhshments, Even as I Mackinac, tho soil and climate, together fisheries, &e. These are at Tawas Bay, with the valual>lo timber, otfer great in- mouth of the River au Sable, Black River, duecinentsto settlers; and if the proposed &c. railroads, under tho recent grant of large Alpen'A, situated at the head of Thun- portions of these lands by ( 'ongress, are der Bay, is a very flourishing town, and constructed from and to the different the capital of Alpena County. It contains points indicated, this extensive and heavi- alx>ut 50(1 inhabitants, and four saw-mills, ly timbereer and tisliing station of con- portions of the West. sideralile importance. It is well that in the system of compen- Dl'ncax is the next place of importance sation, which seems to be a great law of on the lake coast, situated near the mouth the universe, the vast prairies whieh of Cheboygan River. Tho United States comprise so largo a portion of this great Land Otllco for this district is located at j

Western domain are provided so well with , this place. Nearly opposite lies Boi'y Blanc corresponding regions of timber, afl'ording ' Man'l, a largo and fertile tract of land, the necessary supply of lumber for tlie The celebrated Island of Mackixac is demand of the increasing iwpulation which next reached, lying within the straits,

is so rapidly pourmg into these Western . surrounded by a cluster of interesting States. points of land justly celebrated in Indian j The State of Michigan all the waters legends and traditions. — j of which flow into tho Basin of the St. Old Mackixac, lying on tho mainland, j Lawrence—Northern Wisconsin, and Min- is one of the most interesting points, being nesota are the sources from which the celebrated both in French and Knglish States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa, history when those two great powers eon- | and a largo j)ortion of the prairie country tended for the possession of this vast Lake ] their It is railroad west of tho Mississippi, must derive { Region. proposed to build a supply of this important article (lumber), 'from Old Mackinac to Saginaw, and one to The sup])ly in the West is now equal to the ilie southern conlines of the State, whilo

deman«l, but the consumption is so great, 1 another lino of road will extend north-

and the demand so constantly increasing i westward to Lake Superior, crossing tho 74 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. straits by a steam ferry. A town plot has Chicago to Buffalo and the Upper Lakes, been surveyed, and preparations made for the harbors on these islands are stopping- settlement. points for the boats, and a profitable trade Passing around the western extremity is conducted in furnishing the necessary of the Peninsula, at the Waugoshance Light supphes of wood, etc. and Island, the next point is Little Traverse We next arrive at Manistee, a small Bay, a most beautiful sheet of water. but important settlement at the mouth of About fifteen miles southwesterly from the Manistee River. The harbor is a Little Traverse we enter Grand Traverse natural one, but requires some improve- Bay, a large and beautiful arm of the ment. A large trade is carried on with lake, extending about thirty miles inland. Chicago in lumber. This bay is divided into two parts by a The next point of importance is the point of land, from two to four miles wide, mouth of the Fere Marquette River. Here extending from the head of the bay about is the terminus of the proposed railroad eighteen miles toward the lake. The from Flint, in Genesee County, connect- country around this bay is exceedingly ing with Detroit by the Detroit and Mil- picturesque, and embraces one of the finest waukee Railway, a distance of about 180 agricultural portions of the State. The miles. climate is mild, and fruit and grain of all The harbor is very superior, and the kinds suitable to a northern latitude are country in the vicinity is well adapted for produced, with less liability to injury from settlement. About 16 miles in the inte- frost than in some of the southern portions rior is situated one of the most compact of the State. and extensive tracts of pine timber on the Grand Traverse City is located at the western coast. ^ head of the west arm of the bay, and is About forty miles south of this, in the the terminus of the proposed railroad from county of Oceana, a small village is loca- Grand Rapids, a distance of about 140 miles. ted at the mouth of White River. The har- Passing out of the bay and around the bor here is also a natural one, and the point dividing the west arm from the lake, region is settled to considerable extent by wo first arrive at the river Aux Bees Sceis. farmers. Lumber is, however, the prin- There is here a natural harbor, capable of cipal commodity, and the trade is prin- accommodating the larger class of vessels cipally with the Chicago market. ahd steamboats. A town named Frank- The next point, Muskegon, at the mouth fort has been commenced at this place, of tlie Muskegon River, is supported prin- and with its natural advantages, and the cipally by the large lumber region of enterprise of parties who now contemplate the interior. Numerous steam saw-mills making further improvements, it will soon are now in active operation here, giving become a very desirable and convenient the place an air of life and activity. point for the accommodation of navigators. The harbor is one of the best on the The islands comprising the Beavers, lake, and is at present accessible for all the the Manitous, and Fox Isles should here vessels trading between Muskegon and be noticed. The Beavers lie a little south Chicago. of west from the entrance to the Strait of Grand Haven, Ottawa Co., Mich, is Mackinac, the Manitous a little south of situated on both sides of Grand River, at these, and the Foxes still farther down the its entrance into Lake Michigan, here lake. These are all valuable for fishing eighty-five miles wide; on the opposite side purposes, and for wood and lumber. Lying lies Milwaukee, Wis. For further descrip- in the route of all the steamboat lines from tion, see pag4 G6. DIRECT STEAMBOAT ROUTE FROM DETROIT TO GREEN BAY, CHICAGO, &c.

Sailing direct through Ljike Huron to Washington or PoTAWATOMEElsiJkKD, Mackinac, or tf Mack- steamboat-landing and .safe anchorage. inac is sw»n entered, where lit's the ro- Green Bay, about 100 miles long and mantic Island of Mackinac. The Strait from 20 to 30 miles wide, is a splendid of Mackinac, with the approaches tliLretu sheet of water, destined no doubt to be from I^ikes Huron and Michigan, will al- enlivened with commerce and pleasure | ways command attention from the passing excursions. Here are to be seen a num- j traveller. Through thi.s channel will pass, ber of picturesque islands and headlamls. fur agfS to come, a groat current of com- Several important streams enter into merce, and it8 shores will be enlivened Green Bay, the largest of wliich is Xeenah with civilized life. or Fox River, at its head, and is the outlet In this great commercial route, Lake of Winnebago Lake. Menomoneo River Huron is traversed its entire length, often forms the boundary between the States of affording the traveller a taste of sea-sick- Wisconsin and Michigan, and empties in- ncss and its consequent evils. Yet there to the bay opposite Green Island. often are times when Lake Huron is hard- The recent improvement of the Fox and ly rurTled, and tlie timid passenger enjoys Wisconsin Rivers, not only oj>ens steam- the voyage with aa much zest as the more boat navigation between the Bay and the exp«.'rienced mariner. head of Lake Winnebago, but it connects Mackinac, crowned by a fortress, where the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, one of wave the SUir.s and the St ripe,'', the gem of which, flowing northward, falls into the At- th'.* Upper Lake islands, may vie with any lantic thruugli the St. Lawrence, and the other locaUty for the salubrity of its cli- otiier, ruiuiin^ southward, discharges its mate, for its picturesque beauties, and for waters, tiirough the Mississippi, into tlie its vicinity to tine tishing-grounds. Here Gulf of Mexico. By this connection a the invalid, the seeker of pleasure, as steamer can start from New Orleans, pass well a.s ihe s|>ortsman and angler, can lind up the Missi.ssipjii to the mouth of the enjoyment to their heart's content during Wisconsin, pass up this river to Portage, warm weather. For des'crijjtion, stf p. 88. through a short canal to the Tpper Fox On leaving Mackinacfor Green Bay, the Rivers, down this river to Lake Winne- eteamer geiiower Inlands in I^ke Michigan belbro entering Fox, —down this romantic river some the waters of Green Bay, about 150 miles. thirty-five nules, by means of numerous SiMMKU Island lies on the north side canals around the principal rapids, into and Rock LslandUcs on the south side Gretn Bay, and so on without imerruption fif tlio entrance to Green Bay, forming a through tlie great lakes into the St. Law- charming view from the deck of a steamer. rence to the Atlantic Ocean. —

^6 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

in length, capable of accommodating the shipping of the whole lakes, it will eventual- ly be connected by Railroad with every important point West and North, as the nearest route to and from the East- ern and Southern markets. AsTOR is the name of a sub- AT llOLTE FKOM UETKOIT TO GREEN BAV, CHICAGO, ETC. 77 closos, in tho shape of good marketable abounding in every rosourno which v.ill lumber. This Company's Mills alone turn make a country wealthy and prosperous. out over half a million of foot per weik, Clear, beautiful lakes are interspersed, trout all of which, I believe, goes to the Chicago and these have plenty of large and other tish. Water aud water-powers are timber " But it must be borne in mind that everywhere to be found, and the beech, this is but a fraction of the lumber which is of the best kind—maple groves, wanted is made in this county. There are, be- oak, pine, etc. Nothing is now sides the mills here^ extensive lumbering but a few roads to open this rich country establishments at Peshtigo, Uloton, Pen- to the settler, aud it wiU soon ttn-m with •aukee, and Little Suamico, which proba- villages, schools, mills, farming operations, bly turn out in the aggregate at least two and every industrial pursuit which tho million feet of lumber per week, or eighty more southern portion of our State now millions per year—which added to the es- exliibits." timate for this place, makes a yearly pro- Pexsaukek, Peshtigo, and other towns duct of one hundred and twenty millions. are springing up on the west shore of found nu- A fair amount of business, for a single Green Bay, where are to be county of not over 5,000 inhabitants." merous large lumber establishments situ- Nexomonee City, Oconto County, Wis., ated on the streams running into the bay. Litlle is a thriving,' settlement, situated on Gen A, or Mason, situated on Bay extremity of the west sid-^- of Green Bay, near the de Xoc, at the northern mouth of Nenomonee River, containing Green Bay, is a new and promising place. 2,000 inhabitants, 5 large saw-mills, and Steamers run to and from the town of several stores. The country to the west Green Bay, connecting with mail stages and north of this place is as yet a wilder- running to Lake Superior. A ntailraute is ness, inhabited only by a few roving In- now opened from Gena, situated at the dians. The XowniOTiee liver forms the head of Green Bay, to Marquette, L. S., a boundary, in imrt, between Michigan and distance, by land, of about 50 miles. No \Vii*consin. doubt, ere long, a railroad will be constructed along, the west shore of Green Green Bay to Lake Superior. Bay, direct to Marquette, thus connecting In regard to the route from Green Bay Green Bay, Milwaukee, and Chicago with to Lake Superior, a distance of about IGO Lake Superior. miles, the Adrocate says: "A road from Green Bay to the most on Bay to Boutherly point of Keewenaw would be Koiitc from icoii!«iii. less than 200 miles in length, and while Fond steamboat it would 8hort*;n the travel over the pres- There is now a railroad and ent route (by water) at lea.st 100 miles, route, exteutling from Green Bay to Ap- would open one of tht; most beautifid and pleton, Oshkosh, and Fond du Lac, situa- fertile sections in the Union—a section ted at the hea

78 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. of a small class by means of dams and draulic power. Population, 4000. Steam- locks, forming, in connection witli a short ers run south into Lake Winnebago, and canal to the Wisconsin River, a direct wa- north into Green Bay. ter communication from Green Bay to the The approach to Appleton from Green Mississippi River, a distance of about 200 Bay, by water, is most lovely and pictur- miles. The rapids in the lower part of esque, —the river here winding through a Fox River afford an immense water-power, rich section of country, clothed for several while the upper section of country through miles by a dense forest, extending to the which it flows, produces lumber and grain very margin of the water. During the in great abundance. Here is a fall of 170 early autumn months the scene is truly feet in the distance of 35 miles, before en- gorgeous, the foliage presenting every tering Lake Winnebago. variety of color. De Pere, 5 miles above Green Bay, is a Mexasha, 35 miles from Green Bay, is town of about 7 00 inhabitants, where is situated on an expansion of the river, here a fall of 8 feet, also a lock for the passage called Lake Butte des Marts, where is a lock of steamers. and a canal of about one mile in length. Little Kaukauna, 11 miles, has a fall Here are several large manufacturing es- of 8 feet, v,'ith lock and dam. tablishments, and a population of about Wrigiitstowx, 16 miles, is a small set- 2,500. tlement, where is a steam saw-mill and Neexah, lying at the foot of Lake Win- other manufacturing establishments. nebago, on the west shore, is a flourishing Rapid de Croope, 2 miles further, is a village, of about 2,500 inhabitants. steamboat landing. Here is a lock and Lake Winnebago is a most beautiful dam, there being a fall of about 10 feet. sJieet of water, being 32 miles long and Kaukauna, 3 miles further, is a small about 12 miles wide, with bold land on village. Here are five locks, overcoming the east shore, while on the west it seems a fall of 60 feet. elevated but a few feet above the waters Little Chute, 25 miles from Green Bay, of the lake. It abounds with several va- is a small French settlement, where is an rieties offish, of a fine flavor, affording rare old Roman Catholic Mission House. Here sport to the angler. Steamers run through are four locks, there being a descent of 40 the Upper Fox or Wolf River, emptying in- feet in the river. to the lake at Oshkosh, for upwards of 100 Appleton, Outaganie Co., Wis., is situ- miles, bringing down immense quantities ated on Fox or Neenah River, 30 miles of lumber and agricultural products. from its entrance into Green Bay, and The City of Oshkosh, lying on the west five miles from Lake Winnebago, where side of Lake Winnebago, 20 miles north of are rapids called the Grand Chute. The Fond du Lac, is a large and flourishing river descends here about 30 feet in one place, being favorably situated at the mouth mile and a half, aftbrding an inexhaustible of Fox River on both sides of the stream. amount of water-power. Here are located It now contains an active population of three tlouring-mills, six saw-mills, and about 9,000 inhabitants. From its wharves several other extensive manufacturing es- steamers run to all the ports on the lake tablishments. This is the capital of the and Fox River, while the Chicago and county, where is situated the Lawrence Northioestern Railway extends northward

University ; and it is no doubt destined to to Green Bay. It contains the county become a large manufacturing and com- buildings, 10 churches, several well-kept mercial place, from the facilities which it liotels, 100 stores of diflerent kinds, be- possesses, by means of navigation and hy- sides steam grist-mills, steam saw-mill.-^, ROUTE FROM OREEN UAY TO FOND DT LAC, WIS. 19 iron foundries, cabinet-shopa, and a pn^at thence south-westward through the Upper numl)er of other manufacturing establish- Fox river to Portage City, where, by means miiits. This is a jrieat mart for hmiber, of a canal, it interlocks with the Wis- beinir hrou^jht down the Fox or Woifj cvmsin River, falling into the Mi.ssissippi at Kiver for upwards of 100 miles, this stream Prairie du Chien. flowinj^ throuj;h a tino pine rttjion of coun- This enterprise is thus graphically de- try. Pjr which northern Wisconsin is justly scribed : | •' celeb ratetl. ' Meetino op the Waters.' —A gen- FoxD Du Lac, capital of Fond du Lac' tleman, recently from Green Bay, men- County, is a tiourishing city favorably situ- tioned a curious fact a day or two since,

\ ati'd at the head of Lake Winnebago, S7 I illustrative of tiie results of the completion miles N. N. W. from Milwaukee, and 170 of the Kiver Imprf)vement. He saw lying miles from Chicago, by the Chiavjo aiui' at the djx-ks in that place the steamer Northwc.'itern luiiluay. tinished Appltton Belle, I'ittsburgh, the now through 1 built at and to Green Bay, a totiil distance of 242 miles, steamer Gnrclon Grant, built at Philadel-

j Here are located the comity buildings, 8 phia—points on opjxjsite sides of the Alle- churches, 4 banks, 6 public-houses, 1(»0 i ghany Mountains, and on waters Mowing on stores of diflerent kinds, a steam grist- the one hand to the Atlantic, and on the mill, 10 steam saw-mills, a steam car fac- other to the Mississippi and Gulf of Mexico. tory, steara-engiue manufactory, machine- The Belk had sailed northward and west- shops, and various other manufacturing ward through tliC Ohio, Mississippi, and

establishments. The lumber produce ; in a contrary and Wisconsin ; and the Grant business is very extensively ciirried on : direction through the Delaware and Hud- here, affording profitable returns. Fond du son, along the Erie Canal, and the chain of

^ Lac is celebrated for its fountains, water the Great Lakeg* These are the victories being found of a pure quality by means ofi of commerce, in whicli Wisconsin is play- Artesian Wells, in which the city abound.s. ing a prominent part" The Fax JiU'^r Improitwent is a work The Trip fho.\i Chicago to Mackixac, of great magnitude, aflbrdiug by means ol Ac, connecting at the latter place with the locks and dams a water communication Green Bay route, is fidly described in from Green Bay to Lake Winnebago, and another part of this work.

Ports of Lake Michigan situated on the East and South Shores-

I?Ii<*hi;;aii City, Ind.. situated at the I tended for the storage and shipment of

extreme south end of Lake Michigan, is dis- wheat and other produce ; 15 or 20 stores tant 40 miles from ( hicago by water, and of difTercnt kind.s, several hotels, and a 22M miles from Detroit by railroad route. branch of the State Bank of Indiana. It The Sew Albany and Sakm Railroad, 228 was first settled in 1S31, with the expec-

miles in length, tenninatos at this place, tation that it would become a great em-

connecting with the Michigan Central porium of trade ; but owing to the want Railroad. Several plank roads also ter- of a good harbor, and the rapid increase minate here. alTording facilities for cross- of Chicago, the expectations of its founders ing the extensive prairies lying in the have not been realized. It now contiiiua rear. Hero are several large storehouses about :i,000 inhabitants, and is steadily situated at the mouth of Trail Creek, in- increasing in wealth and numlx-rs. ;;

80 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

New Buffalo, Mich., lying 50 miles above, on the river, affording great facil- east of Chicago by steamboat route, is situ- ities to trade in this section of country. ated on the "line of the Michigan Central South IIavex, Yan Buren Co., lies at Railroad, 218 miles west of Detroit. Here the mouth of Black River. have been erected a light-house and pier, Naples, Allegan Co., hes on the er.st the latter aflbrdiug a good landing for side of Lake Michigan, near the mouth of steamers and lake craft. The settlement the Kalamazoo River. contains two or three hundred inhabi- Amsterdam, Ottawa Co., is a small vil- tants, and several stores and storehouses. lage lying near the Lake shore, about 20 It is surrounded by a light, sandy soil, miles south of Grand Haven. which abounds all along the east and HoLLAKD, situated on Black LaJi£, a few south shores of Lake Michigan. miles above Amsterdam, is a thriving St. Joseph, Berrien Co., Mich., is ad- town, settled mostly by Hollanders. Here vantageously situated on the east shore is a good and spacious harbor. of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of St. The counties of Berrien, Cass, Van Bu- Joseph River, 194 miles west of Detroit. ren, Kalamazoo, Allegan, Kent, and Ot- Here is a good harbor, aflbrding about 10 tawa are all celebrated as a fruit-l^earing feet of water. The village contains about region. 1,000 inhabitants, and a number of stores The Ports extending from Grand Haven and storehouses. An active trade in to Saginaw Bay are fully described in lumber, grain, and fruit is carried on at another portion of this work, as well as this place, mostly with the Chicago the bays and rivers falling into Lakes market, it being distant about 70 miles Michigan and Huron. by water. Steamers of a small class run from St. Joseph to Niles ^and Constantine, a distance of 120 miles, to wliich place the " St. Joseph River is navigable. Cliicagro, The Garden City," ia St. Joseph River rises in the southern advantageously situated on the west side portion of Michigan and Northern Indiana, of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of Chica- and is about 250 miles long. Its general go River, ui N. lat. 41° 52', and W. long, 35'. course is nearly westward; is very ser- from Greenwich 87° It is elevated pentine, with an equalile current, and eight to ten feet above the lake, which flowing through a fertile section of coun- secures it from ordinary floods, and ex- try, celebrated alike for the raising of tends westward on both sides of the river, grain and different kinds of fruit. There about two miles distant from its entrance are to be found several flourishing villages into Lake Michigan, the front on the lake on its banks. • The principal are Constan- being three or four miles from north to tine, Elkhart, South Bend, and Niles. south. The harbor has a depth of from NiLES, situated on St. Joseph River, is twelve to fourteen feet of water, which 26 miles above its mouth by land, and 191 makes it a commodious and safe haven miles from Detroit by railroad route. and it has been much improved artificially This is a flourishing village, containing by the construction of piers, which extend about 3,000 inhabitants, live churches, on each side of the entrance of the river three hotels, several large stores and for some distance into the lake, to prevent flouring mills; the country around pro- the accumulation of sand upon the bar. ducing large quantities of wheat and other The light-house is on the south side of the kinds of grain. A small class of steamers harbor, and shows a fixed light on a tower run to St. Joseph below and other places forty feet above the surface of the lake —;

POUTS OF LAKE MICHIGAN EAST AND SOUTH BIIORK, 81

there is aLso a beacon light on the end of I Atlantic States, of the great Valley of tho pier. In a naval and military point Mississippi, or of the noble St. Lawrence the | this is the most important valley, here almost of view, one of I the waters of which porta on the upper lakes, and should be commingle, and no doubt are destined to \ " strongly defended, it being the Odessa'" i be wedded, and to flow in uni.>o seas. cold St. Lawrence of these inland 1 waters of the Gulf of Thtt eity contains an United States to tho warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico, criPtom-housc and post-ofTice buildinp. a carrying on their tide the rich products of court-house and jail, the county buildin(i, and is rapidly increa.sing in " As to Railroad facilities, no adequate numbers and wealth. idea can be conveyed. —tlie iron bars

The principal hotels are the Adams I already extend to Montreal, Quebec, and

House, Bri'j'js House, Luke House, Shenium Portland on the northeast ; to Boston, New- j House, and the Trenvnit House, besides York, &c., on tho cast; to Charleston and many other public-houses of less note. k^avannah on the southeast, and to ilo- i Chicago also boasts of several benevolent bile and New Orleans on the south j and charitable institutions, educational being, ere long, no doubt destined to have

I and medical ; also hospitals and dispensa- railroad facilities witli other cities to the ries. Its commerce is already immense, Gold Regions and the Pacific ocean on the and rapidly increasing. we.st; while northward a railroad lino is finished to Green Bay, Wi.scousin, and another line nearly completed to St, Paul, Minnesota, Extract from a Letter dated, '• Look at a map of the United States and Canada, and see her favored position •'CaiCAGO, June 3, 18G3. near the centre of the temperate zone To the Editors of the Xotiomd Intelligencer^ while east and west Hhe lies centrally

'' This ' Garden City' of the Lakes yes- between the Atlantic and eastern blope terday and to-day, at the opening of the of the Rocky Mountains. By nature she Ship-Canal Convention, pre.sented a scene claim.^ pre-eminence as a great inland city. of which every loyal American might just- Give her tho boon she asks at this time, ly feel proud, bo ho a citizen of the and the whole Re pubhc will be benefited, c "

82 TKIF lilllULGH THE LAKES. inasmuch as it will afford facilities to the Miles. 4. Chicago. Fulton, and loica (finished) 249 far "^est, and the eastern portions of our 5. Chicago anO. Xo?-th- Western (Chicago to wide-extended country. Like the Erie Green Bay) 242 canal, it wHl even tend to lessen the price 6. Chicago afici Mihcaukee 85 7. Cincinnati and Chicago Ait^ Line of provisions in foreign markets, and at 280 S. Galena 4.1 nd Chicago Union* (Chicago to enrich our the same time strengthen and Freeport) .^..,.121 own people, isorth and South, notwith- 9. Illinoix Cent'alf (Chicago to Cairo)...... 365 10. 3Iichigan Central standing the latter are now in open rebel- (Detroit to Chicago). . .254 IL Michigan Southern and Xorthern Jndc- ^ lion." ana (Chicago to Toledo, Ohio) 243 "A late writer remarks, 'Chicago is 12. Pittuhurgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago.. A6S most emphaticahY ^//e city of the \Yest; * This road connects with the Illinois Central for any town can justly claim to be when Eailroad. running tcestward to Dunleith, oppo- the greatest market for grain, beef, pork, site Du Biique, Iowa, and lumber in tlie world, then we may t Illinois Central Eailroad and its Branch^: Cairo to Lasalle, Main Line 308 Miles. confidently believe that all else that en- Lasalle to Dunleith, Galena Branch 147 " ters into the composition of a great city Chicago to Centralia, Chicago Branch.. 267 " will gather there to build up, if not the Total length 722 greatest, one of the most important cities Miles. of the continent.' The Illinois and Michigan Canal, connecting Lake Michigan with Ihinois Riv- Di§taiices from Chicago er, vrhicli is sixty feet wide at the top, 6 to ITlaekiiiac. feet deep, and 107 miles in length, including five miles of river navigation, termi- Running along the West Shore Lake nates here, through which is brought a of Michigan. large amount of produce from the south Ports. and southwest; and the numerous rail- Miles- Chicago to Waukegan. Ill 35 roads radiating from Chicago add to the Kenosha. Wis 16 51 vast accumulation which is here shipped Kacine, Wis 11 62 for the Atlantic sea-board. Chicago being Milwaukee, W^is 23 85 Fort Washington, Wis 25 110 withia a short distance of the most exten- Shebojgan, Wis 25 185 sive coal-fields to be found in Illinois and Manitowoc, Wis 30 165 the j)ineries of Michigan and Wisconsin, Two Hi vers, Wis 7 172 Kewaunee, Wis 22 194 as well as surrounded by the finest grain Anheepee, Wis 11 205 region on the face of the globe, makes it Bavlevs Hjubor 35 240 the natural outlet for the varied and rich Death's Door 20 260 (To Green Bay 80 miles.) produce of an immense section of fertile Washington Ilarl.or, Mich 13 273 country. Kock Island, Mich 7 280 It is now proposed to construct a Ship Beaver Island, Mich 67 347 Pt. Wangoshance, Mich 30 377 Canal, connecting the waters of the Mis- Old Mackinac, Mich.: 15 392 sissippi River with Lake Michigan. Mackikac, Mich S 400

RAILROADS DIVERGING FROM CUICAGO. Mackinac to De Tour Passage 86 De Tour to Saut Ste. Marie 56 Miles.' Mackinac to 8t. Clair Kiver(Fort Gratiot) 240 1. Chicago, Alton, and St. Louix Ifnilroad .2Sl Fort Gratiot to Detroit (W 2. Chicago, BurlingtMi, and Quincy 208 Fort Gratiot to Saginaw City 1 50 8. Chicago and Jiock Island Ib2 Fort Gratiot to Goderich, C. W 00 :

NAVAL VESSELS ON THE LAKES. 83

NAVAL VESSELS ON THE LAKES.

Mississippi and Lake Miciiiqan Canal.

A Report has recently been made in marks out for the guidance of the great relation to the practicability, cost, and emigrant movements of the race, and by military and commercial advantages of which tojKJgrapliy foretells the inarch of opening a passage for gunboats and empire. The aboriginal savage travelled armed vessels from the Mississippi to the it by instinct, and now educated intelli- Lakes, by improving the navigation of the gence can find no better place for com- Illinois iliver, and enlarging the Illinois pleting and uniting linos of travel and and Michigan Canal. The following is traffic embracing half a continent." an extract from the above Report Estimate for a Ship and Stearnboat Canal " The Great Lakes and the Mississippi from Lake Michigan to the Illinois River, River are among the grandest features of and the improvement of the Illinois River the geography of the globe. Their names to the Mis.'iissippi Kiver; the canal to be are at o«ce suggestive of commercial and 160 feet wide on the bottom, sides pro- agricultural wealth and national great- tected with stone walls 10 feet high ; the ness. Xo such systems of internal navi- canal and river locks to be 350 feet long gation exist elsewhere in the world. and 70 feet wide, with depth of water The most careful and accurate statements sufficient to pass steamboats and vessels of their present uses for commerciiU pur- drawing six feet of water ; the canal to poses are truly wonderful, while the mag- be supplied with water from Lake Michi- nilicent future to which enlightened gan. enterprise may lead, ta^ks the strongest Chlcaffo to Lockport, 29 milo«. The estiiniittd cu.st of earth and rock imagination. fxcavatiun on tlit- suiniiiit level from '• The Mississippi system of navigable Chicapo to Lookport, with walls on waters is variously estimated at from both Hides 10 feet through the earth, i8 $7,092,700 10,000 to 20,000 miles. Its numerous Lockport to Lasalle, 07 miles: ramifications penetrate a country of un- The estimated eost of cnniil to Lake rivalled fertility, and in many parts abound- Joliet, and short canals at 16 lucks, on both sides ; six stone ing in useful metals. On the Lakes, we walled also dams, GiUMeet lonjj, eleven cunal and have a coast of 3,500 miles. Their com- five ri ver locks, each H.'it) feet Ion? and merce is estimated at the value of $400, 70 feet wide—makin« ViS feet of lock- a^v between Le 1,615,000 the economy of cost of the improvement, Add for bridges, rijjht of way, engineer- .' ing, coutiugencica, tkc . . . 578,032 or in general utility. It is one of nature's highways—one of the lines which she Total $18,846,824 84 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKEP.

TJ. S. Naval Vessels on Lake Erie, Note.—At the conclusion of the war 1812 TO 1815. with Great Britain, this squadron, with small vessels, Class. Guns. Where built, (fecDate. the exception of two and Amelia, schooner Erie, Pa. 1812 the prizes captured by the above fleet, Ariel, Purchased lSl-2 under Com. Perry, Sept. 10, 1813, were Caledonia, brig Captured 1812 dismantled and laid up at Erie, Fenn., and Scorpion, schooner Purchased 1812 sold, Somers, 1812 all subsequently condemned and Trippe. sloop 1812 some having been sunk, with a view to Tigresa, schooner Erie, Pa. 1812 their better preservation. Lawrence, brig 1S13 the S. steamer Michigan, Niagara, 1813 In 1844, U. Ohio, schooner 1813 583 tons, was built at Erie, Pa., and i3 Porcupine, 1813 now in commission on the Upper Lakes. Glient, 1815

Total Guns, 57

PvOUTE FROM CHICAGO TO MACKINAC AND SATTT STE. MARIE.

very great ; the carrying trade being destined to increase in proportionate ratio with the population and wealth pouring into this favored section of the Union. On reaching the green waters of Lake Michigan, the city of Chicago is seen stretching along the shore for four or five miles, presenting a fine appearance from the deck of the On starting from the steamboat wharf steamer. The entrance to the harbor at near the mouth of the Chicago River, the the bar is about 200 feet wide. The bar Marine Hospital and depot of the Illinois has from ten to twelve feet water, the Central Railroad are passed on the right, lake being subject to about two feet rise whde the Lake House and lumber-yards and fall. The steamers bound for Mil- are seen on the left or north side of the waukee and the northern ports usually stream. The government piers, long ruji along the west shore of the lake with- j wooden structures, aflbrd a good entrance in sight of land, the banks rising from to the harbor; a light-house has been thirty to fifty feet above the water. constructed on the outer end of the north IiAKE Michigan is about seventy miles pier, to guide vessels to the port. average width, and 340 miles in extent The basin completed by the Illinois from Michigan City, Ind., on the south, to

Central Railroad to faciUtate commerce is the Strait of Mackinac on the north ; it a substantial work, extending southward presents a great expanse of water, now for nearly half a mile. It affords ample traversed by steamers and other vessels accommodation for loading aijd unloading of a large class, running to the Saut Ste. vessels, and transferring the freight to Marie and Lake Superior ; to CoUingwood and from the railroad cars. and Goderich, Can. ; to Detroit, Mich. ; to The number of steamers, propellers, Cleveland, Ohio, and to Buffalo, N. Y. and sailing vessels annually arriving and From Chicago to Buffalo the distance is departing from the harbor of Chicago is about 1,000 miles by water; while from ROLTK KUOM CUICAOO TO MACKINAC AND 8AUT 8TK. MARIE. 85

Chicago to Superior City, at the head of I commerce and population, and posse.osoa

Lake Superior, or Fond du Lao, the dis- ! a tine harbor. Here are located the tance is about the samo, tlius atTording comity buildings, fourteen churches, scvo- l.OUtt inilef< eaeli. ral hotels, Cougrcss Jlali being tlie largest; two excursiund of over ; three of the great lakes or inland ^eas of elevators, wareliou.ses, aud numerous America, iu st4.'amers of from l,oi»0 to stores of different kinds.

2,00U tons burden. During the summer . The Jiacine and .^fi.ssissippi Railroad e.x- earlv autumn months the waters of tends from this place to the Mississippi and j this lake are comparatively calm, afford- . River at Savanna, 142 miles. The Chica- ing safe navigation. But lato in the year, go and Milwaukee Railroad also runs during the winter and early spring through the town, near the Lake Shore. and j months, tlie navigation of thi.s and the other great lakes is very dan^'orous. Walke<;an', Ijake Co.. 111.. 3G miles north of Chicago, is handsomely situated on elevated ground, gradually rising to 50 or GO feet above the water. Here are two piers, a light-house, several lar^'e •storehouses, and a neat and thriving town containing about 5,000 inhabitants, six churches, a bank, several well-kept hotels, thirty stores, and two steam-llouring mill.'?. Kenosha, "Wis., 52 miles from Chicago, is elevated 30 or 40 feet above the lake. Here are a small harbor, a light-hou.se, storehouses, mills, etc. The town has a popubtion of about G.ijOO inhabitants, surrounded by a tine back country. Here is a good hotel, a bank, several cluirclies, and a number of stores and inanufaetur- inj; establishments doing a largo amount of business. The Keiio,sha and liorkjord Railroad. 73 miles, ctmnecis at the latter place with a railroad running to Madison, ]1fil\vaiik4>e, "The Cream City," the capital of the State, and also to the 86 miles from Chicago, by raiirotul and Miasis.-^ippi River. steamboat route, is handsomely situated The City of Racinb, "Wis., 62 miles from on rising ground on both siiles of the Mil- Chicago and 23 miles south of Milwaukee, waukee River, at its entrance into I^iko is built on an elevation some fortv or Michigan. In front of the city is a bay or lifty feet above the surface of the lake. indentation of the lake, affording a good It is a beautiful and liourL>

city wjntains some hne public buildings I of the sea.*ower. cajtable of giving i.s about 10.000, and is rapidly increasing. moiion to machinery of almost any re- Kacino ia the second city iu the State in quired ainouut. The city is buUt ujkju 86 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. beautiful slopes, descending toward the completion, which wUl no doubt be river and lake. It has a United States effected. Custom House and Post-OfiBce building; The approach to Milwaukee harbor by a court house, city hall, a United States water is very imposing, lying between land-office, tlie University Institute, a two headlands covered with rich foliage, college for females, three academies, three and dotted with residences indicating orphan asylums, forty-five churches, sev- comfort and refinement not to be exceed- eral well-kept hotels, the Ntushall Iluuse ed on the banks of the Hudson or any and the Walker House being the most other body of water in the land. This frequented; seven banks, six insurance city, no doubt, is destined to become companies, a Chamber of Commerce, ele- the favored residence of opulent families, vators, extensive ranges of stores, and who are fond of congregating in favored several large manufacturing establish- localities. ments. The city is lighted with gas, and The Granaries of Minnesota and well supplied with good water. Its ex- Wisconsin. —The La Crosse Democrat ports of lumber, agricultural~produce, etc. speaks as follows of the great strides of are immense, giving profitable employment agriculture in a region which ten years to a large number of steamers and other ago was a wilderness. It says: lake craft, running to different ports on "We begin to think that the granaries the Upper Lakes, Detroit, Buffalo, etc. of Minnesota and Northwestern Wiscon- The growth of this city has been aston- sin Avill never give out; there is no end isliing ; twenty years since its site was a to the amount, judging from the heavy wilderness; now it contains over 50,000 loads the steamers continually land at inhabitants, and of a class inferior to no the depot of the La Crosse and Milwaukee section of the Union for intelligence, so- Railroad. Where does it all come from? briety, and industry. is the frequent inquiry of people. We The future of Milwaukee it is hard to can hardly teU. It seems impossible that predict; here are centring numerous rail- there can be much more left, yet steam- roads finished and in course of construc- boat men tell us that the grain is not tion, extending south to Chicago, west to near all hauled to the shipping points the Mississippi River, and north to Lake on the river. What will this country be Superior, which, in connection with the ten years hence, at this rate? Imagine Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, termin- the amount of transportation that will beating at Grand Haven, 85 miles distant by come necessary to carry the produce of water, and the lines of steamers running the upper country to market. It is hard to this port, will altogether give an im- to state what will be the amount of ship- petus to this favored city, blessed with a ments of grain this season (1863), but it good climate and soQ, which the future win be well into the millions." alone can reveal. During the past few years an unusual number of fine buildings have been erected, Railroads running from Milwaukee. and the commerce of the port has amount- ed to $G0, 000,000. The bay of Milwaukee Detroit and Milwaukee (Grand Haven offers the ))est advantages for the con- to Detroit, 189 miles), connecting with struction of a harbor of refuge of amy steamers on Lake Michigan. point on Lake Michigan. The city has ex- La Crosse and Milwaukee, 200 miles, pended over $100,000 in the construction connecting with steamers on the Upper of a harbor: this needs extension and Mississippi. FROM CUICAGO TO MACKINAC AND 8AUT STK. MARIE. 87

Milxoaukee and Prairie du Chien, 192 *' Manitouwoc \n the most northern of miles, connecting with steamers on the the harbors of Lake Micliigan improved by Mississippi Hiver. the United States government. It d.--

Slii'i-auktc and Iloriron, 93 miles. , rives additional importance from the fact Mi'tcauhe' arui Wi'stern, 71 miles. that, when completed, it will afford the j ifilirauk^a 'iml C 'i'-'"j'o, 85 miles; also, lirst point of refuge from storms for shi[>- the River and Lake Shore City Railway, ping lM)und from any of the other great running: from the entrance of the harbor lakes to this, or to the most southern porta todiflVrent parts of the city. of Lake Micliigan." 1*0RT \Vashix(}T()N. i.»z;ivjkee Co., Wis., Two RivKU.^. Wis., seven miles north 25 miles n( rth of Mihvaul?be, is a flour- from Manitouwoc, is a new and thriving ishing place, and Ciipital of the county. ' l)lace at the entrance of the conjoined The village contains, besides the pul)lic streams (from which the j)lace takes its buildings, several churches and hotels, ' name) into Lake Michigan. Two piers twelve stores, three mills, an iron found- are here erected, one on each side of the ; ry, two breweries, and other manufac- river; also a sliip-yard, an extensive tt»nes. The population Iff about 2.500. leather manufacturing company, chair and Here is a po<^id steamboat landing, from pail factory, and three steam saw-mill.s. whicli large quantities of produce are an- ' The village contains about 2,000 inhabi- nually shipped to Chicago and other lake tants.

| p.;.rts. Kewaunee, Wi.s.. 25 miles north of Two i SnEWiYCfAN. Wis., 50 miles north of Rivers and 102 miles from Milwaukee, is

Milwaukee and 1.30 miles from Chicago, ; a small shipping town, where are situated is a thriving place, containing about 6,000 several saw-mills and lumber establish- inhabitants. Here are seven churches, ments. Green Bay is situated about 25 several public-houses and stores, togetlior miles due west from this place.

witli a light-house and piers ; the harljor AiiN'EEFEE, 12 miles north of Kewaunee,

| being improved by government works. is a lumbering village, situated at the ] I..arge quantities agricul- mouth of Ahueepee, containing about of lumber and [

tural products are shipped from this port, i 1,000 inhabitants. The back coimtry hero The country in the interior is fast set- assumes a wild apjiearance, the forest

tling with agriculturists, the soil and eli- \ trees being mostly pine and hemlock. mate being good. A railroad nearly com- Gibraltar, or Bailey's IIauuor, is a

j good sailing pleted runs from this place to Fon'D du i natural port of refuge for craft by is Lac. 42 miles west, lying jit the head of i when overtaken storms. Here I.^ke Winnebago. a settlement of some 400 or 600 inhabi- Manitouwoc, Wis., 70 miles north of tants, mostly being engaged in fishing and Milwaukee and 33 miles east from Green lumltering. I3ay, is an important shipping port. It Port le.s Morts or Death's Door, the c^jntains about 2,500 inliabitants; five entrance to Green Bay, is passed 20 miles churches, several public-houses, twelve north of Bailey's Harbor, Detroit hUind

stores, besides several storehouses ; three lying to the northward. pteam saw-mills, two ship-yards, light- TOTTOWATOMEE, Or WaSHINOTOX ISL- house, and pier. Large (juautities of lum- AND, is a fine bixiy of land atUiched to

ber are annually shipped fmm this port. the State of Michigan ; also. Rock Island, The harbor is being improved so a.s to af- situated a short distance to the north. ford a refuge for vessels during etormy (See route to Green Bay, drc). weather. 88 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

On leaving Two Rivers, the steamers ed before reaching the Strait of Mackinac, passing through the Straits usually run which, opposite Old Fort Mackinac, is for the Manitou Islands, Mich., a distance about six miles in width. The site of of about 100 miles. Boon after the last Old Fort Mackinac is on the south main vestige of laud sinks below the horizon or Michigan shore, directly opposite Point on the west shore, the vision catches the Ste. Ignace,on the north main shore. St. dim outline of coast on the east or Michi- Hdena Island lies at the entrance of the ' gan shore at Point aux Bee Scies, which strait from the south, distant about fifteen is about 30 nnles south of the Big Mani- miles from Mackinac. tou Island. From this point, passing Old Fort Mackinac,* now called Mao northward by Sleeirlng Bear Point, a sin- kinac City, is an important and interesting gular shaped headland looms up to the location; it was formerly fortified and view. It is said to resemble a sleeping garrisoned for the protection of the strait bear. The east shore of Lake Michigan and this section of country, when in- presents a succession of high sand-banks habited almost exclusively by various for many miles, while inland are numer- tribes of Indians. This place can be ous small bays and lakes. easily reached by saU-boat from the island Little, or South Manitou Island, 260 of Mackinac. miles from Chicago, and 110 miles from Pte. le Gros Cap, lying to the west Iklackiuac, lies on the jSIichigan side of of old Fort Mackinac, is a picturesque head- the lake, and is the first island encoun- land well worthy of a visit. tered on proceeding northward from Chi- The Strait op Mackinac is from five cago. It rises abruptly on the west to twenty miles in width, and extends shore 2 cr 300 feet from the water's edge, east and west about forty miles, embosom- sloping toward the east shore, on which ing several important islands besides is a light-house and a fine harbor. Here Mackinac Island, the largest being Bois steamers stop for wood. Big or North Blanc Island, lying near the head of Manitou is nearly twice as large as the Lake Huron. Between this island and former island, and contains about 14,000 the main north shore the steamer Garden acres of land. Both islands are settled City was wrecked, May 16, 1S54; her by a few families, whose principal occu- upper works were still visible from the pation is fishing and cutting wood for the deck of the passing steamer in the fall of use of steamers and sailing vessels. the same year. Fox Islands, 50 miles north from South Grosse Ile St. Martin and He St. Manitou, consist of tlireo small islands Martin lie within the waters of the strait, lying near tlic middle of Lake Micliigan, eight or ten miles north of the island of which is here about 60 mUes wide. On Mackinac, In the neighborhood of these the west is the entrance to Green Bay, different islands are the favorite fishing- on the east is the entrance to Grand Trav- grounds both of the Indian and the "pale erse Bay, and immediately to the north is face." the entrance to Little Traverse Bay. Mackinac, the Town and Fortress, is Great and Little Beaver Islands most beautifully situated on the east shoi-c lying about midway between the Manitou of the island, and extends for a distance Islands and Mackinac, are large and fer- of about one mile along the water's edge, tile bodies of land, formerly occupied by and has a fine harbor protected by a Mormons, who had here their most eastern settlement. * Settled by the French under Father Marquette Garden and Hoa Islands are next pass- in 1670. ;

FROM CHICAGO TO MACKINAC AND SALT HTE. MARIE. 89

water battery. This important island and ! the attention of the tourist. Tlio Jfi^^sinn 45"' fortress is situated in X. lat. 54', "\V. I House and fslayid Hou.se are the priiKii»al Ion. 84"* 30' from Greenwich, being seven hotels, while there are several other gixxl degrees thirty minutes west from Wash- pubiic-hou.ses for the accommodation of ' ington. It is 350 miles north from Thica- visitors. po, 100 miles .south of SautSlo. .Marie bv Island of Matkisac. The view given \ — the .neambo;it route, and abi>ut 300 mik'S represents the Island, approaching from

n irthwest from Detroit. Fort Markinac^ ' the eastward. " A cliff of limestone, white girriaonod l>y U. States troops, stands on and weather-beaten, with a narrow allu- j elevated ground, alxnit 200 feet above the vial plain skirting its base, is the tirst I water, overhwking the picturesque town thing which commands attention ;" but, I

and harbttr below. In the rear, about I on nearing the harbor, the village (2), half a mile disUmt stand the r uins of old I with its many picturesque dwellings, and Fort Iloliiifs, situated on the highest point the fortress (3), perched near the summit j of land, at an elevation of 3J0 feet above of the Island, are gazed at witli wonder the water, affnrding an ext-'usive view. and delight. The promontory on the left The town contains two churches, live is called the " Lover's Leap" (1), skirted hotels, ten or twelve stores. 100 dwelling- by a pebbly beach, extending to the houses, and about 700 inha]>itants. Tlie village. On the right is seen a lx)ld rocky- " climate is remarkably healthy anddeliglit- precipice, called Robinson's Folly'' (5), ful during the summer months, when this while in the same direction is a singular favored retreat is usually throng'.»(l with peak of nature called the ** Sugar Ijoaf.'^ visitors from different parts of the Union, Still farther onward, the " Archtd liock.^* while the Indian wairiors, their squaws and and other interesting sights, meet tiie eye their children, are seen lingering around of the explorer, affording plea.sure and de- this their favorite island and tishin^-ground. light, particularly to the scientific traveller The Island of Mackik.vc, lying in the and lover of nature. On the highest Strait of Mackinac, is about three miles ground, elevated 320 feet above the waters long and two miles wide. It contains of the Strait, is the signal station (4), situ- many deeply interesting points of attrac- ated near the ruins of old Fort Iloh/iffs. tion in addition to the village and fortress The settlement of this Island was com- the principal natural curiosities are known menced in 1764. In 1793 it was surren- as the Arched Rock, Sugar Loaf, Lover's dered to the American government ; taken

Ij»iap, Devil's Kitchen, li

and other objects of interest well worthy I the treaty of Ghent, signed in Nov., 1814 : ; — 90 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

The Iôver'§ t,eap.—Mackixac make the traverse to the Spirit, or Fairie Island.—The huge rock called the "Lov- Island. er's Leap," is situated about one mile west One season, when the war party re- of the village of Mackinac. It is a high turned, she could not distinguish his fa- perpendicular bluff, 150 to 200 feet in miliar and loved war-shout. Her thinking height, risiug boldly from the shore of the spirit, or soul (presentiment) told her that Lake. A solitary pine-tree formerly he had gone to the Spirit Land of the stood upon its brow, which some Vandal west. It was so, an enemy's arrow had has cut down. pierced his breast, and after his body Long before the pale faces profaned this was placed leaning against a tree, his face island home of the Genii, Me-che-ne-mock- fronting his enemies he died; but ere he e-nung-o-qua, a young Ojibway girl, just died he wished the mourning warriors to maturing into womanhood, often wander- remember him to the sweet maid of his ed there, and gazed from its dizzy heights heart. Thus he died far away from home and witnessed the receding canoes of the and the friends he loved. large war parties of the combined bands Me-che-ne-mock-e-nung-o-qua's heart of the Ojibways and Ottawas, speeding hushed its beatings, and all the warm South, seeking for fame and scalps. emotions of that heart were cliilled and It was there slie often sat, mused, and dead. Tlie moving, living spirit or soul hummed the songs Ge-niw-e-gwon lo'ê^^ of her beloved Ge-niw-e-gwon she witnes- this spot was endeared to her, for it was sed, continually beckoning her to follow there that she and Ge-niw-e-gwon &ikk •him ; to the happy hunting grounds of met and exchanged words of love, and spirits in .the -^'est—he appeared to her in found an affinity of souls or aîîxlst*:; ihiirtiaSn^hape,^but was invisible to others ing between them. It was there she'often of his tribe. sat and sang the Ojibway love song One morning her body was found man- gled at the foot of the bluff. The soul had " Mong-e-do-gwain, in-de-nain-dum, thrown aside its covering of earth, and Moiig-e-do-g\vain, in-de-nain-duin Wain-shung-ish-weeii, neen-e-mo-shane, had gone to join the spirit of her beloved Wain-shung-ish-ween, neen-e-mo-shane, Ge-niw-e-gwon, to travel together to the A-nee-wau-wau-sau-bo-a-zode, land of spirits, realizing the glories and A-nee-wau-wau-sau-bo-a-zode." bliss of a future, eternal existence. I give but one verse, which may be Yours, &c., * translated as follows Wm. M. J *****

A loon, I thought was looming, OP VARIOUS POINTS ON ISLAND A loon, I thought was looming; ALTITUDE Why! it is he, my lover, OF MACKINAC. lover. Why ! it is he, my _ ,.,. Above Above His paddle, in the waters gleaming, Locahties. j^ake Huron. the Sea. His paddle in the waters gleaming. Lake Huron 000 leet. 574 feet. Fort Mackinac 150 " 724 " this bluff she often watched and " . From Old Fort Holmes 315 " 889 listened for tlie return of the war parties, Kobiuson's Folly 128 " 702 " Chinmey liock 131 " 705 " for amongst them she knew was Ge-niw-e- Top of Arched Rock 140 " 714 " his head decorated with war-eagle " gwon ; 1 .over's Leap 145 " 719 brave could "• 853 " plumes, which none but a Summit of Sugar Loaf. .. . 2S4

Plateau of Mack- j sport. The west wind often wafted far Principal jgQ u 734 " inac Island shouts of victory and ) in advance the Upper Plateau 300 " 874 " sang upon as tliey shouted and Mountnin,north I . " " death, La Cloche '-"oao 1,774 ( leaving Pe-quot-e-nong (old Mackinac), to I Bido Lake Huron, C. W.

Akohed Eock.—Mackinac. : — ;

PROM CHICAGO TO MACKINAC AND SALT 8TE. MARIE. 91

The whole Island of Mackinac is deeply i the denuding action of the water here in interesting to the scientific explorer, as time past, and the same action as now

well as to the sookor of health and plf^as- 1 manifesU^d in th'> rangi^ of the Pirturtd ure. The following extract, ilhistratod by A'c'Av* on the shores f»f Lake Superior,

I an eiigraviuff. is copied from " Foster As an int<'resting point in the scenery of an i WiUTSKYS Gtiolo'jral lifjfort" of that ih'\s island, the Arched Kock attracts region much attention, and in every respect is j

"As particular examples of denuding i worthy of examination." {Ste Engracing.) action island, on the we would mention \ Other pictures

is a feature of great interest. The clilfs i enchanting island, where the pure, bra- here attain a luight of nearly one hundred cing air and cl'-ar waters afford a plea-

I feet, while at the base are strewn numerous surable sensation, difficult to | bo described fragments which have fallen from above, unless visited and enjoyed. The Arched R<>rk has excavated in been I The bathing in the pure waters of the

a j)rojecting angle of the limestone cliff, ! Strait at this place is truly delightful,

and the top of the span is about ninety | affording health and vigor to the human feet above the lake-level, surmounted by frame, about ti'U feet of rock. At the base of a projeeting angl-. whieh rises up like a buttress, is small there a opening, , through _,_ _ , ^ ^w whioh an explorer may pass to the main ' ^lic Inland of .lla<-kiiiac. arch, where, at\or clambering over the Romantic and Pictiresquk A ppe.^r.^nce steep .slope of debris and the projecting I of the Island and Sl'Rrolndinu edges of the strata, he reaches the brow CoLNTRY Its Plrity of Atmosphere of the cliff. —A Moonlight E.vclrsion, ve the btornx, no great depth. portion supporting The Most fits such a plaot' for iniisin;: iiu-n the arch on the north side, and the curve Hajipiest, souutiuu-a, when musing without aim." of the arch itself are comparatively fra- [IV»lluk. J gile, and cannot, for a long j^Kjriod, resist i In this Northern region, Nature has at the action of rains and frosts, which, in last fully resumed her green dresn. Flow- this latitude, and on a rock thus cousti- ers wild, but still beautiful, bloom and j tuted, produce great ravages every season, di.sapiK?ar in succession. Birds of various j The arch, which on one side now con- hues havo returned to our groves, and nects this abutment with the main cliff, welcome us as we trace these shady walks, will soon be destroyed, as well as the " In all wand'rings round this world j my abutment itself, and the whole be precipi- of care,' 1 have found no place wherein j tated into the lake. i the climate, throughout the summer sea- " It is evident that the denuding action son, seems to exercise on the human con

roducing sujii aa o.^'uing. with other I stitution a more beneficial influence than attendant phenomena, could only have on this I.4aud. In other parts of this j operat<*d while near the level of a large country and in Burojie. the places of lirsort

boiy of water like the great lake it.self; i are beautiful, iudeed; but a certtiu 0|>- and we !ind a striking similarity between ' pressiveuuss there at times pervades tho — ;

92 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

tlie best with its winding shores, far into Lake air, that a person even vdih to the east, and there health in the world, feels a lassitude creep- Huron. Look inland apparently "bounding through his frame. Here, we seldom, stands this sea, from this less and deep, "and "pure as th' expanse of if ever, experience such a feeling Directly north from our place cause.' For the western breeze even in heaven." "Islands of St. the hottest days passing over this island, of observation, are the if Martin;" while beyond them in the Bay, keeps the .air cool and, especiaUy proper exercise be taken by walking or riding, are two large rivers—the Pine, and Carp lastly, casting our eyes to- one feels a bracing up, a certain buoyancy Rivers. And see on the main of spirits that is truly astonishing. wards the northwest, we Ye inhabitants of warm latitudes, who land the two "Sitting Rabbits;" being hills or rocks, and so pant in cities for a breath of cool air, fly two singular looking this called the Indians from some resem- to tliis isle for comfort. Ye invahd, by your distance to rabbits in a sitting is the place in which to renovate blance at a shattered constitution. The lovers of posture. As a whole, this scenery pre- beautiful scenery or the curious in nature, sents, hills, points of land jutting into the and the artist, whose magic pencil de- lake, and "straits," bays, and i.slands. hghts to trace nature's hneaments, need Here, the lake contracts itself into narrow not sigh for the sunny clime of Italy for channels, or straits, which at times are subjects on which to feed the taste and whitened by numerous sails of commerce imagination. and there, it spreads itself away as far ss This island is intersected by fine car- the eye can reach. And, while contem- riage roads, shaded liere and there by a plating this scene, perhaps a dark column young growth of beech, maple, and other of smoke, hke the Genii in the Arabian trees. On the highest part of it, about Tales, may be seen rising slowly out of 300 feet, are the ruins of Old Fort Holmes. the bosom of Lake Huron, aunouncmg From this point of elevation, the scenery tlie approach of the Genii of modern days, sight, the around is extensive and beautiful. In the Steamboat 1 Let us descend to are some localities connected with " the shore. tales of the times of old," both of the sav- It is evening! The sun, with all his westward- in the west but age and the civilized. Looking glory has disappeared ; miles of ly, and at the distance of about four the moon sits i# tui-n the arbitress across an arrn of Lake Huron, is Point St. heaven. And now Ignace, which is the southernmost point '' How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon this bank; the sounds of music of land, of the greater portion of the Up- Here will we sit, and let Creep in our ears; soft stillness and the niglit. Immediately south of it per Peninsula. Becomes the touches of sweet harmony.'" are the "Straits of Mackinac," which sep- night I once enjoyed. arating the Northern and Southern Penin- Such a moonlight day-lile had gradually subsid- sulas from each other, are about four The hum of to disturb tl^.e miles wide. On the south shore, may still ed, and there was naught stillness of the hour, save the occasional be sei.'U traces ofOld Fort Mackinac, which laughter of those who Hngered out in the is well known in history as having been of the moon, destroyed by Indians, in 17 G3, at the in- open air. In the direction before me, there was a stigation of Pontiac, an Indian Chief. and on the Lake upon its Turning our gaze southeastwardly, we see broad road of liglit trembling more, two small ihe picturesque " Round Island," as it bosom. A few moments catch the gentle were at our feet. And further on, is boats -with sails up to "Boid-Blanc Island," stretching away breeze, were seen passing and re-passing FROM CHICAGO TO MACKINAC AND 8AUT 6TE. MARIE. 93

this broad road of light. Then the vocal Point De Tour, 36 miles east from Bong was raised on tlie waters, and w o- Mackinac, is the site of a light-house and man'a voice was borne on moonlight beam settlement, at the entrance of St. Marys to the listening ear in tlie remotest shades. River, which is here about half a mile in The voices became clearer and stronger width; this passage is also called the as the boats apj)rt)ached nearer; then, West Channel. At a distance of about again, dying away in tlie distance, seemed two miles above the Point is a new set- to be merged wiiii the mellow rays of tlie tlement, where have been erected a steam- moon. But let us leave poetry and fancy boat ])ier, a hotel, and several dwellings. aside, and come to matters of fact, mat- Drummond Island, a largo and imi>or- j

ters of accommodation, ])repared for those 1 tant body of land belonging to the United who may favor our island with their visits States, is p.issed on the right, where are to this summer. be seen the ruins of an old fort erected There are several large hotels, with at- by the British. On the left is the main- tentive hosts, ever ready to contribute to- land of Northern Michigan. Ascending wards the comforts of their visitors. Walk- St. Mary's River, ne.xt is passed Round or ing, riding, fishing, shooting, and sailing PiPK Island, and other smaller islands can be here pursued with great benefit to on the right, presenting a beautiful ap- health. We have billiard-rooms and bowl- pearance, most of them belonging to the ing-alleys; in tiie stores are found Indian United States. curiosities; and, perhaps, the Indians St. Joseph Island. 10 miles above themselves, who resort to this island on Point de Tour, is a large and fertile island j businea.s, may be curiosities to those who belonging to Canada. It is al>out 20 have never seen them; they are the true miles long from east to west, and about "native Americans," the citizens of this 15 miles broad, covered in part with a Korth American Republic. heavy growth of forest-trees. Here are RouxD Island is a small body of land seen the ruins of an old fort erected by the lying a short distance southeast of Macki- British, on a point of land commanding tho nac, while Bois Blaxo Island is a large channel of the river. body of l:xnd lying still farther in the dis- Cakltonville is a small settlement on tance, in the Straits of Mackinac. the Michigan side of the river, 12 miles St. Martins Bay, and the waters con- above the De Tour. Here is a steam saw- tiguous, lying north of Mackinac, afibrd mill and a few dwelling-houses. fine fishing grounds, and are much re- Lime Island is a small body of land sorted to by visitors fond of aquatic sports. belonging to the United States, lying in Crtat St. Martins and Littk St. Martins the main channel of the river, about 12 Jilands are passed before entering the miles from its mouth. The channel here bay, and present a beautiful appearance. forms the boundary between the United Carp and Pine rivers are two small States and Canada. streams entering into St. Martin's Bay, Mi'D Lake, as it is called, owing to its affording an abundance of brook trout of waters being easily' riled, is an e.\j>arL'

Church's Landing, on Sugar Island, village ; and the whole rests on one's vision twelve miles below the Saut, is a steam- more like a picture than a reality. Every

boat landing; opposite it is SQUIRREL thing on the island is a curiosity ; the IsL.iND, belonging to the Canadians. This roads or streets that wind around the har- is a convenient landing, where are situated bor or among the grove-like forests of the a store and dwelling. TJie industrious island are naturally pebbled and macadam- occupants are noted for the making of ized; the buildings are of every style, ra-'

FHOM CHICAGO TO MACKINAC AND hALT STE. MARIK. yo

them, and enjoy the sight more than any every description, among the rest wero description. the orfly two iron steamers that the Uni- " The steamers all call there, on their ted States have upon all the lakes, the way to and from Chioapo, and hundreds of 'Michigan' and the '.Surveyor.' formerly email siiil vejjs<.'ls, in the tishing trade, ttdled the ' Abert,' employed in the Coast have here their heiul-quarters. Drawn Survey. upon the pebbled beaoh or ^rliding alxiut " For a wonder, I^ake Huron was calm the little l.>ay are bark canoes and the far- and at rest for its entire length, and the famed ' Mackinac boats,' without num- steamer 'Northerner' made a beautiful ber. These last are the perfection of and quick pa.ssage from Mackinac to this light sail-boats, and I have often been place. The weather continues v\aim and astonished at seeing them far out in the dry, and hundreds are [ regrettmg they lake, beating up against winds that were , have so early left the Saut and Mackinac, next to gales. Yesterday the harbor and we believe j you will see crowds of sail W»s thronged with boats and vessels of I visitors yet. Jay."

tlie entrance. Potagannia- sing Hay. dotted with numerous small islands, mostly belonging to the United States, is seen lying to the eastward, communicating with the North Chan- nel. Jtud Lake, C miles further, is next entered, having an ex- J SI. itiarj's River. panse of about 4 miles in width, when By a careful examina- Saikrr's Encampment Island is reached, tion of the (lovernmeut being 20 miles from Lake Huron. The Charts of the Straits of head of St. Joseph's and part of Sugar Mackinac and River Ste. Island are reached 2G miles northward

Marie, published in 1 H5T, it I from the De Tour, where diverges the appears that the Point De Tour Light- Iluuse Canadian or North Channel, running into I is situated iu 45** 57' N. Lat., being 3G the Georgian Bay; this channel is fol- miles to the eastward of Fort Mackinac. lowed by the Canadian steamers. The 1 The width of the L>e TourjKis.sage is about y'ebish li'iipiiLe are next passed, and iMke one mile, with a depth of water of KjO ; George entered. G miles further, being 32 feet and upwards, although but 50 feet miles from Lake Huron. This lake or ex- I is found off the light, as you run into i pansion of the river is 9 miles in length Lake Huron. Druiainund hlmil, attached and 4 miles broad, affording 12 feet of I to the United States, lies on the east, water over the shoals and terminating at j while the shore lies main of Michienn to ! Church's iMudtng, lying opposite S'/nir- the west of the entrance. Pipe Island, Ireii Island, attiiched to Canada. (;

[I .'Stream, and then Lime Island, G miles i town on the Canada side. Little Lake further. St. Joseph's Island, with its old\ George is passed and Poitit Aux Pins fort, attached to Canada, Ues 8 miles from reached, 3 miles further. From Little —

TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

Lake George to the Saut Ste. Marie, pas- greatly facilitating trade and commerce. sing around the head of Sugar Island, is The village on the American side is pleas- of the rapids, 8 miles further, being 55 miles from Lake antly situated near the foot Huron. The Rapids, or Ship Canal, ex- and contains a court-house and jail; a Methodist, and a tend for about one mile, overcoming a fall Presbyterian, a Roman church; 2 hotels, and 15 or 20 of 20 feet, when a beautiful stretch of the Catholic storehouses, besides a few river is next passed and Waiska Bay stores and establishments, aud about rapids ; making manufacturing entered, 6 miles above the ' inhabitants. of the inhabi- the St. Mary's River 62 miles in length. 1,200 Many are en- The cbanne'l forming the boundary line tants and Indians in the vicinity between Canada and the United States is gaged in the fur trade and fisheries, the followed by the ascending steamer from latter being an important and profitable flock to this the lower end of St. Joseph's Island to occupation. Summer visitors Lake Superior, while a more direct pas- place and the Lake Superior country for pleasure. Chippewa House^ sage is afforded for vessels of light draught health and The through Hay Lake, lying west of Sugar a well kept hotel on the American side, Island and entering Mud Lake. Nothing can and one on the Canadian side of the river, be more charming than a trip over these both afibrd good accommodations. important waters, when sailing to or from the Fort Brady is an old and contiguous to Straits of Mackinac, thus having in view United States mihtary post tliis frontier village, where are barracks rich and varied lake and river scenery, I once the exclusive and favored abode of for a full garrison of troops. It commands to the red man of the forest, now fast pass- the St. Mary's River and the approach ing awav before the march of ci\dlization. the mouth of the canal. * Saut Ste. ]»Iarie,* capital of Chip- Saut Ste. Marie, C. TT., is a scattered located a part of the pewa Co., Mich., is advantageously situated se.ttlement, where is Here is a steam- on St. Mary's River, or Strait, 350 miles Hudson Bay Company. or three N.N.W. of Detroit, and 15 miles from the boat landing, a hotel, and two 31'. Hudson Bay Com- foot of Lake Superior, in X. lat. 46° stores, including the 500 to 600 in- The Rapids at this place, giving the name pany's; and it has from of the Chippewa tribe to the settlements on both sides of the habitants. Indians vicinity in considerable num- river, have "a descent of 20 feet within the reside in the right to distance of a mile, and form the natural bers, they having the exclusive waters contiguous to the limit of navigation. The Ship Canal, how- take fish in the themselves in ever, which has recently been constructed rapids. They also employ their frail canoes, on the American side, obviates this diflfi- running the rapids in citizens or strangers culty. Steamers of a large class now pass when desired by through the locks into Lake Superior, this being one of the most exhilarating en- joyments for those fond of aquatic sports.

* Settled in 166S, by the French. {See Eiujraving.) W THf miKf TUIP TIlliOlGII THE LAKES. 97

!!it. iTlaryN FhIIn ^iliip C'aiiiil. ' avded to Saut Rte, Mario for the ptirposo of insj^ccting the work. It was actvptcd, TJiis Canal, which connects the naviga- and thereupon, in accordance with the

^ tioii of Lake Superior with the Lower t«'rms of the contract, the State author- Lalvcs, ia one niilo in length, and cost ities released to the Canal < oinpany and about one million dollars. 1 issued patents for the 750.000 acres of It was buflt iu the years 1853, '54, '55, bud. This was all the renumeration the by the Siiint Mary's Falls Ship t'anjJ Com- company recoivea lor the work. pany, under a contract with commission- i Tlie lands were selected during tho ers appointed by the authorities of the , building of the canal, by agents ap-

State of Michigan to secure the budding ' pointed by the governor of Michigan. of the canid. Of the 750.00O acres, 39,000 acres were A grant of 750.000 acres of the public selected in the iron region of Lake Su- land had previously been made by Con- jKJiior, 117, 000 acn s iu the Copper region, press to the State <»f Michigan, to aid in and the balance, 5»'.4,000 acres, in the the ctiustruction of this important work. Lower Peninsula. This grant of 750,000 acres was given The following figures will give somo to the parties contracting for the building idea of the magnitude of this work : of the canal, provided the work should be Length of canal, 5,548 feet, -= 1 mil© completed within two years from the date 30 i feet. of the contract. Width at top, 115 feet—at water-line, The work was commenced in the sprang 100 feet—at bottom, 04 feet. of 185;{, and completed within the time Tl^e depth of the canal is 12 feet. epecitied in the contract {two years !). A. slope wall on the sides of the canal is This result was accomplished under 4,000 feet iu length. many disadvantages, during a very sickly Tiiere are two locks, each 350 feet in season, and when great difficult}' was ex- length. perieuccd in obtaining laborers; but the Width of locks, 70 feet at top—GIJ feet unremitting vigor of those who had the at bottom. charge of the work secured its completion The walla are 25 feet high—10 feet thick in the most substantial, permanent, and at bottom. icceptable manner. Lift of upper lock, 8 feet—lower do., 10

During a great portion of the time there feet ; total lockage, 1 8 feet. were from 1,200 to l.'IOO men employed Lower wharf, li<0 feet long; 20feet^nde. uiK)n the work, exclusive of the force at Upper wharf, 830 feet long; from IG to 30 the different quarries where the stone was feet wide. cut and prepared for the locks, beside a There are 3 pairs of folding gates, each large force employed in necessary agen- 40 feet wide. cies, getting timber, etc. Upper gate, 17 feet high—lower gate, 24 The stones fur the locks were cut at feet ij inclies high. Anderden, Canada (near Maiden), and at There are also upper and lower caisson Marblchead. near Sandusky, in (Jhio. These gates, used for shutting off the water from were sent in vessels to the work, some the canaL twenty- five different sailing vessels being The amount of luml)er, timl)er, and iron employed in this business. used in the building of the jiiers and gates On the coMipleiion of the canal in June, ia enormous. 1855, the governor of the State, the State There were 103,437 lK«s. of wrought iron "'"•i'-ers, and the Canal Commissioners pro- used in the gates, and 3^<,000 lb.-*, ca.st iron. 7 98 FROM CHICAGO TO MACKINAC AND SAUT STE MARIE.

About 8,000 feet of oak timber, etc. The first Steamer which passed through The tolls on the canal are collected by the locks was the Illinois, 927 tons, the State— are merelj' nominal—and only commanded by John AVilson, on her trip intended to defray the necessary expenses through to the upper ports on Lake Su- of repairs. perior, June 18, 1855. The Illinois was The St. Mary's Falls Ship Canal, followed by the Steamer Baltimore, 514: Michigan, now forms a navigable com- tons; Samuel Ward, 434 tons; and the munication between Lake Superior and North Star. 1,100 tons, during the month Huron, passing through the St. Mary's of June of the same year. River for a distance of about 60 miles.

Opening and CLosixa .

FKOM TORONTO TO COLLINUWOOU AND BAIT STE. MAUIE. 99

Ports, etc. Miles. Ports, etc. Miles Barrie Island 220 Drummond's l.^land, Mich lO Cockburn Island 255 Oxkbuni Island, C. W 85

Druminond's Island, Mich 270 Barrio Island ; 120 Bnicv Mines, C. W. 290 Ciapperlon Island 150 St. Joseph Island 2'.t6 Little Current } 170 Tampement D'Ours Is 302 Great Manitoulin Is. f The Narrows :^05 Man-i-tou-wah-uing (25 m.) Sugar Island. Mich 315 She-ba-xcn-naJi-ning 195 Nebish liitpida 3 IG Cape Smj-th 215 Lake George 320 Lonely Island 210 Church's lAiitdhij 32G Cabot's Head 2G0

Garden River Set '{."{O Cape Rich 310 .Saut Stk. Mauie 340 COLUNGU 001) 340 Steamboat Fake, $8 50. UsL'AL Time, 3G hours. Including meals. Note. — Landiners in Italic.

Colli 11^ wood, 94 miles north from ' Owen's Sound, 50 miles distant ; and Toronto, is most advantageously situated weekly to Bruce Mines, the Saut Ste. Ma- near the head of Nottawassaga Bay, an rie, and iuto Lake Sui)erior, aflording a indentation of Georgian Bay. The town, delightful steaml)oat excursion. although commenced in 1^54, at the time Immense quantities of !ish are taken in

of the completion of the Ontario, Simcoe, ' the waters of Nottawassaga Bay, being and Huron Railroad, now contains (18G1) principally carried to the Toronto market. I about 2.000 inliabit.mts, is rapidly and in- i The whole north shore of the Georgian crea.«ing. surprisini,' The growth is main- . Bay abounds in white fisli. salmon, trout, ly owing to its being the norihern termi- maskalonge, and other fish of line quality, nus tff the railway which connects the affording protitable employment to the Georgian Bay wiih Lake Ontario at Canadians and Indians. Toronto. Great numbers of travellers and '' Some idea of the value and extent of emigrants are at this point transferred to tlie fishing operations promiscuously pur- steamers or propellers, bound for Mackinac, sued in Nottawassaga Bay may be formed Green Bay. Chicago, aud the Great West, from the knowledge that the average as well as to the Saut 8te. Marie and Lake daily take exceeds one thousand fish, Superior. Here are a long pier, 800 feet weighing from forty founds down to one in length: a breakwater, and light-hou.se; pound. At this rate, that of the sca.sou several large ^U^tga and storehouses; would nut fall short of £40,000. At the four hotels, and two or three churches in mouth of the Noitawa.ssaga River the the course of erection. white fish are netted in perfect shoals The steamers leaving CoUingTS'ood for throughout the spawning season. Most Mackinac and Chicago, running along the of the larger kind of trout spawn about west shore of Lake Michigan, are of a the islands u|K>n beds of c;dcareous rock, Urge cla.xs, affording go

where the water is shallow; and from than elsewhere. Thither the fishermen being exposed to the sun, the temperature resort, and net the fish, vapid and placid of the lake is warmer at these locahties as they are, in fabulous amounts."

GEORGIAN BAY.

The deeply romantic character of this cession of enchanting "scenery. Here the pure and lovely body of water is almost wild fowl, fur-bearing game, and the finny unknown to the American pubhc—lying tribe disport in perfect freedom, being as as it does to the northeast of Lake Huron, yet far removed from the busy haunts of being entirely within .the confines of civilization. Canada. The nortlieast shore is the most Georgian Bay is nearly as large as Lake romantic and highly interesting, from the Ontario, while the North Channel, connect- fact of tliere being innumerable islands ing with St. Mary's River on the west, may and islets along the coast, greatly exceed- be said to be as large as Long Island ing in number the " Thousand Islands" of Sound, dotted with a large number of love- the St. Lawrence. ly islands, while to the south lies the From Penetanguishene, northeast to romantic island of the Great Manitoulin, She-ba-wa-nah-ning, where commences the and on the north rises La Clocht picturesque body of water known as the Mountain—altogether forming the most North Channel, there is one continued suc- grand and romantic scenery.

ROUTE FEOM CCILINGWCOD, C, W., TO THE SAUT STE. MAEIE. THROUGH GEORGIAN BAY AND NORTH CHANNEL.

This is a new and highly interesting east of Cape Rich, is a large and fertile steamboat excursion, brought into notice island, which was early settled by the by the completion of the Ontario, Simcoe, Jesuits. There are several others passed and Huron Railroad, extending from north of Christian Island, of great beauty, Toronto to CoUingwood, at the southern wliile still farther nortliwest are encoun- extremity of Georgian Bay. tered innumerable islands and islets, form- NoTTAWASSAGA Bay, thesoutliem termi- ing labyrinths, and secluded passages and nation of G eorgian Bay, is a large expanse of coves as yet almost unknown to the white water bounded by Cape Rich on the west, man, extending westward for upward of and Christian Island on the east, each one hundred miles. being distant about :iO miles from CoUing- Penetanguishene, C. "V\''., 50 miles wood. At the south end of the bay lies north of CoUingwood by steamboat route, a small group of islands called the Hen situated on a lovely and secure bay, is an and Chickens. old and very important settlement, com- Christian Island, lying about 25 miles prising an Episcopal and Roman Catholic from Penetanguishene, and 25 miles north- church, two hotels, a custom-house, severa !!

ROUTE FROM COLLINGWOOD TO 8AUT STK MARIE. 101

stores and storehouses, and haa about nOO side, steering for Cape Smyth, a bold inhubitant-i. In the immediate vicinity are promontory jutting out from the Great a navnl and military depot and barracks, Manitoulin. and distant from Lonely Island established by the British ffuvemiuciit. about 25 miles. The natural beauties of the bay and har- Squaw Island and Papoose Island bor, combined with the picturcs(iue are seen on the northeast, while farther scenery of the shores, make up a picture inland are the /W IsUinds, being the Com- of rare beauty. Here may be seen tlie mencement on the west of the innumera- native Indian, the half-breed, and the ble islands which al>ouud along the north C.inft'lian Voyageur. with the full-blooded shore of Georgian Bay. Eu:

west of Colli ngwcM:)d. although olV the i Lonely Island, hemmed in by mountains direct route to the Saut Ste. Marie, is well on the north and a high rocky island on worthy of a pa.ssing notice. Here is a the south. It is situated on the north thriving .settlement, surroundtMl by a side of a narrow channel, about half a fertile section of country, and containing mUe in length, wliich lias a great depth of about l.:^^n) inhabitants. A steamer runs water. Here are a convenient steamboat daily from Collingwood to this place, landing, a church, a store, and some ten

which will, no doubt, soon be reached by i or twelve dwellings, inhabited by Cana- half-breeds. Indians as.-'cmble railroad. 1 dians and Lf)NELY Island, situated about 100 here often in considerable numbers, to sell miles west of rolling\vfX)d and 20 mih's their fish and furs, presenting with their east of the Great Manitoidin Islands, is a canoes and dogs a very grotestjue appear- largo body of land mostly c

j color of cream. No sooner does few tishermen, wlio resort here at certain i of the seasons of the year for the purpose of! the steamer's l»ell ring, than this animal taking tish of different kinds. The steam- rushes to the wharf, sometimes assisting is ashore er usually passes this island on its north I to secure the rupo that thrown ; ;

102 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

the nert move ho makes is to board the ' about 120 miles long and 25 miles wide- vessel, as though he were a custom-house On the north shore is situated a post of

officer ; but on one occasion, in his eager- the Hudson Bay Company, which may ness to get into the kitchen, he fell over- be seen from .the deck of the passing

board ; nothing daunted, he swam to the steamer. shore, and then again boarding the vessel, CocKEURN Island, 85 miles west of succeeded in his desire to fill his Little Current hes directly west of the stomach, showing the instinct which Great Manitoulin, from which it is sepa- prompts many a biped office-seeker. rated by a narrow channel. It is a large On leaving She^ba-wa-nah-ning and pro- island, somewhat elevated, but uninhabit- ceeding westward, a most beautiful bay is ed, except by Indians.

passed, studded with islands ; and moun- Drummond Island, 15 miles farther tains upwards of 1,000 feet in height, pre- westward, belongs to the United States, senting a rocky and sterile appearance, being attached to the State of Michigan. form an appropriate background to This is another large body of land, being the view ; thence are passed Badgley and low, and as yet mostly uninhabited. Heywood Islands, the latter lying off Hey- The next Island approached before wood Sound, situated on the north side landing at Bruce Mines is St. Joseph Is- of the Great Manitoulin. land, being a large and fertile body of Max-i-tou-wah-xixg, 25 miles north- land, with some few settlers. west of She-ba-wa-nah-ning, is handsome- Bruce Mines Village, C. W., is situ- ly situated at the head of Heywood ated on the north shore of Lake Huron, Sound. It is an Indian settlement, and or the "North Channel," as it is here also a government agency, being the pilace called, distant 290 miles from Colhngwood, annually selected to distribute the Indian and 50 from the Saut Ste. Marie. Here annuities. are a Methodist chapel, a public-house, Little Current, 25 miles westof She- and a store and storehouse belonging to ba-wa-nali-ning, is another interesting the Montreal Copper Mining Company, landing on the north shore of the Great besides extensive buildings used for ci-ush- Manitoulin, opposite La Cloche Island. ing ore and preparing it for the market Here the main channel is narrow, with a about 75 dwellings and 600 inhabitants. current usually running at the rate of five The copper ore, after being crushed by or six knots an hour, being much afi'ected powerful machinery propelled by steam, by the winds. The steamer stops at this is put into puddling troughs and washed landing for an hour or upward, receiving by water, so as to obtain about 20 per a supply of wood, it being furnished by Cent, pure copper. In this state it is an intelligent Indian or half- breed, who shipped to the United States and England, resides at this place with his family. In- bringing about $80 per ton. It then has dians are often seen here in considerable to go through an extensive smelting pro- numbers. They are reported to be indo- cess, in order to obtain the pure metal. lent and harmless, too often neglecting The mines are situated in the immediate the cultivation of the soil for the more vicinity of the vilkige, there being ten uncertain pursuits of fishing and hunting, openings or shafts from whicli the ore is although a considerably large clearing is obtained in its crude state. Horse-power

to be seen indifl'erently cultivated. is mostly used to elevate the ore ; the Clapperton Islanj) and other islands whims are above ground, attached to of less magnitude are passed in the Korih wliich are ropes and buckets. This mine Channel, which is a large body of water gives employment to about 300 workmen. TRIP FROM COLLINOWOOD TO POUT WILLIAM. 103

Baltimore and The capital Pt/)ck of the company amounts 1,500 tons were shipped to to .>?G0(),000. Buffalo to be smelted." after leaving fho Weliiiigton Mine, aYxmi one mile dis- On resuming the voyage steamer runs along tant, is also owned \>y the Montreal Min- Bruce Mines, the tlirough a beautiful ing Company, hui is leiised and worked St. Joseph Island by an English company. This mine, at sheet of water, in which are embosomed main shore. the present time, is more productive than some few islands near the passed the Bruce Mines. Campemest D'OtiLs is an island St. Josepli The liake Sui)erior Journal gives the on the left, lying contiguous to several followin;; doscripiioii of the Bruce Mine, Island. Here are encountered forming an intricate from which is proihiced a copper ore dif- small rockv islands, '• On some f.rin<; from that which is yielded by other channel called the Xurrowsr cop- mines of that peninsida. of the islands in this group are found of moss. "Ten years ago this mine was opened, per ore, and beautiful specimens of a dwarf- an»l large sums expended for machinery, The forest-trees, however, are doubt, to tlie scant- which proved useless, but it is now un- ish growth, owing, no der new manageraetit, and pro.iiises to I incss of soil on these rocky islands. of the " Narrows," yield protitaljly. Twelve shafts have been ! About 10 miles west carried the main channel of the St. Mary's Uiv- opened, one of which has been j :'>00 is reached, forming the boundary be- down some :'.30 feet. Some 200 or ! er States and Canada. A men are employed, all from the Kurtapan I tween the United Canadian side, mines. Some of tiie ores are very b(^uti- rocky island lies on the I is reserved for government pur- ful to the eye, resem))lin<:( line gold. After I which ship bein^ t;»ken out of the shaft, they are poses, as it commands the main or taken upon a rail-track to the crusliiug- channeL I house, where they are passed between ' Sugar Island is now reached, which States, and the larj;e iron rollers, and sifled till only a belongs to the United of 25 tine powder remains; from thence to the steamers run a further distance 'jigger- works,' where they are shaken in miles, when the landinir at the Saut Ste. Ma- is Tie is reached, there bcinj^ settlements on water till much of the earthy matter \ ' British boats washed aw.iv. after which it is piled in both sides of the river. The the yard ready for shipment, having more usually land on the north side, whde t!ie on the the appearance of mud than of copper. It American boats make a landing of is now mostly sliipped to Swansea, in i south side «jf the river, near the mouth

Wales, for smelting. Two years since, 1 the ship canaL

TRIP FROM COLLINGVtOOD TO FORT WILLIAM, C. W.

TuE FIR.ST Trip of TUE Steamer Rescue. Fort William. On thi.3 ' tiie ElUorof th". Toronto Gbbe. CoUingwood to lairly maintained her previous Sir : As you have on all occasions taken trip, she heavy jrale f>f wind on a prominent part in advocating the opening reputation ; for in a between Mich- up of the Hud- ai's Bay Territory and the the beam n)r many hours,

' William, she North Sliore of Lako Superior. I .

104 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

unpleasant motion. "We left Collingwood fir, birch, ash and maple, the latter grow- at 10.30 A. jr., on the 12th July, 1858, ing on elevated ground. There are sever- Captain Kennedy in charge mails, al of the lakes upon it, fuU of speckled trout ; the for Red River. We passed Cabot's liead bay is fuU of salmon, trout, and white fish. at 6.30 p. M.; Cove Island light, at 9 p. m. A schooner was loaded iiere last season in (merely a lantern on the top of the tower, a very short time -^vith fish in and about visible about two miles on a clear night) the harbor ; and the climate is said by old passed between the middle and western voyagewrs to be far more pleasant during Duck Islands at 4 a.m., at easy steam, so the winter than at the Saut and other as to enter the Missisaga Straits in day- places farther south, being of a drier nature* light at a. m., ; 11.20 ran alongside the Between the island and the main land is wharf at Bntce i/mes; landed mails, and the most sheltered passage, with two ex- •wooded. Under the kind supervision of cellent harbors on each side, one at Ot- Mr. Davidson we inspected the process of ters' Creek and the other at Michipicoten extracting copper ore from the bowels of River and harbor. This latter place is the earth. We found that it contained 4 an important port of the Hudson's Bay per cent, at the mouth of the pit, and 25 Company, distant from Moose For% Hud- per cent, barrelled up in the form of paste. son's Bay, 300 mUes, which has been pass- Sometime ago, the Montreal Mining Com- ed over in canoes in six days. Michipi- pany (o^vning the Bruce Mines), leased coten Island is said to contain great min- half their location to the Wellington Min- eral silver, (^posit— copper, and lead ; the ing Company. There are, in consequence, Quebec Mining Company have a location within one mile, separated by a small here. island, two estal^lishments, forming one At daybreak on Thursday we passed considerable town. Arrived at Saut Ste. Slate Island, and shortly after encountered Marie, Pim's wharf (British side), at 7 p. a dense fog and lay to tiU 1 p. m. It was M. ; landed mails, and ran over to the two o'clock before we saw land. Passed American side for coals. At 6 a. m., on close to Thunder Cape, a perpendicular the 14th, entered the ship-canal, paying rock rising from the water's edge 1,350 six cents per ton lockage dues. Mr. Simp- feet. Anchored at Fort William, situ- son, of the Hudson's Bay Company, very ated at the mouth of Kaministoguoi River politely sent with us the Captain of their at 7 p. M., on Thursday 15th, and lauded schooner to pilot us through to Pine Point, the mail. Owing to a bar and shoal at- where we engaged his son-in-law, Alex. the mouth of the "iver, wo anchored about Clark, as pilot. a mile from the Fort, early on Friday the "Passed White Fish Point, Lake Su- IGth. Some of the party went up the perior, at 10 o'clock A. M., Caribou Island river in canoes to the Jesuit Missioyi, about at 4.30 o'clock p. m. This island was so- three miles, where they were kindly re- called, from the circumstance of Captain oeived»by the priest. Capt. Jas. Dick and McHargo, who accompanied Bayfield in Mr. McMurrich went fisliing to Current his survey, having on one occasion killed River, about five miles to the north, where 60 Caribous on it. At 6 p. m., we were the speckled trout proved too large and close to ' Rescue' Harbor, Island of Mi- * The romantic and uninhabited harbor on the chipicoten. The harbor at Michipicoten south side of Micliipicdien Ishind, exceeds in is described by the pilot, who has been 15 safety, extent, and grandeur any harbor fouud on years on the lake, as superb, and is so tlio shores of tliese great lakes. It was visited by the steamer '' IHoughhoy,'''' witli a party of laid down by Bayfield. The island is j>leasure on board in 1860, lying at anchor all about 16 miles by 6, covered with spruce, night. TRIP FROM COLLINQWOOD TO FORT WILLIAM. 105

strong for their Kght rods and tackle, I "Wo left Port William at 8 p. m., for Bnmsliiiig the tops ot'tlieir rods and tear- Grand Portaje, passing McKay's Mount ing away their linos and llies as last as of Cireenst^ne. 1.000 feet p.Tpendicular they were thrown in, and ihoy had to heigljt. La Pate or Pie Island. S'.O feet give it up for want of material. One of perpendicular ; tliis island is said to abound the trout cauglit was the largest ppeoklcd in lead ; hardly a stone can be picked up trout I have soen for some years. There on the shore without lead in it. On all are trout in this stream, and in all the rapid these islands valuable stones can be pick- streams between the Saut and Fort Wil- ed up, tit for brooches and rings. The liam, from 2 lbs. to 6 lbs., and if larger channel being very intricate, and the pilot ones are required, at Necpigon River not quite posted up, we lay to till day- they can »)e caught from 8 lbs. to 12 lbs. break, and entered Grand PurUoje Bay at Fancy such a spot, ye disciples of Isaac 5 A. M. Capt. Kennedy landed here with "Walton ; speckled trout U> be had for the the mails, purchased a canoo, and was trouble of throwing a My, within 3^ days ready to start before we left. A nucleus of Toronto, weighing from 2 lbs. to 12 lbs. of a town has already sprung up hero on In this vicinity are to' bo found beautiful the United States side. specimens of amethyst and other precious "After giving Capt. Kennedy a hearty stones. shako of the hand all round, we started " The gardens at Fort William and at homeward, at 7.15 a. m., and passed Cop- th Jesuit Mission are as forward as per Harbor at 2 p. m., Manitou Light 5.50 I those on the north part of tlie county of P. M., White Fish Point 6.40 a. m. ; I Simc<)0. The Hudson's Bay Company and on the 18th July entered the Saut have a Large farm. 30 cows besides horses Canal at 10.18 a. m. Coaled on the I and sheep, and up the river there are i American side, and wo<^xied on Pirn's other farms; they raise oats, barley, and wliarf Britisli side. Landed the mail, and } all kinds of vegeuljles, and I see no rea- started at 2.45 p. m. Came to the wharf I son why they cannot raise wheat. Mrs. at Bruce Mines at seven v. m. I —wooded Mclntyre. the wife of the agent, was verv and left at 7.40—passing tiirougli the Mis- polite and kind, and invited us all up to the sesaga Straits and the channel between Fort—gave us supplies of milk and vege- the Middle and West Duck. On the tables. By this route their trade is car- 19th passed Cove Island liglit at 8 ried on to Red Ri('er. Sir George Simj)- a. m.,—Cabut's Head 10 o'clock a. m., son returned from Red River just before and came to the wharf at CoUing- we arrived with two canoes (9 men in each) wood at 6 p. M. Thus making the first

' and left again for the Saut. This bay, trip, including delays and stoppages Black Thunder, Xeepigon Bay, and Pie rotmd Lake Superior, in seven days and siX Island Bay and neighbut $4. Thirty region, in a safe and commodious boat, barrel-; of white ti.-ih were taken at one under the care of a well-known and ex- haul of a seine Acar Fort William. i perienced captain, it must become the —

106 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. favorite route for the tourist in search of DistatBce§ from tlie Saut. Ste. health and picturesque scenery." jTlarie to Superior City, The Compiler of this volume having, during the summer of 1860, passed over Ports, &c. Distances. Miles. the same route on board the Canadian Saut Ste. Marie, Mich 00 Bteamer Ploughboy, can vouch for the Point Iroquois 15 15 accuracy of most of the above described White Fish Point 25 40 trip, exceeding in rich variety of lake and Point au Sable ; 50 90 river scenery any other excursion, of Pictured Rocks 20 110 equal extent, on the continent of Am- Grand Island 10 120 erica, Muni-sing, Mich 5 125 The shores or mainland, together with Marquette, " 45 170 virgin islands, are in view for most of the Huron Islands 45 215 distance, except while crossing the wide Portage Entry 25 240 waters of Lake Superior, —when all the Hough*' n (Portage Lake, 14 m.) vastness of the ocean-deep is realized, Manitou Island, or Kewee- ) ^^ oaq you then being surrounded by an un- naw Point [ broken waste of waters. CopperHarhor 15 315 Agate Harbor 10 325 I>ista.aaee arosiiid I^ake Eagle Harhor 6 331 Eagle River 9 340 Saut Ste. Marie to Fort "William, C. Ontonagon, Mich 65 405

W., 300 miles ; Fort William to Superior Porcupine Hills 25 430 City, Wis., 200 miles; Superior City to La Pointe, Wis 52 482 Saut Ste. Marie (American side), 365 miles Bayfield 3 485 —making tlio grand circuit of Lake Supe- Point de Tour 10 495 rior, 1,065 miles. Superior City, Wis 70 565

GRAND PLEASURE EXCURSION AROUND LAKE SUPERIOR.

On leaving the Ship Canal, at the Saut, Tonquamenon Bay is tiext entered, and tlie steamer ascends a beautiful stretch a scene of grandeur is presented to the of the St. Mary's River for 10 miles be- view; on the southwest or American fore reaching Waiska Bay, being an ex- shore the land rises to a moderate height, pansion of the river of about 5 miles. while on the northeast or Canada shore Here the shores assume a bold appearance the land rises to mountain height, being Avell worthy the attention of the traveller elevated from 800 to 1,000 feet, running before launching out on the waters of the off far in the distance toward the north. broad lake. Parisien and other islands, attached to Iroquois Point, on the American side, Canada, are passed on the right, the bay and GrROS Cap, on the Canadian side, are being about 25 miles long and as many next passed, ] 5 miles from the Saut Ste. broad; in fact, forming a part of Lake Marie. The latter is a bold promontory, Superior, whose pure waters are in full rising some 400 or 500 feet above the view as far as the qjq can reach. water, with still higher hills rising in the GouLAis Bay, and Poin't, another bold distance. headland, lie to the north of Gros Cap, ; ;

EXCl'RSIOJi AROUND LAKE 8LPKR10R. 107

where enters a river of the Bamo feet less each, overcoming a descent of 20 name, and are situated on Iho Canada side. feet. Here are tine tishing-^rrounds in the bay, " The early French Jesuit fathers, -who while the river aboiiiid.s in speckk-d trout, first explored and described this great being a favored resort for lishing-paities lake, and publi.

below the level of the ocean ; estimated miliar with its outline and shores. area, " is 32,000 square miles. Near two I The coast of Lake Superior mostly hundred rivers and creeks are .said to formed of rocks of various kinds, and of flow into the lake, the greater part being different geological groups. With the ei- small streams, and but few navigable, ex- I ception of sandy bars at the mouth of

cept by canoes, owing to their numerous ! some of the rivers and small streams, the

falls and rapids. It contains several ' whole coast of the lake is rock-bound

islands, the most important of which are i and in some places, bat mi>re particularly

IsU Jioyale, and The Tiveloe AyostUs, ; on the north shore, mountain masses of near its western extremity, and Grand considerable elevation rear themselves Lsland, all attached to the United States from the water's edge, while mural i>reci- I Caribou Island, Michipicoten, St. Ignace, pices and beetling crags oppose themselves I Pie, Slate, and other islands attached to to the surges of this mighty lake, and Canada. threaten the unfortunate mariner, who Kbwken'aw Poivt is its most remarka- may be caught in a storm upon a lee-shore, ble feature, jutting far out into the lake with almost inevitable destruction.'' some sixty or seventy miles. On the " Father of LjikesI thy waters tH»ncl range of hills ninning through this point, lit'vond t^Je eiigle's iitnio.it view, about 20 miles wide, are found the most val- "Who'n. throned in heav«-n. lie sees thee send uable copper miws in the world. Its good Back to the sky its world of blae, and secure harbors are but few on the south "Bonndle.ss and deep, the forest.** we.avo side of the lake, while on the north shore Th.ir twiliirht !*huile thy borders oer. And threatenin^c cliffs, like giants, heavo and islands are .several perfectly safe Their rugged forms along thy shore." harbors, and easy of access. It discharges its surplus waters by the Strait, There are now situated on the Ameri- or liivor St. Mary, 60 miles long, into can side of Lake Superior twelve light- Lake Huron, which lies 27 feet below, houses, viz., on Point Iroquois; White most of the descent being at the Saut Sto. Fish Point; Grand Islan

Eagle Harbor ; Eagle River ; Ontonagon, Trip to Liake Superior.

at mouth Ontonagon River ; La Pointe, on Madeline Island; and Minnesota Point, Extract from a Letter, dated mouth of St. Louis River. "St. IllkxOis, of Pictured Rocki, L. S., A government survey of the Upper "July, 31, 1862. Lakes, including the St. Mary's River and Straits of Mackinac, is being made "At sunrise this morning, we ap- by a corps of Topographical Surveyors, proached the far-famed Pictured Rocks which when published will furnish accu- of Lake Superior, and were favored with rate charts of these Inland Seas. one of the most grand scenes imaginable. White Fish Point, and Light-house, The sun rose clear, reflecting its rays ia 40 miles from the Saut, lies on the south- the waters of the lake, presenting a gor- west or American shore, forming a con- geous appearance. The Sail Rock, and spicuous landmark, while Mamains Point other points of interest, were distinctly is seen on the northeast or Canada visible, while the steamer was running shore. for the ' Grand PortaiV of the vayageurs, On passing White Fish Point, where the most remarkable feature of this won- may be seen a number of " sand-dunes," der of nature, varying with every cloud or hiUs, and a light-house 75 feet in effect as seen from the passing vessel. height, the broad waters of Lake Superior ' The steamer approached cautiously un- are reached. The steamers usually pur- til she had run her bows under the project- sue a westerly course toward Grand ing cliff, then came to astand-stiU as quietly Island or Marquette, passing Point au as though she was lying at a pier or Sable, 50 miles farther. During clear wharf, giving the numerous passengers a weather, the steep sandy hills on the fine opportunity to examme the deep re- { south shore, ranging from 300 to 500 cesses of this immense cavern, the floor

feet in height, may be seen from the I being covered with clear, transparent deck of the steamer. I water to the depth of 10 or 20 feet. In- Point au Sable, 50 miles from "White ' side were visible two lesser openings, Fish Point, is the tirst object of interest where a small boat might pass out into |

' seen on the south shore, on the upward the lake on either side—the portail being trip, from tlie deck of the passing steamer, I formed at the termination of a projecting which usually runs within sight of land, cliff—rising about 200 feet above the lake affording views of a continued succession surface. of interesting points and bold headlands. " The Pictured Rocks are thus briefly The Pictured Rocks, 20 miles further, described by Poster and "Whitney, in their or about 110 miles from the Saut, are geological report: — 'They may be de- next passed, presenting a magnificent ap- scribed, in general terms, as a series of pearance at certain times of the day, sand-stone bluffs, extending along the ; when favorably seen under the rays of a South shore of Lake Superior, for eight brilliant sun; then the effect is height- or ten miles, and rising, in most places, ened by the constantly changing appear- vertically from the water, without any ance of these almost enchanted rocks. beach at the base, to a height varying The steamers occasionally run close in from 50 to 200 feet.' shore, when the weather is favorable, af- "Yours, &c., J. D." fording a fine opportunity to examine these wonders of nature. EXCURSION AROUND LAKE SUPEUIOIl. 100

The fkr/wrcd AVA», of which almost f;ib- 1 feet. "Were they simply a line of cliffs, uluus accounts are given by travellers, are they might not, so far as relates ] to height one of the wonders of tliis " Inland Sea." or extent, | be wortiiy of a rank junong

Here are t<^> be seen the (''/•"'•aJt: /'j^v and i great natural curiosities, although such

other objects of great interest. The Am- 1 an assemblage of rocky strata, washed by

phitheatre. Miners' Ca-stle, Chapel, Griuid i the waves of the great lake, would not, Portal, and Sail Rock, are points of great under any circumstances, be destitute j of picturesque beauty, which require to oo grandeur. To the voyager coasting along j seen to be justly appreciated. their base in his frail canoe they would,

ExtraH from Foster and "W'kitn'ky's ' at all times, be an object of dread; tho

Eeport of tlie iJeology of the Lake Supe- j recoil of tho surf, the rockbound coast, rior Land District: atTording for miles no place of refuge; the Fifliired Kocks.— •' The range lowering sky, tho rising wind; all these of clifts to which the name of tho Pictur- would excite his apprehension, and induce ed Hocks has been given, may be regard- him to ply a vigorous oar until the

ed as among the most striking and beau- 1 dreaded wall was passed. Put in the

tiful features of the scenery of the North- 1 Pictured Rocks there are two features

west, and are well worthy the attention ! which communicate to the scenery a won-

of the artist, the lover of the grand and ' derful and almost unique character. The.se

beautiful, and the observer of geologic;U I are. tirst, the curious manner in which the

phenomena. I cliffs have been excavated and worn away

"Altliough occasionally visited by trav- 1 by the action of the lake, which for cen- ellers, a full and accurate description of turies has \ dashed an ocean-like surf this extraordinary locality has not as yet against their base; and, second, the equal- been communicated to the public* ly curious manner in which largo portions "The Pictured liock-s may be described, of the surface have been colored by bands in general terms, a.s a series of sandstone of brilliant hues. bluffs extending along the shore of Lake **It is from tht» latter circumstance that Superior for aljout live miles, and rising, the name by which these cliffs are known in most places, vertically from the water, to the American traveller is derived; while without any beach at the base, to a height that api)lied to them by the French coyfi- varyiug from hfty to nearly two hundred ijeurs ('Les Portails'*) is derived from the former, and by far the most striking pe- culiarity. * Schoolcmft ha.<» un the st-i-nery. The has been in fikeU-hfii

EXCURSION AROUND LAKE BirEllIOIl. Ill

The cliffs do not form straight line?, i extending to the water's edge. The but rather area of circles, the space be- mode of their production is undoubt- poiiits lly as follows: IJetween baiuis tween the pnyectinjj having been , e the worn out in syiumttricjil eiirvos. home of or strata of tliick-beddod sandstone j

which are of large diraeusiona. To one I there are thin seams of shaly mat( rials, of the grandest and most regularly form- which are more or less charged with the ed we gave the name of 'The Amphi- metidlic oxides, iron largely predomina- theatre.' Looking' to tlie west, another ' ting, with here and there a trace of cop|>er. projecting point its base worn into cave- As the surface-water permeates through — | liive forms a portion the concave the porous strata it comes in contact with —and of | surface of tlie intervening space are seen. these shaly bands, and, oozing out from | *• It is in this portion of tlie series that tlie exjxjsed edges, trickles down the face the phenomena of colors are most boauti- of the cliffs, an(l leaves behind a sediment, fiiily and conspicuously di^jilayed. These colored according to the oxide which is ciuuoi be illustrated by a mere crayon contained in the band in which it origi- sketch, but would require, to reproduce nated. It cannot, however, be denied that the natural effect, an elaborate drawing there are some peculiarities which it is on a large scale, in which the various difliculc to explain by any hypothesis. coni))inalions of color should be airefuUy '• On lir.^t examining the Pictured Rocks, represented. These colors do not by any we were forcibly struck witii the brilliancy means cover the whole .surface of the clitf and beauty of the colors, and wondered even where they are most conspicuously why some of our predecessors, in their displayed, but are confined to certain descriptions, had hardly adverted to what portions of the cliffs in the vicinity of the we regarded as their most characteristic th»' feature. a subsequent visit we were Amphitheatre ; great mass of the sur- At fa<'e presenting the natural light-yellow surprised to tind that the effect of the or raw sienna eolor of the rock. The col- colors was much less striking than be- ors are also limited in their vertical range, fore ; they seemed faded out. leaving only rarely extending more than thirty or forty traces of their former brilliancy, so that feet above the water, or a quarter or a the traveller might regard tliis as an un- third of the vertical height of the cliff. iniportaut feature in the .sceuery. It is The prevailing tints consist of deep-brown, difficult to account for this change, but it yellow, » and gray—burnt sienna and may be due to the dryness or humidity of French gray predominating. the season. If the colors are produced '• There are also bright blues and greens, by the percolation of the water through though less frequent. All of the tints the strata, taking up and depositing the are fresh, brilliant, and distinct, and har- colored sediments, as before suggested, it monize admirably with one another, which, is evident that a long period of drought takea in c mnection with the grandeur of would cut oQ' the supply of moisture, and tbo arched and caverned surfaces on the colors, being no longer renewed, which they are laid, and the deep and would fade, and tinally disappear. This pure green of the water which heaves and explanation seems reasonable, for at the swells at the base, and the rich foliage time of our second visit the beds of the which waves above, produce an effect streams on the summit of the table-land truly wonderful. were dry. " They are not scattered indiscriminate- "It is a ctirious fact, that the colors ly over the surface of the rock, but are are so tirmly attached to the surface that arranged in vertical and parallel band.n, they are very little affected by rains or — ;

112 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. the dashing of the surf, since they were, mass may, perhaps, be made intelligible in numerous instances, observed extend- without the aid of a ground-plan. The ing in all tiieir freshness to the very wa- main body of the structure consists of a ter's edge. vast mass of a rectilinear shape, project- ''Proceeding to the eastward of the ing out into the lake about six hundred Amphitheatre, we find the clitis scooped feet, and presenting a front of three hun- out into caverns and grotesque openings. dred or four hundred feet, and rising to of the most striking and beautiful variety a height of about two hundred feet. An of forms. In some places huge blocks of entrance has been excavated from one sandstone have become dislodged and ac- side to the other, opening out into large cumulated at the base of the cliff, where vaulted passages which communicate with they are ground up and the fragments the great dome, some three hundred feet borne away by the ceaseless action of the from the front of the cliff. The Grand surge. PortaL which opens out on the lake, is '' To a striking group of detached blocks of magnificent dimensions, being about the name of 'Sail Rock' has been given, one hundred feet in height, and one hun- from its striking resemblance to the jib dred and sixty-eight feet broad at the and mainsail of a sloop when spread—so water-leveL The distance from the verge much so that when viewed from a dis- of the cliff over the arch to the water is tance, with a full glare of light upon it, one hundred and thirty-three feet, leaving while the cliff in the rear is left in tlie thirty-three feet for the thickness of the shade, the illusion is perfect. The height rock above the arch itself. The extreme of the block is about forty feet. height of the chfl" is about fifty feet more, " Classes of rock are frequently dis-" inaklng m all one hundred and eighty- lodged from the cliff, if we may judge three feet. from the freshness of the fracture and •'It is unpossible, by any arrangement the appearance of the trees involved in of words, or by any combination of col- the descent. The rapidity with which ors, to convey an adequate idea of this this undermining process is carried on. wonderful scene. The vast dimensions at many points, will be readily apprecia- of the cavern, the vaulted passages, the ted when we consider that the cliffs do varied eftects of the light, as it streams not form a single unbroken line of wall through the great arch and faUs on the but, on the contrary, they present numer- different objects, the deep emerald green ous salient angles to the full force of the of the water, the unvarying swell of the waves. A projecting corner is undermin- lake, keeping up a succession of musical ed until the superincumbent weight be- echoes, the reverberations of one's own comes too great, the overhanging mass voic-e coming back with startling effect, cracks, and, aided perhaps by the power all these must be seen, and heard, and of frost, gradually becomes loosened and felt, to be fuUy appreciated. finally topples with a crash into the lake. '•Beyond the Grand Portal the chffs '' The same general arched and broken gradually diminish in height, and the gen- line of chffs borders the coast for a mile eral trend of the coast is more to the to the eastward of Sail Rock, where the southeast ; hence the rock, being less ex- most imposing feature in the series is posed to the force of the waves, bears reached. This is the Grand Portal Lt fewer marks of their destructive action. Grand. PortaU of the voyageurs. The gen- The entrance to Chapel River is at the eral disposition of the arched openings most easterly extremity of a sandj"- which traverse this great quadrilateral beach which extends for a quarter of a T»F lIBMRf OF THE 0»IVEfiSliy OF /LLttOIS

—

EXCURSION AKOLXD LAKK SUPERIOR. 113

mile, and affords a convenient Linding- I hardly possible to describe the singular plat^, while the drifl-tcrraoe, elevated land unique effect of tliis extraordinary about thirty feet above the kske-Ievcl, be- structure ; it is truly a temple of nature j in(f ;iU open pine plain, aflurds excellent i *a house not made with hands.' ciimping-ground. and it; the most t-entral "On the west side, and in close prox- j and eonvenieut spot for the traveller to . imity, Chapel Rivef enters the lake, pre- pitch his tent, wliilc he examines the most i cipitating itself over a rocky ledge ten or interesting localities in the series wliich fifteen feet in height.* occur in this vicinity—to wit, the Grand *' It is surprising to see how little the Portal and the Chapel. (S^e Engran'ruj.) action of the stream has w(.rn away the "The Chapel—L

I umns of rock, so as to leave a vaulted covered, in places, with efilore.-:cence I an apartment of irregular sliai»e, about forty of sulphate ol lime, in delicate crystidli- j feet ia diameter, and about the same in jzations; this substance not only incru.-ta height. The cohuuns consist of finely tlie walls, but is found deposited on the stratified rock, and have been worn into moss which lines tliem, forming singular curious 8haj>es. At the base of one of and interesting specimens, which how- them an arched cavity or niclie has been ever cannot bo transported without losing cut. to which access is liad by a fiight of their i»eauty. steps formed by the projecting strata. "At the same place we found numer- Tlie disposition of the wliole is puch as ous traces of organic life in the form of to resemble very much, the pulpit of a obscure fucoidal markings, which seem to cliurch ; since there is overliead an arch- be the impressions of plants, similar to ed canopy, and in front an opening out those described by Prof. Hall as occurring toward the vaulted interior of the chaiH?!, in the Potsdam sandstone of New York. with a tlat tabular ma^s in front, rising These were first noticed at this place by to a convenient height for a desk, while Dr. Locke, in 1847." on the right is an isolated block, which * " At this fall, acconlinc to Immomorial ubaco not inaptly represents altar; an so that anionp tlu* roi/agr-urK in umtikIiiij: tlu- laki-, the if the wliole had been adapted expressly t/Kiii'jiurM (fi lard, who iiiikv thrir fir^t trip, r«- for a place of worship, and fashiist> in (;iviii;j tht-tu a s«'Vfre ducking—!i ciniiioiiy Boiiuwhat ^inlilur the hand of man, it could luirdly have to (h;it pnwUscd yii grcvu-horns when crusslug been arranged more appropriately. It ia Iho lino. 8 ! ; — ; ; 114 TKIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

Lake SMperlor Region. This is a wild and romantic island ; the clift's of sandstone, irregular and broken The following verses were written by into by the waves, form picturesque cav- J. G. Whither, on receiving an eagle's erns, pillars, and arches of immense di- quiU. when on a visit to Lake Superior in mensions. There are several romantic 1846. bays and inlets protected from storms, THE SEER. which are frequent on this great lake, where the brook trout of a large size can I hear the far-otf voyager's horn, I see the Yankee's trail— be caught in quantities. The forests also His foot on every mountain pass, afford a delightful retreat, while all nature On every stream his sail. seems hushed—save by the moaning He's whistling round St. Mary's Falls, winds and billowy surges of the surround- train Upon his loaded ; ing waters. leaving on the Pictured Eocks He's A few families reside on the south His fi-eshtobacco stain. shore, facing the mainland, where is a I see the mattock in the mine. clearing of considerable extent. The axe-stroke in the dell, The main-shore in full sight, and the Pictured The clamor from the Indian lodge, The Jesuit's chapel bell! Rocks, visible from its eastern shore, altogether add a charm to this truly Grand I see the swarthy trappers come Island, unsurpassed by no other spot in From Mississippi's Springs And war-chiefs with their painted brows, this interesting region. And crests of eagle wings. MuNisiNG, formerly called Grand Island City, lies on the south side of Grand Island Behind the scared squaw's birch canoe, The steamer smokes and raves Bay, here about 3 miles in width. Here is And city lots are staked for sale a steamboat wharf and hotel, together with Above old Indian graves. a few dwellings, being, no doubt, destined to become a favorite place of resort, as By forest, lake and water-fall, I see the peddler's show from this place the Pictured Rocks can be The mighty mingling with the mean. easily reached by canoes or small boats The lofty with""thelow. during calm weather. Trout fishing is 1 hear the tread of pioneers also good in Ann's River, which enters nations yet to be Of ; Grand Island Bay, and in Miner's River, The first low wash of waves where soon near the Pictured Rocks. Shall roll a human sea. The bay or harbor is capacious, deep, The rudiments of empire here and easy of access from the east or west, Are plastic yet and warm; being 6 miles in length by from 2 to 4 The chaos of a mighty world Is roundiug into foi-m in width, with a depth of water of 100 feet and upwards. It is perfectlv land- rude and jostling fragment soon Each locked by hills rising from 100 to 300 feet Its fitting place shall find contain the The raw materials of a state, high, and capacious enough to Its muscle and its mind! entire fleet of the lakes. It is proposed to construct a railroad And, westering still, the star which leads to the head of Big Bay The new world in its train, from this harbor Has tipped with fire the icy spears de Xoc, the most northern arm of Green Of many a mountain chain. Bay, onh^ 40 miles distant. Grand Island, 125 mUes distant from Mixer's Point, a most remarkable head- the Saut, is about 10 miles long and 5 land, lies 6 miles east of Munising, at the wide, lying close in to the south shore. mouth of a small stream of the same name. KKMAKKAIJLE PHENOMENA ON LAKE Sll'EKIoH. lid

Tlio action of t!io waters has here dis- Monument Rock, about one mile west intetrrated portions of the sand-stone of Miner's Point, is another strange freak fonnation, forming romantic caverns and of nature, being an upright column stand- grottoes where the waters of the lake ing in full view, near the water's edge, penetrate, making strange music in the elevated some ^0 or 100 feet above the subterranean passages. lake. (.SVc Knijrariwj.) All the.se points can easily be reached from Munising by a sail or row boat, during calm weather.

Remarkable l*lieiioiiieiia on Lake !!iii|>eri<»r.

The sudden and singular changes of the weather on Lake Superior, in connection with its healthy influence, iluriug the summer and fall mouths, present one of the phenomena of nature which seems almost uuaccountal^le. The sun frequently ri.ês clear and cloudless, giving indications of continued sunshine, when suddenly the sky becomes overcast with white, fleecy clouds, scudding low and giving out a chilly atmosphere, not unfrequently accompanied witli rain, —the clouds as suddenly disappear, and a pleasant afternoon usually follows, with light winds. This influence, causing a tiuctuation of .êvend degrees of the thermometer, seems to have an injurious effect on most kinds of fruit and vegetables reipiiring a warm sun throughout the day .in order to arrive at maturity; the country a few miles inland, however, being less suVjject to tliose frequent changes. Un the 0th of August, 18G0, there occurred a remarkable phenomenon, as witnessed on (Jrand Island Bay. near tlie Pictured Rocks—Lake Superior being here about 170 miles wide. During the fore- noon of a plea.sant summer's day. the water was observed suddenly to fall some three or fnir feet pori)"ndieularly on the south shore, then ri-ô in about half an hour, as suildenly again to recede and rise several times; exposing tlie bed of MUM'MKNT BOOK. the lake for a considerable distance whore 116 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. the water was shallow, affording a fine op- decreasing until it stopped at its usual portunity to coUect pebbles of different height." hues, and precious stones. To the mariner these sudden storms At noon the wind blew moderately from and fluctuations, accompanied by fog, are the southward, while the thermometer attended with much danger, more partic- ranged at about 74" Fahr. This appa- ularly if near the land, when the sun and rently calm and pleasant weather was ta- all objects in sight suddenly disappear as ken advantage of by a party of pleasure to if in darkest night, the terrific noise of cross the bay in a sail-boat from Munising the waves and wind alone being heard. to Grrand Island, 3 miles distant, affording a When followed by snow the danger is delightful excursion. On looking eastward still more increased, frequently causing at about 4 o'clock, p. m., a dense fog or the most disastrous shipwrecks. In this low cloud was seen rapidly to enter the high latitude a perfect calm seldom contin- east channel of the bay, from the north- ues but for a short time ; the wind will oc- ward, rolling on in majestic grandeur, and casionally luU, when fitful gusts disturb presenting apparently the smoke caused the waters, to be followed by a breeze by the discharge of a park of artillery, ob- or storm from some quarter of the compass. scuring every object in the far distance, On examining the meteorological record while the headlands within one or two kept at Fort Mackinac, about 100 miles miles were distinctly visible. As it ap- distant in a southeast direction from Grand proached, the thermometer fell several Island, it was found that the thermome- degrees, and rain followed, attended with ter ranged at 78° Fahrenheit at 2 p. M. lightning and thunder. Soon, however, on the above day; the wind being from the wind lulled, or entirely ceased, while the south. At 7 p. M. a heavy rain and the rain poured do\\Ti in torrents. The thunder storm commenced, whii:'h lasted mist or fog seemed mostly to ascend as it two hours, the same as on Lake Superior, passed over the high lands on the main terminating with a gorgeous sunset view, land, and assumed the appearance of exceeded only by the magnificent aurora, clouds, while portions remained, in low which frequently illuminates the northern and wet localities, above the forest-trees, heavens in this high latitude, or the beau- —presenting altogether a most magnifi- tiful mirage of mid-day, which reflects cent appearance. The rain-storm and with remarkable distinctness the invisible cloud effect, after continuing some two landscape, and vessels floating on the bo- hours, as suddenly ceased, followed by a som of this vast inland sea. splendid rainbow, —being the harbinger How far the receding of the waters of a pleasant evening and calm weather had to do with the above coming storm, for a time. must be left to conjecture or further in- Mackenzie, who vrrote in 1789, relates vestigation—no doubt, however, it caused a very similar phenomenon, which oc- a displacement of water at sonic remote curred at Grand Portage, on Lake Supe- parts of the lake, which was almost im- rior, and for which no obvious cause could mediately felt at other and far distant be avssigned. He says : "The water with- points. So with the vapory clouds which

djiew, leaving the ground dry which had suddenly rise over Lake Superior ; they, never before been visible, the fall being no doubt, being caused by cold currents equal to four perpendicular feet, and rush- of air from the higher regions or north- ing back with great velocity above the west, passing over warmer portions along common mark. It continued thus rising the soutli shore, when immediately a mist and falling for several hours, gradually or fog is created, which ascends in the '!!

REMARKABLE PUENOMENA ON LAKE BIFERIOR. 117

form of clouds into the upper regions;' witliout the aid of medicine, other than not, however, at lirst very far above the that afforded by nature—pure air and lake level—thus giviuK' out the cold in-i water. The intense c northeast storms prevail. the east and soutliward, producing, no In Foster and Whitn^y^s Report on the doubt, an effect ou tlie weather alon^ the Geology of l^ko Superior, the phenome- Atlantic coast several hundred miles to na of these tiuctuations are elaborately the southeast. The northwest winds discussed; and. for the most part, they which mostly prevail in the States of New are found to be the premonition of an ap- York and I'eunsylvauia have a modiiied proaching gale. They remark, that the cliaracler, similar Uj tlie winds from the earth may l>e regartled as surrounded by same quarter passing over the upper two oceans—one aerial tlie other liquid. lakes of North America—affording a cool By the laws which regulate two Huids and bracing intluence on the liumau thus relatively situated, a local di.stur- system. bance in the one would produce a corre- Another remarkable feature in the cU- sponding disturbance in the other. mate of I^e Superior, is its healthy and Every rise or fall of one-twentieth of an

j invigorating inthience on residents and inch in the mercurial colunm. would be inyalids sutfering from incipient pulrao- attended with an elevation or depression j nary and tliroat complaints—the sudden in the surface of the water equal to one j changes of hot and cold, or wet weather, inch. A sudden change of the atmos- seem to brace the ct)nslitution. without pheric pressure over a large body of wa-

producing any otlier injurious effects than ' ter would cause a perpendicular rise or rheumatism, when too much exposure is fall, in the manner of waves, greater tiian j endured. the mere weight itself, which would prop- j

While the balmy southern clime too I agate themselves in a .series of undula- often disappoints the invalid, this north- tions from the centre of disturbance. ern climate, its influence extending west- These undulations result from an unusual ward toward the Rocky Mountains, seems i disturbance of the atmosphere occurring to give strength to the respiratory and around the margin of the stoim, and its j digestive organs—thereby often effecting , effects are perceived before the storm ac most miraculous and permanent cures, tually breaks. |

Rife and Full of the Wutern of Lake Superior.

From a series of careful observations September, the surface of the lake level continued through a period of eight years, continues to rise constantly, about six

from 1Sj4 to 18G2, by Dr. G. II. lilaker. of ' inches a moutli, until it gains, on an aver- Marquette, L.S., it has been found tliat the age, two feet by the middle of August; annual rise and fail of the surface of it begins Lake ; —and by tlie tirst of SepWmber Superior ranges between 20 and 2S inches. , to fall, and so continues through the win- From the hr.>'t of May, when the snow ter, until about the middle of April. The begins to melt freely, until the tirst of permanent rise, however, was found to ;

118 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

have been about two inches more than the incorporated as a village in June, 1859. fall for the first six years, from 1854 It now contains a court-house and jail; to end of 1859, thus making a total rise 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, of some 12 inches in the lake level at the 1 Baptist, and 1 Roman Catholic church; latter period. 4 public-houses, the Marquette House and During the years 1860 and 1861, the Tremont House being the most frequented waters of Lake Superior fell about two by strangers; 2 printing-offices ; 15 or 20 inches annually, making a fall of four stores and storehouses; besides a large inches since 1859, at which period they number of machine-shops of different were at their highed poird. kinds. Population in 1860, 1,665. During the winter of 1861-'62, there This flourishing town is identified with fell at Marquette only four feet and two the iron-ore beds in the vicinity, being inches of snow, being about one-quarter some 12 or 18 miles distant, situated on the usual amount, —and for the spring an elevated ridge being known as the months of 1862 there fell only five inches Iron jlountain. Here are now three ore- of moisture, being about one-half the usual beds extensively and profitably worked, quantity. These well-authenticated and being owned by the Jackson Iron Com- singular facts, continued to July, 1862, pan}", the Cleveland Iron Mining Compa- show that the waters of Lake Superior at ny, and the Lake Superior Iron Company Marquette are twenty inches lower than each of the above companies have sepa- they were in 1861—thus showing an un- rate docks, from which the ore is shipped usual depression in the waters of this great to the Eastern markets. A railroad ex- inland sea. tends from Marquette to the Lake Supe- When thesfi interesting- observations rior mine, 18 miles, affording ample means shall have been extended over a longer for the transportation of iron ore to the period and at different stations, they will, place of shipment. The Pioneer Iron no doubt, solve the mystery which has Works, situated near the Jackson Iron heretofore involved the annual and period- Mountain, is a large blast furnace giving ical rise and faU of these great waters in employment to about 150 workmen. At obscurity. CoUinsviUe, 3 miles from Marquette, is A careful survey of the great lakes by also a blast furnace employing about 100 a corps of engineers attached to the Topo- hands. At Eorrestville, situated on Dead graphical Bureau is now nearly comple- River, is another blast furnace. ted, which will give meteorological results The Northern Iron Company, situated at and tidal observations of the greatest im- CnocOLAT, 3 miles distant from Marquette, portance to the mariner, agriculturist, and are new works of an extensive character, intelhgent traveller. being largely engaged in the manufacture of pig-iron. In the village are two iron foundries for the manufocture of railroad Marquette, the county seat of Mar- car-wheels and other castings. quette county, and a port of entry, is advan- The iron business now gives employ- tageouslv situated on the Bay of Marquette, ment to above 100 sail- vessels, besides in N. lat. 46^ 32', W. long. 87° 41'. The several propellers. Steamers of a large harbor is safe and commodious, being fully class, during the season of navigation, protected from all but northeast winds, which usually lasts six months, arrive and i when vessels are obliged to anchor in the depart almost daily for Detroit, Cleveland, j bay for safety. Tlie settlement of Mar- Milvvaukie, and Chicago, carrying freight quette was commenced in July, 1849, passengers. and j and '

EXCCRSION AROUND LAKE SUPERIOR. 119

Carp and Dead rivers both flow into and below us, on the lake Fbore, which Lake Siij^erior near Marqiietto. on each are easily reached by sail-boat, are fre- side of which there are rapids and falls of quented by lovers of sixjrt, who always great beauty, affording good water-power. return with a good supply of trout. Chocolate River also Hows into the lake "Back in the country are the Esconawba Bomc two or three miles east of Mar- River and Lake Michij^umie, both of which quette, but through a diflerout geological are within a comfortable day's journey formation. from the terminus of the railroad. Tho The small streams in the vicinity abound scenery around this lake and along tho in speckled trout, v.iiilt- the lake is at most ' river is delightful, which, with the abun- Bcasons of the year alive with white-tish, dance of lish to be taken tliere, well repays | and the Mackinac trout of large dimeu- the trouble of the excursion." sions. weighing from 5 to 50 lbs. The climate of Marquette and its vicinity is ]TIar- celebrated for its purity and healtliy influ- Bay dc ]\4>qiiet and ence, being the favorite resort of invalids qiictte Kailroad. and seekers of pleasure. This road was commenced in 185.?. as Xegaunek is a new and tliriving settlement, situated on the line of the railroad, a private company, by the late Herman associates, chartered 12 miles from Marquette, and in the im- B. Ely and his and 185r>. title of the Iron Jlmin- mediate vicinity of tho Iron Mountain. in under the Uiin Railroad; finished in 1857 to tho Here is a population of about 1,000 souls, Iron 17 miles distant being mostly engaged in working at the Lake Superior Mine, passing JafMann Mine, mines. from Marquette; the 14 miles, and tlie Clerehmd Mine, 16 miles. 1859 it was consolidated with tho Bay Trout Fi**liiii$;. In de Noquet and Marquette Railroad, which Extract from a Marquette Paper of July. will be extended to the head of Little Bay 18G2. de Noquet, situated on the north end of "The ch.ances for taking trout in our (jreen Bay, a total distance of 70 miles. streams and lakes this season appear to When tiuished it will form a direct route, be better than ever. Every day we see by means of railroad and .^teamcrs. to all parties of our citizens or visitors starting the ports on (Jreen Bay and I>;ike Michi- out, armed and equipped with all tho im- gan. This road has a land grant from plements necessary and cr>nvenient for tiio government of six sections of timhcred sport, and returning with satisfied coun land for every mile constructed, amount- 4 tenances and fine strings of 'speckled ing to *J0 sections of 610 acres each, or 2<.8.800 acres, valued at $«;7'J,000. trout.' ; " as far A considerable quantity have been ta- 1 Thi.s is a well-constructed road ken about the rocky points that extend as finished, having an ascending grade elevation int

120 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

tons daily, during the season of naviga- favorably situated between the iron and tion. It has at the present time (1862) in oopper regions of Lake Superior. use four first-class locomotives and 350 Portage Entry, 70 miles above Mar- freight-cars, with a carrying capacity of quette, is an important port of entry, here 2,500 tons a day. being the mouth of the outlet to Portage Lake, where stands a Hght-house to guide On leaving Marquette the coast tends the mariner. north-westward, passing Presque Isle and The land here is low and the shore un- other bold headlands, the coast here pre- interesting, except being hned with va- senting a rocky, iron-bound appearance riegated sandstone, worked into almost for many mQes, with high hills in the every variety of shape by the action of distance, being elevated from 800 to 1,000 water. feet above the waters of the lake. The Entry and Ljike is an extensive and Gkaxite Island, 15 miles north of beautiful sheet of water, extending to Marquette, is passed on the right, having within half a mile of the entire breadth on one side two vertical walls of trap, 20 of the peninsula of Keweenaw Point, in feet high and 12 apart, forming a secure the county of Houghton, It receives a boat harbor. On the mainland opposite number of small streams, draining the is seen Granite Point, rising from 120 to rich copper region of Lake Superior. Xo 130 feet. Due North from tlie above portion of the south shore of Lake Supe- island lies Sianard's Bock, a most danger- rior exceeds this lake and its vicinity as ous projection discovered by Captain a resort for invalids. Stanard in 1835, while in the employ of In the immediate vicinity of the lake the American Fur Company, sailing the are found rich deposits of copper, yield- schooner John Jacob Astor. The rock ing great returns to the miner and capi- may be seen on the direct route of steam- taUst. ers from Marquette to Mauitou Island or Houghton, the county seat of Hough- Copper Harbor. ton county, Michigan, and a port of entry, is situated The Huron Isles, lying about 20 miles I on the south side of Portage east of Portage Entry, numbering five or Lake, 14 mdes from Portage Entry, where six rocky islands or islets, form a most its waters commingle with Lake Superior.

I picturesque group, covered in part with a The harbor is laud-locked, being pro- stunted growth of trees. tected by high hiUs on both sides. The Huron Bay and Point Ajbbete are settlement of Houghton was commenced next passed, and the upward bound steam- in 1854, and incorporated as a village in er enters a large expanse of water caUed 1861. It now contains a court-house and L' Ance, or Keweenaw Bay, extending far jail; 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist, and 1 Ro- inland. man Cathohc church; 5 public-houses, L'Ance is an excellent harbor where is the Douglass House being a large and a small settlement, situated at the head well-kept hotel; 10 stores, and several of Keweenaw Bay. A short distance north warehouses ; 2 steam saw-miUs, 2 brew- are located a Roman Catholic and Metho- eries, and 2 large stamp-mills using steam dist mission-house and church. The Cath- power. The population of the town is ohc being on the west shore of the Bay, estimated at 3,000, being mostly engaged and the Methodist on the east, both are in mining operations, while the general

| surrounded by Indian tribes and settle- trade and lumbering aflbrd profitable em-

ments. This locality, at no distant day, i ployment to those engaged in the latter must point, fiourishuig become an important being 1 pursuitvS. This new and town, —

EXCURSION ABOUND LAKE SUPERIOR. 121 lying on a side-hill rising 300 or 400 feet, Tlie site of the village is on a side-hill is identilied with the cojjper mines in its rising from the lake level to a height of immediate vicinity. There are several about 500 feet, whore the oi)oning to the mines worked to u large extent, besides mines is situated. Here is 1 Congrega- others of le.ss note which will, no duubt, tional, 1 Metliodist, and 1 Roman Cathulic soon be rendered productive. The min- church ; 3 public-houses, the Miison Ilouat eral range of Keweenaw Point, some 4 being a well-kept hotel; a number of to 6 miles in width, extends tlirough all stores and warehouses, 1 steam saw-mill, tliis section of country, being as yet only 1 barrel-factory, 1 foundry and machine- partially exi)lored. The Isle Royal. Hu- shop, and other manufacturing establish- ron, anil Portage, arc the principal mines ments; also, in the vicinity are 4 exten- worked on tlie south side of the lake. sive steam stamping-mills worked by the Pt)RT.\GE Lake is an irregular body of diflTerent mining companies. The I'urlage water about 20 miles in length, extend- lAike ^meitiu'j Wurhs is an incorporated ing nearly across Keweenaw Point to company, turning out annually a large within 2 miles of Lake Superior. Steam- amount of pure merchantable copper. ers and sail-vessels drawing 12 feet can The business of the company consists of pass through Portage Entry, and navi- fusing and converting the mineral into gate the lake with safety. This bcnly of refined metid for man ufiictu ring purposes. water was an old and favorite tliorough- The Quincy, Hancock, Pewabic, and fare for the Indians, anil the Jesuit Fa- Franklin mines are situated on tlie north thers who tirst discovered and explored ' side of the lake, on elevated ground, being this section of country. A canal of two now in active operation, giving einploy- I miles in lengtli would render this portage mcnt to alx)ut 1,800 operatives. The suc- I route navigable for steamers and sail- I ccssful working of these mines by means vessels navigating Lake Superior, there- ' of improved machinery, in connection with by reducing tlie di.-^tance over 100 miles. the smelting works, will, no doubt, give

During the winter m(«nthstlie atmosphere : profitable employment to thousands of

id very clear and transparent in the vi- I miners and laborers, thereby rendering cinity of Houghton, and all through Ke- ' this locality the great copper mart of this weenaw Point; objects can bo seen at a region, the pure metal being shipped to great distance of a clear day, while sounds the Eastern market during the season of are conveyed distinctly through the at- navigation. mo^phere. presenting a phenomenon pe- Keweenaw Point* is a large extent ciUiar to all northern latitudes. This is of laud jutting out into Lake Superior, the pleasure to the season of health and ; from 10 to 25 miles wido and about GO permanent resident.s. miles in length. This section of country Hancock, Houghton county, Michi- for upward of 100 miles, running from gan, is situated on the north side of Port- southwest to northeast, abounds in silver ago Lake, opposite to the village of Hough- ton, witli which it is connected by a steam " On many maps Bpolled Kexrff^traiicona. and ferry. The town was lirst laid out in otherwis*.". rroiiuunctil by our Indian*, *Ki-Hl- jimiKiuuccd as 1^5^^, and now contains about 4,000 in- wal-non-iiiji,' now writtt-n and above ; meaning a portatrt-, or placo wht-rc a jM»rl- habitant.H, including the niitiing popula- ape is made—the whole distunct- of Boinu i-i^rhtj tion on tlio n«)rth side of the lake; its or ninety miles ar«>und ihe Point belnjf saved bv sudden rise and prosj><.rity being identi- enterint: Portape Lake and tollowinj: up a Mimll stream, leavinir a portjitre of only about a h:df tiod with the rich dej^osit of native copper, !nili- Ut IjUve Superior «)n the other bide." Fot- in which this section of country abound.s. ttr >iuU \i\'liitncy» licpurt. 122 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

ores, yielding immense quan- four stores and several storehouses. and copper [ Pop- tities of" the latter; much of it being pure ulation 800, This is a thriving settlement, native copper, but often in sucli large it being the ouiport of the celebrated masses as to render it almost impossible Cliff, or Pittsburgh and Boston, and otlier to be separated for the purpose of trans- mines. The copper found in this vicinity portation, Masses weighing from 1,000 is of the purest quality, where is found to 5,000 pounds are often sent forward silver in small quantities, some of the to the Eastern markets. The geological specimens being highly prized. Off tliis formation is very interesting, producing harbor the lamented i)r. Houghton Avas Bpecimens of rare beauty and much value. drowned, October, 1845, while engaged in

Manitou Island hes off Keweenaw exploring this section of country : Ke- Point, on which is a light-house to guide weenaw Point and adjacent country be- the mariner to and from Copper Harbor. ing very appropriately named Houghton The island is about 7 miles in length and "County in honor of his memory. four wide. On the north side of Keweenaw Point Copper Harbor, Mich., is situated near bold shores extend to near Ontonagon, the extreme end of Keweenaw Point, in with high lands in the distance, forming N. lat. 47'' 30', W. long. 88° 00'; the har- the rich copper range of this region. bor, although somewhat difficult to enter, Oaitonag^on, Ontonagon Co., Mich., is one of the best on Lake Superior, being 336 miles from the Saut Ste. Marie, is advan- distant 250 miles from the Saut Ste. Marie. tageously situated at the mouth of the The settlement contains about 200 inhabi- river of the same name. The river is tants, a church, a hotel, and two or three about 200 feet wide at its mouth, with a stores. Fort Wilkins, formerly an U. S. sufficient depth of water over the bar for military post, has been converted into a large steamers. Here is being erected hotel,' being handsomely situated on Lake an extensive pier and breakwater. The Fanny Hoe, about half a mile distant village contains an Episcopal, a Presby- from the steamboat landing. In the vicin- terian, and a Roman Catholic church ; two ity are copper mines which have been good hotels, the Bigelow House and John- extensively worked, and are well worthy son House; two steam saw-miUs, and ten of a visit. or twelve stores and storehouses, and Agate Harbor, 10 miles west of Cop- about 1,200 inhabitants. per Harbor, is the name of a small settle- In this vicinity are located the Minne- ment. This port is not as yet much fre- sota, the National, the Rockland, and quented by steamers. several other very productive copper Eagle Harbor, 1G miles west of Cop- mines. The ore is found from twelve to per Harbor, is a good steamboat landing. fifteen miles from the landing, being im- Here are two churches, a good public- bedded in a range of high hills traversing house, together with several stores and Keweenaw Point from N. E. to S. W. for storehouses. Population about 700, be- about 1 00 miles. Silver is here found in ing mostly engaged in mining. The small quantities, beautifully intermixed Central, Copper, Falls, Pennsylvania, and with the copper ore, which abounds in Amygdaloid are the principal working great masses. copper mines. A good plank road runs from Ontona- Eagle River Harbor and Village, eight gon to near the Adventure Mine, and miles further, are favorably situated at the other mines, some twelve or fourteen mouth of a stream of the same name. mdes distant, where conm)ences the cop- Here are two churclies, a well-kept hotel. per range of hilla. A small steamer also EXCTRSION Aliui > ) I.AKK SUPERIOR. nms on Ontonagon River to near the Minnesota and National Mines, where is a riourisliing settlement inhabited by miners.

The Ontonagon Hirer is thus beautifully described by Roueiit Alan, Esq.,

To tlic Oiitoiiu{;€»ii Kivei.

Sweet river, on thy silvery title The iwMe warriors no more elide; Alon^ tny wild und wooded shore Their kindling wateh-flres Maze no nion-. Where'er thou roanfst \>y dale or hill Thy banks are silent now und still. As if thy waves, since time be;r.in, Had ne'er heeiit wo-.-a. Flow on. thou t;entle river, llow s snow Through summers rain and winter ; May Indian war-whoops no more wako Thy echofs. us thou seek'st the lake, Kul i>eaoeful lovers by thy stream On future joys and pleasures dream. St. Anurkw. 124 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

Name, Agent. President. Office. Shurtleff, York. Hancock, f Jonathan Cox, A. New Hilton,* C. M. Sanderson, T. F. Mason, New York. Boston, Mass. Huron, f Collom, Wm. Haywood, Isle Royale,! C. F. Eschweiler, T. H. Perkins, Boston, Mass. Indiana, Wm. Harris, Knowlton,* C. M. Sanderson, W. J. Gordon, Cleveland, Ohio. Manhattan, J. F. Blandy, E. H. Rickard, New York. Mandan,T[ A. B. Wood, George L. Ohver, Philadelphia.

MESNAED,f Jacob Houghton, Jr, , Horatio Bigelow, Boston, Mass. Michigan,^ A. B. Wood, T. F. Mason, New York. Minnesota,* J. B. Townsend, Wm. Pearsall, New York. National,* Wm. Webb, Pittsburgh, Pa. Norwich,* E. C. Roberts, A. H. Center, New York. Oglma,* Wm. W. Spalding, Petherick,:}: John Usen, Horatio Bigelow, Boston, Mass. Pennsylvania,:}: S. W. HiU, Jos. G. Henszey, Philadelphia. Pewabic,! J. H. Foster, Wnham Haywood, Boston, Mass. Pittsburgh & Boston (Cliff), g James Watson, C. G. Hussey, - Pittsburgh, Pa. Phoenix, § 0. A. FarweU, John Jackson, Boston, Mass.

PONTIAC,f Jacob Houghton, Jr, ., Horatio Bigelow, Boston, Mass. Detroit, Mich. Portage, f C. C. Douglass, Thos. W. Lockwood, QuiNCY.f S. S. Robinson, Thomas F. Mason, New York. Rockland,* J. B. Townsend, Samuel J. W. Barry, New York. Star,^ L. W. Clarke, Boston, Mass. South SiDE,f C. F. EschweQer, Thomas H. Perkins, Boston, Mass. Superior,* J. B. Townsend, WiUiam Hickok, New York. Tremont,* Jerome Merritt, Boston, Mass. To:-tel,* Henry Buzzo, L. W. Clarke, Boston, Mass. Victoria,* Jerome Merritt, Boston, Mass.

Outports.

Harbor. Ontonagon, f Portage Lake. :}: Eagle Harbor. § Eagle River. ^ Copper

La Pointe, 11 miles west of Ontonagon, abode of the American Indian, now lin- situated on the south end of Madeline gering and fading away as the country is Island, the largest of the Apostle Inlands, being opened and settled by tho white is one of the oldest settlements on Lake race.

Superior ; it was first peopled by the The village now contains 300 inhabi- French Jesuits and traders in IQSO, being tants, most of whom are lialf-broeds and 420 miles west of the t>aut Ste. Marie, French. Here is an old Roman Cathohc

which was settled about the same time. cliurch, and one Methodist church ; 2 ho- The mainland and islands in this vicinity tels, 2 stores, and several coopering estab- have been for many ayts the favorite lishments for the making of tisli-barrels. ;!

EXCURSION AROUND LAKE StTERIOR, 125

The harbor and steamboat landing are on The Indian Agency for the Chipfewa the Pouth end of the island, where may tribe of Indians residing on the borders uswnlly be seen fishing-boats and other of Lake Superior, have their ]n'ad

shore of Lake Superior, 80 miles east of i Lake Superior about 15 miles east of Ash- its western terrainu.s, and 3 miles west of land; some 10 miles farther eastward en- | La Pointe, being 80 miles west of (Jnton- ' ters MoNTKEAL River, forming the boun- agon. The harbor is secure and capa-' dary, in part, between the States of Mich- ciouH, being protected by the Apostle igan and Wisconsin. Islands, lying to the northeast. The The Twelve Apostles' Isles consist

town plot rises from 60 to 80 feet above i of the Madeline, Cap, Line, Sugar, Oak, the waters of the lake, affording a splen- Otter. Bear, Rock, Cat, Ironwood, Outer, did view of the bay, the adjacent islands ! and Presquo Isle, besides a few smaller and headlands. Its commercial advan- itjlands, being grouped together a short

j tages are surpassed by no other point on distance off the mainlantl, presenting du- Lake Superior, being on the direct route ring the summer months a ino.st picurescjue to St. Paul, Minn., and the Upjxjr Missis- and lovely appearance. Hero are to bo sippi. Here are situated a Presbyterian, seen clay and sandstone cUffs rising from a Methodist, and a Roman Catholic church; 100 to 200 feet above the waters, while 2 hotels. 4 stores, 2 warehouses, 1 steam most of the islands are clothed with a rich saw-mill and several mechanics' shops. foliage of forest-trees. Population in 1800, 300. The Hudson and Baijjkld Railroad, 164 miles in length, has been surveyed and The Twelve Apostles' Islands. will most probably be completed within a few years, there being a favorable land The foUoTsing description of these ro- grant conceded to the company. This mantic islands is copied from Owens Gech will afford a speedy route to St. Paul and logical Sunty of Wtsronsin, li'c. other ports on the Missi.>*8ipi)i River. " When the waters of Lake Superior La PorxTE B.\y, on the west side of assumed their present k-veL these i.slands which is situated the port of Bayfiehi is a were doubtless a part of the prf)montory, large and safe body of water, being pro- which I have descrilx>d as occupying the tected from winds blowing from every space between Chagwamegon Bay and point of the compass. The shores of the Brute River. They are composed of inlands and m.iinland are bold, while the drift-hill.s and red clay, resting on sand- harbor affords good anchorage for the stone which is occasionally visible. In the whole fleet of the lakes. lapse of ages, the winds, waves, and cur- :

126 ilfelP THROUGH THE LAKES. rents of the lakes cut away channels in parts, both the soil and climate are favor- grass and the crop is certain and these soft materials, and finally separated able to ; the lowest parts of the promontory into stout. Wheat, oats, and barley do well islands, and island-rocks, now twenty- on good sod when well cultivated. three in number, which are true outUers "In regard to health, no portion of the of the drift and sandstone. continent surpasses the Apostle Islands. " At a distance they appear like main- In the summer months they present to land, with deep bays and points, gradually the residents of the South the most cool becoming more elevated to the westward. and delightful resort that can be imagined, ^ He au Chene,^ or Oak /^Zanfi, which is and for invalids, especially such as are next the Detour (or mainland), is a pile afiected in the lungs or liver, the uniform of detached drift, 250 or 300 feet high, bracing atmosphere of Lake Superior pro- beneficial and is the highest of the group. Made- duces the most surprising and line, ' Wau-ga-ba-me' Island, is the lar- effects." gest (on which lies La Pointe), being 13 miles long, from northeast to southwest, and has an average of 3 miles in breadth. "Muk-quaw" or Bear Island, and "Esh- Healthy Iiifluence of Lake quagendeg" or Outer Llands, are about Superior. equal in size, being six miles long and two and a half wide. Xo better evidence can be given of the '' re- They embrace in all, an area of about healthy climate of the Lake Superior 400 square miles, of which one-half is gion than the following extracts from let- water. The soil is in some places good, ters, written by well-known individuals but the major part would be dithcult to clear and cultivate. The causes to which "Bayfield, July 28th, 1860. I have referred, as giving rise to thickets ^^I>ear Sir:—Perhaps it would be inter- of evergreens along the coasc of the lake, esting to you to state, in a few words, the operate here on all sides, and have covered happy eflects that this chmate has pro- almost the whole surface with cedar, duced for me. birch, aspen, hemlock, and pine. There "Previous to my coming here I consulted are, however, patches of sugar-tree land, with three physicians in Philadelphia, and natural meadows. one in the central part of Pennsylvania, " The waters around the islands afford one in "Washington, D. C, and one in excellent white fish, trout, and siskowit, Georgetown, D. C. It was the opinion of which do not appear to diminish after aU that consumption was tightening her many years of extensive fishing for the grasp upon me, and that soon I would be lower lake markets. For trout and sis- laid in the grave. Under medical advice kowit, which are caught with a line in I made use of an inhaling apparatus, drank deep water, the best ground of the cod-Uver oil and wliiskey, but all without

' the ad- neighborhood is ofif Bark Point or Point any beneficial results. Through Ecorce' of the French. Specified or vice of friends, and in hopes of saving my brook trout are also taken in all the small life, I came to this place, June Gth, 1857, streams. bringing with me three gallons of cod- " That portion of the soil of the islands liver oil and three gallons of old rye atmosphere seem- fit for cultivation, produces potatoes and whiskey. This bracing relief, and in a all manner of garden vegetables and roots ed to give mo immediate in great luxuriance. In the flat wet short time it seemed as if a heavy load ; EXCURSION AROUND LAKE BUPKKIOR. 127

was removed from my chest. I used the Snpcrior, or Superior City, Douglass cod-liver oU in feed for younj? chickens county, Wisconsin, is most advantageous- and greasing my boots, and pave the ly situated on a bay of Superior, at the mo.-it of the whiskey away. I am now west end of the lakt\ near the mouth of (three year?* after my arrival here) enjoy- St. Louis River. Hire are a church, two ing excellent health. hotels, and t<.Mi or fifteen stores and store- •* Respectfully vuurs, houses, and aJx)ut 1,000 inhabitants. A •' J. n. N." small river, called the Nemadji, runs through Superior, and enters into St. Louis Bay. Perhaps no place on Lake Superior has commercial advantages equal

Brokchial, or Throat Disease, to this town ; its future is magnified almost Ix'yond conception. The *S7. Croix Rev. W L resided in Malonf*. and Superior liailrocul is proposed lo ter- Franklin county. New York, duriuj^ the minate at this pla?^, extending south- year 1850, where he first wa.s troubled by ward to Hudson, on the St. Croix lUver, the hronrhud du^etise, which led to bleed- about 140 miles. Another railroad ia pro- ing of the throat. From Malone he re- posed to extend westward to the Sa k moved to Fairfield county. Connecticut, in Rapids, on the Upper Mississippi, either 1852, near Ix)ng Island Sound, where the from tliis place or Portland, Minn. disease increased in virid^'uce.as.suminpan alarming char^ter. In 1855 he removed DISTASCBS FROM FOND PL* LAC TO BT. PAUL, JflNIf. to Syracuse, New York, where he con- Fond i»u Lac (St Louis liivcr) Mile«. Pukiiffetua. (fortune) 75 tracted a remittent fever, without being Falls 8t. Ckoix (t '(/«<><') 40 115 benetite-i in regard to his throat disease. Marine Mills, (.^YMWji/fKiO 19 134 " In 1858 he visited Europe for the benefit Stillwater. 11 145 .St. I'ArL {Stage) IS 168 of his health, without his throat disease being benefited, although ho improved Distance from Superior City to St. in general health. \n August. 1859, he Cloud (Sauk Rapids), by proi.)osed rail- removed to Eagle River. Micliigan, situ- road route, 120 miles. St. Cloud to St. ated on the south .shore of Lake Superior, Paul, 76 miles. Total, 19G miles. where he gradually improved in healtli DISTANCE8 FBOM SUPIRIOB CITY TO PEMBI.VA, MIWII. but on moving a few miles in the interior, Si I'EKIOR Mileft. near one of the cop|)er mines, his health i'KOW W I.VG 80 rapidly improved, and a permanent cure UtUrTail L.iko 70 150 74 224 was effected, as he supposes, by pure and i:iie iJiver San.l Hills Hivt-r... 70 294 bracing air—for which this whole section (Jraiul Fork (lied Kiver) 40 *U of country is justly celebrated. Pembina sO 414 Dat'jd on board steamer North Star, From St. Puul to IVmbiua, via Crow Wing, 4(>4 m. Julv, 1860. FoxD DU Lac, St. Louis county, Minn., is On proceeding from La Pointe west- situated on St. Louis Kiver, 20 miles above ward, the steamer usually passes around its entrance into Lake Sui>erior. Ves.sels Point de Tour, ten miles north, and enters of a Iarj;e class ascend to this i>lace, being Fond du Ljic, a noble bay situated at tiie within four miles of the St. Louis Falls, head of Lake Superior. It may be said Itaving a descent of about 60 feet afford- to bo 50 mdes l<»ng and 20 milea wide, ing an immense water-iK)wer. Here are abounding in good fiahing-grouuds. sandstone and slate (juarrios, from which ;

128 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

Btone and slate are quarried, and exten- its entrance into the lake, are falls afford- sively used for building purposes. Iron ing fine water-power. Cliffs of green- and copper ore abound in the vicinity. stone are to be seen, rising from 200 to These advantages bid fair to make this 300 feet above the water's edge, presenting point a mart of commerce and manufac- a handsome appearance. To the north of ture. Encampment, along the lake shore, abound St. Louis River, flo-^ing into the S. "W. porphyry and greenstone. This locality end of Lake Superior, is a large and im- is noted for a great agitation of the mag- portant stream, and is navigable for steam- netic needle; the depth of water in the ers and lake craft for upward of 20 miles vicinity is too great for vessels to anchor from its mouth. Above the falls (where the shores being remarkably bold, and in the water has a descent of 60 feet, pre- some places rising from 800 to 1,000 feet senting a beautiful appearance), the river above the water. is navigable for canoe^ and small craft for Hiawatha is another new settlement, about 80 miles farther. This river is the situated on the west shore of Lake Su- recipient of the waters of several small perior, where are found copper ore and lakes lying almost due north of its outlet, other valuable minerals, precious stones, its head waters flowing south from near etc. Rainy Lake. Beater Bat, on the N. "W. lake shore, Portland, St. Louis county, Minn., ad- at the mouth of Beaver River, affords a vantageously situated at the extreme west good harbor, where is a small settlement. end of Lake Superior, seven miles N. W. Grand Portage, Minn., advantageously from Superior City, is a place of growing situated on a secure bay, near the mouth importance, where is a good steamboat of Pigeon River, is an old station of the landing, with bold shore. This is the cap- American Fur Company. Here are a Ro- ital of the county, and bids fair to be a man Catholic Mission, a block-house, and successful competitor with Superior City some 12 or 15 dwelhngs. Mountains from for the carrying trade of the Great West 800 to 1,000 feet are here seen rising ab- and Pacific coast. Along the shore of the ruptly from the water's edge, presenting lake northward are to be seen bold sandy a bold and subhme appearance. bluffs and highlands, supposed to be rich PiGBON Bay and River f5rms the north- in mineral wealth. west boundary between the United States Bellville, Minn., is a new settlement, and Canada, or the Hudson Bay Compa- situated on the lake shore, 4 or 5 miles ny's territory. Pigeon River is but a north of Portland. second-class stream, and by its junction Clifton, St. Louis Co., Minn., situated 11 with Arrow River continues the boundary miles N. E. of the head of Lake Superior, through Rainy Lake and River to the Lake is a new settlement. In the vicinity are of the Woods, where the 49th degree of rich copper mines and good farming lands. north latitude is reached. The mouth of BucuANAN is another new settlement, Pigeon River is about 48 degrees north situated northeast of CUfton, possessing latitude, and 89 degrees 30 minutes west similar advantages. from Greenwich. Burlington is a new settlement, situ- Along the whole west shore of Lake ated near Agate Bay. Superior, from St. Louis River to Pigeon Encampment is the name of a river, River, are alternations of metamorphosed island, and village, where is a good har- schists and sandstone, with volcanic grits bor, the mouth of the river being pro- and other imbedded traps and porphyry, to *-^^*-ed by the island. On the river, near with elevations rising from 800 1,200 EXCURSION AROUND LAKE BUI'EUIUK. 129

fe*»t nbove the lake, often presenting a United States and tlio British Possessions gnimi fippeanmeo. (north hititudo 48°), we find the eastern ISLB KoYALK, Iloughtou Co., Mich., be- portion of the peninsula abounds with ing about 45 miles in lengtii froin X. K. !>old rocky cUfts, consisting of trap and to S. W., anoiindin^ " The Falls of Pigeon River, eighty or in copper ore and other min.'rals, and ninety feet in height, are occasioned by a al.««o precious stones. Tiio principal hur- trap dyke which cuts through a series of Ijor and only sc-itlemeut is on Siakowit slate rocks highly indurated, and very B.UJ, being on the east shore of tlie island, similar in mineralogical characters to the about .')0 miles distant from Eagle Harbor, old graywa<-ke group. Trap dykes and on the main sliore of Michigan. interlanilnated masses of traps were ob- Tiio other harbors are—Washington served in the slate near the falls. Harbor on the southwest. Todd's Harbor " The base of nearly all the ridges and on the west, and Rock Harbor and Cliij)- cliffs between Pigeon liiver and Fort Wil- Harljor the northeast part of liam (situated at the of pewa on | mouth Kamiuiste-

the island.^ In some places on the west I quoi River, the western boundary of Up- are perpendicular clilVs of green-stone, per Canada) is made up of these slates, ^

very bold, rising from the water's edge, ; and the overlaying trap. Some of the low-

while on the eastern shore conglomerate ! islands exhibit only the gray grits and rock or coarse sandstone abounds, with slates. Welcome islands, in Thun»ler Bay, [ traps, occasional stony beach. On this coast , display no although, in the distance, are many islets and rocks of sandstone, they rosenible igneous products, the joints rendering navigation somewhat danger- being more obvious than the jtlanes of ons. Good fishing-grounds abound all stratification, tlius giving a rude semi- around this island, which will, no doubt, columnar aspect to the cliffs, before many years, become a favorite ''At Prince's Bay, and also along the sunmier resort for the invalid and sports- chain of Islands which lines the coast, in- man, as well as the scientific tourist. cluding Spar, Victoria, and Pie islands, the SiSKOwiT Lake is a considerable body slates with the crowning traps are admira- of water lying near the centre of the bly displayed. At the British and Nortli island, which apparently has no outlet. American Company's works the slates aro Other small l^es and picturesque inlets traver.sed by a heavy vein of c^c-spar and bays abound in all parts of the and amethystine quartz, yielding gray s'll- island. Hills, rising from ;;0() to 400 phuret and pyritous copper and galena. feet above the water.s of the lake, exist From the vein where it cuts the overlay- in many localities throughout the island, ing trap on the main shore, considerable whic is indented by bays and inlets. silver has been extracted, "At Thunder Cape, the slates form one of the most picturesque headlands on the IVortherii Nh€»rc of Luke ISii- whole coast of Lake Superior. They aro perior. made up of variously colored beds, such as compose the upper group of Mr. Logan, Report on the (JfoUxjy the Extract from of and repose in a nearly horizontal position. Superior CoutUry.'by Lake Foster ami These d«trital rocks attain a thickness of Whitney : nearly a thou.^and feet, and are crowned NORTiiERN SuoRE, — " Beginning at with a sheet of trapjKjau rocks three Luu-

Pigeon Bay, the boundary between the i dred feet in thickness.

1) 130 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

"At L'Anse a la Bouteille (opposite Island, near the Pictured Rocks, Kewee- the Slate Islands, on the north shore of naw Point, La Pointe, and Apostles' •Lake Superior) the slates reappear, with Islands, and at different stations on Isle the granite protruding through them, and Royale, where large quantities are taken occupy the coast for tifteen miles; numer- and exported; but there are no reliable ous dykes of greenstone, bctiring east and statistics as to the number of men em- west, are seen cutting the rocks vertically. ployed or the number of barrels exported. The Slate Islands form a part of this group, Between the liead of Keweenaw Point and derive their name from their geologi- and the mouth of the Ontonagf^n River, cal structure. considerable quantities of fish are taken, ''They are next seen, according to Mr. for which there is a ready market at tlie Logan, for about seven miles on each side mining stations. In addition to the whit« of the Old Pick River. Near Otterhead a fish and Mackinac trout, the siskowit ia gneissoidal rock forms the coast, which occasionally taken. Its favorite resort, presents a remarkably regular set of strata however, is the deep water in the vicinity in which the constituents of sienite are of Isle Royale. arranged in thin sheets and in a higlily Lake Superior Trout-Fishing in Win- crystalline condition. From this point to ter, —Tiie Lake Superior Journal says: the Michipicoteu River the slates and " Angling through the ice to a depth of granite occujiy alternate reaches, along thirty fathoms of water is a novel mode the coast, for the distance of fifty miles. of fishing somewhat pecuhar to this pecu- ' With the exception of a few square miles liar region of the world. It is carrying of the upper trap of gargautua, these two the war into lishdom with a vengeance, rocks appear to hold the coast all the way and is denounced, no doubt, in the com- to the vicinity of Pointe aux Mines, at the munities on the bottom of these northern extremity of which the\ separate from the lakes as a scaly piece of warfare.' The shore, maintaining a nearly straight south- large and splendid salmon-trout of these easterly line across the Batchewanung Bay, waters have no peace; in the summer leaving the trap of Mamainse between them they are enticed into the deceitful meshes and the lake. Thence they reach the north- of the gill-net, and in the winter, when ern part of Croulais Bay, and finally attain they hide themselves in the deep caverns the promontory of Gros Cap, where they of the lakes, with fifty fathoms of water constitute a moderately bold range of above their heads, and a defence of ico hills, running eastwardly toward Lake two or three feet in thickness on the top "* Huron.' of tliat, they are tempted to destruction by the fatal hook. " Large numbers of these trout are caught every winter in this way on Lake skilled in Fislierie§ of Lake Superior. Superior ; the Indian, always the fishing business, knows exactly whore to kill them. The Good fishing-grounds occur all along to find them' and how the lake the north sliore of Lake Superior, afford- whites make excu.sions out on this sport. ing a bountiful supply of white-fish, Mack- in pleasant weather to enjoy for both fish and inac trout, and many other species of the There is a favorite resort entrance finny tribe. On the south slior» there fish.erraen near Gros Cap, at the rocky gate- are fisheries at White-Fish Point, Grand of Lake Superior, through tlio way between Gros Cap and Point Irocjuois,

* Caaadian Kci)ort, lS16-'-lT. about 18 miles above the Saul, and many — — KXCUK8ION AROUND LAKE SLPKKloR. 131 a largo trout, at tliis point, is pulled up John Jacob Astor. "Wo have compiled from its warm bed at the lx»ttom of the the following table, which will bo found lake, in winter, and niu

StoamtT B.'!! Kraiiklin. . .l.\iHM» 4jmM> 1sj.V) and freezing to death in its own blood, ProiH'Iler -M<»nticclU)... .3tUKM) lu.mw lj>5l oftentimes moves the heart of the liaher- Sellir IVninsulu 1S,IKH1 1'2.fllcTB. L. Webb 50,(HM) 1.\(MJ0 KjiJ sport, ho would certainly think they were Prr.5U.<«W 25.000 1S57 mad, or each one making foot-races against Propeller Indiuna 8,000 2,500 ISM tiiue. A hole is made through the ice, .•}«5dOO0 $1-25,000 smooth and round, and the fisherman drops —making a grand toUl oi|4y 1.000. down his large hook, baited witli a small Since the above Table was compiled the herring, pork, or other meat, and wlien he following losses have occurred in the ascertains the right depth, lie waits with — Lake Superior trade; fisherman's luck—some time for a bite, Steamer Arctic, wrecked on Lake Supe- which in this ca.se is a pull all togetlier, for rior, June, 18G0. the fisherman throws the line over his Steamer Gazelle, wrecked on Lake Su- shoulder, and walks from the hole at the perior, 1860. top of his speed till the fish bounds out Steauier Elgin, lost on Lake Micliigan, on the ice. We have known of as many September 7, ISGO. as fifty of these splendid trout caught in Steamer North Star, burnt at Cleveland, Uxia way by a single fisherman in a single Februar}'. 1862. day : it is thus a great source of pleasure The loss of life by the accidents given and a valual»le resource of food, especially above is, as near as can be ascertained, in Lent, and the most scrupulous anti-pork as follows : believers might here 'down pork and up Schooner Merchant fish' without any offence to conscience." 18 Propeller Independence 3 Steamer K. K. Collins 20 Steamer Superior 54 I-l»t of Ye««*«elM Lost in the Steaujur La<.ly Elgin. 350 L.akc Superior Trade. Total 445

Since the discovery of copper in the There have been numerous losses of Upixir Peninsula, in 1845, and the com- freight by je tisons and otherwise, that mencement of the Lake Superior steamer are not included in the table we have and ves.sel traer. ; ; ; ;; ; ; ;! ;

132 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

Tlie L

The land where the Christian can openly pray. As Scripture and Conscience may show him the The Lr-and of Lake aud way. River, Fearless of clerical tyrant or lay Know ye the land, Ac. Composed by Dr. Laycock, of Woodstock, C. W.—A Canadian Song. The land which, the older and stronger it grew, The Land of Lake, Eiver, and Forest wide, To Law and to Loyalty still kept more true, "Where Niagara plunges in splendor and pride Both to Prince and to People according theii" O'er the trembling cfifls her precipitous tide; due; Know ye the land ? Know ye the land?

'Tis a glorious land I 'Tis a glorious land I And the land is our own dear home And the land is our own dear home —

Trip alon|( the North Shore of Lake Superior,

Made ox Board thk Caxadiax Steamer Plouqudoy, Auqcst. 1860.

On leaving the mouth of the Ship Canal, few dwellings. The Montreal Company's above the Rapids at the Saut Ste. Marie, a copper mine is hx-ated near this point, 45 beautifiil stretch of the river is passed miles north of the Saut. where is a small and TTaj^Aa Bay entered, which is a small settlement of miners. Here is a cjood har- expanse of water extending westward to bor, the land rising abruptly to the height Point Mx/wis. on the south sliore. 15 miles of 300 feet, presenting a rug.ced appear- distant. Immediately opposite rises < Iros ance. Some 12 or 15 miles north are lo- Cap, on the Canada side, being about four cated, on Mica Bay, the Quebec Copper miles asunder. This lx)ld headland con- Mining Cosnpany's Works, at present aban- sists of hills of porphyry rising from GOO doned, owing to their being found unpro- to 700 feet above the waters of the lake. ductive. Still farther north, skirting Lake "(Jros Cap is a name given by the voya- Superior, is to be found a vast ifinend Re- geurs to almost innumerable projecting gion, as yet only parti.ally explored. headlands; but in this case appropriate Montreal Island, and River. 2m miles since it is the conspicuous feature at the north of Mamainse, atibrd good fishing- entrance of the lake.'' grounds. Here is a harbor exj^)osed to the North of Gros Cap lies Goulais B.*.y, west winds from off the lake, which can and lIoL'LAis Poikt. another bold high- safely l>e approached when the winds are land which is seen in the (Jistaace. Gou- i not boisterou-s. lais River enters the bay, affortiiug. in I Lizard Island and Leach Island, some connection with the adjacent waters, good 10 miles farther northward, are next pass-

fishing-grounds; the brook or speckled , ed. lying contiguous to the mainland. trout being mostly taken in the river. Cape Gargantua, 40 miles north of

Here is a large Indian settlement of the I Mamainse. is a bold headland. On the CIiipi>ewa tribe. The whole north shore. south side is a harbor protected by a small as seen from the deck of the steamer, pre- island. From this cai>e to the ishuid of sents a bold and grand appearance, while Miehipic iten the distance is about 30 miles. in the distance, westward, may be seen MicHiHicoTEN Harbor, and River, 110 the broad waters of Lake Superior. miles north of the Saut Ste. Marie, situated is Taquamexon Bay next entered, which in N. lat. 47" 5G', W. long. 85^ UG . aflords is about '25 miles long and as many Itroad, a safe anchorage, being surrounded by terminating at White- Fish Point, -io miles high hills. Here is established a Roman above Saut Ste. Marie. Parisiex Island Catliolic mis.sion. and an important Hud- is passed itO miles from the Saut, lying son Bay Company's post, from whence near the middle fif the above bay, being diverges the river and portage route to attached to Canada. James's Bay, some 35o miles distant. The Sandy Islands, lying off Ritcheeioaxm- shore of the I^ake here lends westward unost. no doubt, is destined to become Marie about 35 miles. a place of resort as well as a con;merci;J Mamainse Point {Littla Sturgeon), op- dep<*jt, from whence is now distributed the posite White-Fish Point, is another bold merchandise belonging to the above gig-an- headland, where is a li^liing st;ition and a tic company—having exclu.«tanoo on both Bides Point, allordinj^ gray sulphuret of copper of the river, presenting a tlirifty and fer- of a rifli quality. The '•Quebec and Liike tile appearance. Wheat, rye, oats, bar- Superior Miaiu;^ Asaociation" comiuencfd ley, potatoes, and most kinds of vegeta- operations in IS Hi at Mica liay, a few bles are here raised in abundance ; also, miles north of Macnainse. on a vein said grass and clover of ditVerent kinds. The to be rii-h in j;ray sulphuret of copper. An early frosts aro the great hindrance to adit wa.s driven 200 feet, three shaft .s this whole section of cmiitry, which is sunk, and the 10-fathom level eommeii- rich in minerals, timl>cr, furs, and lish; ced. Alter spendiu2: .$30,000 it was dis- altogether i)roducing a great source of covered that the mines were unprochic- wealth to the abovi' company. Pine, tive, and the works were al)andone(l. spruce, hemlock, cypress, and balsam A number of localities were explored, trees are common, also white birch, sugar- and worked to some extent on Michipico- maple, elm, and ash, together with some ten Island and on the mainland to tlit> hardy fruit-bearing trees and shrubs. northward, but they are now nearly all The Human Cuth'>l,c Mission, situateil abandoned. A surve^-ing party, however, 2 miles above the company's post, on tlu are now (1800) eu^-aged in explorin;^ opposite side of the river, is an interest- the north sliore of Lake Superior, under ing locality. Here is a KSuperior Bay, Thunder Cape, Pie Island, and the are generally admitte;! by all unprejudiced vicinity of Prince's Bay are supposed to visitors—the {)00r and often degraded In- be rich in both copper and silver. Splen- dian being instructed in agriculture and did cry stalhzat ions of amethystine ([uartz industrial pursuits, tending to elevate the and calc spar have been obtained on Spar human sj^ecies in every clime. Island, near Prince's Bay, and at other McKay's Mountain, lying 3 miles west localities. of Fort William, near the Roman Catholic Mission, pre.sents an abrupt and grand appearance from the water, being elevated Fort "William, an important Iludson 1,000 feet. Far inland are seen other Bay Company's Post, is advantageously high ranges of hills and moimtains, pre- eituati'd at the mouth of the Kaministi- .senting altogether, in eoimection with the quia River, in north latitude 4S degrees i.slands, a most interesting and sublinio 23 minutes, west longitude 8'.« degrees 21 view. minutes. Here is a convenient wharf Kaministiquia, or ^^Gah-mahnatcJarai- and .safe harbor, the bar ofl' the mouth of a//^' River, signifying in the Chippewa tli'» river alfording 7 or 8 feet of water, language the, '^ place ichtre there arc mauij which con easily be increased by dredg- r-Mr/e/i^-," empties its waters into Thnti- ing. The Company's buildings consi'-t of der Bay. This beautiful stream affords a spacious dwelling-house, a store, and 3 navigation for about 12 miles, when raj)-

storehouses, besides some 10 or 12 Idu.scs i ids are encountered by the ascending roij- f(»r the accommi)d;ition of the attaches, agi-ur. Soimc 30 miles above its mouth is

and servants in the employ of the al-ove ! a fall of about 200 feet perpendicular de- gigantic company. The land is cleared scent. 1 ,

136 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

Thuxder Bay presents a large expanse a huge eagle, having on one side a wing of water, being about 25 miles in length and one paw, on the other side au arm and from 10 to 15 miles wide, into which and one foot. The lightning is supposed flows several smaU sti'eams, abounding in to issue from the extremity of the beak speckled trout. Thunder Cape^ on the through the paw, with wliich they launch east, is a most remarkable and bold high- it forth in fiery darts over the surrounding land, being elevated 1,350 feet above country." Lake Superior. It rises in some places Black Bay, lying east of Thunder Cape, almost perpendicular, presenting a basal- is 45 miles long, and from six to eight tic appearance, having on its summit an miles wide, being encompassed on both extinct volcano. From the elevated por- sides by high and lofty hiUs. Towards the tions of this cape a grand and imposing north are two peaked eminences termed view is obtained of surrounding moun- the Mamelons or Paps, from their singular tains, headlands, and islands—overlook- formation, resembling a female's breast, ing Isle Royah to the south, and the north when seen at a distance. shore from McKay's Mountain to the Ntepkjon is another Bay romantic sheet :

mouth of Pigeon River,- near Grand Port- of water, containing a number of beautiful ' age, Minnesota. wooded islands. It is about forty miles Pie Island, in the Indian dialect called long and fifteen miles wide, being mostly ^^Mahkeneen(/'' or Tortoise, bounding Thun- surrounded by high and rocky eminences. der Bay on the south, is about 8 miles long Here the explorer, hunter, and angler may and 5 miles wide, and presents a most alike enjoy themselves with the wonders singular appearance, being elevated at of tlie surro\mding scene. Copper, silver, one point 850 feet above the lake. This lead, and precious stones are liere to be bold eminence is shaped like an enormous found in abundance on the islands and the slouched hat, or inverted pie, giving name mainland; while there is no end to the to the island by the French or English game and fish of this region. explorers, wliile the Indians gave it the The Island of St. Ignace, lying on the name of tortoise from its singular shape. north shore of Lake Superior, is a large This elevated point is basaltic, rising per- and important body of land, being rich in pendicular near the top, like the Palisades minerals and precious stones. It is about of the Hudson River. 17 miles long and six miles wide; the Thunder Bay, and its vicinity, has long hills rising to 1,300 feet in some places, been the favorite residence of Indian tribes giving it a wild and romantic appearance who now roam over this vast section of from the water. Here are five small country, from Lake Superior to Hudson lakes, all being connected, and the outlet Bay on the north. The mountain peaks forming a beautiful stream, with rapids they look upon with awe and veneration, and falls. Large quantities of brook trout often ascribing some fabulous legend to make these lakes and streams their favor- prominent localities. A learned Mission- ite resort, they being but frequeutly visit- ary, in describing this interesting portion ed except by the trapper and miner. of Lake Superior and its inhabitants, re- Copper, silver, and lead are said to be marked, that " the old Indians were of the found on this island in large quantities, as opinion that thioider clouds are large well as on other islands in its vicinity. gigantic birds, having their nests on high The whole archipelago and mainland here hiUs or mountains, and who made them- afford good and safe harbors ; the Canada selves heard and seen very far off. Tlie side of the lakes being greatly favored head they described as resembhng that of in this respect. —

PORTAGE ROUTE PROM LAKE SUPERIOR TO LAKE WINNIPEG,

Starting fuom Fokt William, c. w.

Kamikistaquoiah River, emptying into fourths of the way to the bottom, from Thunder Bay of Lake Suporior, forms tlie whence the spray springs high into the west bouudary of Canada proper; to the air, bedewing and whitening the precipi- nortli and west lies the extensive region tous and wild looking crags witli which or country known as the lluiUion Bay the fall is composed, and clothing with Company's Ttrritory. Here commences drapery of foam the gloomy pines, that the great PorUnje Road to Rainy Lake, hang about the clefts and fissures of the Lake of the Woods, and the Red River rocks. The falls and the wliole surround- settlement; also, to Lake Winnipeg, Nor- ing scenery, for sublimity, wildness, and way House, and York Factory, situated novel grandeur, exceeds any thing of the on Hudson liay. At the moutli of tha Kam- kind I evL'r saw." Rev. J. Ryert^on^s Tour. inistaquoiali stands Fort William. " The The danger of navigating these moun- banks of the river average in heij^lit from tain streams, in a birch canoe, is greater eight to twenty feet; the soil is alluvial than many would expect who had never and very rich. Tlie vegetation all along witnessed the force of the current some- its bijnks is remarkably thrifty and luxuri- times encountered. Mr. Ryerson remarks: ant in its appearance. The land is well " During the day we passed a large num- timbered; there are found in great abun- ber of .strong and some dangerous rapids. dance, thelir-tree, birch, tamarack, poplar, Several times the canoe, in spite of the elm, and the spruce, There is al.«o white most strenuous exertions of the men, was pine, but not in great plenty. Wild hops driven back, such was the violence of tho and peas are found in abundance, and currents. On one occasion such was the some buslies and otlier flowering shrubs, force of tho stream, that though four strong in many places cover the banks down men were holding the rope, it was wrench- to tlie very margin of the river, adorning ed out of their hands in an instant, and them witii Ix-auty, and often filling the we were hurled down the rapids with air with fragrance. Tlio land on this river violent speed, at the mercy of the foaming up to the Mountain Portage (:{J miles), waves and irresistible torrent, until fortu- and for a long way back, is imsurpassed nately in safety we reached an eddy bein richness and beauty by any lands in low." (See Engraving.) British America." Doo Lake is an expansion of the river, The Mountain Fall, situated on this distant by its winding course, 76 miles stream, is thus described: *' We had great from its mouth. Other lakes and expan- difliculty in finding it at first, but, guided sions of streams are passed on the routo by its tlmndering roar, through such a westward. thicket of brusli, thorns and briars, as I "The Savax, or Prairie Portage, 120 never before thought of, we reached the miles from Fort William, by portage route, spot from whence it was visible. The forms the height of land between Lake whole river plunged in one broad white Superior and the waters falling into Lake [Slieet. tlirough a space not more than lifly Winnipeg; it is between three and four feet wide, and over a precipice higher, by miles long, and a continuous cedar swamp

many feet, than tlio Niagara Falls. Tlio i fnjm one end to tlie other, and is thtrefore sheet together three- or i^wamp concave comes about I very properly named the Sacan 138 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

Portage. It lies seven or eight hundred Rainy Lake River, the outlet of the feet above Lakes Superior and Winnipeg, lake of the same name, is a magnificent and 1,-183 feet above the sea." stream of water ; it has a rapid current The Savan River, which is first formed and averages about a quarter of a mile in

by the waters of the Swamp, enters into width ; its banks are covered with the the Lac Du Mille, or the Lake of TIiou- richest foliage of every hue ; the trees in sands, so called because of the innumer- the vicinity are large and varied, consisting • able islands which are in it. This lake of ash, cedar, poplar, oak, birch, and red is comparatively narrow, being sixty or and white pines; also an abundance of seventy miles in length. flowers of gaudy and variegated colors. The'/iuvr Du Jifille, tlie o^itlet of the The climate is also very fine, with a rich soil, calculated to sustain a dense Lake, ' is a precipitous stream, whereon and well are several portages, before entering into population as any part of Canada. Lac La Pluie, distant 350 mili^s from Port The Lake of the Woods, or Lac Du "William. Bois, 68 miles in length, and from fifteen Raiky Lake, or Lac la Pluie, through to twenty-five miles wide, is a splendid whicli runs the boundary between the sheet of water, dotted all over with hun- United States and Canada, is a most beau- dreds of beautiful islands, many (»f which and luxuriant tiful sheet of water ; it is forty-eight miles are covered with a heavy long, and averages about ten miles in foliage. Warm and frequent showers oc- breadth. It receives the waters flowing cur here in May and June bring^in^- forth westward from the dividing ridge separa- vegetation at a rapid rate, although situated ting the waters flowing into Lake Supe- on'the 49th degree of north latitude, from rior. whence extends ivestward to the Pacific

rCU.ING A OaNOK VV THE RAriUB, ;

LAKE RIPFKIOK TO LAKE WINNII'KC 139

Ocean, the bouncLiry lino between the temperature of the atinosphero in the ad- Unitc'd States and Cannda. jacent neighb<>rh

destine* I to sustiiin a vigorous and denso turan ; and there plilt.Tiup with dazzling brilliancy in the Ijrighl rays of the cven- jMjpulation.

' ing sun, or rippling amonp the reeds where i and rushes of some shallow bay, hundreds of wild fowl chatter as they I / feed with varied cry, rendering more ap- LAKE WINNIPEG, parent, rather than disturbing the solemn 1 BtiUness of the swne: all tend to raise Situated between 5U« and 55" north the soul from nature up to nature's (Jod, latitude, is alxjut 3o0 miles long. an

. / works, in wisdom hast thou made miles.* Lake Winnipeg receives the wa- " - them all; the earth is full of thy riches.' ters of numerous rivers, which, in the 40(»,out

\ The Wi.VNiPEQ River, the outlet of the square miles. The Su.skat'hficdu (the riv- Lake of the Woods, is a rapid stream, of er that runs fast) is its most important large si^e, falling into Winnipeg Lake. ?, tributary. The Assiniboinc. the Red Riv- I miles below Fort AUjcandtr, one of the er of the North, and Winnipeg River are its Hudson Bay Company's Po.sts. A great other largest tributaries, altogether dis- nberof Indians resort to the Fort every charging an immense amount f>f water ar. besides a number of families who are into this preat inland lake. It is elevated n sidonts in the vicinity, here being one about 700 feet above Hudson Bay, and through i of their favorite haimts. di.scharges its surplus waters Rev. Mr. liyerson remarks: —"The Xtlson liner, a large and magnificent scenery for many miles around is strik- stream, which like the St. L:iwrence is ingly beautiful. The climate for Hud- lilled with Lslauds and numerous rapid.s, sou's Bay Territory is here remarkably fine and salubrious, the land amazingly •Lak« lUiKAU the most extensive boily of frt-.sh water on the Ka.sttTii C'oniinent, »itnat.-uiit:iii(S. Th.- Ynti-

warm : this has a wonderful effect on the Mi, lis outlet, Jlows north into the Arctic Ocean. 140 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. preventing navigation entirely below Cross immediate effect on the temperature du- Lake. ring the Spring months. On the other Lakes Manitobah and Winnipegosis, uni- hand, the Fall is generally open, with ted, are nearly of the same length as Win- mild, dry, and pleasant weather." nipeg, lying 40 or 50 miles westward. Nearly the whole country between Lake Winnipeg and its western rivals is occupied by smaller lakes, so that between Red River of the North. tlie valley of the Assiniboine and the eastern shore of Winnipeg fully one-third This interesting section of country be- is under water. These lakes, both large ing closely connected with the Upper Lakes, and small, are shallow, and in the same and attracting much attention at the pres- water area sliow much uniformity in depth ent time, we subjoin the following extract and coast line. from "Minnesota and Dacota," by C. C. Andrews: " It is common to say that settlements have not been extended beyond Crow l

nin^ to bo a great feature in this upper [the winter smaller but more valuable furs country. It runs north and empties into are procured. The Indians also enlist in

l^ke Winnipeg, whieh connects with Flud- the hunts ; and it is estim;ited that upward I 8on liay by Nelsotent as the East India Company, it merous and ctjpious. abounding with the is still a powerful combination, .vlunvering chtticest kiml uf game, and skirted with opulence on its members, and retleciing a ^a various and beautiful foliage. It cannot y)eculiar feature in the stren^rth and gran- ho many years bffore this magnificent deur of the British empire—a power which, valley (together with the Saskatchewan) to use the eloquent langu.ige of Daniel Phall jjoiir its products into our markets, Webster, ' has dotted over the whole sur- and be the theatre of a busy and genial life. face of the globe witli her p>o.ssessions and "Red River S'tlU-nvnt is seventy miles military post.s, whose morning drum-beat north of Pembina, and lies on both sides following the sun, and keeping company of the river. Its population is estimated with the hours, circles the earth daily at 10.000 souls. It owes its origin and with one continuous and unbroken strain growth to the enterpri.se and success of of martial music' The company is grow- the Hudson Bay Company. Many of the ing richer every year, and its jurisdiction settlers came from Scotland, hut the most and its lands will soon find an availability were from Canada. They speak English never dreamed of by its founders, un anti Canadian French. The English *style less. a.s may possibly happen, popular sover- of society is well kept up, wlietlier we re- eignty step-s in to ijrasp tiit fruits of its long gard the Church witli its bishop, the tra- apprenticeship." der with his wiue-cellar. the scholar with' The Charter of the Hudson Bay Compa- his library, the officer with his sinecure, or ny expired, by its own limitation, in I8G0, Uieir pai)er currency. The great business and the question of annexing this vast do- of the settlement, of course, is the fur ' mam to Canada, or forming a 8epamt« truflla province, is now deeply agitating the Brit- I

''An immense amount of Buffalo skins \ ish public, both in Canada and in the

18 taken in summer and autumn, while in 1 mother country. 142 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

TABLE OF DISTANCES, From Fort "William, situated at the Mouth of the Kamistaquoiah River, to Fort Alexander, at the head of Lake Winnipeg.

Miles. Fort William Parapliue Portage 25 (8 Portages) Dog Portage 51 *?6 (5 Portages) Savan or Swamp Portage* 54 130 Thousand Islands Lake 57 187 (2 Portages) Sturgeon Lake "^l 258

1^4: Portages) Lac La Croix 25 283 (5 Portages) Rainy Lake 40 323 Rainy Lake River 38 361 Lake of the Woods 83 444 Rat Portage 68 512 Fort Alexander 125 637

From Fort Alexander to For t Garry OR Red River Settlement, by Water. Miles. To Pointe de Grand Marais 24 " Red River Beacon 25 49 »* Lower Fort 23 72 " Fort Garry 24 96 From Fort Alexander to Norway House, passing through Lake Winnipeg, 300 miles. From XoRVTAT HousB to York Factory, passing through Oxford Lake and Hayes River, 400 miles.

* Summit, elevated 840 feet above Lake Superior. RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT ROUTES

From Biitralo to .Xia^ara Fall^i, Toronto, etc.

government have recently erected for the protection of the river and the city of Buffalo. Watkrloo, C. W'., three miles below Butfajo and opj>osite Black Rock (now a part of Buffalo), with which it is connected by a steam-ferry, is handsomely situated on the west side of Niagara River, which is here about lialf a mile wide. The most usual iiiode of conveyance The Bnffidniiiid Lake Huron Rutlraad runs from Butliilo to the Falls of Niairara, and from Fort Erie, near Waterloo, to Paris. tlience lo Lake Ontario, or into Canadji, is C. W., where it connects with the (ireat by the Buffnlo, Xiw/ara FaU.s and Ij^iciston Western R«dway of Canada. It is now liailroad, JS miles in length. It runs completed to Goderich, C. W., lying on tlirough Tonawanda, 11 miles: Niagara Lake Huron. Kails, 22 miles: Susi>ension Bridg<'. 24 (J HAND IsLAKD. belonging to the Uni- miU-3, connecting with the Urcat Western ted States, is passed on the right in de- Ilaihvay of Canada, and Itrminates at scending the river. It is a large and val- Lewiston, the head of navigation on Ni- uable tract of good land, abounding with agara River. 2S miles, white oak of a superior quality. American and Canadian steamers of a Navy Island, belonging to the British, large class leave Lewiston several times is next passi d, lying within gun-shot of daily, for difftrent ports on Lake Ontario the mainland. This i.sland obtained great and the St. Lawrence River. notoriety in the fall and winter of ls:i7-'s, There is also another very desirable when it was occupied by the '• Patriots." mode of conveyance, by Steamboat, de- as they were styled, during the troubles scending the Niagara River, from Buffalo in Canada. The Steamer Caroline was to Chippewa, C. W., thinco by the Erie destroyed on the ni^f't of December 29th,

^-i'i ()nkirio liai/if'tvl, 17 miles in It-ngth; 1S3 7, while lyinK at Scldosser's Ljinding.

ssing in full view of the Falls, to the on the American sliore, havin<; been i u- Lliflon House, three miles below (,'hippe- }jaged in transporting persons to ant of the lake, opj>osite the site of a two miles above the Falls, is oti the west r.-ng fortre.'ss which the United Slates side of Niagara River, at the mouth of a 144 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. creek of the same name, which is naviga- Drummondsville, one mile west of the ble to Port Robinson, some eight or ten Falls, and situated on Lundi/s Lane, is tlie celebrated the scene of another san- miles west ; the latter place being on as line of the Welland Canal. Tlie village of guinary engagement between the Ameri- Oldpptwa contains a population of about can and British forces, July 25, 1814. 1,000 souls. Steamboats and lake craft The following is a brief, though correct of a large size are built at this place for account of the engagement : "On the after- tlie trade of Lake Erie and the Upper noon of the above day, while the Ameri- Lakes. It has obtained a place in history can army was on their march from Fort on account of the bloody battle which George toward Fort Erie, ascending the was fought near it in the war of 1812, west bank of the river, their rear-guard, between the United States and Great under the immediate command of G^n. Britain. The battle was fought on the Scott, was attacked by the advanced guard 5th of July, 1814, on the plains, a short of the British arm}', under Gen. Riall, the distance south of the steamboat landing. British having been reinforced after their The American forces were commanded defeat at Chippewa, on the 5th of the same by Major-General Jacob Brown, and the month. This brought on a general conflict British, by Major-General Riall, who, af- of the most obstinate and deadly character. ter an obstinate and sanguinary fight, As soon as attacked. Gen. Scott advanced was defeated, with considerable loss. with his division, amounting to about 3,000 At Chippewa commences the railroad men, to the open ground facing the heights extending to Niagara, at the mouth of the occupied by the main British army, where, re, pieces of can- river, a distance of 17 miles. Steamboats ^ we planted several heavy continue the line of travel from both ends non. Between eight and nine o'clock in of this road, thus furnishing an interesting the evening, on the arrival of reinforcements and speedy conveyance between Lakes to both armios, the battle became general Erie and Ontario. and raged for several hours, with alternate Ou ariving in the vicinity of the Falls success on both sides; each army evin- OF Niagara, the cars stop near the Clifton cing the most determined braverj'- and re- Hoicse^ situated near the ferry leading to sistance. The command of the respective the American side. The site of this house forces was now assumed by Major Gen. was chosen as giving the best view of both Brown and Lieut.-Gen. Drummond, each the American and Canadian or Horse-Shoe having under his command a well-disci- Falls, which are seen from the piazzas and plined army. The brave (American) Col. front windows. This is the most interest- Miller was ordered to advance and seize ing approach to the Falls. the artillery of the British, which he In addition to tlie Falls, there are other effected at the point of the bayonet in the points of attraction on the Canada side of most gaDant manner. Gen. Riall, of the the river. The collection of curiosities at English army, was captured, and the jws- the Museum, and the Camera Obscura, session of the battle-ground contested un- which gives an exact and beautiful, though til near midniglit, when 1,700 men being miniature image of the Falls, are weU wor- either killed or wounded, the conflicting thy of a visit. Tiie Burning Spy-mg, two armies, amounting altogether to about miles above the Falls, is also much fre- 6,000 strong, ceased the deadly conflict, quented; and the rides to the battle- and for a time the bloody field was left un- grounds in this vicinity makes an exhila- occupied, except by the dead and wounded. rating and very pleasant excursion. For When the British discovered that tlie further description of Falls, see page 149. Americans had encamped one or two niilea THE ll8l?4Rr OF THE OHimsm Of iLimois WueeBotou Bei^ts. iicoc .-.uMKi^r—

J : ROUTE FROM BUFFALO TO NIAOAICA FALLS, KTC. 145

distant, they returned and ocoupie 1 their being 185 feet high, ascended on the in- former iHjsition. Thus ended uno of the side by a spiral staircase of 2:{5 stone most bloody conflicts that t>cciirred during' steps. The base is 40 feet square and :i5 the last war; and while each party boasted feet in height, surmounted by a tablet H5 a victory, alioffcther too dearly bought, feet high, with historical devices on the neither was disposed to renew the cou- four sides. The main shaft, about 100 liicL" feet, is tinted and surmounted by a Corin- Clifton is a new and nourishing villag.', thian Ciipital on which is placed a colossal situated at ' the western termination of the tigure of Maj(jr-General Brock, 1 8 feet in Great Western RaUway. where it connects height. This beautiful structure cost^ with the Suspeti^ivfi BritLje. For descrip- £10,000 sterling, being entirely con- tion of route to Detroit, 4c, see page 5U. structed of a cream-colored stone | quar- yuEENsrox, situated seven miles below ried in the vicinity. A massive stone the Falls, and about the same distance wall, 80 feet square, adorned with mili- above the entrance of Niag-ara River into tary figures and trophic* at the corners, Lake Ontario, lies directly opposite the 27 feet in height, surrounds the monu- village of Lewiston, with which it is con- ment, leaving space for a gra-^s-plot and nected by a Suspension Brid^^e 850 feet in walk on the inside of the enclosure. lengtlu It contiiins about 5UU inhabitants, The following is tlio inscription 60 dwelling-houses, one Kpiscojtal, one Scotch rrcsbytcrian, and one Baptist rpptT ('anaowder, April 17. JS4U; an infamous ou.-^ly situated oil the ('anada side, at the act, said to have been perpetrated by a entrance of the river into Lake Ontariii, person concerned in the insurrection of directly opix>-;iio Fort Xiwjara, on the 18;J7-'38. Ameriean side. It contains alx)tit :J,oOO Bhurt-hou30 and jail; oqo menced in 1853, and liuialiod in 1856; Episcopal, o.io Trosbyterian, oao Met'.io- 10 — —!

146 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

dist. and one Roman Catholic Church ; 6 river, is now in ruins. This was the scene hotels and taverns ; and 20 stores of dif- of a severe contest in 1813, in which the victorious. ferent kinds ; also, an extensive locomo- Americans were A new fort tive and car factory. This is the most has been erected on the point of land at noted place in Canada West for building the mouth of the river, directly opposite steamboats and other craft navigating old F(^rt Niagara on the American side. is with The new fortification is called Furt Ma^sa- Lake Ontario. Here a dockyard I a marine raih.vay and foundry attached, \sauga. capable of making machinery of the lar- The whole frontier on the Canada side, gest description, and giving employment i from Fort George to Fort Erie, opposite to a great number of men. It is ov/ned 1 Buffalo, was occupied by the American by the " Niagara Dock Company." jarmy in 1814, when occurred a succession daily for Toronto, etc. of battles of the most determined and bril- Steamers leave i

Fort George, situated a short distance ; liant character. south or up-stream from the mouth of the

NIAGARA RIVER,

ITS RAPIDS, FALLS, ISLANDS, AND ROMANTIC SCENERY.

" Majestic stream I what river rivals thee, this channel is immense ; from a compu- child of many lakes, and sire of one Thou tation which has been made at the out- Lakes that claim kindred with the all-circling sea let of Lake Erie, the quantity thus dis- jAii-iic at thy birth as when thy race is run charged is about twenty millions of cubic what great obstructions h:i3 thou won A^'ainst feet, or upwards of 600,000 tons per Tliinc august way—the rock -formed mountain- plain minute, all of which great volume of Has opened at thy bidding', and the steep water, 20 miles below, plunges over the Bars not thy passage, for the ledge in A'ain Falls of Niagara. Stretches across the channel—tliou dost leap Sublimely down the height, and urge ag:un The Niagara River commences at Bird Thy rocic-embattled course on to the distant Island, nearly opposite the mouth of Buf- main.*' falo harbor, and passes by the site of old Fort Erie and Waterloo on the Canada ^This most remarkable and romantic side. At the later place a steam ferry- stream, the outlet of Lake Erie, through boat plies across tlie river to Black Rock, whicli flows all the accumulated waters now forming a part of the city of Buffalo. of the L^pper Lakes of North America, It is here proposed to construct a railroad very appropriately forms the boundary bridge across the stream, about 1,800 feet between two great countries, the British in width. province of Upper Canada on the one side, Squaw Island and Strawberry Island and the State of New York, the '' Empire are both small islands lying on the Amer- State" of the Union, on tlie opposite side. ican side of tlie stream, near the head of In its whole course, its peculiar character Grand Island. The river is here used in is quite in keeping with the stupendous part for the Erie Canal, a pier extending Cataract from which its pruicipal interest from Squaw Island to Bird Island, forming is derived. a largo basin called Black Rock Harbor. The amount of water passiug through Grand Island, attached to Erie Co., ROLTK FliOM BLFFALO TO NIAGAUA FALLS, ETC. 147

N. Y., is a large and important body of tween Chippewa and Schlosser, the river laud, about ten miles loajf from north to is ne;irly tliree miles in width, but soon Houtli, aud sovca miles wide. This i-ilaiid narrows to one mile, when the ilapids is partly clearei and c.iUivated, whilo eommence. and c>ntinue for abi)ut een cleared otX, and a garden enclosed, Central Ji'idnxici, extending to Albany. in which are sjjme excellent fruit-trees, A ship canui is proposed to be construct- and a variety of native and foreign plants ed from Tst interesting boat landing, opposite Chippewa, from points, where the visitor can sit at ease wlience the steamer Carolina; was cut and enjoy the beautiful aud sublime viewg a.lrifl by the liritish and destroyeil. by presented to his sight —often entranced being precipitated over the F ills" during by a deafening roar of miglity waters in tho ('anadiau rebellion, Decemljer 29th. their descent, accorapanii'd l>y chang- 1837. ing rainbows of the most gorgeous de- TnK Rapids.—Below Navy Island, be- scription. 148 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

tic river in the midst of the rapids, and overlooking the cataract, is worth}' of the ./WTIITTEN BY LYDIA H. SIGOURNEY. site it occupies, and affords another in- stance of the triumph of human ingenuity Flow on forever, in thy srlorious robe over the obstacles of nature. terror and of be;iuty ;'G(>d bath set Of " The islands connected by this bridge His rainbow on thy forehead, and the cloud Mantles around thy feet, and He doth give with the American shore are the property Thy voice of thunder power to speak of Him of Messrs. Porter, and constitute the most Eternally; bidding the lip of man interesting features in the scenery sur- Keep silence, and "upon thy rocky altar ^ Pour incense of awe-struck praise. /^ rounding the cataract. This bridge has been erected by them to facilitate com- Goat Island Bridge. —The Niagara munication with tliese interesting locali- Falls Gazette gives the following descrip- ties not otherwise accessible." tion of this new structure: This is a toU-bridge, every foot passen- "This bridge across tlie east branch of ger being charged 25 cents for the season, the Niagara River is situated in the Rap- or single crossing. ids, about sixty rods above the Cataract, on There are upward of thirty islands and the site of the old wooden bridge. It is islets in the Niagara River or Strait, above

360 feet long, and consists of four arches ( the cataract. Most of those not described of ninety feet span each, supported be- are small, and scarcely worthy of enumer- I ation, although those immediately contigu- tween the abutments of three piers. The j piers are built of heavy cut ous to Goat Island form beautiful objects above water I stone, and are tweuty-two feet long and '\ in connection with the rushing and mighty six feet wide, tapering one foot in the waters by which they are surrounded. height. Tlie foundations are formed of Batli Island, Brig Island, Ghapin^s Island, fjot-square oak timber, strongly framed and Bird Island, all situated immediately and bolted together in cribs, tilled with above the American Fall, are reached by stone, and covered with timber at the sur- bridges. face of the water. These timber-founda- When on G-oat Island, turning to the tions are protected against wear and injury right toward the Falls, the first object of from ice by heavy plates of iron, and be- interest is Ilogg^s Back, a point of land ing always covered with water, will be as facing the American Fall, —Bridge to Ad- durable as the stone. ington Island immediately above the Cave "The superstructure is of iron, on the of the Winds, 1 GOfoet below. Sam. Patch's plan of Whipple's iron-arched bridge. Point is next passed on the right, from The whole width is twenty-seven feet, which he took a fearfid leap some years alibrding a double carriage-way of sixteen since. Biddle's Stairs descend to the and a half feet, and two foot-ways of five water's edge below and the Cave of and a fourth feet each, with iron railings. the Winds, which are annually visited by Tlic arches are of cast iron, and the thousands of visitors. Terrapin Bridge cliords, suspenders, and braces of wrought and Terrapin Tower afford a grand view iron. All the materials used in the con- of the Canadian or Horse-Shoe FaU and struction are of the best quality, and the Rapids above the Falls. Three Sister Isl- size and strength of all the parts far ands are contiguous to Goat Island, on the beyond what are deemed necessary in American side. Passing around Goat I>1- bridges exposed to the severest tests. !and toward the south, a grand view is "This substantial and beautiful struc- afforded of the river and rapids above the I Falls. ture, spanning a branch of tliis majes- 1 Canadian and American — ROUTB FROM BIKFALO TO NIAGARA FALLS, KTC. 149

what is called the Horse-Shoe Fall, which name has become inappropriate, aa the edges of the precipice have ceased to be a curve, and form a moderately acute angle. Near the middle of the fall. Goat Island, containing 75 acres, extend.^ to the brow of the precipice, dividing the river into two parts; and a small projecting mass of rock at a little distance from it, toward the American Hhore, again divides the cataract on that side. Goat Island, at the lower end, presents a perpendicular mass of rocks, extending from the Ixjt- tom to the top of the precipice. A bridge has been constructed from the American Niac^Hra is a word of Indian origin shore to B.Tth Island, and another connects the orthography, accentuation, and mean- the latter with (Joat Island, jind a tower ing of which are variously given by is erected on the brow of the Horse-Shoe diflerent authors. It is liigidy probable Fall, approached from Goat Island by a that this diversity might be accounted short bridge, on which the spectator seems for and explained by tracing the appellation to stand over the edge of tlie mighty cat- through the dialects of the several tribes aract, and wliich aflbnls a tiue view of tliia of aborigines who foruvrly inhabited the part of it. The distance at the fall from neighboring country. Tbere is reason to the American shore to Goat Island is »j5 believe, however, that the etymon belongs rods; across the front of Goat Island is to the language of the Iroquois, and signi- 78 rods; around the Horse-Shoe Fall, on fies the " Thunder of Wuttrs.'" the Canadian side. 144 rods; directly " When the traveller tirst arrives at the across the Horse-Shoe, 74 nH.ls. The cataract he stands and gazes, and is lost ' height of the fall near th«' American shore in admiration. The mighty volume of is 1G3 feet; near Goat l.^-land, on the same water which forms the outlet of the groat side. 138 feet; near Goat I^land, on the

Liikes Superior, Michigan, Huron, and ! Canada side, 154 feet. Table Rock, a

Erie, is here precipitated over a precipice ; shelving projection on the Caua«lian side, IGO feet high, with a roar like that of at the edge of the precipice, is 150 feet to thunder, which may bo heard, in favora- , liigh. This place is generally thought ble circumstances, to tlio distance of tif- present tlie linest view of the Falls; teon miles, tlujugh, at times, the Falls may thougli. if the spectiitor will vi.

incomparable scene. A covered stairway giant rocks ; and luxuriant clusters of firs on the American side descends from the and other stately forest trees cover the top to the bouom of the precipice. islands, crown the clitfs, and overhang ''It has been computed that 100 million the banks of Niagara. Here are no mos- tons of water are discharged over the quitoes to annoy, no reptiles to alarm, precipice every hour. The Rapids com- and no wild animals to intimidate, yet there mence about a mile above the Falls, and is life and vivacity. The many-hued but- the water descends 57 feet before it ar- terfly sips ambrosia from the fresh opened rives at the cataract. The view from the honey-cup; birds carol their lays of love bridge to Goat Island, of the troubled among the spray-starred branches; and water dashing tumultuously over the the lively squirrel skips chattering from rocks of the American fall, is terrific. tree to tree. Varieties of water-fowl, at AVhiie curiosity constitutes an attribute certain seasons of the year, sport among

I of liie human character, these falls will be ' the rapids, the sea-guU plays around the frequented by admiring and dehghted precipice, and the eagle—the banner bird vishors as one of the grandest exhibitions of freedom—hovers above the cataract, in nature. plumes his gray pinions in its curUng mists, " This stupendous Cataract, situated in and makes his home among the giant tirs north latitude 43^ 6', and west longitude of its inaccessible islands. 2° 6' from Washington, is 22 miles north "Xo place on the civilized earth offers from the efflux of the river at Lake Erie, such attractions and inducements to visi- and 14 miles south of its outlet into Lake tors as Niagara, and they can never bo Ontario. The whole length of the river is fully known except to those who see and therefore 36 miles, its general course is a study them, from the utter impossibility few points to the west of north. Though of describing such a scene as this wonder- commonly called a river, this portion of the ful cataract presents. When motion can St. Lawrence is, more properly speaking. be expressed by color, there will be some

a strait, connecting, as above mentioned, hope of imparting a faint idea of it ; but the Lakes Erie and Ontario, and conduct- until that can be done, Niagara must re- ing thft supertiuous waters of the great main undescribed." seas and streams above, through a broad and divided, and afterward compressed, devious, and irregular channel to the latter lake, into which it empties—the point Cataract of IViag^ara. of union being about 40 miles from the western extremity of Lake Ontario. 'Shrine of Omnipotence! how vast, how grand, How awful, yet how beautiful thou art! '• The climate of the Niagara is in the Pillar'd around thy everlasting hills, highest degree healthful and invigorating. Eobed iu the drapery of descending floods, The atmosphere, constantly acted upon Crowned by the rainbow, canopied by cU)ud3 That roll in incense up from thy dread base, by the rushing water, the noise, and the Hid by their mantling o'er the vast abyss spray, is kept pure, refreshing, and salu- Upon'whose verge thou standest, whence a.s- tary. There are no stagnant pools or cends anthem of thy Maker's praise, marshes n^ar to send abroad their fetid The mighty Hymn'd in eternal ihundern r exhalations and noxious miasmas, poison- ing the air and producing disease. " Sweet-breathing herbs and beautiful Below the Falls, the first objects of in- wild flowers spring up spontaneously even terest are the Ferry Staii s and Point View ou tlie sides, and in the crevices of the ou the American side; while on the op- ROUTE FROM BLFKALO TO NIAGARA FALLS, KTC. 51

posito side is a ferrj-house and landing, The village of Niagara Falls, Niagara where carriages are usually to be found C/o., N. Y.. is situated on the ea«t side of to convey pa.«senjfers to the Cliflon Hou.«e. Ni;igara River, in the inmiediate vicinity Table Uock, and other places of great of the grand Cataract, 22 miles from Buf- interest. falo and 3<>:} miles from Al'oany by rail- Ab'uit 30 rods below the Ferry Stairs is road route. No place in tlie Tnion excecdr« the spot whero tlie hermit Abl)<)t was this favored sp.-t as a fashionable place of drowned. Llaif a mile below the latter resort during the summer and fall months, point is Catlin's Cave, formerly much fre- when hundreds of visitors may be seen quented. every day Hocking to Goat Island, or /rtie Sf.sPENSios' Bridge, the greatest points contiguous to the Rapids and Falls, artiticial curio.-ity in .\iiierica, is t«itiinted The village contains several large hotels two miles and a half below the Falls, for the accommodation of visitors, the where has recently sprung into existence most note; is a Lewiston to its mouth at Fort Niagara, a new and nourishing place containing about farther distance of seven miles, or fuur- 1,500 inhabitants. Here is situated tho teiii Ix'lnw tfii* Kails of .N'iagara. Monteajlr J/otfl. 152 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

SUSPENSION BRIDGE AND THE Cataract and Kapids of Niag^ara.

To give you some idea of the grandeur off through solid rocky soil. In cities lo- fof this triumph of engineering skUl—THE comotives shake entire blocks of stone SUSPENSION BRIDGE—we copy the dwellings. The waters of the Cayuga following article from the Buffalo " De- Lake tremble under the wheels of the mocracy" of June 21st, the character of express trains, a mile away from the which able and disinterested Journal re- bridge. But a freight train traversing quires no indorsement from us. JOHX A. Roebling's Monument, at the speed of five raiies an hour, communicates AN ENGINEER'S MONUMENT. no jar to passengers walking upon the carriage way below. The land cables of Spanning the chasm of the Niagara the biidge do not tremble under it—the River, uniting the territories of two differ- slight concussions of the superstructure ent Governments, and sustaining the unin- do not go over the summits of the towers. terrupted railroad traffic of the Provinces Tliis last fact in the stiffness of the great of Canada with the United States, 250 feet work is of much importance. It furnishes above a fiood of water which man has a guarantee of the durability of the ma- never been able to ferry, stands the monu- sonry. Fast anchored with stone and ment of JoHX A. RoEBLiN'G. The Magara grouted in solid rock cut down to the Raihuay Suspension Bridge, is the grandest depth of twenty-five feet, the great cables and the most distinguisliing achievement are immovable by any mechanical force of Art in this world. It is the proudest, incidental to the use of the bridge, or the it is the most beautiful, and will prove to natural influences it will be subject to. be the most enduring monument anywhere The ultimate strength of these cables is set up on this continent. 12,400 tons. The total weight "of the ma- Regard this wonderful product of engi- terial of the bridge, and of the traffic to neering skill. Its span is 822 feet. Yet which it will ordinarily be subjected is an engine, tender and passenger car, load- 2,262 tons, to sustain which the Engineer ed witli men, and weighing altogether 47 has provided in his beautiful and scientific tons, depress the long floor in tlie centre structure, a strength of 12,400 tons. He

but 5.J- inches. The Bridge, loaded with demonstrates, too, that while the strength a loaded freight train, covering its whole of the cables is nearly six times as great length, and weighing 326 tons, is deflected as their ordiuary tension, that strength in the middle only 10 inches. Tliis ex- WILL NEVER BE IMPAIRED BY VIBRATION. treme depression is perceptible only to This was the question raised by The De- practised eyes. The slighter changes of mocracy, a year ago, which excited such level require to be ascertained witli in- general, and in instances such angry dis- struments. Dehcate as laco work, and cussion. RoEBLiNG treated our doubts seemingly light and airy, it hangs there with a cool reason and the stores of an high between heaven and the boiling flood e^^tensive engineering experience, wliich below, more solid than the earthbeds of gave us to believe that Art had at last the adjacent railways. The concussions attained to a method of suspending Iron of fast moving trains are sensibly felt miles Bridges for Railroad use, that sljould on- —!

ROUTE FROM BIFKALO TO NIAGARA FALLS, ETC. lo.i tirely obviate the objections to thera felt The cables ore 4 in numlier, 10 inches by laost of the Iron-Masters of the United in diameter, and composed each of 3,640 States. He has since tliat demonstrated small No. 9 wires, Si.xty wires form one il in a most wonderful strueture. square inch of solid Erection, making the There are in the l)ridge G24 "suspend- solid section of the entire cable (;0.40 ers," each capable of sustaining :^0 tons square inches, wrapping not included. and all of sustaining 1S,72U tons. The These immen.se masses of wire are put weight they have ordinarily' to stipport is together so that each individual wire per- only 1,000 tons. But the Knfrineer has forms its duty, and in a strain all work .skilfully distributed the wei^dit of the together. On this, Mr. Hoeblino, who burdens, by the means of "^'irders" and is a moderate as well as a modest man, " trusses." These spreatl the 31 tons lieft feels justilied in speaking with the word of a locomotive and tender over a length PEitFECT. Eiich of tlie large cables is of 200 feet. How ample is this provision oomi)osed of four smaller ones, Cidled made for defective iron or sudden strains "strands." Each strand ha.« 520 wires. The Anchor Chains are composed of D One is placed in the centre. The rest are Unks, each 7 feet long, .save -the last, placed around that. These strands were which is 10 feet. The lowest link is made manufactured nearly in the same position of 7 bars of iron, 7 inch by li. It is bc- the cables now occupy. The preparatory cured to a cast iron anchor plate 3h inches labors, such as oiling, straightening, spli- thick, and 6 feet G inches square. The cing, and reeling, were done in a long other links are equally strong. The iron shed on the Canada side. Two strands used was all made from Pennsylvania char- were made at the same time, one for each coal, Ulster county. N Y., and Salisbury of the two cables under process of con- Pig. and can bo depended upon for a struction. On the completion of one set, strength of G-4.(»00 pounds to the square temporary wire bands were laid on, about inch. The central portii^ns of the anchor nine inches apart, for the purpose of plates, through which tlie links pass is 12 keeping the wires closely united, and se- inches thick. The excavations in the solid curing their relative position. They were rock were not vertical They inclined from then lowered to occupy their permanent the river. The rock upon which the work position in the cable. On completion of may rely on the New York side of the the seven pairs of strands, two platform chasm is loO feet long, 70 feet wide, and carriages were mounted upon the cables, 20 feet deep. It weighs 100 pounds to for laying on a continuous wrapping, by the cubic foot, and presents a resistance of means of Roebling's patent wrap|)ing 14.000 tons, exclusive of the weight of the machines. During this process the whole superincumbont masonry and embankment. mass of wire was again saturated witli The To\VEii8 are each 15 feot s([nareat oil and paint, which, together with the the base, 00 feet high above the arch, wrapping, will protect them eflcctually and H feet square at the top. The limestone against all o.xidation. Five hundred tons of which they are built will support a pres- of this wire is Engli.^h. American man- sure of 500 tons on each s.^naro foot with- ufacturers did not put in proposals. That out crushing. While the greatest weight used was remarkably uniform, and most that can fall upon the tower will rarely carefully mad^ exceed GOO tons, a pressure of 32,000 tons The law dediiced from large use of wire will be required to crush the top course. rope in Pennsylvania, is, that its durabili- There are 4,00u tons' weight in each of the ty dejx^nds upon its usage. It will last towers on the Now York side. much longer under heavy stiains njoviiig ' :

154 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. slowly, tlxan it will under light strains "We append a Table of Quantities for of our readers, and the moving rapidly. This law was borne I the convenience easy comprehension of the charac- constantly in mind by the Engineer of ! more the Niagara Railway Bridge. Ihe cables ter of the structure suspenders are, so to speak, at rest. and Lensthof span from centre to centre of They are so well protected, too, from rust, Towers 822 feet that they maj' be regarded as eternally Height of Tower above rock on Ameri- can side 8S feet durable. Height of Tower above rock, Canada side 78 feet Among the interesting characteristics Height of Tower above flooi- of Itailway. 60 feet of this splendid architecture, is its elas- Is umber of Wire Cables 4 Diameter of each Cable 10 inches ticity. The depression under a load com- Number of Xo. 9 wires in each Cable. . 3,561) mences at the end, of course, and goes Ultimate aggregate strength of Cables, 12,400 tons regularly across. After the passage of a Weight of Superstructure 750 tons Weight of Superstructure and maxi- train, the equUibriuin is perfectly restored. mum loads 1.250 tons The elasticity of the cables is fully equal Ultimate supporting strength 730 tons to this taslv, and will never be lost. Height of Track above water 250 feet 16 feet squai-e The equilibrium of the Bridge is less Base of Towers Top of Towers 8 '' in than in a3ected cold weather warm. Length of each Upper Cable 1,256* feet If a change of temperature of 100 de- " Lower Cable 1,190 feet grees should take place, the difference in Depth of Anchor Pits below surface of Eock 30fect level of floor be 2 feet 3 the the would Number of Suspenders 624 inches. Ultimate strength of Susi)enders 18,720 tons So solid is this Bridge in its weight, Number of Overfloor Stays 64 Aggregate strength of Stays 1,920 tons its stiffness, and its staying, that not the Number of Itiver Stays 56 slightest motion is communicated to it by Aggregate strength of Stays 1,680 tons the severest gales of wind that blow up Elevation of Eailway Track above middle stage of lii ver 245 feet through the narrow gorge which it spans. Total length of Wires 4,000 miles Next to violent winds, suspension bridge The weights of the materials in the builders dread the trotting of cattle across bridge are as follows : their structures. Mr. Roebling says that LB8. a heavy train running 20 miles an hour Timber 919,130 across his Bridge, would do less injury Wrou<,'ht Iron and Suspenders 113,120 Castings 44,332 to it than would 20 steers passing on a Kails 66,740 trot. It is the severest test, next to that Cables (between towers) 535,400 of troops marching in time, to which bridges, iron or wooden, suspension or Total 1,673,722 tubular, can be subjected. Strict regula- The Great Western Railway op tions are enforced for the passage of hogs, Canada, which unites with the New York horses, and oxen, in small bodies, and Central Railroad, terminating on the Ameri- always on a walk. can side of the river, here commences This great work cost only $500,000. and extends westward through Hamilton, The same structure in England (if it could Loudon, and Chatham to Windsor, oppo- possibly have been built there) would site Detroit, Mich., forming one of the have cost $4,000,000. It is unquestiona- great through hues of travel from Boston bly the most admirable work of art on and New York to Detroit, Chicago, and this continent, and will make an imper- the Far West. See page 50. ishable monument to the memory of its This road also furnishes a speedy route Engineer, Jonx A. Roebling. of .ravel to Toronto. Montreal, etc. ROUTE FROM Ul'FFALO TO NIAOARA FALLS, ETf. 155

Rateft off dinr&:eN at I%'ia;;ara ' and no visitor should lose the opportunity

Falls. I to visit all tlie objects of attraction abovo and below the mighty Cataract.

The follow i Jig are the rates of charpes It is necessary to make exact agree- usually exacted from persons visiting iSi- (ments with the hackmen aiid guides in agara Falls—but, unfoituuat»'ly, imposi- order to avoid imposition; some on tho tions are ollen practised by unprincipled Canada side refuse to take American bauk- individuals at this, as well as other fush- |bdls except at a great discount. i'Hiable resorts: Lew IS ION, Niagara Co.. N. Y., is de- lightfidly situated on the east l)ank of tho AMERICAN' SIDE. Niagara Kiver, seven miles Ulow tho Board, from one to two and a half dol- Falls, and seven miles above the mouth lars per day. of the river where it falls into Lake On- Fur services of guide, from one to throe tario. It is an incorporated village, and dollars. contains about 1.000 inhabitants, four churches, For guide behind the Central Fall, and an incorporated academy ; a visiting the Cave of the \Vin

Guide to Battle Ground and visiting ! of Lake Ontario and the surrounding coun- Monument. 25 c^-nts. itry. Carriage Hire to Brock's Monument on YouN'GSTOWN, six miles below Lewis- { Queenston Heights, one dollar. ton. and one mile above old Fort Niagara I Carria:.r»j fare per day, f -ur dollars. jat the mouth of the river, is a regular The drives in the vicinity of the Falls, steamboat landing. Tho vilhige ci-ntaina

I on lx>th sides of the river, are unrivalled |a)>out hOO iuhabit;iut'i ; throe cbuiclic><. —

156 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES.

two public-hciises, five stores, and two i A ferry plies from Toungsto^^^l to the vil- flourino^ mills, besides other manufactur- lage of Niagara on the Canada side of the j river, half mile in width, ing establishments. A railroad is nearly | here about a completed, extending from this place to This is the first landing, on the American j the side of the river, after leaving the broad Niagara F:dls. being a continuation of ; Fort Oanandaigua and Niagara Falls Railroad, j waters of Lake Ontario. Xiagara is completed Suspension Bridge, situated at the mouth of the river. now to the i

Route around l.ake Ontario. Miles. Kingston. C. "W.. to Toronto, via Grand Trunk Railway 160 Toronto to Hamilton. C. W., Toronto and Harailtan R. R. 38 Hamilton to Suspension Bridge, via Great Wtstera R. R. 43 Suspension Bridge to Rochester, N. Y., via K 7. Central Railway 76 Rochester to Oswego, N. Y., by stage TO

Oswego to Richland, N. Y., " . . t 35 Richland to Cape Vincent, via Watertown and Rome R. R 55 Cape Vincent to Kingston, C. W., via Wolfe Island 12

Total Miles 489

The extreme length of Lake On- as long as its greatest width. The circuit Note.— ] tario is 190 miles, from Cape Vincent to I of the water is estimated at 480 miles. 14. Hamilton, C. W.; being about four times \ See Lake Erie, page LAKE ONTARIO.

Thi3 Lake, tho mo«t oastcrn of the srrcat 'with ttio n3vi;jahle waters of tiie Hudson cliain of Lakes of North Aineric;i. receiv«'S River by moans of the Oswetro and Krie

the surplus waters of Nia^'ara River; it is : canals. It recMves numerous stre ims, both 180 miles in length, anl GO miles in ex- ' from the Canaounds with a great variety of fish treme brea^itli : l>oing about miles in and circumference. The bouu.iary line between ' of an excellent flavor. The l>a."*s and sal- the British Possessions and tho United mon, in particular, have a hitrh reputation, Sutes runs through tlie middle of the and arc taken in large

whole extent for vessels of the largt?st : The passage across Lake Ontario in size; and it is said to be in some places ' calm weather is most agreeable. At times upward of 600' feet in depth. Its surface both shores are hidden from view, when is elevated 234 feet above the Atlantic, ' nothing can be seen from the deck of the and lies 3;;0 feet lower than Lake Erie, ' vessel but an abyss of waters. Tlie re- with which it is connected by the Niaj^ara fractions which sometimes take place in River and by the Welland Canal in Canada. ' summer, are exceedingly IjcautifuL Islands

It had also been proposed to construct a and trees appear turned upside down ; and ship canal on the American sido. The the white surf of the beach, translated trade of Lake Ontario, from, tho preat dx- aloft, seems like the smoke of artillery tent of inhabited country surrounding it. blazing away from a fort.* is very considerable, and is rapidly increasing. Many sail vessels and splendid sU.*:«mers are employed in navi<::^atini^ its • BEArrrrL Mir.vgk.—That (rrand phenomenon occasionally witnessed <»n the Lake':—iniragi-—was waters, which, owing to it.s great depth, seen fnjiii the steamer Bay Statt-. on a rtreiit tri|) never freeze, except at the sides, where from Niii^ra to Genesee Kivt-r (Au-rnst. IsM), ordinary splentlor. the water is shallow ; so that its navijja- with more than The Lock- port Journal says it occurred just as the sun tion is not so effectually interrupted by ice was 6«^tting. at which time some twelve vessels as some of the other larii^e lakes. The were Rten reflected <»n the horizon. In an inverter. Oswego. ffing. sails, etc. as perfect as if the ships tbf m- »«-lvcs w«?ie at-tually transformed to the aerial Charlotte or Port Grenesee, and LewLston. canvas. The unusual phenomenon U&ted until on Niagara River. This Lake is connected darkness i)Ut an end to the scene.

STEAMBOAT ROUTK8. 159

American Stenint>oat Ronte from reiviNtoii to Oturcgo, Kini;5^l>iir;;li.

Port^ etc Mn.-5. Ports, «>tc Miles. LKWLSroS OCDESSIirROH y"unf.stonui Morri'

Stich-Cs Harbor 12- 1 92 SackeVs IlarUr 38-108 Grand, or Wolfe Island 28-220 .Stoney Point and Island 12-120 Kingston, Can 10-2.;0 Oswego 33-153 Thousand Islands Sodus Point 30-183

Clayton, or I-Yench Creek 34-2:)4 Pultneyville ! 10-193 Alexiindria Bay 12-266 Charlotte, or Port Genesee 20-213 BrockriUe, Can 22-288 Xiagnni, Can 80-293 Morristown ^ 1-289 Youn(j.'>tvum 1-294 Ogdensburoh 11-300 Lewistux 6-300

Usual Time from Lewiston to Opjdensburgh, via Oswego and Kingston, 28 hours. Usi'AL Time, via Toronto and Cape Vincent, 22 hours. Cabin Fare, ."^.j.SO (including meals). Deck Fare, $2.50.

Steanibout Route Trosti I^ewixtoii to Toronto niid Oj^deuft- bBir{|i;li, via KxpretiM Line.

P..rt<*. etc. Miles. Port?, etc Mllea.

LewISTON OrtDENSBUROn . NiAOAHA 7 Broc/nille. Can 11 Toronto. Can 42-19 Clayton, or French Creek 34-45 Point Peter and Light 128-177 Cape Vi.ncent 1.1-58 Duck Island 30-207 Tibl)et's F'oint 3-01 Tibbet's Point and Liglit 19-226 Duck Island 19-80

Cape Vincent 3-22t> Point Peter and Light 30-1 1 Clayton, or French Creek 13-2 12 ToiioxTO 128-238 BrockviUe, Can 34-276 Niagara 42-280 OiJDE.NSBUUGU 1 1-2S7 Lewiston 7-287

Usual Fare from Ogdensburgh to Montreal, $3.50 Throu'jh Fare from Lewision to .Montreal, 9.00 " from Hutlalo to .Mont re:il, 10.00 C3y For further information in re:/aril t«> fi^ike Ontario and Route to Montreal, Ac, jjee "PicruREiHjUE Tourist," published by J! Di.sriit.NELL. ALPHABETICAL LIST op the Principal Ports on the Great Lakes OP North America, tvith the Situation, Temperature, etc.

PORTS, &c. Latitude. Longitude. Altitude.

47^30' 88O10' Agate Harbor, Mich, , 600 ft. Algonac, *' 42 36 82 30 570 Alpena, " 45 00 83 30 574 Amherstburg, Can 42 05 82 58 562 Ashland, Wis 46 33 91 00 600 Ashtabula, Ohio 41 52 80 47 560

Bay City, Mich 574 Bayfield, Wis 46 45 91 00 600 Beaver Bay, Min 47 12 91 18 600 Belleville, Can 235 Brockville, " 230 Bruce Mines, Can 46- 20 83 45 574 Buffalo,* N. Y 42 53 78 58 600

Cape Vincent, N. Y 44 03 76 30 235 Charlotte, " 43 12 77 51 235 Chicago, Illinois 41 53 87 37 576 Clayton, N. Y 44 10 76 25 234 Cleveland,* Ohio 41 30 81 42 640 Cobourg, Can 235 CoUingwood, Can 44 30 80 20 574 Conneaut, Ohio 560 Copper Harbor,* Mich. (Ft. Wilkins) 47 30 88 00 620

Detroit,* " 42 20 83 00 600 Dunkirk, K Y 569

Eagle Harbor, Mich 47 28 88 18 600 Eagle River, " 47 25 88 30 GOO East Saginaw, '* 574 _Erie,* Penn 42 08 80 05 5G0

Fairport, Ohio 5G0 Forrestville, Mich 574 Fort Gratiot,* " 42 55 82 23 508 Fort Niagara,* N. Y 43 18 79 08 250 Fort William, Can 48 23 89 22 600

Gena, Mich., 576 ^ Mderich, Can 43 44 81 43 574 . ALPHABETICAL LIST OF P0RT8, ETC. 161

rOKT8, Ac. LatitutK'. Longitude. Altitude. Mean Temp.

43»05' 46° Grand Haven, Mich. . . .; 8G012' 576 ft. Fahr. Grand Portago, Min 47 50 90 OC 600 38 00 Green Bay,* Wis., (Fort Howard) 44 30 88 05 620 44 50

Hamilton, Can 235 47 00 Hancock, Mich 600 41 00 Houghton, " 46 40 88 30 GOO 41 00 Huron Harbor, Oliio 660 48 00

Kenosha, "Wis 42 .35 87 50 576 46 00 Kingston, Can 44 08 76 40 235 44 00

La Pointe, Wis 600 40 00 Lexinj^on, Mich 574 45 00 Lewiston, N. Y 238 46 00

Manistee, Mich 576 46 00 Manitouwoc, Wis 44 07 87 45 576 45 00 Mackinac,* Mich 45 51 84 33 728 40 65 Marq\iett€, " 46 32 87 33 600 42 00 Michigan City, Ind 41 50 87 06 576 49 00 Michipicoten, Can 47 56 85 06 600 38 00 Milwaukee, Wis 43 03 87 55 576 46 00 Monroe, Mich 41 53 83 19 560 48 00 Munising, " 46 20 87 00 600 41 00 Muskegon, Mich 576 46 00

Neepigon, Can 49 00 88 ?,0 600 36 00 New Buffalo, Mich 41 45 80 46 576 47 00 Nenomonee City, Wis 576 43 00 Niagara, Can 43 18 79 08 235 47 00

Oconto, Wis 576 41 00 Oak Orchard, N. Y 235 47 00 Ogdensburgb, N. Y 44 42 75 35 230 44 00 Ontonagon, Mich. 46 52 89 30 600 40 00 Oshawa, Can 235 •14 00

Oswego.* N. Y., (Fort Ontario) . 43 20 76 40 250 46 44 Owen's Sound, Can 574 43 00

Penetanquishene, Can 44 81 80 40 574 43 00 Picton, " 235 45 00 Port Burwell, '* 560 46 00 Port Colburn, " 560 46 00 Port Dalliousie, " 235 47 00 .

162 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PORTS, ETC.

POETS, &c Latitude. Longitude. Altitude. Mean Temp.

Port Dover, Can 560 ft. 46^' Fahr. Port Hope, " 235 45 00 Port Huron, Mich 42 58 82 25 572 46 00 Portland, Min 47 00 92 10 600 40 00 Port Stanley, Can 560 46 00 Prescott, " 44 42 15 36 230 44 00 Pultneyville, N. Y 235 46 00

Racine, Wig. 42 45 81 48 576 47 00 Rock Harbor, Mich 48 05 88 50 600 38 00

Sacket's Harbor,* (Madison Bar.) 43 55 16 00 265 45 00 Saginaw City, Mich 574 46 00 Sandusky, Ohio 41 21 82 45 5G0 48 00 Sarnia, Can 42 58 82 24 572 46 00 Saugeen, Can 44 04 81 43 574 44 00

Saut Ste. Marie,* (Fort Brady). . 46 30 84 43 600 40 37 Shevboygan, Wis 576 45 00 St. Clair, Mich 570 46 00 Superior, Wis 46 46 92 03 600 40 00 SodiisBay, KY 265 46 40

Tavras, Mich 574 46 00 Toledo, Ohio 41 38 83 32 560 49 00 Toronto, f Can- 43 40 19 20 265 44 40 Trenton, Mich 566 47 00

YermiUon, Ohio 560 48 00

Waukegan, 111 42 21 87 50 576 47 00 White River Harbor, Mich 576 46 30 Windsor, Can 42 21 83 00 570 47 00 Wyandotte, Mich 570 47 00

* United States Military Stations, giving the exact elevation of Forte, &c. The other Stations

ihow the water level of the different Great Lakes and Kivers. [ t Canadian Observatory.

OF THE UNtVEBSiir OF ILURSIS BTEAMBOAT ROUTES. lo;]

1863. '<^J,-•=?,|i::l'J^ 1863.

Cleveland, Detroit, and Lake Superior.

Splendid I'lickcts The Steam METEOR an. I ILLINOIS will leave Cleveland and Dttn.it fur Ltikc Siij»iTi1{1;i:T>cN. Ma^t^r, LEAVES CLEVELAND, LEAVES CLEVELAND, Wednesday, at 8 P. M July 8 Wedneiiday, at 8 P. M July 1 'J'iu's«lay, '• *' . 21 Tm-wlay, " 14 M«>nd;iy, .Aug. 3 MuiKlay, •* • 27 ** " Friday, . 14 Friday. Aug. 7 Wt'diu'8ilay, '• . 20 Wednesday, '• *• 1^ " Tuesday, .Sept. 8 Tuc«>«nger8. Each point of interest on the route will l>e visiti-d, giving plea«ure-seekers an op|x>rtumty to fully enjoy the finest, most healthy, and instructive trip on the Continent. For further information, regarding Freight and Passage, address, H. GARRETSON & CO., Agents, N... 1 Kiv.r Stret t, Cleveland, Ohio. WILLLAMS & CO.. Agents, Foot of First Street, Detroit, Mich.

J..T. WHITING- Sc CO.,

-Also Agents for LAKE SUPERIOR STEAMERS, Foot of First Street. DcfroiL Mi h. : u 104: M STEAMBOAT EOUTES.

Ill 11!lit'9 Mi III! iwmwi

The First-Class Low Pressure Steamers NURTHERN LIGHT and CITY OF CLEVELAND will leave Cleveland for Lake Superior, regularly, on the days named below NORTHERN LIOHT, CITY OF CLEVELAND, JOHN SPALDING, Commander. BENJAMIN WILKINS, Commander. Monday, at 8 P. M July Friday, at 8 P. M July 10 Friday, 17 Wednesday, *' 22 " Tuesday, Aug. 4 Wednesday, . "29 Tuesday, '* Aug. 11 Monday, " 17 Monday, " "24 Friday, " 28 Friday, " Sept. 4 Wednesday, Sept. 9 Wednesday, " " 16 Tuesday, " 22 Tuesday, " "29 Monday, Oct. 5 Monday, " Oct. 12 These Steamers will leave Detroit on the day following, at 10 A. M. During the months of July and August, the above Steamers will make

Lea\'ing Cleveland on their regular days. On these trips they will carry good BRASS AND STRINGr BANDS, and every effort will le made to secure the comfort and convenience of passengers. Each point of interest on the routes will be visited, giving pleasure-seekers an opportunity to fully enjoy the finest, most healthy, and instructive trip on the Continent. g^ Passengers will find thiir advantage in embarking for the trip at Cleveland, in liaving the first selection of rooms. • For further information, regarding Freight and Passage, address WILLIAMS & CO., Agents Northern Light.

S. P. BRADY & CO., Agents City of Cleveland. ROBERT HANNA & CO., Agents, Cleveland, Ohio. :

STEAMBOAT ROUTES. 165 1863. 1863.

fOB tAKE SUPERfOft.g] The New and Splendid, Low Trctwure, Side-wheel Piissonfjer Stc.imlK..it

F. S. MILLER, Commander,

Will leave Cleveland and Detroit for Ontonagon, touching at Sault Ste. Marie, Marquette, Twrta^'e Lake, Hancock, Houghton, Copper Harbor, Eiiglc Harbor, and Ea-'le River, on the days named below

Leaves Cleveland at 8 P. M. Leaves Detroit at 10 A. M.

Monday July 13 Wednesday July 1 Friday July 24 Tuesday July 14 Wednesday Aug. 5 Saturday July 25 Tuesday Aug. 18 Thursday Aug. 6 Monday A»ig. 31 Wednesday Aug. 19 Friday Sept. 11 Tuesday Sept. 1 Wednesday Sept. 23 Saturday Sept. 12 Tuesday Oct. 6 Thursday Sept. 24 Wednesday Oct. 7

PLEASURE EXCURSIONS. During the months of July and August, this boat will make Four Grand Pleasure Excursions, leaving Cleveland at 8 o'clock in the evenings of July 13th and 24th, and August 5th and 18th, and will leave Detroit un the mornings following her departure from Cleveland. To the tourist seeking health, pleasure, or valuable information. Ljike Superior offers greater attractions than any other |>ortion of the United States. The route cmbnu.es a thousand miles of diversified river and lake navigation, along the borders of which lies tUe most varied and grand scenery in the world, and no one can form any idea of the immense mineral re- sources of the country without a i)ersonal in.spection of the vast iron and copjHir mines of this region. The distance up ami bivck is about 2.000 miles, and occupies from nine to ten days. The lx»at stopS long enough at each phvce to give passengers ample time to see all j)oints of interest. The price of Cabin riis.sage, including meals and berths, for the round trip to On- tonagon, returning on tlie same trip and boat, is, from Cleveland $35, and from Detroit $33. Servients, and children over three years old, half price. Children over twelve, full price. For State Rooms, or further information, address JOHN HUTCHINGS & CO., Foot of Griswold Street, Detroit. 166 STEAMBOAT ROUTES. 1863. 1863. LAKE SUPERIOR LINE. The Spleadid First-class Steamer IRON CITY will leave Cleveland and Detroit for Lake Superior, regularly, on davs named below :

J. E. TURNER, Commander, Leaves CLEVELAND, at 8 P. M.,

Friday . . .July 3 Wednesday Sept. 2 Wednesday July 15 Tuesday Sept. 15 Tuesday July 28 Monday Sept. 28 Monday Aug. 10 Friday Oct. 9 Friday Aug. 21 This Steamer will leave Detroit on the days following those named above, at 10 o'clocli A. M. During the summer months of July and August, the above Steamer will make Five Ci-rand Pleasure XSxcursions, Visiting the different points of interest on Lake Superior including the Pictured Rocks, and the various Copper and Iron Mines on its shores. For further infurma- tiou, and all particulars regartling Freight and Passage, address S. P. BRADY & CO., Agents, Detroit, Mich HUSSEY & McBRIDE, Agents, Cleveland, Ohio. Detroit and Cleveland

LIJSTE OF STEAMBOATS.

The Side-wheel Steamers, MORNING STAR, MAY QUEEN, 1,200 Tons, 700 Tons, Capt. E. K. VIGER, Capt. WM. M'KAY, Leaving Cleveland and Detroit at Eight o'clock P. M.,

Form a DAILY EVENING- LINE between Detroit and Cleveland, connecting with all early Morning Trains running East and West. JgT Through Tickets for sale on board to all principal cities. KEITH & CARTER, Agents, Detroit, Mich. L. A. PIERCE, General Agent, Cleveland, Ohio. STEAMBOAT K0UTE8. 10 Chicago r'f^s^- Line, f OR IME SUPEftiOft,

The Spliailid. First-("la8s Pa^senLrer SteamlMat PLANET, <"apt;iiii L. < ,,AM,„.iM.iy, will run durinj; the seasou of 180;i. leaving Chic;igo at 7 o'rhjck in the Evening, for :" Ontonatrun, Superior City, and all Intermediate Ports, on the following,' days

Thursday, July IG, for Superior City. Monday. Septemher 28, for Ontonagon. " " Monday. July 27, Friday. October 'J. for Superior CUy. Tuesday, August 11, for Ontonagon. Tliursday, October '12, fcjr Ontonagon. Siiturday. August 27, for Superior City M«»nday, November '2, for Superior City, Friday. September 4, for Ontonagon. Wednesday, Nov. 15, for Ontonagon. Tues«i.iy, Si-pt. 15, for Superior City.

Tier Dock is on River Street, first above Rush Street Bridge. For Freiglit tr Fassage, apply on board, or to A. E. GOODRICH, 6 and 8 River Street.

Steamboats on Lake Michigan.

A First-Class Boat will leave Goodrich's Dock, first above Rush Street Bridge, Every IVoriiin? (Siiiiday«« exocpted), At y o'clock, for

PORT WASHINGTON. SHEBOYGAN, MANITOWOC, A:\D two KiVEK!^

Extending their trips to Kewaunee and Wolf River every F'riday. Diiring the. season »f navigation, ra.-ssen.Lrers and Freight curried ehe.iper thiui by any other liar. Bates of Fare for Passengers.

First I lass. Second Class. Chicago to Kenosha $1 00 $0 60 ChicaiTO to Racine 1 25 75 Chiiago to Milwaukee 1 50 1 00 Chicago to IN.rt \V;ishington 2 00 I W Chiaigo to Sheboygan 3 00 2 60 Chicago to Manitowoc and Two Rivers 3 50 3 00 Chiciigo to (irand Havtn 3 00 2 60 1^" Raswugers will please purchase their tickets on b

A. E. GOODB.-CH, «3 and 8 River Street, Cukaoo ;

168 STEAMBOATS AND RAILROADS.

THE NORTHERN TRANSPORTATION CO. OF OHIO

Is prepared to Transport Property between

Boston, all Points in New England, New York, and the West,

"With Promptness, Care, and Dispatch.

TMs well-known Line of Fifteen First-Class Screw Steamers

Connects at Ogdensburgh with the

RaUroad for BOSTON and all Points in NEW ENGLAND;

• At Cape Vincent with the Railroads between Cape Vincent and New York And at Oswego with a liiiie of Tliirty First-Class Canal Boats betiveeu Oswego, Troy, Albany, atad New York, Form a Daily Line from BOSTON, NEW TORK^ OGDENSBURGH, CAPE VINCENT, AND OSWEGO TO CLEVELAND, TOLEDO, AND DETROIT, And a Tri-weekly Line to CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE, & EVTERITIEDIATE PORTS.

AGENTS.

J. Myers, 9 Astor House New York John Hocking, 7 State Street. .Boston Geo. A. Eddy Ogdensbmgh A. F. Smith Cape Vincent. John H. Crawford Oswego Pelton & Breed Cleveland. Walker & Hayes Toledo E. R. Mathews Detroit. STEAMBOATS AND RAILROADS. 169

Grand Trunk Line of New Steamers. B. F. WADE, MONTGOMERY, Capt GOLDSMITH. CapU GILLIES. ANTELOPE, WATER WITCH, Capt BUTLIN. CapL RYDER. The only reliable Line of Steamers from Chicago for Canada and the Eastern States havinpT regular clays and hours of 8;uling Tri-Wtckly bctwtrn CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE, AND SARNIA* One of the above Steamers will leave the Dock, foot of South La SiiUe Street,. Chicago, every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday Evening,

At 7 o'clock ; anil Milwaukee ou Wednesday, Friday, and Sunday Mornings, At 7 o'clock, for SAKNIA, Landing at points on the West shore of Lake" Michigan and Mackinac, connecting at Sarnia with the GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY, For Buffalo, Toronto, O*i\vc';;o, Kiii$;«itoii, l'r(><«cott, Ottawa City, .Tloiitreal, <^iic'bec*, Portland, And Eastern Suites, -At Ogdensburgh with Northern New York and Vermont Cen- tral Railways, for St. Albans, Burlington, Montpelier, Concord, Lowell, Nashua, and all points in the New England States, forming a Fast Freight Line to all the above-named points.

©K](LV ©Klg 'ir[^Z?\K]iK]0[?>R5][lKi'iro Rates of Insurance Lower than via any other route. Through Bills of Lading given to Liverpool, via Griind Trunk lUiilway and Montreal Ocean Steamships, C. J. BRIDGES, Managing Director G. T. R., Montreal, C. E. M. PENNING'HJN, Freight Manager, " WILLIA.M (JKAHAM, Agent G. T. R., Portland. GE(_)HGE PIIIITEN, Agent G. T. R., No. Devonshire Street, Boston.

S. T WEBSTER, Western Gen. Agent G. T. R. , CAi Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. A. T. SPENCER, Agent Grand Trunk Line Steamers, foot of South La Sallo Street, Chicago, 111. H. COXJRTENAY, Agent, Warehouse and Dockb foot of Main Street, .Milwaukee, Wis. 170 EAILBOADS AND STEAMBOATS.

Buffalo and Detroit Direct, VIA Grand Trunk and Great Western Railways.

Leave Erie Street Depot, Buffalo,

Connecting at PARIS with Great Western Railway Trains, and at STRAT- FORD with Grand Trun'i Railway Trains for I>etroit and. all DPoiiitJs* T^^st.

AT GODEKICH, ON LAKE HURON",

Connection is also made with a regular Line of

FOR Chicago, Milwaukee, Saginaw, AND OTHER LAKE PORTS. Time Shorter and Fare the ^nme as by other Routes. A. PELL, Traffic Superintendent, Y. R. S. CARTER, General Manager. Buffalo, N. .

ST I : A M lii ) AT KOl^TES. 171

m'0.

PLEASURE TRAVEL.

Lake Ontario and Eiver St. Lawrence. Between Niagara Falls, Lewiston, Toronto, Ogdensburgh, Rouse's Point, Montreal, Quebec, and River Saguenay. For L.ake Cliaiiipluiii. I^akc George*, Troy, Albany, .\ew York, M'liile 3Ioitiitaiiis Fortlsiiid, and Boston. The ONTARIO STEAMBOAT CO. will, during the season of Plea.sure Travel, commencing on the 22(1 of June, run their large and commodious Lake Steamere, BAY STATE, ONTARIO, CATARACT, CapL MOKLEY. Capt. ESTES. Capt. LEI) YARD. And the splendid River Steamers, MONTREAL, ALEXANDRA, CapL DEWITT. CapL J. N. BOCKUS. Forming a Daily Line through Lake Ontario and River St. Lawrence. lkave] DOWNWARD. leave] UPAVARD. TOKONTO, daily (Sundays excepted) 6 80 A.M. MONTREAL, daily, 7 00 A.M. LEWISTON, daily, - " H* 30 " OGDENSBUKGU; daily (Sundays ex- NIAGARA, dailv, " " 10 50 " cepted) 1 (K) P.M. (HARLOTTE, daily," " 6 00 P.M. PKESCOTT.dailv (Sundays except'd)! 10 " •' " OSWEGO, dailv, " 11 00 " MOKUl!?TOWN,'.laily, " 2 00 " " F..r SACKET'S HARBOR, Thursdays and Sat- BKOCKVILLE, daily, " " 2 15 urdays, arriving next morning Hi 2 00 A M. Touclil III? at Alexandria Bay & Clayton daily (Monday except'd)4 45 P.M. KINGSTON, KINGSTON, daily (Sunds. except'd) 10 00 P.M. Toaclilng at C'laytun, Alexaiidila Bay, SACKETS, daily, '• " 180 A.M. and Urookvlllc. OSWEGO,

For Barliiigtoii, Port Hope, Cobourg, Kiugstoii, Brock- ville, Prescott, Ogdensburgb, and Montreal, WITHOUT TRANSHIPMENT.

On and after MONDAY, the 4th of May,

One of the Steaij^ers of the above Magnificent Line will leave the Custom House Wharf, foot of Yonge Street, Daily (Sundays excepted), at 2 P.M.,

For the above Ports. Also,

FOR HAMILTON every Morning, at 8 o'clock (Tuesdays excepted).

For Tickets and further information, apply at the Company's Offices, Front Street, adjoining the American Hotel, or the corner of York and Front Streets. N. MILLOY, Agent. ToEONTO, May 14, 1863.

For Pensaukee, Oconto, Peshtigo, Marinette, and Sturgeon Bay.

> The Steamer .^^ Queen City, Captain J. A. MONROE,

Will run until further notice between Green Bay and the above-named Ports, leaving Green Bay on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday Mornings, at 7^ o'clock, and Marinette Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday Mornings, at 6 o'clock. Will. run into Stukqeon Bay on her down trip every Friday. JOHN B. JACOBS. For Freight or Passage, apply on board, or to STRONG & DAY, Agents, Green Bay. Geeen Bat. March 31, 1863. RAILROADS AND STEAMBOATS. 173

i203::f siis EMM,9 I IIS mm Between the EAST and WEST, is now by the DETROIT AND MILWAUKEE R.R.

Two EXPRESS TRAINS leave Detroit Daily with Passengers for PONTIAC, HOLLY, FENTONVILLE, FLINT,

SAGINAW, OWOSSO, ST. JOHNS, LANSING, GRAND RAPIDS, PORT HURON, MUSKEGON,

Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul, St. Antliony,

And all Points on the Mississippi River.

FIRST-CLASS. REUABLE SfEAMSHtPS,

Built expressly for this Line, ply on the Lakes to and from each Train.

Close connection made at Detroit with the

Great AVesteni and Grand Trimk Railways of Canada,

For Buffalo, Rochester, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Toronto, Mont- real, Quebec, and with Cleveland and Lake Superior Line of Steamers.

FOR EMIGRANTS, THIS LINE OFFERS CHEAP AND COMFORTABLE TRANSIT. f^ For particulars, see Company's Time Table, to be had at any of the Stations on application. The TeleK^rapli Line is now open fur Public Business. Parcels and Light Packages forwarded by all Passenger Trains at vkiiy mod- lb.m^ BATHS. W. K. MUIR, General Superintendent.

1 '. Si, M. K. R. OmcB, Dctboit, 1863. 1.1 EAILKOADS AND STEAMBOATS.

Milwaukee, Prairie du CMen & St. Paul lSe3. RAILWAY LINE. 1863. For Whitewater, JaBie§ville, Monroe, jTIadisoBi, Prairie du CliieiB, JleOrejjor, Winona, St. i aul, Jefferson, Fond du f^ae, Green Bay, Beloit, Freeport, l>nnleitli, And all Intermediate Points. Trains leave Milwaukee immediately on arrival of Steamers of Detroit and IMilwau-

kee R. R. Line, as follows : 10.20 A.M.—ST. PAUL'S EXPRESS, amving at Prairie du Chien at 6.20 P.M.', connecting Avith Steamers far St. Paul and Intermediate Points, arriving at St. Paul during the succeeding night, passengers remaining on board undisturbed until morning. Jl^ This Train also makes direct connections for Beloit, Freeport, Rockford, etc. 10.20 P.M.—NIGrHT EXPRESS, with Sleeping Car attached, arriving at Prairie du Chien at 9.40 A.M. 1^ Roth the above Trains make direct connections at Milton Junction for Fort Atkinson, Jefferson, Foud du Lac, Oshkosh, Appleton, Green Bay, Berlin, etc., arriving at all tht-se points at the same time as by competing routes. Passengers for St. Paul and Intermediate Points, by taking this route, make the change from Cars to Steamers by daylight, obtaining Supper and a full night's rest on board, and arrive at St. Paul, etc., as soon as by any other route. These advantages can not be secured by any other route. Through Tickets sold to all the above-named points, as low as by any other route.

And Intermediate Points leave Chicago by Chicago and Northwestern Railway at 8.45 A.M. Via Prairie du Cliien, Arrive at Prairi^ du Chien at 6 20 P.M., Making direct connection with Steamers, and getting Supper on board, and arrive at St Paul the succeeding evening. g^ No change of Cars between Chicago and Prairie du Cliien. No extra charge for Meals or State Rooms on Steamers.

The Splendid, First-Class Steamers, Milwaukee, Key City, War Eagle, Itasca, and Northern Light, Unequaled in elegance, speed, and comfort by any other Line, I.EAV1:: ST. 1»AUI. DAILY, ABOUT 7 P. !«., Arriving at Milwaukee at 3.50 P.M., and Chicago at 5.60 P.M., making direct connections at both points with Trains for the East. WILLIAM JERVIS, Superintendent. J C. SPENCER, General Manager. RAILROAD ROrTER. 175 Great Northwest Route TO

Direct Route to

Oshkosh, Fond du Lac, Berliiij Green Bay, on the North, and Prairie du Chien, La Crosse, St. Paul, etc., on the Northwest, via Chicago and Northwestern Railway.

Cars run thruui^li to JAmSSVILLE, "WATERTOAV-V, POND DU I.AC, OSHKOSH, APPL.ETON, GREEN BAY, PRAIRIE DV CHIEN, LA CROSSE, Etc., wltboat cliaiiffe.

Direct Route to

Rockford, Janesville, Madison, Freeport, Savanna, Galena, Dnbuque, Beaver Dam, Portage, Kilbourn City, Berlin, Stevens' Point, Green Bay, Etc., Etc.,

And all p

THIiEE DAILY TRAINS loave Chicago-8.45 A.M. Day Express ; 5.00 P.M. Expres.s, forming the (lin< t au.l Janesville Accummoilntion ; 8.30 P.M. Night .x- pe«litiou8 route to all points in tlic North n-est, connectjni,^ direct with SPLENDID rACKET"> at Prairie du Ciiien and La ('r«i^sc, for all points on the Mississippi River, fj^f No charge on boats for Meals and State Rooms. 'flie Chicago and Northwestern Railway is now in splendid running order, and completely furnished with new and elegant PATENT VENTILATED CARS,

Whereby the great annoyance of dust, so common on other roads, is avoided. Superior arranged Sleeping Cars Are run to Prairie du Chien, La Crosse, Fond du Lac, Oshkosh, and Green Bay. |t^ Pa.s8»nger8, to avail themselves of the many advantages of this Route over all others, should be particular and secure Tickets via "Chicago and Northwestern Railway." IT* FARE ALWAYS AS LOW AS BY ANY OTHER ROUTE.

GEORGE L. DUNLAP, Superinttndent E. DEWITT ROBINSON, GencnU Ticket Agent. 176 KAILEOAD ROUTE.

Galena & Chicago Union

The oldest and most reliable route to

From CHICAGO to Kockford, Wafren, Galena, Freeport, Mineral Point, Dunleith, Dubuque, Prairie du Chien, Lansing, Winona, Prescott, McGregor, La Crosse, Eeed's Landing, Hastings, $T* PAUUI Beloit, Madison, Jaiiesville, Pra. du Chien, Nottingliani, 'H'aterloo, Independence, Cedar Fall§.

nil

GALENA AND CHICAGO UNION R.R., Consisting of Dixon and Fulton Air Line R.E,., Chicago, Iowa, and Nebraska R.R., and Cedar Rapids and Missouri River R.R From CHICAGO to Dixon, Fulton, I>e Witt, Toledo, ITIarsliallt'n, I>es Moines, Council Bluffs Sterling, Clinton, Cedar Rapids, In- diantown, Boonsboro% Fort Bodge, Oinalia City.

Connecting with Stages for DENVER CITY, and all points in Western and Northern Iowa and Nebraska. No Change of Cars in Crossing the Mississippi River. Connecting at DUNLEITH with Minnesota Packet Company's Daily Line of Mail steamers, during navigation, for ST. PAUL. And at Dubuque, with the Dubuque and Pacific Railroad for Independence, Jesup, Cedar Falls, and all points in Northern Iowa. E. B. TALCOTT, General Superintendent. G. M. WHEELER, General Passenger Agent, Cuicaoo. KAi!.;." \)> Kol US Illinois Central Railroad.

TO ST. LOUIS, PEORIA, SPRINGFIELD, DECATUR, CAIRO, MEMPHIS, via ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILllOAD.

rWO EXPRESS TRAINS leave Chicago daily, on arrivid of Trains from the East, nni

Jacksouville, Centralia, Decatur, Quincy, Peoria, Odin, Alton, St. LouiB, Columbus, Leavenworth, St. Joseph, Springfield, Kankakee, Mat- toon, Urbana, Tolono, Pana, Naples, Cairo, Memphis, Kansas City, Jefferson City,

And all parts of the South and Southwest.

SLEEPING CARS WITH ALL NIGHT TRAINS. PATENT DUSTERS ON DAY TRAINS.

direct route, and by Take Notice.— ^^f^ni phis Pa.«?senger8 will find this the only money. purrhxsin- tickets vi-i I. C. R.R., will save distance, time, and gfj" Trains c«Mm(ct at Cairo daily with Steamers for Memphis. Tliroii;fli Tickets* for siUe at the Office of the Company in the Great Cen- the Unitc.l tral Depot. ei.i

W. P. JOHNSON, W. R. ARTHUR, I Superintendent, Chicago. General Psiisenger Agent, Chicago. | General

J. J. SPROULL, a. General Agmt, Nt!\v York, 12 178 RAILROADS AND STEAMBOATS. NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD.

Connecting with Hudson River Railroad and Steamers.

For Enffalo, Niagara Falls, Detroit, Toledo, CLEVELAND, CINCINxVATI, CHICAGO, MilwcMikee, ITIadisoii, Rock Island, Iowa City, Dubuque, Burliugtou, Quiucy, §t. Paul, St. Louis, Cairo, &,c,, EITHEK VIA SUSPE«StO« BRtOCEt BUFFAIO, OR mACARA FALIS, Lake Shore Railroad, Buffalo and Lake Huron Railroad, or Great Western Railway (Canada). THROUGH EXPRESS TRAXSTS

Leave Depot of Hudson River Railroad, Chambers and Warren Streets, New York, at 7 a.m., 10 a.m., and 5 p.m.

IPeoplo's I^iiie Steamers.

ISAAC NEWTON, HENDRICK HtJOSON, From foot of Courtlandt Street, every evening, at 6 p.m.

Passengers for Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, Terre Haute, Vin- cennes, Louisville, St. Louis, etc., am take Lake Shore Kaiiroad from Buffalo or

Niagara to Cleveland ; thence by the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati Rail- road, or the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton Kaiiroad to above places, and all l>tlier points West and Southwest. J^ For Through Tickets, apply at the Office of the N. York Central Railroad, 239 Broadway, comer of Park Place, New York.

C. B. GREENOXJGH, Passenger Agent. JOHN H. MORE, Frd-ht A-ent. KAILKOAD ROUTE. 171^ rn^M t:m^^ sdutl

Great Western Railway

BETWKEN

Magara Falls, Suspension Bridge, and Detroit,

Forming, with its conuectious, the SHORTEST ABJD BEST ROUTE

Betwecu the Athiutio and the Mississippi. TWO THROUGH EXPRESS TRAINS EACH WAY DAILY.

LiUKiirioii§ Sleeping; Cui*8

Attached to each Night Train.

SMOKING CARS TO ALL DAY TRAINS.

All the Passenger Cq^hes on this road have attached t) them a Ventilator, ^y means of which the interior is kept cool and entirely free from dust in summer, and imiformly warm in winter.

§^ Baggage checked through to all Important Points. Fare as Low as any other Route.

J^* Tlirough Tickets by this Route are for Siile at all the principal Ticket Offices in the United State's and C'ana^Ja. JULIUS MOVIUS. THOMAS SWINGARD, General Agent. Buftiilo, N. Y. General Manager. Hamilton, C W. 180 HOTELS. SHERMAN HOUSE,

This Hotel is centrally located on the corner of Clark and Randolph Streets,

pposite Court House Square ; Wcos built, in i860, of Athens Marble, ana has all the modem improvements, including a Passenger Elevator to convey the guests to and from the several stories of the house. In fact, it is in every particular, as COMPLETE AND MAGMFICEM AN ESTABLISHMENT as there is in the United States. DAVID A. GAGE, Proprietors. CHARLES C. WAITE,1 lUri'KlJti. 181 TREMOJMT HOUSE,

Situated on corner of Lake and Dearborn Streets.

Ee-built, rc-modclcd, aud rc-furm.shc>l, iu 1«G2, ut a C4jst of $1C0,0(H) It con- tidaa all the modem improvements, aud is one of the beat-appointed Ilotcls in the

(ountry. It has MTTIKROI S SriTES OF UOO^IS, with Baths, Water, etc., attaclied, for the accommodation of fiunilics.

It is easy of access to all the diflfercnt Railroad De]>«*)tjj, Places of Amusement, and Steamboat Landings. GAGE & DRAKE, rroprictore. 182 HOTELS.

ISSIii M 9 MACKINAC, MICH.,

E. A. FRATTKS, Pkopeietor.

This old and favorite Hotel is most delightfully situated on the romantic Island OF Mackinac, within a short distance of the water's edge, and contiguous to the Arched Eock, Sugar Loaf, and other Natural Curiosities in which this famed

its air, romantic scenery, and fish- Island abounds ; being alike celebrated for pure ing grounds.

Macklnac, July, 1862. ISLAND HOUSE, :By Charles IM. O'JMialley,

The ISLAND HOUSE has been recently furnished throughout with New and Fashionable Furniture, and supplied with every facility to make it a First-clasB

Hotel, and Is NOW OPEN FOR THE SEASON

for the entertainment of Travelers, Pleasure Parties, Invalids, and others, who de-

fcire a comfortable home while seeking pleasure or health in the pure atmosphere

of Lake Superior, and the beautiful scenery of the surrounding country.

Mackikac, July^ 1862. IIOTKI.^!. 1 S.J McLEOD HOUSE, MACKINAC, MICir.

This Iloiu^e is now open for the reception of guests. It has l)oen repaired and enlarged, anci furnislied with entire new furniture. Its proximity to the Steam- boat Landings, Places of Amusement, and business part of the town, makes it de- siralili- for thr Business Man ami Pleasure-seeker, while the Invalid can rest under the Exteusive Piazzas, and view the entire Town, Harbor, Fort, and Islands of

the SUuits. etc. 1^ An obliging Port

Mackinac, June 18, 1862. CHIPPEWA HOUSE, SA.TJT STE ]V1^RIE, MICHIGAN.

This favorite Hotel is plea.santly situated, near the Steamboat Landings, at the

raouth of the Ship Canal, and in the immediate vicinity of Fort Brady.

No section of country exceeds the Salt and its vicinity for

Fishin<^, Hunting, or .Aquatic Sports.

The table of the Hot<.d is daily supplied with delightful White Fish, ami other

varieties of the season, no pains being spared to make this house a comfortible

home for the pleasure-traveler or man of business. H. P. SMITH. I'roprictor 184 HOTELS. TREMONT HOUSE, MARQUETTE, MICHIGAN.

<^> «

J. L. ARMSTRONG, Proprietor,

Begs leave to inform the Public that this Hotel is now open for the season. Hav- ing entirely REFURNISHED it throughout, and introduced all the modem improvements of a FIRST-CLASS HOTEL,

He is now prepared to receive his guests in a manner unsurpassed by any other House on Lake Superior. Hai-iug secured the services of Mr. D. B. Hodges, formerly of the Richmond House, Chicago, and the Massasoit House, Springfield, Mass., he hopes, with his assistance, to meet the approval of all who make the House a resort for BUSII^ESS OR Pt.EASURE.

Makqukpfe, June \st, 1862. MARQUETTE MASON HOUSE, HOUSE, MARQUETTE, MICH, L. D. JACKSON, HOUGHTON COUNTY,

This House is Delightfully Situated near the Steamboat Landing, overlook- PLEASAMLY SITUATED, ing near the Steamboat Landing, overlooking :E>o:R,T-A.a-E Ij.a.i2:s and the adjacent countiy. and the adjoining count, y. noTKLS. 185

DOUGLASS HOUSE, MR. BAR STOW,

ilisl-

JEFFEil80N AVENUE, DETROIT. 1^]. LYO^NT, P^JIOPKIETOR. TEliftfliiftl iOfEl,

IT«^\. 0»:BOIi]X, Sxiperintend't. NIAGARA FALLS, N. Y. HOTELS. |S7 ST. LAWRENCE HALL,

MONTREAL.

This splendid Hotel, which is sitimttd in the most beautiful part of the City of

Montreal, near the Bjinks and P» >st-Otlice, is furnished thruughuut in the best btyle of the New York and Boston Hotels, and conipriseK a ^ DINING SALOON AND CONCERT ROOM,

unequaled by any Hotel in Canjwla. ^4r* The TABLE will receive special attention, with the view of rendering it

can be had at all houra ; and an Omnibus will always be in attendance on the arTi\al or departure of Railway Cars and Steamboats. H. HOGAN & CO., Proprietors. RUSSELL'S HOTEL, P^L^CE STREET, QUEBEC,

{TJ :e* :e> IB :r to^wist.)

Tliis well-managed and most comfortable Hotei., kept by Messrs. Riasell, of

Quebec, has recently been newly painted and re-furnished throughout. Tlie B:ill-

rw)m, nscil in summer, when the house is full of strangers, as a dining-room, h.is

\n'!cn entirely re-decorated in the han

dine 2.'jO persona at a Utne.—lhronto Globe. BUSINESS AHVERTrSKMEXTS. 188 BUCKEYE fill Mlfffl^lW \t Wn^ W^H^AHliF¥11^^ W rift XI '^t WW\M FIRE AND MARINE.

Capital and Assets $200,000. i. NO SCRIP DIVIDENDS. Profits divided bei CasEi anaois^ Stock aitd Policy Holders.

Takes Marine Hazards of all kinds. Fire Risks on Buildings, Merchandise, Furni- ture, Vessels in Port, and the better class of Eisks generally.

William Hart. P. Chamberlin. L. D. Hudson. 0. M. Oviatt. R. Pelton. J. P. Robinson. H. Garretson. F. W. Pelton. Amasa Stone, Jr. William Wellhouse. A. J. Breed.

Office, Oviatrs Excliaiige, foot of Superior Street, Cleveland, Ohio.

L. D. HUDSON, Secretary. WILLIAM HART, President.

Commercial Mutual Insurance Co.j

Office, INSURANCE BUILDING, foot of Superior Street, CLEV^EEA.:i^D, OHIO. This Company Insures Hulls, CargoeSj and Freights of Steamers. PropellerSj and Sail Vessels, on Liberal Terms.

Also, in Transit Eastern Cities, and Fire Eisks Buildings Merchandise from upon ^ and their Contents. The Insured participate Annually in the Profits of the Company.

Martin B. Scott. John F. Warner. Samuel Williamson. Henry S. Davis. Solon Burgess. William Bingham. J. A. Redington. William J. Gordon Henry Harvey. Gen. A. Tisdale. H. M. Chapin. M. B. Clark. William B. Guyles. Ralph H. Harman. Geo Worthington. M. B. SCOTT, President. GEORGE A. TISDALE, Secretary. WM. J. GORDON, Vice-President. UrsiMss ADVKKIISKMKNTS. j.S.I COMMERCIAL

:tiari:\i: risks TABii:^ at ci rrfi^t ratfs. Capital, $175,000, with a Surplus.

.lOIlN .1. TALLMAIXIK. Pros. G D. NoKUIS. V. Pr.s. ,IAS. 15. KELLOGG, Sec^j. E. CKAMEU, Treasurer. L. IL LVNE, Marino liispecl-.r. DIRECTORS.

F. Liyton. T. Litt. 11. I). NVwhall. J. Plankinton. E. ?I G»x>.lrich. M B. Me.ll)ciy. Cli:is. F. Jlsloy. L H K.llo-g. E. I). (Muipiu. T. W. c;...Hlrich. M S. Scott. G. D. Norris. Kohcrt lUaU. L S«xton. J. A. Diitchcr. 1). For{fu8on. J. T. Hmanml. J. B<.nnrll. G. Bremer. E. Roddls. U. K. IJritt. E. Cramer. A L.Htitchinson. J. H. Iiilmseh. S. T. Hooker. Alex MiUtiell. William Younj,'. J. H. Curdes. C. T. linidley. J. J. Tallmiulge CLEVELAND lliON MINING COMPMY, Minere and Dealers in Lake Superior Iron Ore,

From their Irn Motmtains, at Maniuette, Lake SujHjrior, OFFICE AT CLEVELAND, OHIO.

William J. Gonlon. Cleveland. George A. Tisdal.^ Cleveland. " John Outhwaite Sjmiuel L. Miitlier " (ieorge " Woithioj^ton Isaiu' N. Judson. . Xt w York. S. D. MeMillan M. L. Hewitt Marquette.

WILLIAM J. GORDON, TreKident. SAMOEL L. MATHER, .Secretary and 'Ire.L^.ir. r —

190 BUSINESS ADVEKTISEMEJSTTS. WHITE & MAYNARD, ATTOKNEYS-AT-LAW SOLICITORS IN CHA.lSrCERY, Will Practice in the State and United States Courts in this State and elsewhere FOR CASH. 3 Also, Landj Tax, Collection, and Insurance Agents. MARQUETTE, Marquette County, Lake Superior,

Peter White. M. H. Mayxakd. PETER WHITE, BANKER, MAKQl'ETTE, L.AKE SUPERIOR, MICHIGAN. H. H. STAFFORD,

Wholesale and Retail Dealer in

PAINTS, OILS, VARNISHES,

®^iE-§3WI?IFIp IPMlESia I3!E33S32I3§p SSI., MARQUETTE, LAKE SUPERIOR. BOOKS AND STATIONERY. A general assortment constantly on hand and for sale.

Toilet ISoap§, Bruslies, Perfumery, Hair Oils, Combs,

&c., &c. BUSrXESS ADVEKTISKMENTS. jyX TAYLOR & JEWETT, Ship Chandlers and Grrocers,

Dealers in Patent fordaije, i:iiirli>li (liaiiis and Anchors,

Canvas, Blocks, Oakum, Packing, Naval Stores, Paints, Oils, etc., Nos. 4 AND 5 MARINE BLOCK, OHIO STREET BUFFALO, N. Y. Vessels Furnished with Complete Fit-out of

Rigging. Sails, Chains. Jihaks. ( jipstans. Wirulus. WiixiLiKMS. Patent Steering Wheels, Patent JSliip L<>j^s, CompjLSM's. Tdcscoprs, Furniture, and Stores.

Ssiil<( and Ki;;siiiff L.oft<>i. Complete Suits of Sails an»l (Janus of Kifr^jin^ furnished, of the In-st materials and on favoraitle terms. The work (lone l»y experienced Ki-^'^Trs and Sail Makers. I»f° Constantly on hand, the most approved styles of Duck, Kuseia Bolt R<>pe, r.uuting, etc. Mannfactiirers of TJ. S. Navy Oakum.

S. KxVUF.MAN,

Wholesale and Retail Dealer in Ready-made Clothing,

Boots, Shoes, Hats, Caps, Shirts, DSAWJISS ABB UHliiiaiaadlLAS, YANKEE NOTIONS. TOBACCO. CIG-ARS,

STATIC* i;rv, wall i*ai»i;r<*, i:i<-., MARQUiriTR, LAKE SUPERIOR. |*r CLOTHING MADE TO ORDER. 192 BUSINESS ADVERTISEMENTS. DUPEE, BECK & SAYLES,

FOE THE PUKCHASE AXD SALE OF EVERY DESCEIPTION OF STOCKS ^N33 BOISTDS In the Markets of BOSTON, NEW YORK, AND PHILADELPHIA. g^ Particular attention given to the

Ifliiiiiig Interests of I.AKE SUPERIOR and CANADA.

BOSTON.

James A. Dupee. James Beck. Henry Sayles.

St. Mary's Canal

H. F. Q. d'ALIGX^Y,

This Company now oifers for Sale, on reasonable terms, its Mineral, Agricultural, and Timber Lands in the Counties of Ontonagon, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Mar- quette. All the Company's Lands are described in the records of the Registers of Deeds in each of said Counties. Applications for any of these Lands may be made to the Resident Agent, and will receive prompt attention. g^ All persons found trespassing upon the Company's Land will be prosecuteii to the extent of the law. HORATIO BIGELOW, Land Agent of the St. Clary's Canal Mineral Land Company. July 7, 1862.