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Full Text in DIVA This paper is published in the open archive of Mid Sweden University DIVA http://miun.diva-portal.org with permission of the publisher Citation for the peer-reviewed published paper: Klinga N, Höglund H, Sandberg C. Paper properties of TMP and CTMP handsheets from spruce, as affected by the press load and temperature during sheet drying. Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. 2007;22(4):468- 474. URL to article at publishers site: http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/NPPRJ-2007-22-04-p468-474 2407 07-11-20 11.18 Sida 468 Paper properties of TMP and CTMP handsheets from spruce, as affected by the press load and temperature during sheet drying Niklas Klinga and Hans Höglund, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Christer Sandberg, Holmen Paper Development Centre, Norrköping, Sweden KEYWORDS: Laboratory sheet, TMP, CTMP, Characteri- rupture will occur. This is due to the fact that lignin zation, Mechanical properties, Pressing, Drying concentration is different in the different parts of the fibre wall, with the highest concentration in the middle SUMMARY: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate lamella (Sundholm 1999). Pressurized refining after how physical properties of laboratory sheets, made from diffe- preheating at temperatures well above (T~170°C) the rent thermomechanical and chemithermomechanical pulps, softening temperature of lignin produces smooth fibres depend on the pressure and temperature levels during pressing with a high concentration of lignin on the fibre surfaces. and drying. Sheets were formed from long fibre fractions, defi- Here, rupture predominantly occurs in the middle ned as the pulp retained on a 50 mesh wire in a Britt Dynamic lamella. Refining at lower temperatures inevitably means Drainage Jar, and pressed and dried according to a number of that fibre separation is a more stochastic process, leading different pressure and temperature settings. The results showed to fibre rupture at different positions in the fibre wall and that there were large differences in the sheet properties depen- ding on what type of method was used for pressing and drying. production of fibres with more rough surfaces (Atack High freeness pulps were more sensitive than low freeness 1972). pulps to the methods used for pressing and drying. The results The temperature interval in which lignin softening indicate that the difference in sheet properties between ISO and occurs can be lowered by treating the wood chips with Rapid Köthen sheets may be explained by the fact that ISO chemicals. This is for softwoods mostly done by wood sheets are wet pressed only at room temperature, the fibres are chip impregnation with a weak solution of sodium then allowed to spring back when pressure is released whereas sulphite (Atack and Heitner 1979). The pH at which the fibres in Rapid Köthen sheets are locked in their positions impregnation is performed has been shown to be as the sheets are pressed and dried at high temperature until dry. important for development of fibre properties during ADDRESSES OF THE AUTHORS: Niklas Klinga production of chemithermomechanical pulps. Impreg- ([email protected].) and Hans Höglund nation at acidic conditions can for example give pulps ([email protected]): Mid Sweden University, Department with higher strength than impregnation at alkaline condi- of Natural Sciences, Fibre Science and Communication tions at a given energy input (Argyropoulos and Heitner Network, FSCN, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden. 1991). However, acidic conditions give problems with Christer Sandberg ([email protected]): odour, resins and higher shive contents. Such pulps are Holmen Paper Development Centre, Braviken Paper mill, therefore more suitable for low freeness applications, SE-601 88 Norrköping, Sweden. such as graphical paper where odour problems are not a Corresponding author: Niklas Klinga big issue. After impregnation at alkaline conditions, subsequent pressurized refining leads to production of Thermomechanical and chemithermomechanical soft- chemithermomechanical pulp, which contains long and wood pulps are often referred to as high yield pulps since well preserved fibres as well as low amounts of fines and the fibres contain most of the wood substances that initi- shives compared to pulps from untreated chips (Höglund ally enter the pulping process after debarking. Wood and Bodin 1976, Fineman 1985, Höglund and fibres mainly consist of cellulose, hemicelluloses and Wilhelmsson 1993). lignin. Lignin plays an important role in mechanical Changing the conditions in the mechanical and pulping technology, as softening of wet wood chips has chemithermomechanical pulping processes makes it been found to occur mainly due to softening of the lignin possible to manufacture a broad span of pulps with very polymer. The temperature interval in which lignin different properties, even though the same wood species softening occurs does however depend on the loading are used as raw material. Fibre properties such as fibre rate, i.e. the frequency of the applied force. Softening of length, fibre width, fibre flexibility, content (and quality) lignin occurs in the interval between 60 and 90°C at low of fines etc will have large effects on sheet properties. frequencies. When the frequency is higher, as is the case Temperature and pressure affect sheet properties of high for fibres submitted to forces in a refiner, the softening yield pulps, the temperature effect is attributed to the occurs in the interval 100-170°C due to the fact that lig- softening of lignin (Nygren et al. 2003). nin has viscoelastic properties (Höglund et al. 1976, This paper discusses how physical properties of sheets Irvine 1984, Irvine 1985, Olsson and Salmén 1992). from pulps with very different fibre characteristics In mechanical pulping, softening of the wood chips is depend on conditions during pressing and drying. The performed by a presteaming operation at approximately aim was to evaluate how the sheet properties were 100-155°C. The temperature at which presteaming and affected by fibre flexibility. Pulps were chosen to cover a refining is performed determines where in the fibre wall broad span of properties, from high freeness HTCTMP 468 Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal Vol 22 no. 4/2007 2407 07-11-20 11.18 Sida 469 (HT means well above the softening temperature of lignin during presteaming and refining) to very low freeness TMP. Sheets from long fibre fractions (obtained from the fraction retained on a 50 mesh wire in a Britt Dynamic Drainage Jar) were pressed and dried at different pressures and temperatures, from 0 kPa at room temperature to 400 kPa at 93°C. A specially designed pressing and drying unit, based on the Rapid Köthen dryer, was used in order to press and dry the sheets at higher pressure than at standard conditions (Klinga et al. 2005). Sheets from the whole pulps were made for comparisons. Fig 1. Bulk for ISO and Rapid Köthen sheets made from different mechanical and chemithermomechanical pulps. PGW (pressure groundwood) and SWK (softwood kraft pulp) were added to the diagram for comparison. Background Test results from laboratory sheets, for example made according to the conventional ISO method or the Rapid Köthen method, sometimes yield quite different information about characteristics of mechanical and che- mithermomechanical pulps (Eskilsson et al. 1976, Nygren et al. 2003). The sheet properties reach different levels depending on the method used for sheet manu- facturing. This can be seen in Figs 1 to 3 which show bulk, tensile index and Z-strength respectively for a couple of pulps with very different characteristics, e.g. fibre length, fibre flexibility and fines content etc. The Fig 2. Tensile index for ISO and Rapid Köthen sheets made from different mecha- sheets have been manufactured according to the conven- nical and chemithermomechanical pulps. tional ISO method and the Rapid Köthen method. The sheet forming procedures for these two methods are quite similar, while the pressing and drying sequences are carried out at different pressures and temperatures. Conventional ISO sheets are adhered to couch plates before being pressed at room temperature at 400 kPa, first for 5 minutes and then another 2 minutes after changing blotters. The ISO sheets are then dried and con- ditioned in accordance with ISO 187 (23°C, 50% R.H.). Rapid Köthen sheets are pressed and dried simultaneous- ly at 93°C at 96 kPa until dry, which for 65 g/m2 sheets takes approximately 8 minutes. The Rapid Köthen sheets are then conditioned in accordance with ISO 187 (ISO 187 1990, ISO 5269-1 1998, ISO 5269-2 1998). Fig 3. Z-strength for ISO and Rapid Köthen sheets made from different mechani- Fig 1 shows that the magnitude of the difference bet- cal and chemithermomechanical pulps. ween ISO and Rapid Köthen depends on what type of increased fibre flexibility and the bonding ability of the pulp has been evaluated. HTCTMP is a high temperature large amount of fines is starting to become more chemithermomechanical pulp which means that the wood important than the lignin softening. Densification and chips have been chemically treated prior to refining at thus bonding will occur more independently of high temperature (>170°C). The refining energy input temperature and pressure settings. and shive content are low (Höglund and Bodin 1976). PGW and SWK were added to the diagram for Due to the manufacturing conditions, a typical HTCTMP comparison. The bulk of the PGW was expected to be contains a lot of long, stiff and well preserved fibres as lower but the relatively high bulk was believed to be an well as small amounts of fines and shives. The large effect of the few but probably very stiff long fibres. The difference in bulk between ISO and Rapid Köthen sheets SWK showed an increase in bulk when going from ISO for HTCTMP was probably an effect of the increase in to Rapid Köthen. The reason for this is probably a combi- drying temperature (going from ISO to Rapid Köthen) nation of the effect of the lower pressure in Rapid Köthen which softened the lignin and made the long fibres more and the fact that SWK fibres do not contain lignin.
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