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German Colonialism in West Africa: Implications for German-West African Partnership in Development

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German Colonialism in West Africa: Implications for German-West African Partnership in Development German Colonialism in West Africa: Implications for German-West African Partnership in Development. Winneba/Ghana: Bea Lundt, Universität Flensburg; in cooperation with Samuel Ntewusu Aniegye and Wazi Apoh, University of Ghana, Legon, 29.09.2011-01.10.2011. Reviewed by Bea Lundt Published on H-Soz-u-Kult (November, 2011) An international conference that dealt explic‐ work in southern Africa has recently culminated itly with the long-term consequences of German in the publication of David Olusoga and Casper colonial rule for developments in contemporary Erichsen’s, David Olusoga and Casper Erichsen’s , West Africa was held at the University of Educa‐ The Kaiser’s Holocaust: Germany’s forgotten geno‐ tion (UEW) Winneba/Ghana, Thursday 29 Septem‐ cide and the colonial roots of Nazism, London ber to Saturday 1 October 2011. Approximately 50 2010. a publication that has broken through to people attended the conference, where partici‐ popular history and is currently to be found on pants from North America, Cameroon, Germany, sale in the airport departure lounges of airports Ghana, and Holland presented papers, drawn around the globe, from Berlin to Cape Town, and from a wide variety of disciplines ranging from from Amsterdam to New York. In a sense, the history and politics, to archaeology and linguis‐ genocides perpetrated by the forces of Imperial tics. The conference was organised by Bea Lundt, Germany in Namibia have become mainstream, (Flensburg/UEW), in cooperation with Samuel and General Lothar von Trotha’s ‘Vernichtungsbe‐ Ntewusu Aniegye and Wazi Apoh (both Legon). fehl’ (extermination order) a further uncontested The Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany, example of humankind’s seemingly limitless abili‐ as well as the University of Flensburg funded the ty to inflict pain and suffering upon fellow hu‐ conference. mans. In short, Germany’s imperial past in In the last decade the long-term consequences Namibia is now comparatively well known. In ad‐ of German colonial rule in Africa and the world dition, a fair number of people may be aware of as a whole have been becoming evermore appar‐ the fact that Imperial Germany had a colonial role ent. Following on from the early work of histori‐ to play in the history of contemporary Tanzania, ans like Horst Drechsler and Helmuth Bley in the Togo, and Cameroon. However, it remains the early 1970s, a whole host of historians has sought case that in contrast to Namibia, the history of to deal with the horrors of German colonial rule German colonial involvement on the West African in the former German South West Africa (present coast is still comparatively understudied. day Namibia) in particular. Horst Drechsler, Let Luis Gann and Duignan devoted a consider‐ Us Die Fighting: The Struggle of the Herero and able amount of their time seeking to detail the in‐ Nama against German Imperialism (1884 – 1915) tricacies and bureaucratic niceties of German (London 1980) & Bley, Helmut, Namibia under colonial rule in Africa, yet in so doing they lost German rule, 1894 – 1914 (London 1971) This sight of the impact and consequences of German H-Net Reviews colonial rule for Africa and its inhabitants. L.H. Germany to cooperate on a more equal basis with Gann, The rulers of German Africa: 1884-1914, developing countries in the present. Indeed, the Stanford 1977. In contrast, Ulrich van der Heyden horrors perpetrated by British and French sol‐ has drawn attention to the long-standing relation‐ diers during Mau Mau and Algiers are still part of ship that exists between Germany - Prussia and living memory. In contrast, the horrors perpetrat‐ Brandenburg in particular - and the West African ed by German great grandfathers in German colo‐ coast, specifically contemporary Ghana and Togo. nial Africa have largely passed from living memo‐ U. van der Heyden, Rote Adler an Afrikas Küste: ry. However, the mere fact that many German die brandenburgisch-preußische Kolonie diplomats in the present may not be fully aware Großfriedrichsburg in Westafrika, 2. Aufl., Berlin of the activities of German government represen‐ 2001. Fellow historian Peter Sebald has spent a tatives in Africa a century ago, need not exculpate lifetime of work detailing the history of German German government representatives in the involvement in Togo. However, the fact that a sub‐ present. The activities of German colonial forces stantial portion of contemporary Ghana was ad‐ in West Africa may have passed from living mem‐ ministered by Imperial Germany remains an un‐ ory, yet, as the conference clearly showed, they known and unconsidered aspect of history. Simi‐ continue to exist in the songs and histories of peo‐ larly the fact that contemporary Cameroon is now ple formerly subject to German colonial rule in split between an Anglophone and a Francophone West Africa. sphere of administration is a long-term conse‐ ALEXANDRA NEHMER and HANNAH LAM‐ quence of German colonial rule and generally not PRECHT, two young students from Berlin, present‐ known. ed some results of their work. As participants of The meeting was formally opened by a num‐ the ASA-programme during three months they ber of speakers in an opening session that was in‐ were actively involved in tracing, collecting, and troduced and chaired by NTEWUSU ANIEGYE documenting the legacy of German colonial rule (Legon). Aniegye noted that there was a renewed in Ghana. Through their activities, coordinated in interest in German colonial rule in Africa and conjunction with Wazi Apoh (Legon) they seek to drew attention to a similar conference organised raise the awareness of Germany’s colonial past, and held in Tamale, Ghana in December 2010. when collecting and documenting colonial arte‐ ROBERT SOBOTTA, Director of the Goethe Insti‐ facts as well as oral histories. The most impressive tute in Accra, mentioned the long-standing links – of these artefacts are of course the buildings origi‐ since Ghanaian independence in 1957 - that exist‐ nally erected by the Germans. ed between Germany and Ghana on a cultural lev‐ BEA LUNDT (Flensburg), the conference con‐ el. Sobotta emphasized the role that the institute venor, drew attention to the work of Dipesh played in seeking to propagate the teaching of the Chakrabarty, and noted that she drew deep inspi‐ German language to Ghanaian students, and to fa‐ ration from his work, particularly in his attempt cilitate the possible study of these students at aca‐ to counter and reverse the usual fow of academic demic institutions in Germany. discourse, i.e. from the North to the South, the MARIA TEKUELVE (Accra), Counsellor, Em‐ metropole to the periphery and so forth. Dipesh bassy of the Federal Republic of Germany, repre‐ Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe. Postcolonial sented the German Ambassador. Intriguingly, in thought and Historical Difference (Princeton her speech, Tekuelve suggested that Germany was 2000) dt: Europa als Provinz. Perspektiven lucky to have lost its colonies early in the 20th postkolonialer Geschichtsschreibung, Frankfurt Century, as this made it easier for contemporary am Main/New York 2010; “Invitation to a Dia‐ 2 H-Net Reviews logue.” Subaltern Studies: Writings on South mented a breakdown in established social net‐ Asian History and society. Reprint. Vol.IV.Ed. works to the advantage of German administra‐ Guha, Ranajit, New Delhi 2007. It was with this in tors. mind specifically that she had sought to organise In contrast to many of the presentations, the conference in Africa, with guests drawn from which dealt largely with the physical aspects and Africa. traces of German colonial rule, EDEM ADOTEY The keynote address to the conference was (Legon), dealed with the more ephemeral but provided by DIVINE AMENUNMEY, (Legon). He equally lasting legacy of German rule, specifically listed a whole series of as yet under-researched in the construction and establishment of a pan- topics and questions relating to German colonial Ewe identity. Similar as Darvlo he argued that the rule, yet unfortunately his presentation failed to unintended consequence of the German colonial deal in any way with the social or cultural conse‐ project in Togoland was Ewe ethnic nationalism. quences of German colonial rule. His speech fo‐ WALTER GAM NKWI (Buea/Cameroon), pre‐ cussed solely on the political history of Germany’s sented a paper about the attempts by British au‐ presence in Africa. That the German colonial state thorities to “de-Germanise” those parts of western has its direct descendents, in a manner of speak‐ Cameroon that fell under British jurisdiction fol‐ ing, in the people currently living in West Africa lowing World War One. Based on archival re‐ who are the biological descendents of German search Nkwi noted that the drive to rid Cameroon men and African women, was a matter that was of its German legacy led to a loss of efficiency in not touched upon by Amenumey. The focus on po‐ the manner in which communication was con‐ litical history obscured the fact that, although Ger‐ ducted in western Cameroon. Thus, Nkwi quoted man colonial rule may have ended, its legacy re‐ British officials lamenting the end of the fag post mained in the culture of the societies affected as mail relay runner system, which had been estab‐ well as in the veins of descendents. lished by the Germans and was capable of cover‐ Following a general introduction to German ing 100km in an hour as opposed to the British colonialism in West Africa by ISAAC BRAKO (Win‐ system that could only cover 25km in an hour. neba), KOFI DARVLO, (Legon) presented a paper Nkwi noted that whereas Germany had tried to that looked at and contextualized the presence of establish a unitary Cameroon, the British con‐ German missionaries, traders, and officials in sciously sought to purge the western Cameroons Eweland. Based on personal experience, Dorvlo of its German legacy, as well as ensure a separa‐ presented a nuanced history in which the contri‐ tion from the reminder of French administered butions of German linguists to the standardisation Cameroon.
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