Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India INLAND WATERWAYS AUTHORITY of INDIA

DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India INLAND WATERWAYS AUTHORITY OF INDIA

33333333333 Ministry of Shipping, Government of India

DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT - PHASE 1A OF MULTIMODAL RIVER WATER TERMINAL AT RAMNAGAR, VARANASI, U.P. INDIA

Prepared by:

EQMS -AIAID – IRGSSA JV

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 1

DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Table of Contents

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 6 1.1. Introduction ...... 6 1.2. Project Background ...... 6 1.3. Project Description ...... 6 1.4. Connectivity, Surroundings & Sensitivity of the Project Site ...... 8 1.5. Project Activities and Area Statement ...... 8 1.6. Resources and Utilities Demand for Off-Site Developments ...... 9 1.7. Baseline and Social Environment ...... 11 1.8. Environment and Social Impacts of the Proposed Project ...... 14 1.9. Environmental Management Plan ...... 14 2. INTRODUCTION ...... 41 2.1. Prelude ...... 41 2.2. Project Background ...... 42 2.3. Project Brief ...... 43 2.4. Need for the Proposed Project ...... 45 2.5. Need of Study...... 46 2.6. Scope and Methodology of the Study ...... 47 2.7. Limitation of the Study ...... 47 2.8. Structure of the Report ...... 48 2.9. References ...... 49 3. LEGISLATIVE, REGULATION AND POLICY CONSIDERATION ...... 51 3.1. Introduction ...... 51 3.1.1. Overview of Indian Environmental Legislation and Administrative Framework ...... 51 3.1.2. Applicable Environmental Legislation ...... 52 3.2. International Best Practices & Guidelines...... 60 3.2.1. Operational Policies of World Bank ...... 60 3.2.2. Relevant International Environmental Convention ...... 62 3.2.2.1. International Maritime Organization Conventions ...... 62 3.2.2.2. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Montego Bay, (1982): ...... 63 3.2.2.3. International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG-code) ...... 64 3.3. Environmental Standards & Guidelines ...... 64 3.3.1. Guideline, Standard and recommendations as published by Environmental Committee of PIANC ...... 65 4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 66 4.1. Introduction ...... 66 4.2. Location, Access and Layout of the Project ...... 66 4.3. Proposed Development ...... 67 4.4 Capacity and features of the project ...... 75 4.5 Material handling and other Facilities...... 78 4.7 Waste management ...... 78 4.8 Other features ...... 78

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DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

5. : DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT (EVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BASELINE) ...... 79 5.1. Prelude ...... 79 5.2. Site Description and Its Environs ...... 80 5.3. Geology, Topgraphy & Drainage, Hydrology, Hydrogeology ...... 81 5.4. Meteorology ...... 88 5.5. Ambient Air Quality ...... 90 5.5.1. Analysis of Ambient Air Quality ...... 93 5.6. Ambient Noise Quality ...... 94 5.6.1. Analysis of Ambient Noise Quality ...... 95 5.7. Trafic Assessment & Site Connectvity ...... 95 5.8. Surface and Ground Water Quality ...... 95 5.9. Soil Quality ...... 98 5.10. Land Use ...... 100 5.11. Biological Environment ...... 102 5.11.1. Flora ...... 102 5.11.2. Fauna ...... 109 5.11.3. Kashi Turtle Sanctuary ...... 112 5.11.4. Aquatic Ecosystem ...... 116 5.12. Social Impact Assessment ...... 124 5.12.1. Tourism and Heritage ...... 132 6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ...... 137 6.1. Introduction ...... 137 6.2. Impact Identification ...... 137 6.3. Impact on Climate ...... 139 6.4. Impact Due to Natural Disaster ...... 140 6.5. Impact on Air Environment ...... 140 6.6. Impact on Noise Environment ...... 143 6.7. Impacts on Water Resources ...... 144 6.8. Impact on Land Environment ...... 148 6.9. Impacts on Biological Environment ...... 152 6.10. Impacts on Socio-Economy ...... 155 7. PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS AND DISCLOSURE...... 161 7.1. Methods of Public Consultation ...... 161 7.2. Institutional Consultation ...... 164 7.3. Affected Person‟s (Land Acquisition) Consultation ...... 166 7.4. Direct/Indirect Affected Person‟s Consultation ...... 167 7.5. Conclusion: ...... 167 8. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND MONITORING INDICATORS ...... 170 8.1. Introduction ...... 170 8.2. The Environmental Management Plan ...... 170 8.3. Institutional Arrangement ...... 194

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DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

8.3.1. Environmental Management Cell ...... 194 8.4. Environmental Standards ...... 196 8.5. Environment Monitoring Plan ...... 196 8.6. Reporting Requirement ...... 200 8.7. Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 200

List of Tables

Table 1.1: Details of building to be constructed ...... 8 Table 1.2: Details of Roads ...... 9 Table 1.3 Design Vessel Sizes ...... 10 Table 1.4: Type of luminaires ...... 10 Table 1.5: Water level of River Ganga ...... 12 Table 2.1: Geographical Coordinates of Project Site ...... 43 Table 2.2: Reference Used for EIA Study...... 49 Table 3.1: Summary of Environmental and Other Legislation with Applicability Screeening ...... 52 Table 3.2: Regulations Applicable on Vessels/Barges Plying in Inland Waterways (However, these will be applicable for operation stage only) ...... 60 Table 3.3: World Banks Operational Policies - Environmental & Social Safeguard ...... 61 Table 4.1: Type of commodity, volume estimated preliminary growth projections, preliminary Turnover Volume per day and required storage capacity ...... 75 Table 5.1: Environmental Setting ...... 80 Table 5.3: Meteorological Conditions of Varanasi (30 years average) ...... 88 Table 5.5: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations ...... 91 Table 5.6: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results (24-hour average) ...... 91 Table 5.7 Ambient Air Quality of Varanasi (March 2015) ...... 92 Table 5.8 : Ambient Noise Quality in Study Area ...... 94 Table 5.9 Name of Water Sampling Locations ...... 95 Table 5.10: Surface Water Quality ...... 96 Table 5.11: Ground Water Quality ...... 96 Table 5.11 : continue… Ground Water Quality ...... 96 Table 5.12: Soil Sampling Locations ...... 98 Table 5.13: Physicochemical Characteristics of Soil ...... 99 Table 5.14 : Land use of the Study Area ...... 101 Table 5.15 : List of Common Plant Species Present in Study Area ...... 104 Table 5.15: List of Wildlife Found in Study Area ...... 109 Table 5.16 : List of the Birds Surveyed / Recorded in the Study Area ...... 110 Table 5.17 Year wise details of Turtle Released in the Sanctuary ...... 114 Table -5.18: Details of Aquatic Sampling Locations ...... 117 Table 5.19: List of Phytoplankton‟s Observed in Sampling Locations ...... 118 Table-5.20 List of Zooplanktons Observed in Ganga River: At Ramnagar site ...... 119 Table-3.21: Zoo-benthic fauna at Ramnagar...... 120 Table-5.22 List of Fishes observed in Study Area during Study Period ...... 121 Table 5.23: Uttar Pradesh State Population ...... 125 Table 5.24: Uttar Pradesh State Literacy Level ...... 125 Table 5.25: Uttar Pradesh State Population SC and ST ...... 126 Table 5.26: Uttar Pradesh State Worker Population ...... 126 Table 5.27: Population of the District ...... 129 Table 5.28: Literacy in the District ...... 129

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DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Table 5.29: SC and ST population of the District ...... 129 Table 5.30: Work population of the District ...... 130 Table 5.31: Tehsil Wise Population of district ...... 130 Table 5.32: Tehsil wise literacy population of District ...... 130 Table 5.33: Tehsil wise SC and ST population of District ...... 130 Table 5.34: Tehsil wise work population of District ...... 131 Table 5.35 : Town where the Terminal is to be located along NW-1 - Population ...... 131 Table 5.36: Town where the Terminal is to be located along NW-1- SC and ST population .... 131 Table 5.37: Town where the Terminal is to be located along NW-1 - Literacy and work population ...... 132 Table 5.36: Important festivals and the venue in Varanasi city ...... 135 Table 6.1: Impact Matrix for Proposed Off-site Infrastructure ...... 137 Table 6.2: Emissions produced in movement of 1 ton of Cargo for 1000 miles by tow boat, truck and train ...... 143 Table 7.1: Detail of the contacts during the Stakeholder Consultations ...... 163 Table 7.2: Environment Issues discussed with stockholders ...... 164 Table 8.1: Environment Management Plan ...... 171 Table 8.2: Environment Monitoring Plan...... 198

List of Figures Figure 1.1: Location map of Terminal Site at Ramnagar ...... 7 Figure 2.1 : Google Map Showing the Alignment of NW-1 ...... 42 Figure 2.2: Google Map Showing Site Location...... 44 Figure 2.3: Location Map of Varanasi Terminal ...... 45 Figure 4.1: Layout of Ramnagar Terminal, Stage 1 ...... 71 Figure 4.2: general arrangement of Jetty (Middle level), Ramnagar ...... 72 Figure 4.3: Typical section of jetty, Ramnagar...... 73 Figure 4.4: Details of stone pitching works ...... 74 Figure 5.1: Map Showing Environmental Monitoring Locations ...... 79 Figure 5.2 : Map Showing Plant Site & Seismic Zones .of India ...... 82 Figure 5.3 : Contour Map of Study Area ...... 83 Figure 5.4 DEM of Study Area ...... 84 Figure 5.5 Drainage Map of Study Area ...... 85 Figure 5.6: Windrose Diagram of IMD Varanasi (Summer Season) ...... 90 Figure 5.7 : Photographs of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring ...... 94 Figure 5.9 Land use/ Land Cover Map of Study Area ...... 101 Figure 5.12 : Location of Turtle Sanctuary and Other Environment Features ...... 113 Figure 5.13: Turtle Breeding Center Sarnath ...... 116 Figure 8.1: Institutional Framework ...... 195 Figure 8.2: Grievance Redressal Cell ...... 201

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DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1. Introduction IWAI, mandated to develop the inland water transportation system in country has proposed a project “Capacity Augmentation of the Nation Waterway 1 (1620 kms, with minimum water depth of 2.5-3 m) between Haldia and Allahabad”. National Waterway 1(NW 1) has the potential to develop into a most economic, reliable, safe and environmentally friendly form of transport. Under this project, IWAI has proposed to develop a multimodal inland water terminal at Ramnagar, on river Ganga in Varanasi district in Uttar Pradesh. This terminal will provide the berthing facility for ships and loading and unloading facility for the goods. The construction and operation of this facility will have associated social and environmental impacts, requiring effective mitigation measures for its elimination and minimization. Thus, a detailed environmental& social impact assessment study has been carried out for assessing the impacts associated with development and operation of the proposed terminal. EIA report covers in detail the environmental and social aspects of the proposed terminal during both construction/development and operation stage. IWAI has appointed EQMS-IRG-ABNAKI Consortium to carry out the detailed environmental impact assessment study for proposed multimodal inland water terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi. 1.2. Project Background IWAI has planned to develop a multimodal terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P. As per planning, this terminal will be connected to rest of the city vide roads and railways both. An access road will be developed to connect the terminal with national highway 7. Internal road of 12 m width will be developed within the terminal to facilitate smooth movement. Terminal will also be connected to the DFC corridor from Mugalsarai to Bhaupur (under planning of DFCCIL). The terminal will be developed in phases. At present phase 1A is being progressed. In the phase 1A the terminal shall handle about 4,000 to 5,000 Tonne per day which is expected to grow to 3.5 MTPA by 2018. Material to be handled will be coal, cement, stone chips, and fertilizer and food grains. 1.3. Project Description The proposed project site falls in Ramnagar Municipal Board of Varanasi district. The proposed terminal is along Ramanagar Bridge, which is approximately 700 m from National Highway -7. Ganga River flows in the West direction and a stream called Gurha Nallah flows into the river and surrounds the site in East and South direction. Project is surrounded by open land. Location map of the project site is given below in Figure 1.1.

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DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Figure 1.1: Location map of Terminal Site at Ramnagar

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DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

1.4. Connectivity, Surroundings & Sensitivity of the Project Site At present, proposed project site is accessible through existing kachha road, which connects to NH-7 through village road (pakka). For transportation of men and material during construction phase, a temporary access road of 600 m is proposed to be used. In future, an approach road will connect the site to NH-7 for which land measuring 0.592 ha will be acquired. Nearest railway station in Jeonathpur which is at 4.0 kms distance from terminal site in SE direction. Connectivity will be made from proposed terminal to existing IR track and proposed DFC track in future. Nearest airport is Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport located at a distance of app. 30 km in NW direction. Site is not a part of any forest land or any eco-sensitive/notified area. Project site is surrounded by open land. No forest land, national park, migratory route of birds is present within 10 km radius of terminal site. Kashi Turtle Sanctuary is located in downstream direction from terminal site and is located at 2.3 km towards in North direction from terminal site. Ramnagar fort is located at distance of 2.0 km from terminal site in north direction. 1.5. Project Activities and Area Statement Proposed development Proposed Terminal site for phase 1A covers an area of app. 5.685 ha. It was a private land, which has been acquired by IWAI by paying compensation to land owners as per the law of land. Facilities proposed at the site are 2 nos of berths for the cargo (100 m wide each), loading & unloading bay, passenger jetty, Electrical sub-station (ESS), power back up and sanitation facility. Stone pitching works Stone pitching works shall be carried out at the site to protect the riverbank from current & waves. The stone pitching works shall protect a length of 200m behind the jetty. Stability of the slopes shall be carried out in accordance with the Indian standards & guidelines. Buildings The following buildings described in Table 1.1 shall be constructed as part of Phase 1A:

Table 1.1: Details of building to be constructed

S. Building Type Total Built up No. Area (Sqm) 1. Substation Building Single Storied Building 400 sqm

2. Toilet Block Single Storied Building 30 sqm

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DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Pontoons A steel pontoon deck of the size 20 m X 10 m shall be constructed at the location Gangway A gangway having walkway of 1.2 m width shall be provided to access the pontoon deck from the shore. Roads Details of roads planned to be constructed are given below in Table 1.2. Any culverts required at the crossing of the drains and drainage system shall be provided.

Table 1.2: Details of Roads Road Overall Carriageway Width of Width of Approximate Type Width Width Paved Treated length Shoulders Shoulders on on either either side of side of Carriageway Carriageway Type 22 m 7.5 m 1 m 1 m 650 m R1 Type 12m 5 m 0.75 m 0.75 m 365 m R2

1.6. Resources and Utilities Demand for Off-Site Developments Water supply Water supply distribution system will be designed, installed and commissioned within the project area including the supply of potable water to the buildings. Power Requirement Power requirement has been estimated to be 130 KV during construction phase. An Electrical Sub-Station (ESS) and power back up system has been proposed for the terminal. Construction Materials Sourcing

Construction material will be sourced from nearest authorized & licensed quarry and dealers

Drainage

During construction phase, temporary drainage and pumping facilities will be provided to keep the adjoining areas of work site free from water logging and flooding. A drainage system for carrying the storm water run-off from the port area will be designed and provided. The design rainfall intensity shall be taken as 50 mm/hr for the purpose of design of drainage system at site.

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DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Design Vessel Sizes

The design vessel sizes range and characteristics to be considered for design of jetty is given in Table 1.3:

Table 1.3 Design Vessel Sizes

Jetty Type DWT LOA (m) Beam (m) Loaded Draft (m) Multi Modal Jetty Maximum Ship Size 2000 80 11 3.5 Minimum Ship Size 200 18 5 1.0

The design bed level at the Jetty shall be taken as +3.5 m.

Earthing and Lightning Protection System

The complete earthing system shall conform to the provisions of Indian Electricity Rules, and applicable code of practice for earthing IS: 3043. All non-conducting structures shall be provided with Lightning protection consisting of Air termination network at the top and down conductors as per IS:2309. All structures made of conducting material shall be protected by adequate earthing arrangements and air terminations at the top as per IS:2309. Conductors shall be Galvanized Iron (GI) of suitable size as per IS:2309. Buried lightning grid conductors of 75mm x 8mm size shall be provided for interconnection of the lightning earth pits around individual building. The same shall also be connected with the main plant earth grid at places through isolating link installed in Earth pits.

Lighting System

The nominal voltage of the distribution system shall be 3 phase 4 wire (415/240 ± 10% volts). All the equipment and materials shall be suitable for the system voltage. All materials and works shall comply with IS code of practices, Indian Electricity Rules and regulations. The lighting system of particular area whether indoor or outdoor shall be designed in such a way that uniform illumination is achieved. The type of lighting adopted shall provide adequate level of glare-free illumination, without creating undesirable shadows. Design of lighting layout shall be based on the minimum lighting intensities at the working plane and the type of luminaire specified in Table 1.4.

Table 1.4: Type of luminaires Location Intensity Type of Luminaire of Illuminatio n Substation/DG room/ 200 Industrial type fluorescent fixture with Transformer Room / Pump SS reflector and 2x36 watt fluorescent House lamp High Mast 20 HPSV flood lighting fixtures on Raise /

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DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

lowering high mast. As required -- Fully vermin and weather proof integral street light fixture with die cast aluminium housing and 1 x 70 / 150 W HPSV lamp with integral control gear

Luminaires All luminaires shall be of industrial/decorative type as specified. The number of different type of luminaires and their wattages shall be minimum consistent with the lighting requirements. While using discharge lamps, stroboscopic effect shall be minimized by various methods. All fluorescent fittings shall be of rapid start type and shall be so arranged that the power factor will be 90% or higher. All luminaries alongwith its terminal boxes shall have IP56 degree of enclosure protection for internal areas and IP65 degree of enclosure protection for external areas and battery room. Emergency Lighting For safety and protection of personnel and for shutdown of the equipment, battery operated lighting units shall be installed as a part of fixed wiring system. Battery operated lighting unit shall consist of compact fluorescent lamps. Sealed batteries, fully automatic solid state charger, transfer switch to automatically transfer from main supply to the battery and vice versa, fuses etc. shall also form part of the supply. The charger shall be capable of recharging fully in 12 hours. The incandescent fixtures shall be mounted on the box containing batteries and battery charger. The unit shall operate on 1 Ph 240 V 50 Hz. Green Belt Development Green buffer should be developed all along the terminal site and also compensatory plantation should be carried out at least as per state forest policy. Tree planted should be of native type. Waste Management Provision of septic tank is proposed onsite. Municipal Solid waste will be disposed off in designated dumping site of concerned Municipal body. Excavated earth, C&D waste will be reutilized to the extent possible or disposed of in designated dumping site of concerned municipal body/PWD. 1.7. Baseline and Social Environment Baseline environmental data generation was carried out during the period from 1st April 2015 to 30th June 2015. Data has been generated by following the approved procedures of the Ministry of Environment & Forests and climate change and the Central Pollution Control Board. Study area of 10 km radial distance around the Terminal site has been considered for the EIA study. Meteorology: Meteorological data for summer season has been collected from India Meteorological Department - Varanasi. The predominant wind direction is from Northwest. The

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DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

average wind speed ranges from 1.8 to 5.0 kmph. Daily mean temperature varied from 22.1oC to 40.4oC. The relative humidity varied from 25% to 51%. The annual rainfall is1000 mm.

Ambient Air Quality: - PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2 and CO levels were monitored at six locations in the study area. Predominant downwind direction, population zone and location where maximum

GLC is anticipated have been selected for measurement. The 24-hour average PM2.5 level in the 3 3 study area vary from 20 to 58 µg/m , PM10 level from 53 to 145 µg/m , SO2 level from 13.4 to 3 3 35.6 μg/m and NO2 level from 17.4 to 46.8 μg/m . Concentration of CO varied from 250 to 690 μg/m3. Overall, the ambient air quality of the study area is meeting the prescribed National Ambient Air Quality Standard at all locations except Ramnagar location, where the RSPM values are high in terms of NAAQS. This is mainly due to the heavy traffic load on SH-7 and other commercial activities in Ramnagar Ambient Noise Quality: - Noise quality has been monitored at eight locations within the study area. The observed noise level (Leq) in all residential monitoring locations ranges from 43.5 dB (A) to 48.8 dB (A) during day time and 40.2 dB (A) to 43.0 dB (A) during the night time. The observed noise level (Leq) in Ramnagar locations (Commercial) is 64.5 dB (A) during day time and 54.8 dB (A) during the night time. The noise levels in the study area were found to be within the national standards for residential area (45 dBA during night time and 55 dBA during day time,) and commercial area (55 dBA during night time and 65 dBA during day time,)

Water Quality: - Eight samples of ground water and three samples of surface water have been collected from the study area. Surface water quality of the Ganga River in upstream and downstream point of project site was found to meet the Best Designated Use – „C‟ Criteria of CPCB (fit for drinking after conventional treatment). Surface water quality of Nala is not meeting any of the category of Best Designated Use – „C‟ Criteria of CPCB. The pH value of ground water samples at all locations varies from 7.17 – 7.50 and are within permissible limit. The conductivity values were found to be in the range of 462 – 1012 μmhos/cm. The chloride level was found to vary from 7 – 168mg/l; within permissible limit. The total hardness values were found to vary from 152 – 420 mg/l; within permissible limit. Calcium and Magnesium values were within the permissible limit. Zinc and Fe levels were found to be within the permissible limit. All the parameters in ground water sample were well within the permissible limit prescribed in Indian Standard IS: 10500-2012. Hydrography: The water levels with reference to the India Naval Hydrographic Chart Datum are given in Table 1.5 below

Table 1.5: Water level of River Ganga

High Water Level RL +73.90 m

Low Water Level RL +58.22 m Current: The currents in the river are significant and vary season to season.

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DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Topographic Information: The study area, forms a part of Ganga river basin. The city of Varanasi is located in the middle Ganges valley of North India, in the Eastern part of the state of Uttar Pradesh, along the left crescent-shaped bank of the River Ganges. The river system consists of the mighty Ganga highly revered by Hindus since ages. Varuna, Assi, Banganga, Chandra Prabha and Karmnasa are tributaries of the Ganga, that drain the area. Being located in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of North India, the land is very fertile because low level floods in the Ganges continually replenish the soil. The topography survey of terminal site indicated that the ground levels in the site broadly vary from RL +74.0 to RL +77.0 m. Soil Quality: - Soil samples from surrounding agriculture fields were collected for analysis. pH of the soil samples ranges from 6.9 to 7.7 indicating the soils are neutral to slightly alkaline in nature. Texturally, the soils of study area are observed as Sandy Loam, & Clay Loam Soils. The organic Carbon content of soil ranges from 0.44 to 0.52 % (as 0.76 to 0.90% Organic Matter), thereby implying that soils are medium in organic content. Available Nitrogen content in the surface soils ranges between 193.4 to 262.8-kg/ha. Available Phosphorus content ranges between 11.5 & 16.2-kg/ha. Available potassium content in these soils ranges between168.8 to 245.7-kg/ha. Overall the soil of the study area is moderately fertile. Land use: As per the land use based on satellite image about 57.87% of the land is under cultivation. About 29.85% of the land is under settlement, about 6.2% land is under water bodies and rest of the land is under other uses. Wheat, paddy, jowar and maize cultivation is done in most of the agriculture land. Other crops grown in nearby villages are pulses, vegetables, coriander, chilly and fruits. Geology: Throughout Varanasi, the geological setting is quite similar: near surface are sandy lenses surrounded by clay-silty deposits. This sandy lenses form the shallow aquifers (25-40 m depth below surface, Shukla et al., 2008) with unconfined condition, which is the main water supply of most part of the city. The lateral length of these lenses can be up to some 1000 m. Below the clay-silty layer lie fine-coarse sand deposits, which represent the deeper aquifer (60- 70 m depth below surface, Shukla et al., 2008). Seismicity: The proposed terminal site falls in Zone –III, which fall in moderate risk zone. Contour Map: The contours in Toposheet have been digitized in the GIS environment and assigned the respective elevation values in meters with reference to the mean sea level. Using the SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) data, the elevation values has been verified. The range of elevation of this area varies from 55 – 95 m. Biological Environment: The proposed site is devoid of any major plantation. Some agriculture activities were taken up by nearby villagers within the land in the past but these activities have been discontinued now. Now the land is categorized as fallow land. There are about 12 small trees of Khajur (Phoenix sylvestris) and 8 trees of Babool shrubs (Acacia spp.) are present in the identified land. The access road to connect site crosses through the Ralhupur village. This road is pucca upto the Ralhupur village. About 700 m stretch that connect terminal site to Rahlupur village need to be some leveling and widening. Trees of Jamun, Peepal, Babul and Sisham etc are present

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DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

along this road. Houses and shops also exist along the access road. The access road (700 m stretch that have to develop) is almost clear, only one or two trees of Jamun, is present along the road alignment that may require to be removed. One big tree also requires some chopping for clearing the passes. No significant flora or fauna was observed during the site visit except nilgai wee spotted during site visit. 1.8. Environment and Social Impacts of the Proposed Project Impacts associated with construction phase of phase 1A are only discussed here. Impacts during operation phase will be discussed in EIA study of phase 1B. No major impacts are anticipated due to the project. Impacts are majorly anticipated on air quality, noise levels and aquatic flora & fauna. Mitigation measures are proposed according to the magnitude and significance of impact. Impacts can be reduced/minimized by adopting these mitigation measure while implementation of project. 1.9. Environmental Management Plan The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is the synthesis of all proposed mitigation and monitoring measures, set to a time frame with specific responsibility assigned and follow-up actions defined. EMP is a plan of actions for avoidance, mitigation and management of the negative impacts of the project. Environmental enhancement is also an important component of EMP. A detailed set of mitigation measures have been compiled in view of the likely impacts associated with the proposed phase 1A of the project. Considering all the impacts identified for construction phase of terminal 1A, during the EIA study, mitigation measures are proposed to prevent pollution. Impacts associated with operation phase are not discussed here as the project will not be operationalized after construction of phase 1A and same will be discussed in EIA study of phase 1B. Detailed EMP is given below in table 1.6.

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DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Table 1.6: Environment Management Plan Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on 1. Climate 1. Project is  Avoid cutting any tree standing on Forest Access During Compensa Contractor IWAI/SEM unlikely to the proposed terminal site or Conservation road area design and tory U/PMC1 cause temporary accesses area of 600m Act, 1980 and Pre- /Additional negative length. proposed Constructio Plantation effect on  Prior permission shall be taken for terminal n Stage ( @ Rs area 500 per climate. cutting any tree. tree for However,  Compensatory tree planation shall be carried out for any tree cut (as 200 tree) ) project can per state forest policy) Rs contribute  Addition plantation of local variety of 100000 positively for tree ( 200 no one row of tree on climate three side of the terminal land) shall be carried out along boundary of the terminal site 2. Natural Hazard 2. Earthquake-  Adoption of Relevant IS codes while Applicable BIS Project During Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM Seismic designing the civil structures to Standards area design and Project U/PMC Pre- Costs Zone III i.e., sustain the earthquake of moderate Moderate to high magnitude. Constructio n Stage

1 It is proposed to set up Social and Environmental Management Unit (SEMU) in IWAI to manager social and environmental aspect of NW1 augmentation. PMC ( Project Management Consultants) anticipated to be appointed for project management and quality check.

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DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on damage risk zone2 3. Site Preparation : Access road, Construction Camp, Construction Site 3. Improvement Improvement of Access Road: Municipal Solid Juncture During Part of Contractor. IWAI/SEM of Access  Access road route and alignment Wastes of Access design and Project U/PMC road : (for unpaved area) shall be finalized (Management road and Pre- Costs pavement of and submitted to PMC and IWAI for and Handling) Entrance Constructio the road, their concurrence. Rules, 2000, phase 1A n Stage terminal Disposal of  Tree shall not be cut. Alignment Social Impact shall be suitable adjusted to avoid site accumulated Assessment cutting of the tree. If unavoidable,

2IS:1893 (Part 1): 2002 Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures Part 1 General Provisions and Buildings Fifth Revision divides

the Indian subcontinent into five seismic zones ( II to V) depending on the magnitude and damage intensity of seismic activity.

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 16

DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on Municipal than tree shall be cut with due requirements Solid Waste3 permission from concerned : Loss of district/forests authorities. Agricultural  Trimming of the large tree standing land, loss of close to the site shall be done as minimum as possible. tree, air and  Provision shall be made for dust noise suppression during its use. pollution  Provision shall be made (safety boards, speed control, traffic guards) to prevent accident.  Survival rate of tree shall be regularly monitored. It is shall be minimum 70%.

Municipal Solid Waste Management :

3 Substantial municipal solid waste is disposed at the entrance and around the proposed terminal site requiring proper management of the same.

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 17

DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on  Arrangement shall be made for identifying the area for disposal of construction debris and notify to IWAI. The site should be minimum 1000 m distance from the river bank, residential area and sensitive areas like hospitals, school and temples.  Arrangement shall be made for segregation of waste generated from construction site into recyclable, compostable and non- compostable waste.  Resalable/recyclable waste shall be sold off to authorized agencies. Compostable waste will be composted in pits at site and non- compostable waste shall be disposed off to designated landfill site. If designated landfill site not available, then debris disposal site shall be identified 4. Setting of Location of Camp: The Building Labour During Approxima Contractor. IWAI/SEM Labor Camps  Agriculture land should not be used and Other Camp design and te Rs U/PMC : Loss of for development of construction Construction Locations Pre- 500,000/- agriculture labour camps. Barren/waste land workers Constructio per camp land, should be used (Regulation of n Stage for Employment sanitation contaminatio  Site identified by contractor should

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 18

DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on n of land and be approved by the engineers of and Conditions an health water PMC/IWAI of Service) Act facilities. resources  Proper closure, stabilization and 1996 and Cess from rehabilitation of the area should be Act of 1996 and municipal carried out as soon as the activity is The Water completed (Prevention & waste from  No land should be used for above Control of Camps, purpose without consent of land Pollution) Act, worker‟s owner. 1974 and health, amendments Pressure on Sanitation and Worker’s Health : thereof. natural  Camp shall be well ventilated. It Municipal Solid resources should have adequate provision for Wastes due to illumination, kitchen and safe (Management establishmen drinking water facility shall be and Handling) t of labour provided at the camp Rules, 2000 camps  Adequate bathing and sanitation facilities to be provided at labour camp. Mobile Toilets shall be provided. Soak Pits can be provided only if labour camp is located away from river.  Proper drainage to be maintained around the sites to avoid water logging leading to disease  Preventive medical care to be provided to workers- six monthly medical check-up should be

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 19

DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on organized  Waste will be collected & segregated within site into recyclable, compostable and inert waste. Recyclable waste will be sold off to authorized dealers. Compostable waste shall be pit composted and inert waste shall be sent for disposal to landfill or site identified for debris disposal.  Provision shall be made for essential material supply like cooking fuel ( only LPG gas should be used, open burning of fuel should not be allowed)  Provision shall be made for day crèche for children 5. Setting up  All these facilities shall be installed Air (Prevention Site During Approxima Contractor. IWAI/SEM construction at proposed terminal site itself. In and Control of constructio design and te Rs U/PMC Camp: case these are to be set up away Water Pollution) n Camp Pre- 500,000/- Concert Mix from site than these shall be located Act, 1981 and Constructio per camp Plant, Hot at minimum distance of 500 m from Water n and for (Prevention and construction sanitation Mix Plant, habitation, water bodies and 1000 m from forest areas. Control of Stage an health Mechanical  All maintenance facilities, hot mix Water Pollution) facilities. Workshop, plant and concrete missing plant Act, 1972 Fuel shall be established with prior storages, consent to establish to be obtained

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 20

DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on Lubricant from SPCB. storages  All such equipment/plant shall be fitted with air pollution control system and shall comply with condition of consent to establish.  Periodic monitoring shall be carried as per consent conditions. 4. Site Preparation : Power supply, Water Supply, Drainage and disposal of muck and debris 6. Power supply  Power shall be sourced from Energy Constructi During Part of Contractor. IWAI/SEM and Energy national/state grid. DG sets shall be Conservation on Sites, design, Project U/PMC Conservation used only during power failure. Building Code Access Pre- Costs : Air Pollution  Back-up power shall be set up with 2007 road, and Constructio , energy loss all provisions of containment for fuel Labour n Stage leakages, air pollution control (stack Camp height as per regulation), and with Locations acoustic enclosure.  Solar energy shall be used in common lighting area on 1:2 basis.  Buildings designed should have green infrastructure. Measures should be taken to conserve energy as per ECBC norms as applicable. 7. Water  The Area is under safe category as Central Ground Constructi Pre- Approx. Contractor. IWAI/SEM Supply, per Central Ground Water Board. Water Board, on Sites, Constructio Rs U/PMC Drainage and However, necessary permission Local and n and 300,000 effluent shall be taken from district regulations. Labour construction for discharge authorities as applicable before Camp Stage constructio digging the bore well. Locations n of

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 21

DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on  Staff and visitors should be made grease aware about water conservation by traps and displaying posters and signage de-siltation  Garland storm water temporary chambers drains shall be developed around the site to prevent any direct discharge of contaminated or soiled water to river. It shall be pass through di-siltation chamber and water collection pit. Collected water shall be used for construction purposes.  All washing and maintenance effluent from the workshop area of vehicle maintenance area should darin to separate collection areas fitted with oil and grease trap and de- siltation chamber. The treated water shall be used for dust suppression and green belt development. This water shall not be discharged to river at all.

8. Disposal of  Provision shall be made for Terminal Pre- Part of Contractor. IWAI/SEM piling earth, collection and draining of water for area River Constructio Project U/PMC muck and the piling earth. It shall be used for Bank n and Costs debris: embankment protection or road along the construction uncontrolled construction depending on its terminal Stage

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 22

DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on disposal may suitability. site leads to  Provision shall be made for geo increased Synthetic Screen for arresting silt sedimentatio flowing down stream. n of the river. 5. Embankment Design and Construction, Drainage Pattern and Fishermen’s Access to River.

9. River Bank  Embankment protection measures River During Part of Contractor. IWAI/SEM Erosion (stone pitching) shall be made in Bank design, Project U/PMC Protection: both upstream and downstream to along the Pre- Costs Construction the extent that erosion is terminal Constructio of minimized. site n and construction Embankment  Erosion monitoring shall be carried out periodically downstream as Stage and well. construction  River Bed material shall be tested of jetty : may for contaminants before its use or lead to disposal for land fill site. If any level accumulation of heavy metal contamination is of sediments found than it shall be disposed off on the updrift in a secure manner. side and erosion of the downdrift side . Contaminatio n of river

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 23

DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

10. Drainage  Natural Drainage pattern of area Constructi Pre- Part of Contractor. IWAI/SEM Pattern around shall be maintained. No on Sites, Constructio Project U/PMC waste shall be allowed to dumped to Access n Stage and Costs industrial effluent Nala flowing road, and construction adjacent to the terminal site. Its Labour stage opening to river shall not be Camp obstructed in any manner. Locations

11. Access to  Fishing activities are seen in the Terminal Constructio Part of Contractor. IWAI/SEM river : river close to site. Arrangement shall site and n Stage Project U/PMC restricted be made to provide free access to area Costs movement of river and undisturbed safe around fisherman4 movement of the fishermen.

4 Fishing activities are seen. Local fisherman are seen fishing close to river areas. They access the river from small temporary access around the site.

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 24

DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

12. Borrow areas  Non-productive lands, barren IRC Guidelines All During Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM for sourcing lands, raised lands; wastelands on borrow Identified design and Project U/PMC earth for shall be used for borrowing earth areas and for Borrow Pre- Costs filling as with the necessary quarries. sites Constructio required permissions/consents. n Stage EIA Notification (erosion, loss  Agricultural areas not to be used as borrow areas unless requested 2006( under of productive by the landowner for lowering the Environmental land, land land for making it cultivable. Protection Act degradation,  Excavation depth should not and Rules, air pollution) exceed 1.5 m bgl 1986; )  Environmental Clearance from State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority and required permission from District Magistrate shall be obtained prior to excavation. Copy of this permission shall be submitted to IWAI before start of excavation.  Record of location, area, accessibility to the location and photograph of borrow area should be maintained prior to excavation  Site selected for borrow area should be approved by PMC & IWAI expert prior to excavation

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 25

DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on  Ridges of not less than 8m width will be left at intervals not exceeding 300m. Small drains will be cut through the ridges, if necessary, to facilitate drainage.  The slope of the edges will be maintained not steeper than 1:4 (vertical: Horizontal).  Topsoil to be stockpiled and protected for use at the rehabilitation stage.  Rehabilitation shall be satisfactorily undertaken immediately after the use has ceased and at least three weeks prior to monsoon.  Unpaved surfaces used for the haulage of borrow materials to be maintained.  Transportation of earth materials shall be through covered vehicles. Quarries for  Aggregates required for EIA Notification Quarry During Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM sourcing stone embankment stone pitching and 2006( under Site design and Project U/PMC and aggregates roads shall be procured from Environmental Pre- Costs (loss of licensed quarries. Protection Act Constructio productive land,  It shall be ensures that selected and Rules, n Stage land quarries are having requisite 1986; ) degradation, air environment clearance, and pollution. Any comply with Air Pollution Control

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 26

DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on illegal quarrying and Noise level requirements as may lead to land per the law. use change,  Copy of Environmental Clearance unstable rock letter and Consent to Operate and formation) shall Be obtained and submitted to IWAI.  Material shall be transported under covered trucks only.  No new quarry shall be opened without due permissions.  Each Quarry shall be visited prior to its selection to ensure its compliance with lease conditions, EC and consent conditions.  Stone crushers, if required, shall be set up only after consent from SPCB and taking adequate measures for air pollution control 7. Protection of Flora and Fauna 13. Protection of  Turtle Sanctuary is located at Wild Life ( In and During the Part of SEMU IWAI/SEM Tortoise : about 2.3 Km from site. Protection ) Act, Around design and project through DFO U/PMC Increased  No movement of tortoise is 1972 Project Constructio costs sedimentatio reported upward to the site. No Site n stage n harm shall be caused to these downstream tortoises in case any tortoise is sited. Necessary caution notice of shall be displaced and conveyed to construction all construction workers and

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 27

DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on site officers.  Geo-Textile synthetic sheet curtain shall be placed around pilling and construction area to prevent movement of sediments and construction waste. 14. Terrestrial  Caution sign shall be placed to Wild Life ( In and During the Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM Fauna: prevent hunting of wild animal and Protection ) Act, Around design and project U/PMC increase in birds. 1972 Project Constructio costs hunt  Provision shall be made for strict Site n stage tendency5 penalty for hunting these animals.  High noise construction work shall not be made in night. 15. Vegetation  Tree shall not be cut as much as Forest In and During the Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM loss due to possible. Any tree cut shall be Conservation Around design and project U/PMC site compensated with compensatory Act, 1980 Project Constructio Costs preparation tree plantation as per state forest Site and n stage and policy. labour construction  Tree plantation shall be made as camp activities feasible at site and around the site

5Peacock and Wild Neel Gai are sited next to project site.

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 28

DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on depending on land availability.  Provision of LPG shall be made in construction site camp and labour camp as fuel source to avoid tree cutting.  Proper arrangement of lighting should be made at site and construction labour camp  Open burning of fuel for any purpose should not be allowed at the site 16. Effect on  No breeding ground is noticed Terminal During the Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM Aquatic life around the project site. However, constructio design and project U/PMC such as Fish, construction activity shall be n site Constructio Costs Plankton6 restricted during spawning period of n stage June to August.  Sedimentation and siltation shall be prevented/ controlled to maintain productivity of aquatic ecosystem and ensure availability of food for aquatic fauna & flora. 8. Air Quality 17. Fugitive Dust  Transport of loose and fine Environmental Constructi During the Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM Generation materials through covered vehicles. Protection Act, on sites, Constructio project U/PMC due to  Loading and unloading of 1986 and Loading n stage Costs

6The floodplain fisheries are dominated by major and minor carps viz, Labio rohita, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, L. bata, Puntius sps. and catfishes viz. H. fossilis, Mystus sps, etc. and fishes of family Clupeidae, Notopteridae and a mix of many other families.

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 29

DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on construction construction materials in covered amendments areas, activities area. thereof; storage  Approach roads shall be paved and The Air areas, widened. (Prevention and  Water spraying on earthworks, Control of unpaved haulage roads, other dust Pollution) Act, prone areas and construction yard. 1981 and  Make Provision of PPEs like face amendments mask to workers. thereof 18. Exhaust gas  Regular maintenance shall be Environmental Constructi During the Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM emissions carried out of machinery and Protection Act, on camps Constructio project U/PMC from equipment. 1986 and and sites, n stage Costs machinery and  Periodic Ambient air quality amendments concrete vehicular monitoring shall be carried out. thereof; mixing The Air plant, DG traffic.  DG sets to be fitted with stacks of adequate height and low sulphur (Prevention and sets diesel to be used in DG sets as well Control of locations as in machineries. Pollution) Act, 1981 and  Monitoring of air quality for PM10, amendments PM2.5, SOx, NOx, and CO shall be carried out quarterly at construction thereof site. Stack monitoring shall be carried out every month at the site. 19. Emissions at  Efforts shall be made to move -do- Access During the - Do - Contractor IWAI/SEM access road : construction material early morning road Constructio U/PMC and late evening period. n stage

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 30

DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on avoidance of  Traffic regulators ( Guard) shall be traffic Jams7 posted in habitat area and at key junction areas to avoid congestion 9. Noise and Vibration 20. Noise from  All equipment to be timely serviced Noise Pollution Constructi During the Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM construction and properly maintained to minimize (Regulation and on Site Constructio project U/PMC vehicle, its operational noise. Control) Rules, and n stage Costs equipment  Construction equipment and 2000 and accesses and machinery to be fitted with silencers amendments road. thereof machinery. and maintained properly.  Provision of temporary noise barrier near habitat areas during construction phase.  Protection devices (ear plugs or ear muffs) will be provided to the workers operating in the vicinity of high noise generating machines.  Speed control shall be enforced in habitat areas.

7 The roads connecting the proposed sites is narrow and also passes through habitat area. Traffic remains heavy.

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 31

DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on  The ambient noise level as per CPCB standard is 55 dB(A) and 45 db(A). Current noise level at habitat area meets the standard  Noise monitoring day and night at site, labour camp and access road area shall be carried quarterly to ensure the effectiveness of mitigation measures. 10. Land-use and Landscape 21. Land use  Efforts shall be made to improve the Design Around During Approxima Contractor IWAI/SEM Change and aesthetic of the area. No requirement project site construction tely Rs U/PMC Loss of construction waste or other wastes area and Stage 25000 for productive/top shall be dumped at unidentified borrow five soil areas. Caution board in local area caution language shall be placed at different boards @ locations to prevent dumping of Rs 5000 waste generated from construction per board site in the river and nearby areas  Compensatory tree plantation for loss of trees.  Top soil shall be preserved and laid over either on the embankment slope for growing vegetation to protect soil erosion or spread over in the proposed plantation areas.

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 32

DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on  Land earmarked for dumping of construction waste shall be free from any social and R&R issue and away from settlements. 22. Soil erosion  Provision of cross drainage Access Constructio Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM due to structure shall be made in the road and n stage project U/PMC construction access road if required to maintain river bank costs

activities, the natural drainage pattern. earthwork  Provision of side drain shall be made in access road if required to prevent water logging.  Measures like building of scouring protection structures, protection by geo-textiles matting etc shall be made, if river bank erosion is found around the terminal area.  Bio-turfing of embankments shall be made enhance the slop stabilization.

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 33

DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on vehicles and any spills of the oils. equipment  Provision of “oil interceptors” at wash-down and re-fuelling areas.  Oil and grease spill and oil soaked materials are to be collected and stored in labelled containers (Labelled: WASTE OIL; and hazardous sign be displayed) and sold off to SPCB/ MoEF authorized vendors.  Movement of construction vehicles, machinery and equipment shall be restricted to the designated haulage route. 11. Water Resources 25. Depletion of  Preference shall be given to source During Part of Contractor, IWAI/SEM Groundwater water from rivers wherever feasible Constructio project U/PMC resources due in the project area with due n stage costs to unregulated permission from authorities. abstraction for  Augmentation through incorporating construction water harvesting structures if technically feasible. purpose  Construction of check dams in

consultation with community to

reduce burden on ground water resources.  Efforts to restrict water intensive activities during summer period

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 34

DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on (April, May, June) 26. Increase in  The piling work shall be undertaken Terminal During Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM water Siltation during low flow period. Site Constructio project U/PMC levels due to  Restoration of changes in the n stage costs construction of stream, if any, made during terminal and construction to its original level. contamination  Precautions shall be made that no due to nala or canal is clogged.  Substructure construction should be disposal of limited to the dry season and domestic cofferdams may be constructed and waste utilized to lift the spoil directly out of it and carried to the riverbank for land disposal.  Mobiel toilets with anaerobic digestion facility shall be fixed at construction site. No domestic waste shall be discharged to river. 12. Accident and Safety Risks

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 35

DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on 27. Accident risk  Contractors to adopt and maintain Central Motor Constructi Constructio Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM from safe working practices. and Vehicle on sites n period project U/PMC construction  Usage of fluorescent signage, in Act 1988 costs activities local language at the construction EP Act 1986 sites Noise Rules  Training shall be provided to 2002 workers, especially machinery operators, on safety procedures and precautions.  The contractors to appoint a safety officer mandatory.  At every work place, a readily available first aid unit including an adequate supply of dressing materials, a mode of transport (ambulance), nursing staff, and doctor to be provided.  Required PPE shall be provided to workers.  Half yearly medical check-up shall be carried of the workers and summary report shall be submitted to PMC 13. Shifting of Common Property Resources and other Utilities

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 36

DRAFT EIA Report-Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on Shifting of  As per assessment no such shifting Project Pre- Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM community is involved. However, if any shifting Area Constructio Project U/PMC properties and is involved it shall done at suitable n Costs utilities location with the concurrence from local authorities and community.

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 37

EIA Report- Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

1.10 Environment Monitoring Plan

A comprehensive monitoring plan has been prepared and described below in Table 1.7. The objective of environmental monitoring during the construction and operation phases is to compare the monitored data against the baseline condition collected during the study period to assess the effectiveness of the mitigation measures and the protection of the ambient environment based on national standards.

A monitoring schedule has also been prepared based on the environmental components that may be affected during the construction phase of the project. Environmental monitoring plan for operation stage will be discussed in EIA study to be carried out for phase 1B of terminal. Table 1.7: Environment Monitoring Plan S. Aspect Parameters No of Standard Role & N to be sampling methods for Responsibility o. monitored locations & smapling and Impleme Supervisi frequency analysis ntation on Construction Period

1. Air Quality PM10, PM2.5, Four Sites  Fine Contract IWAI & (Ambient SO2, including Particulate or PMC & Stack) NO2,HC project site Samplers for and CO and 3 other PM2.5 sites within  Respirable 2 km of Dust Sampler terminal site fitted PM10 Once in a  Respirable month Dust Sampler fitted withGaseous sampling arrangements forSO2 and NO2, CO analyser /portable CO meterfor COportable HC meter or tubes for HC;TO-14A, TO-15, USEPA method for sampling and analysis of VOCs in ambient air

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 38 EIA Report- Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

2. Surface Physical, River Ganga Grab sampling Contract IWAI & Water chemical & Gurha and analysis by or PMC Quality and Nallah using standard biological Once a methods month 3. Drinking Physical, Drinking Grab sampling Contract IWAI & water chemical water fro and analysis by or PMC Quality and labour using standard biological camps methods Once a month 4. Noise Day time Construction Noise meter Contract IWAI & Level and night labour or PMC time noise camp, level (max, construction min & Leq siteand 2 levels) locations within 2 km of terminal site Once a month 5. Soil Soil texture, Construction Collection and Contract IWAI & Quality type, site, labour analysis of or PMC Electricalco camps and samples asper nductivity, debris IS 2720 pH, disposal site infiltration, Once in 6 porosity, months etc., 6. Soild & Physical & Construction MSW Rules, Contract IWAI & Hazardou Chemical site, labour 2000, or PMC s Waste characteristi camps and Hazardous Managem cs debris Waste & ent disposal site Management Daily Rules, 2008 7. Wastewat Physical, Construction -- Contract IWAI & er chemical site & labour or PMC Managem and camps ent biological Once a month 8. Plantation Plantation At plantation Survey, Contract IWAI & survival rate site counting, or PMC (terminal recording & site & reporting afforestation site)

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 39 EIA Report- Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

9. Soil --- Upstream & Survey & Contract IWAI & Erosion downstream observation; or PMC of terminal Extent and site degree of erosion; Structures for controlling soil erosion 10. Aquatic Phytoplankt River Ganga Plankton net of Contract IWAI & ecology on, & Gurha diameter of 0.35 or PMC Zooplankto Nallah m, No.25 mesh n Once a size 63 and month analysis byusing standard methods. 11. Integrity of --- Upstream & Survey & Contract IWAI & embankm downstream observation; or PMC ent of terminal Extent and site degree of erosion; Structures for controlling soil erosion

EQMS – IRGSSA – AIAID JV 40 EIA Report- Phase 1A of Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

2. INTRODUCTION

2.1. Prelude The Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) came into existence on 27th October 1986 for development and regulation of inland waterways for shipping and navigation. The Authority primarily undertakes projects for development and maintenance of Inland water transport (IWT) infrastructure on national waterways through grant received from Ministry of Shipping. The head office of the Authority is at Noida. The Authority also has its regional offices at Patna, Kolkata, Guwahati and Kochi and sub-offices at Allahabad, Varanasi, Bhaglapur, Farakka, Hemnagar, Dibrugarh (Assam), Kollam, Chennai and Vijayawada(A.P.). Five waterways have been declared by IWAI for facilitating inland water transportation and are listed below:  NW-1 -The Ganga (Haldia to Allahabad-1620 km)  NW-2- The Brahmaputra (Dhubri to Sadiya-891 km)  NW-3 The West Coast Canal (Kottampuram to Kollam with Udyogmandal and Champakara canals- 205 km)  NW-4- The Kakinda-Puducherry stretch of Canals with Godavari & Krishna Rivers (1078 km)  NW-5-The East CoastCanal with Brahami Rivet and Mahanadi Delta (588 km) IWAI, to improve the inland water transportation system in country has proposed a project “Capacity Augmentation of the Nation Waterway 1 (1620 kms, with minimum water depth of 2.5-3 m) between Haldia and Allahabad”. National Waterway 1 has the potential to form the most economic, reliable, safe and environmentally friendly form of transport. Map showing national waterway 1 is given below in figure 2.1.

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Figure 2.1 : Google Map Showing the Alignment of NW-1 Under this project, IWAI for improvement of navigation facilities has proposed to develop a multimodal inland water terminal at Varanasi. This terminal will provide the berthing facility for ship and loading and unloading facility for the goods. Each of this kind of facility under this project will have associated social and environmental impacts, requiring effective mitigation measures for its elimination and minimization. Thus a detailed environmental social impact assessment study is carried out for assessing the impacts associated with development and operation of the proposed terminal. EIA report covers in detail the environmental and social aspects of the proposed terminal during both construction/development stage and operation stage. 2.2. Project Background IWAI has planned to develop a multimodal terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P. As per planning, this terminal will be connected to rest of the city vide roads and railways both. An access road will be developed to connect the terminal with national highway 7. Internal road of 12 m width will be developed within the terminal to facilitate smooth movement. Terminal will also be connected to the DFC corridor from Mugalsarai to Bhaupur (under planning of DFCCIL). The terminal will be developed in phases. At present phase 1A is being progressed. In the phase 1A the terminal shall handle about 4,000 to 5,000T per day which is expected to grow to 3.5 MTPA by 2018. Material to be handled will be coal, cement, stone chips, and fertilizer and food grains. IWAI has appointed EQMS-IRG-ABNAKI Consortium to carry out the detailed environmental impact assessment study for proposed multimodal inland water terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi.

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2.3. Project Brief Multimodal Inland water terminal is proposed to be located at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P along River Ganga. The terminal is proposed with the ambit to enhance the navigational facility for NW-1 under project “Capacity Augmentation of the Nation Waterway 1 (1620 kms, with minimum water depth of 2.5-3 m) between Haldia and Allahabad” The proposed project site falls in Ramnagar Municipal Board of Varanasi district. The proposed terminal is along Ramanagar Bridge which is approximately 700 m from National Highway -7. Terminal site for phase 1A covers area of app. 5.685 ha. GangaRiver flows in the West direction and a stream called Gurha Nallah flows into the river and surrounds the site in East and South direction. Project is surrounded by open land. Geographical coordinates for the project is given in Table 2.1 below. Map showing location of proposed terminal is given in Figure 2.2 & 2.3.

Table 2.1: Geographical Coordinates of Project Site Point Longitude Latitude A 25°15'12.80"N 83° 1'49.33"E B 25°15'13.99"N 83° 1'51.68"E C 25°15'13.70"N 83° 1'56.68"E D 25°15'7.90"N 83° 1'55.45"E E 25°15'4.58"N 83° 1'57.32"E F 25°15'3.38"N 83° 1'57.34"E G 25°15'3.13"N 83° 1'53.82"E H 25°15'1.59"N 83° 1'54.14"E I 25°15'0.90"N 83° 1'51.59"E

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Figure 2.2: Google Map Showing Site Location At present, proposed project site is accessible through existing kachha road which connects to NH-7 through village road (pakka). In future (later phases) an approach road from the site will be developed which will be directly connected to NH-7 for which land measuring 0.592 ha will be required to acquire. Nearest railway station in Jeonathpur which is at 4.0 kms distance from terminal site in SE direction. Connectivity will be made from terminal to connect to existing IR track and proposed DFC track in future at Jeonathpur in later phases. Nearest airport is Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport at distance of app. 30 km in NW direction. There are 2 fixed terminals at Farkka and Pakur, low & high level jetty at Patna, GR jetty in Kolkata and 18 floating terminals enroute NW-1. Facilities proposed at the site are 2 nos of berths for the cargo (100 m wide each), loading & unloading bay, passenger jetty, Electrical sub-station (ESS), power back up and sanitation facility.

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Figure 2.3: Location Map of Varanasi Terminal 2.4. Need for the Proposed Project Inland Water Transport (IWT) offers a cost effective, environment friendly and fuel efficient mode, especially for bulk cargo, hazardous goods and over dimensional cargo – so vital for industrial development. Also as per report issued by European Conference of ministry of transport (ECMT), social cost of air pollution, noise pollution, land coverage, construction/maintenance and accidents for water transport is least when compared to road and rail transport. Water transport has no or least impact in noise pollution, accidents and land coverage. Till middle of 20thcentury, IWT had been used as an important mode of transportation in various parts of the country. However the IWT in an organized manner is significantly seen today only in a few areas e.g. Goa, Assam, West Bengal and Mumbai, apart from Ganga, Brahmaputra and Champakara and Udyogmandal canals. It is however, heartening that transportation of goods by IWT mode in these regions has been steadily

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increasing and has gone up to 70.00 million tonne (4.755 btkm) in 2011-12 from the level of 32.48 million tonne (1.63 btkm) in 2003-04. Inland Water Transport (IWT) on NW-1 has the potential to form the most economic, reliable, safe and environmentally friendly form of transport. Where developed for use by modern inland water-way vessels operating on dependable rights of way, it can reduce investment needs in rail and road infrastructure, promote greater complementarities in the economic strategies the riparian states, enhance intra-regional trade and, through increased economies of scale, significantly reduce transport costs for the benefit of the entire economy and India‟s global trade competitiveness. With increase in potential interest of shippers for transporting material including coal, fly- ash, food grains, cement, stone chips, and edible oil via NW-1, there is an urgent need for operationalizing the entire NW-1 stretch to meet this demand. At present, several power companies have initiated action for setting up Thermal Power projects and extensive movement of Over Dimensional Cargo (ODC), imported coal for NTPC projects is planned to be done on NW-1 during the next 4 - 5 years. With the objective of improving the navigation and navigation facility at NW-1, IWAI has proposed project “Capacity Augmentation of the Nation Waterway 1 (1620 kms, with minimum water depth of 2.5-3 m) between Haldia and Allahabad”. This will significantly reduce transportation cost for shippers, reduces congestion and accidents on highways and provide savings in carbon emissions for traffic on NW-1. Permanent Multimodal Inland Water Terminal Project at Ramnagar, Varanasi is proposed under this project and is proposed with an ambit to improve navigation facility and infrastructure in NW-1. This multi-modal terminal will connect the major highways, i.e. NH-7 & 2 and DFC track and will facilitate the transportation of goods in cost- effective and green manner. Due to land constraints, terminal will be developed in phases. At present 5.685 ha of land has been acquired thus phase 1A of the terminal is being progressed. 2.5. Need of Study The proposed multimodal inland water terminal project is highly beneficial and will significantly contribute to the internal trade in the country. Rivers connects the major ports to the hinterlands and facilitates the transportation of goods all across the country. But the terminal project has associated environmental and social impacts requiring effective mitigation measures for elimination and minimization. Thus a detailed environment social impact assessment study has been carried out for the project to assess the impacts of the project in the design stage so that adequate mitigation measures can be proposed and implemented during the construction and operation phase to ensure environmental and socially sound implementation of the project. The project is being developed with financial aid of World Bank. Thus the EIA study has been carried out in accordance with the operational policies of World Bank, Environment

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Impact Assessment Guidance Manual on Ports and Harbours and Guidelines of MoEF for carrying out EIA studies from time to time. As per the World Bank Policy O.P.4.01, development of the terminal is classified as „Category A‟ project which requires a detailed environment assessment study prior development of zone to identify the potential threats of project to environment and to frame mitigation and environment management plan to reduce the negative impact of the project. 2.6. Scope and Methodology of the Study For the purpose of environmental assessment, area within 10 km radial zone of the proposed project have been studied and classified as Study Area. Following methodology has been adopted for the EIA study:  Collection of primary and secondary baseline information  Analysis of project component and its activities with respect to environmental aspects  Public consultation to identify their concern and acceptance to the project  Analysis of Alternatives  Impact assessment and identification of mitigation measures for elimination, or minimisation of impacts  Assessment of institutional aspects, and development of Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan.  Identification of sources of pollution during construction and operation phases of the project at the proposed site  Identification of utilisation of resources obtained during construction and operation phases of the project  Assessment of extent of pollution and resource utilisation in the proposed area  Recommend measures to optimise resource utilisation  Develop an environmental monitoring plan to ensure effective implementation of the environmental management plan 2.7. Limitation of the Study The present EIA Report has been prepared based on the Primary field investigations / assessment, and secondary data from data collected from Inland Waterways Authority of India, Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board, Indian Meteorological Department, Banaras Hindu University, Public Works Department (PMGSY Department), Ganga Pollution Unit, Kashi Turtle Sanctuary, Varanasi Development Authority, Sarnath Turtle Research Institute, UP Jal Nigam, Public Health & Engineering Department, Jalkal

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Vibhag, Irrigation Department, U.P., Collectorate, Statistic Department, Forest Department and published journals, and books, public consultation and site observations. The environmental and social assessment is based on the information collected from the various Agencies, community consultations and observations. Professional judgement and subjective interpretation of facts and observations has been applied for the preparation of the EIA Report. Since the project is under planning stage, final plans for terminal, road and railway connectivity is under process. 2.8. Structure of the Report The EIA report contains project features, baseline environmental conditions, assessment of environmental impacts, and formulation of mitigation measures along with environmental management and monitoring plan. The report includes the following chapters: Chapter 1: Executive Summary The executive summary gives the synopsis of the EIA Report. Chapter 2: Introduction This chapter provides background information of the project proponent, need for the EIA study as per prevailing legislation, Location and brief description of the project, methodology adopted for EIA study and structure of the report. Chapter 3: Legislative, regulation and policy consideration This chapter deals with the details of the potential legal, administrative, planning and policy framework which have been referred in the preparation of the EIA Report. Chapter 4: Project Description This chapter deals with the details of the proposed EZ such as location, connectivity, project requirements, Infrastructure development, environmental consideration, project cost, implementation schedule, etc. Chapter 5: Environmental and Social Baseline This Chapter describes the baseline environmental conditions around the project site for various environmental attributes, viz. physical, biological and socio-economic, within the 10 km radial zone, which is termed as the study area. Topography, soil, water, meteorology, air, noise, and land constitute the physical environment, whereas flora and fauna constitute the biological environment. Demographic details and occupational pattern in the study area constitute socio-economic environment. Baseline environmental conditions are based on the information collected from the various agencies and the secondary data collected from published sources. Chapter 6: Environmental Impacts

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This chapter details the inferences drawn from the environmental impact assessment of the proposed project. It describes the overall impacts of the project activities and underscores the areas of concern, which need mitigation measures. Chapter 7: Public Consultation and Disclosure Meeting This Chapter provides an insight into the process & methodology followed for carrying out the public consultation meetings in study area and proceedings of pubic consultations Chapter 8: Environmental Management Plan and Monitoring Indicators This Chapter provides mitigation and control measures to attenuate and/or eliminate environmental impacts, which are likely to be caused by the proposed project. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been developed to mitigate the potential adverse impacts and to strengthen the beneficial impacts. This chapter also provides the environmental monitoring plan proposed for the project. 2.9. References List of secondary data used for carrying out EIA study and preparation of EIA report is given at table 2.2.

Table 2.2: Reference Used for EIA Study S. No. Reference Government Departments 1. Inland Waterways Authority of India 2. Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board 3. Indian Meteorological Department 4. Banaras Hindu University 5. Public Works Department (PMGSY Department) 6. Ganga Pollution Unit 7. Kashi Turtle Sanctuary 8. Varanasi Development Authority 9. Sarnath Turtle Research Institute 10. UP Jal Nigam 11. Public Health & Engineering Department 12. Jalkal Vibhag 13. Irrigation Department, U.P. 14. Collectorate 15. Statistic Department 16. Forest Department Journals & Books 1. Singh A, Department of Botany, BHU “Observation on the vascular wall flora of Banaras Hindu University Campus, India”`` 2. Current status of River Ganges – October 2008 3. Socio- economic Status of fishers of ganga river – November 2009 4. Ecology status and production dynamics of wetlands of uttar Pradesh – May 2004

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5. Ecodynamics and fishery status of upper stretch of river Yamuna and associated canals – September 2003 6. Fisheries of the Hooghly-Matlah estuarine system – An appraisal – Feb 1997 7. Health of inland aquatic resources and its impact on fisheries – Feb 2014 8. The ecology and fishery status of river Yamuna – Feb 2014 9. The status of river ganges in the middle stretch – Nov 2008 10. Present status of hilsa in Hooghly-bhagirathi river – June 2012 11. Assessment of Water Quality of River Ganga along Ghats in Varanasi City, U. P., India. International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering ISSN 0974-5904, Vol. 04, No. 04, August 2011, pp. 698-711, Tarence Thomas, Meenu Mishra, H. Thomas, Arun A. David, Ram Bharose and D. Venkat Reddy, School Of Forestry And Environment, Sam Higginbottom Institute Of Agriculture Technology & Sciences, (Formerly-Allahabad Agricultural Institute), Deemed-To-Be-University, Allahabad, 211 007, (U.P.), India 12. Department Of Applied Geology, Dr. H. S. G. Central University, Sagar, (M.P.) India 13. Department Of Civil Engineering, National Institute Of Technology, Surathkal (Nitk) Srinivasanagar-575025, Mangalore Existing Studies 1. Forest Working Plan, Kashi Van Vibhagh 2. Turtle Conservation Plan, Kashi Van Vibhagh Others 1. Site visits 2. Lab Analysis Report

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3. LEGISLATIVE, REGULATION AND POLICY CONSIDERATION

3.1. Introduction India has well defined institutional and legislative framework. The legislation covers all components of environment viz. air, water, soil, terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna, natural resources, and sensitive habitats. India is also signatory to various international conventions and protocols. The environmental legislations in India are framed to protect the valued environmental components and comply with its commitment to international community under various conventions and protocols. World Bank has also defined its Environmental and Social Safeguard Operational Policies. This assessment is about the applicability of above laws and regulations, conventions, protocols, and safeguards for guidance purposes only. These applicability‟s should be re-confirmed from concerned government agencies and concerned legal counsel. The applicability of legislation to the navigational channel (waterway) improvement will be assessed under separate EIA being carried out for waterways and NW-1 as a whole.

3.1.1. Overview of Indian Environmental Legislation and Administrative Framework The Government of India has framed various laws and regulations for protection and conservation of natural environment. The legislations are broadly divided under following categories.  Environmental Protection

 Forests Conservation

 Wild Life Protection The umbrella legislation under each of above category is highlighted below: The Environment (Protection) Act 1986 was enacted with the objective of providing for the protection and improvement of the environment. It empowers the Central Government to establish authorities charged with the mandate of preventing environmental pollution in all its forms and to tackle specific environmental problems that are peculiar to different parts of the country. Various rules are framed under this Act for grant of environmental clearance for any developmental project, resources conservation and waste management. The Forest Conservation Act 1980 was enacted to help conserve the country's forests. It strictly restricts and regulates the de-reservation of forests or use of forest land for

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non-forest purposes without the prior approval of Central Government. To this end the Act lays down the pre-requisites for the diversion of forest land for non-forest purposes. Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972 amended 2003 was enacted with the objective of effectively protecting the wild life of this country and to control poaching, smuggling and illegal trade in wildlife and its derivatives. It defines rules for the protection of wild life and ecologically important protected areas. The MoEF and the pollution control boards (CPCB - Central Pollution Control Board and SPCBs - State Pollution Control Boards) together form the regulatory and administrative core of the part. Other Ministries/Statutory Bodies/Departments responsible for ensuring environmental compliance and granting various clearances includes state ministry /dept. of environment, regional offices of MoEF and state forests/wildlife departments. 3.1.2. Applicable Environmental Legislation As per the nature of the project, screening has been done to identify the legislations applicable to the project. Legislations applicable to the project are further divided into the legislations framed by Govt. of India and Regulations applicable for vessels plying in inland waterways framed by IWAI and Ministry of Shipping, GoI. Regulations of Govt. of India applicable to the project are given in Table 3.1 and legislations framed for vessels plying in inland waterways framed by IWAI and Ministry of Shipping, GoI are given in Table 3.2 below.

Table 3.1: Summary of Environmental and Other Legislation with Applicability Screening Name Key Applicability Type of Administrative Responsibility Requirement permit and Authority and stage of indicative time applicability frame for grant of permission Environmental Protection Legislations Environment To protect and Considered Environment MoEF& CC & Contractor for Protection improve Applicable for Clearance SEIAA/SEAC obtaining Act-1986 and Rules overall certain activities environmental there under including environment. like borrowing of Construction clearances as EIA Notification 14th Requires prior earth if required stage for EC applicable. Sep 2006 and environmental (EIA Notification for borrowing amendment till date clearance for 2006 does not earth Contractor shall new, classify terminals also be modernization on river or responsible for and expansion dredging in the EMP projects listed river as a project implementation in schedule 1 requiring and compliance of EIA environmental to Notification, clearance. The environmental 2006 applicability of clearance this legislation conditions.

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shall be re- confirm from the concerned authority). Air (Prevention and An act to Applicable. Consent to SPCB Contractor, for Control of Pollution) prevent and The applicability Establish & setting up Act, 1981, 1987 control Air is due to Consent to terminal, pollution emission from Operate batching plant, operation of hot-mix plant as construction prior to its equipment like establishment batching plants, from SPCB hot mix plants, CTO shall be DG sets, and taken by similarly, during contractor for operation stage batching plant, backup power hot-mix plant & generation, quarry site as material handling required prior to related aspects. operation and it should be renewed before the expiry of permit.

Contractor shall also obtain CTO for terminal site before its handover. Water Prevention and An act to Applicable. It is Consent to State Pollution CTE should be Control of Pollution) prevent and applicable for the Establish & Control Boards taken by Act, 1974, 1988 control water projects having Consent to contractor for pollution. potential to Operate disposal of generate effluent sewage and during any stage construction of of the project. septic Effluents are tank/soak pit expected to be prior to start of generated during construction both the from SPCB construction and operation phase CTE/CTO for of the project. terminal site shall also be obtained by Contractor along with CTE / CTO under Air

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Act. Noise Pollution Ambient Noise Applicable due to No permits SPCB & CPCB Contractor and (Regulation and Standards for generation of issued under IWAI to ensure Control Act) 2000 different areas noise during this act compliance to and amendment till and zones construction and Ambient Noise date operation stage. Level Standards. Hazardous Wastes Protection to Applicable. Authorization SPCB & Contractor shall (Management general public Project has for storage MoEF& CC obtain Handling and Trans- against potential to and handling authorization boundary) Rules, improper generate hazardous for handling, 2008 handling hazardous waste waste storage and . storage and (Waste Oil) disposal of disposal of during both hazardous hazardous construction and waste (Waste waste. The operation phase. Oil) along with rules prescribe CTE/CTO the under air and management water act. requirement of hazardous wastes from its generation to final disposal. MSIHC Rules, 1989 Usage and Applicable only No specific Chief Controller Contractor and storage of for storage of permit is of Explosives, IWAI hazardous highly required, MoEFCC & DC material inflammable however liquids like precautions HSD/LPG defined under the material safety datasheets shall be followed. Safety audit and other requirements shall have to be complied if storage quantity exceeds the threshold limit The Bio Medical To control Applicable for the No specific Disposal Contractor and Waste (Management storage, disposal of bio- permit is through IWAI and Handling rules) transportation medical waste required. authorized

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1998 and disposal from first aid Just comply disposal of Bio Medical centers and with the agency Waste. dispensaries handling and disposal requirements of the rule No specific Applicable for registration disposal of used To regulate required. led acid battery if The Batteries the disposal Compulsion likely to be used MoEF&CC Contractor and (Management and and recycling to buy and in any equipment IWAI Handling) Rules 2001 of lead acid sale through during batteries registered construction and vendor only. operation stage.

Coastal Zone To regulate Not applicable CRZ State Coastal Not Applicable Management Act development Clearance Zone 2011 activities Management within the Authority and 500m of high MoEF&CC tide line in coastal zone and 100 m of tidal influence rivers. Forest Conservation and Wildlife Protection Legislation The Forest To protect Not Applicable. Forest Forest NOC shall be (Conservation) Act, forest by No forest land is Clearance / Department, obtained from 1980 and restricting being diverted. Permission MoEFCC forest amendments conversion of No tree cutting is for tree department The Forest forested areas anticipated cutting. prior tree (conversion) Rules into non- either. However, cutting if any 1981 and forested areas if any tree is involved by amendments and required to be IWAI. till date deforestation cut for access Compensatory road than NOC plantation shall from forest be carried out department is in minimum required. ratio as per state forest policy. NOC shall be obtained by contractor. Biological Diversity conservation Not Applicable No permit National NA Act, 2002 of biological issued under Biodiversity diversity, this Act. Authority and sustainable State use of its Biodiversity components Board

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and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use of biological resources, knowledge and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto Wild Life Protection To protect Not Applicable Wild life Chief Considered Not Act, 1972, 1993 wildlife though Kashi clearance Conservator applicable through Turtle Sanctuary Wildlife, notifying is located at 2.3 Wildlife Wing, National Parks km d/s of the Forest and terminal site. Department, Sanctuaries However, as per MoEFCC and buffer the Guideline areas around from MoEF&CC these zones (Wildlife Division) dated 15th March 2011 this is not considered applicable as this project does not required environment clearance. Safety and Other Related Legislations Chemical Accidents Requirement Not Applicable. No permits Central, State Not Applicable (Emergency of preparation The project does issued under & District Crisis Planning, of on-site and not involve this act Group Preparedness and off-site handling of any Response) Rules, Disaster hazardous 1996 Management chemical during Plans for both construction accident- and operation prone areas. phase which may lead to continuous, intermittent or repeated exposure to

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death, or injury.

Public Liability and Protection Not Applicable. No permits Collector of the Not applicable Insurance Act 1991 from liability The project does issued under Area arising due to not involve this act. accidents from storage of any Owner of handling of chemicals (HSD) project shall hazardous beyond the take out chemicals. threshold limit insurance during policies construction and providing for contracts of insurance so as he is insured against liability to give relief, before handling any such hazardous material

Explosive Act 1884 & Safe Not Applicable Permission Chief Controller Not applicable Explosive Rules, transportation, as no explosive for storage of Explosives 2008 storage and (as described in and usage of use of act & rules) shall explosive explosive be used in the material construction and operation stage of the project.

Petroleum Rules, Use and Applicable as License to Chief Controller Contractor / 2002 Storage of storage of store of IWAI Petroleum HSD/LPG or any petroleum Explosives/DC products other petroleum beyond product may be prescribed required for the quantity. project purpose

Central Motor Vehicle To minimize Applicable, for all No permit Motor Vehicle Contractor to Act 1988 and the road the vehicles at issued under Department follow Rules for amendment accidents, site during this Act (Licensing all the

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penalizing the construction & authority, construction guilty, operation phase registration vehicles being Central Motor Vehicle provision of authority & used at site Rules, 1989 and compensation State Transport during amendments till date to victim and Authorities) construction family and purpose. check vehicular air IWAI shall and noise follow the rules pollution. for all its vehicles at site during operation phase and should also monitor that loading & unloading vehicles also comply with these rules

The Gas Cylinder To regulate Applicable if License to Chief Controller Contractor Rules 2004 the storage of contractor store store gas of explosives gas / more than the cylinder possession of exempted more than gas cylinder quantity of gas the regulated more than the cylinder. quantity exempted quantity

Ancient Monuments Conservation Not Applicable as No objection Archaeological Not applicable and Archaeological of cultural and no notified ancient certificate Dept. Gol, Sites and Remains historical monument is Indian Heritage remains found Act, 1958 located within 300 Society and in India. According to m of the project Indian National this Act, area site. Trust for Art within the radii and Culture of 100m and Heritage 300m from the (INTACH). “protected Property” are designated as “protected area” and

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“controlled area” respectively. No development activity (including building, mining, excavating, blasting) is permitted in the “protected area” and development activities likely to damage the protected property is not permitted in the “controlled area” without prior permission of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).

Merchant Shipping To prevent Considered Registration National IWAI shall Act, 1958 marine Applicable as Certificate Shipping Board ensure that all pollution from these cargos are the barges ships beyond also required to plying in the 5 km of the register in India waterways are coastline and under this act. complying with to make the the rule as transportation applicable safe.

Guidelines for To regulate Applicable only if No objection Central ground Contractor/IWAI evaluation of extraction of bore well is done certificate Water shall obtain proposals/requests ground water for extracting Authority/Board NOC from for ground water for drinking water for meeting & MoEFCC CGWA/CGWB abstraction for and domestic drinking/domestic prior digging drinking and purpose water needs of any bore well domestic purposes in terminal & during

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Notified areas and vessels construction & Industry/Infrastructure operation project proposals in phase as Non-notified areas, applicable. 2012

Note: applicable social legislations are not listed here as these are covered under SIA and RAP reports being prepared separately.

Table 3.2: Regulations Applicable on Vessels/Barges Plying in Inland Waterways (However, these will be applicable for operation stage only) Name Key Requirement Applicability Administrative Authority Prevention of Regard to precautions Applicable for development IWAI Collision on national required by the ordinary of the terminal at operation Waterways practice of Seamen and stage for all the vessel Regulations, 2002 limitation of the vessel plying in National Waterway National Ensuring safety of Applicable for development IWAI Waterways, Safety navigation and shipping on of the terminal at operation of Navigation and the national waterways stage for all the vessel Shipping plying in National Waterway Regulations, 2002 The National Provision for regulation Applicable for development IWAI Waterway-1 Act, and development of that of the terminal for operation 1982 river for purpose of stage for all the vessel shipping and navigation on plying in National Waterway the NW-1 and for the matters connected therewith or incidental thereto New Inland Vessel Economical and safe Applicable for development IWAI Act, 2015 & Rules transportation through of the terminal for all the Under IV Act inland waters vessel plying in National Waterway

3.2. International Best Practices & Guidelines 3.2.1. Operational Policies of World Bank The project is being developed with the financial aid from World Bank. World Bank has its operational policies, which safeguards the different environment and social components. World Bank operational policies triggered for this project are listed in Table 3.3 below

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Table 3.3: World Banks Operational Policies - Environmental & Social Safeguard Name Key Requirement Applicability Remarks OP 4.01 Ensures sustainability and Triggers Project classified as Environmental environmental feasibility of Category A considering Assessment the project. Projects are nature of activities and classified into A, B & C impacts category depending on the nature and extent of the impact. OP 4.04 Ensures conservation of Triggers Applicable for projects Natural habitats natural habitats and located in close vicinity to discourages disturbance of eco-sensitive zones like nay natural habitat due to wildlife sanctuary, wetlands project development by under Ramsar convention, recommending adoption of national parks bird alternative sanctuary, turtle breeding method/route/approach or grounds etc. Kashi Turtle adopting management Sanctuary lies at 2.3 km at measures distance from d/s of the project site. OP 4.36 Ensures that project Triggers Neither diversion of forest Forests activities does not land is involved nor any disturbs/interfere with the tree cutting is anticipated. forest, forest dwellers However, tree cutting may activities, fauna and flora of be involved for access the forest. Prevents and road. Permission will be discourages deforestation required for felling any tree and impacts on rights of from forest department. forest dependent people. OP 4.12 Ensures minimal Triggers Triggers for acquiring the Involuntary involuntary resettlement by private land. Resettlement considering feasible alternatives project design, assisting displaced people to improve their former living standard. OP 4.10 Ensures protection of the Not Triggers No indigenous group of Indigenous dignity, right and cultural people will be affected. people uniqueness of indigenous people and ensures they receive social and economic benefits

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OP 4.11 Ensures preservation of Not Triggers No property of Cultural and Physical Cultural property of cultural and religious importance, Resources religious importance, heritage and property of heritage and property of natural importance located natural importance and at project site and within enhancement of cultural 300m from project site. properties Ramnagar fort is located at a distance of more than 2km in north direction from terminal site.

World Bank‟s operational policy 4.01 (OP 4.01) categorize the project into Category A, B & C on the basis of nature and extent of the impacts anticipated from the project. Scope of Environmental assessment studies depends on the category in which the project falls and is defined below.

Category A - Projects with significant environmental impacts and requiring a full Environmental Assessment (EA),

Category B - Projects with moderate environmental impacts and requiring a lesser level of environmental assessment,

Category C - Projects which require no environmental analysis.

Proposed Project involves development of the multimodal inland water terminal at River Ganga at Ramnagar, Varanasi. Project development will impact both the environment and social component. Components to be impacted due to project development are quality of life, terrestrial and aquatic ecology, air quality, water quality, economy of the country, noise levels etc. Thus the project is classified as Category A and a detailed environment assessment study has been undertaken for the project.

3.2.2. Relevant International Environmental Convention 3.2.2.1. International Maritime Organization Conventions India is member state of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). All the vessels plying in marine environment are bound to follow these conventions. These conventions are aimed at ensuring environmental protection and safety of seamen. These guidelines shall also be followed by vessels/barges plying in inland water bodies to the extent possible. IMO Conventions/ Protocols relevant to the project are given in Annexure 2.1. Conventions which majorly are in environmental context include MARPOL Convention 1973/78 & Ballast Water Management, 2004.

MARPOL Convention, 1973/78

The MARPOL Convention, an international convention is responsible for the preventing pollution of the marine environment by operational or accidental discharges from the

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ships. It is a combination of two treaties adopted in 1973 and 1978 respectively and updated by amendments through the years.

This international convention was adopted in 1973 at International Maritime Organization (IMO) and covered pollution by oil, chemicals, and harmful substances in packaged form, sewage and garbage. The Protocol of 1978 relating to the 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (1978 MARPOL Protocol) was adopted at a Conference on Tanker Safety and Pollution Prevention in February 1978 held in response to a spate of tanker accidents in 1976-1977. Measures relating to tanker design and operation were also incorporated into a Protocol of 1978 relating to the 1974 Convention on the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974.

The MARPOL Convention includes regulations that are aimed at preventing and minimizing pollution from ships - both accidental pollution and that from routine operations – The convention currently includes six technical annexes delineate below:

Annex I: Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil Annex II: Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk

Annex III: Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form Annex IV: Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships Annex V: Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships Annex VI: Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships (entry into force 19 May 2005) Ballast Water Management, 2004

Under this heading, IMOs‟ setup “International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship‟s Ballast Water and Sediments, 2004” for preventing the introduction of unwanted organisms and pathogens from ship‟s ballast water and sediment discharges. This is aimed to arrest the potentially devastating effects of the spread of harmful aquatic organisms carried by ballast water. This convention will require all ships to implement a Ballast Water Management Plan (BWMP) and delineates the standards for the Ballast Water Exchange (BWE) and Ballast Water Performance (BWP) under BWMP.

3.2.2.2. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Montego Bay, (1982): This Convention was adopted by India on 10th December 1982 at Montego Bay, Jamaica. Main objectives of the convention are:

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• To set up a comprehensive new legal regime for the sea and oceans, as far as environmental provisions are concerned, to establish material rules concerning environmental standards as well as enforcement provisions dealing with pollution of the marine environment; and • To establish basic environmental protection principals and rules on global and regional cooperation, technical assistance, monitoring, and environmental assessment, and adoption and enforcement of international rules and standards and national legislation with respect to all sources of marine pollution. Thus the convention can be referred to understand the environmental protection principals and procedures to minimize the environmental pollution due to movement of vessels/barges and related operations

3.2.2.3. International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG-code) The IMDG code relates to methods of safe transport of dangerous cargoes and related activities. It sets out procedures for documentation, storage, segregation, packing, marking and labelling of dangerous goods. This convention can also be referred to understand the procedures followed by the vessels carrying the dangerous goods to ensure safety and avoid spillage and accidents. 3.3. Environmental Standards & Guidelines Project involves various activities, which may interfere with various environmental components. Thus it is required to control those activities so as the concentration of pollutant in environment shall not exceeds its assimilation capacity. CPCB has issued some standards for disposal of effluents and quality of surface water body which should be referred and adhered to with regards to prescribed discharge standards at any point of time. India does not have any standard yet for disposal of dredged material, water quality in and around harbour/ports/terminals, thus standards issued by other renowned bodies are referred. Suggested list of standards are listed below and given in detail at Annexure 2.2.

1. Standards for discharge of effluent in inland surface water bodies and Marine Coastal Areas (Source: G.S.R 422 (E) dated 19.05.1993 and G.S.R 801 (E) dated 31.12.1993 issued under the provisions of E (P) Act 1986) 2. Classification of Surface water Bodies on basis of Quality (Source: Guidelines for Water Quality Management-CPCB, 2008) 3. Water Quality Standards for Coastal Waters, SW-IV & V-Harbor and Navigation & controlled waste disposal (EIA Guidance Manual for Ports & Harbours, MoEF, GoI) 4. Standards for permissible level of water quality indicators (Source: Assessment of the Environment Impact of Port Development, United Nations, New York, 1992) 5. Permissible limit for off-shore dumping of dredged material (Source: Assessment of the Environment Impact of Port Development, United Nations, New York, 1992)

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6. Criteria for harmful bottom sediments (Source: Assessment of the Environment Impact of Port Development, United Nations, New York, 1992) 7. Approximate Quantity of Suspended Sediments Generated by Dredging or Dumping Operations (Source: Assessment of the Environment Impact of Port Development, United Nations, New York, 1992).

3.3.1. Guideline, Standard and recommendations as published by Environmental Committee of PIANC PIANC- the World Association for Waterborne Transport Infrastructure is the forum which provides expert advice on cost-effective, reliable and sustainable infrastructures to facilitate the growth of waterborne transport. PIANC has published various guidelines for ensuring the sustainable development of waterborne transport. Some of the guidelines as applicable to the project are listed below. These guidelines can be referred to make the Inland water transportation system sustainable and environmental friendly.

 Dredging Management Practices for the Environment (WG 100-2009)  Dredging Material as a Resources (WG 104-2009)  Ecological and Engineering Guidelines for Wetland Restoration in relation to the Development, Operation and Maintenance of Navigational Infrastructure (WG 7-2003)  Management of Aquatic Disposal of dredged material (WG 1-1998)  Dredged Material Management Guide 1997.  Guidelines for sustainable Inland Waterways and Navigation WG 6-2003

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4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

4.1. Introduction This chapter describes project‟s location, layout, features of the project, its capacity and details of cargo and other material handling capacity, estimated cost of the project including cost of EMP, schedule for implementation, etc.

4.2. Location, Access and Layout of the Project The proposed multimodal inland water terminal (stage 1) is located at Ramnagar, Varanasi District, Uttar Pradesh. At present, proposed project site is accessible through existing kachha road which connects to NH-7 through village road (pakka). For transportation of men and material during construction phase, a temporary access road of 600 m is proposed to be used. The proposed terminal will be developed in area of 5.685 ha (mention exact area) as a multimodal facility with road and rail network connection. In future, an approach road will connect the site to NH-7 for which land measuring 0.592 ha will be acquired. Internal road of 12 m width will be developed within the terminal to facilitate smooth internal movement. Nearest railway station is Jeonathpur which is at 4.0 kms distance from terminal site in SE direction. Connectivity will be made from proposed terminal to existing IR track and proposed DFC track in future.. Nearest airport is Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport located at a distance of app. 30 km in NW direction. Site is not a part of any forest land or any eco-sensitive/notified area. Project site is surrounded by open land. No forest land, national park, migratory route of birds is present within 10 km radius of terminal site. Kashi Turtle Sanctuary is located in downstream direction from terminal site and is located at 2.3 km towards in North direction from terminal site. Ramnagar fort is located at distance of 2.0 km from terminal site in north direction. The layout of the proposed terminal is given in figure 4.1 below. Plan of general arrangement & schematic diagram of Jetty (Middle level) is given in figure 4.2 and figure 4.3 below. Stone pitching works

Stone pitching works shall be carried out at the site to protect the river bank from current & waves. A length of 200m behind the jetty shall be protected by the stone pitching works. Stability of the slopes shall be carried out in accordance with the Indian standards & guidelines. Details of stone pitching works is given in figure 4.4.

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4.3. Proposed Development Facilities proposed at the site are 2 nos of berths for the cargo (100 m wide each), loading & unloading bay, passenger jetty, Electrical sub-station (ESS), power back up and sanitation facility. Buildings

The following buildings cribbed ib Table 4.1 shall be constructed as part of Phase 1A: Table 4.1: Details of building to be constructed

S. Building Type Total Built up No. Area (Sqm) 1. Substation Building Single Storied Building 400 sqm

2. Toilet Block Single Storied Building 30 sqm

Pontoons

A steel pontoon deck of the size 20 m X 10 m shall be constructed at the location Gangway

A gangway having walkway of 1.2 m width shall be provided to access the pontoon deck from the shore. Roads

Details of roads planned to be provided is given below in Table 4.2. Any culverts required at the crossing of the drains and drainage system shall be provided. Table 4.2: Details of Roads Road Overall Carriageway Width of Width of Approximate Type Width Width Paved Treated length Shoulders Shoulders on on either either side of side of Carriageway Carriageway Type 22 m 7.5 m 1 m 1 m 650 m R1 Type 12m 5 m 0.75 m 0.75 m 365 m R2

Resources and Utilities Demand for Off-Site Developments

Water supply

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Water supply distribution system will be designed, installed and commissioned within the project area including the supply of potable water to the buildings. Power Requirement Power requirement has been estimated to be 130 KV during construction phase. An Electrical Sub-Station (ESS) and power back up system has been proposed for the terminal. Construction Materials Sourcing

Construction material will be sourced from nearest authorized & licensed quarry and dealers

Drainage

The design vessel sizes range and characteristics to be considered for design of jetty is given in Table 4.3.:

Table 4.3 : Design Vessel Sizes

Jetty Type DWT LOA (m) Beam (m) Loaded Draft (m) Multi Modal Jetty Maximum Ship Size 2000 80 11 3.5 Minimum Ship Size 200 18 5 1.0

The design bed level at the Jetty shall be taken as +3.5 m.

Earthing and Lightning Protection System

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Lighting System

Table 4.4: Type of luminaires Location Intensity of Type of Luminaire Illuminatio n Substation/DG room/ 200 Industrial type fluorescent fixture with Transformer Room / Pump SS reflector and 2x36 watt House fluorescent lamp High Mast 20 HPSV flood lighting fixtures on Raise / lowering high mast. As required -- Fully vermin and weather proof integral street light fixture with die cast aluminium housing and 1 x 70 / 150 W HPSV lamp with integral control gear

Luminaires

All luminaires shall be of industrial/decorative type as specified. The number of different type of luminaires and their wattages shall be minimum consistent with the lighting requirements. While using discharge lamps, stroboscopic effect shall be minimized by various methods. All fluorescent fittings shall be of rapid start type and shall be so arranged that the power factor will be 90% or higher. All luminaries alongwith its terminal boxes shall have IP56 degree of enclosure protection for internal areas and IP65 degree of enclosure protection for external areas and battery room.

Emergency Lighting

For safety and protection of personnel and for shutdown of the equipment, battery operated lighting units shall be installed as a part of fixed wiring system. Battery operated lighting unit shall consist of compact fluorescent lamps. Sealed batteries, fully automatic solid state charger, transfer switch to automatically transfer from main supply to the battery and vice versa, fuses etc. shall also form part of the supply. The charger shall be capable of recharging fully in 12 hours. The incandescent fixtures shall be mounted on the box containing batteries and battery charger. The unit shall operate on 1 Ph 240 V 50 Hz.

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Greenbelt Development

Green buffer should be developed all along the terminal site and also compensatory plantation should be carried out as per state forest policy. Tree planted should be of native type.

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Figure 4.1: Layout of Ramnagar Terminal, Stage 1

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Figure 4.2: general arrangement of Jetty (Middle level), Ramnagar

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Figure 4.3: Typical section of jetty, Ramnagar

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Figure 4.4: Details of stone pitching works

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4.4 Capacity and features of the project The terminal (Stage 1) is projected to handle projected cargo as 3.5 MTPA till 2018, and 18.7 MTPA in 2038. Dead Weight Tonnage (DWT) is estimated be 2000 MT The cargo will mostly comprise coal, building materials, agriculture inputs, food grains and flour, Edible oil, Local Handloom Silk products and Over-Dimensional Cargo. The details of type of commodity, volume estimated preliminary growth projections, preliminary Turnover Volume per day and required storage capacity in 2038 is given in table 4.1

Table 4.1: Type of commodity, volume estimated preliminary growth projections, preliminary Turnover Volume per day and required storage capacity Commodit Prese Direction Incomi Preliminary Projection of the Preliminary Preliminary Growth Preliminary Required Storage y nt ng / Percentage Diverted to IWT in 2018 Growth Projection Projection for 2038 Turnover Volume Capacity in 2038 Volu Outgoi for 2028 per day me ng (lakh mini minim maxim maxim minim maximu minimum maximum minimu maximu minimu maxim tonne mum um in um in um in um in m in in lakh in lakh m in m in m in um in s/yea in % lakh % lakh lakh lakh tons/year tons/year tons tons tons tons r) tons/y tons/ye tons/y tons/yea ear ar ear r

Coal days 1

Coal upstream8 incomin 30 2.5 70 5.9 3.4 11.6 4.6 22.8 1247.0 6233.9 1247.0 6233.9 (domestic) .4 g

Coal 24.0 Imported

Building days 20.0 Materials

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Cement upstream0 outgoin 30 0.3 60 0.5 0.4 1.1 0.5 2.1 133.6 572.5 2672.1 11450. Bags .9 (predomin g 0 antly) / downstrea m

Cement downstrea2 outgoin 30 0.7 60 1.4 0.9 2.7 1.2 5.3 341.4 1463.1 6828.6 29261. Bags .3 m g 2

Stone 17 downstrea outgoin 30 5.1 40 6.8 6.9 13.4 9.2 26.3 2523.6 7209.3 50472.1 144185 Chips m g .5

Sand 1.8 downstrea outgoin 40 0.7 60 1.1 1.0 2.1 1.3 4.2 356.3 1145.0 7125.5 22900. m g 1

Agricultur days 30.0 al Inputs

Fertilizer upstream1 incomin 20 2.4 50 6.0 3.2 11.8 4.3 23.2 1187.6 6361.1 35627.4 190833 2.0 g .8

Fertilizer down 23.2 stream

Food days 20.0 grains and flour

Wheat upstream4 outgoin 20 0.8 50 2.1 1.1 4.1 1.5 8.1 415.7 2226.4 8313.1 44527. bagged .2 g 9

Rice upstream3 outgoin 20 0.7 50 1.7 0.9 3.2 1.2 6.4 326.6 1749.3 6531.7 34986. bagged .3 g 2

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Flour upstream1 outgoin 20 0.4 60 1.1 0.5 2.1 0.7 4.2 178.1 1145.0 3562.7 22900. bagged .8 (predomin g 1 antly) / downstrea m

Flour downstrea6 outgoin 20 1.3 60 4.0 1.8 7.8 2.4 15.3 653.2 4198.3 13063.4 83966. bagged .6 m g 9

Edible Oil days 1.0

Crude upstream5 incomin 100 5.4 100 5.4 7.3 10.6 9.8 20.9 2672.1 5725.0 2672.1 5725.0 Vegetable .4 g Oil

Local days 1.0 Handloom Silk products

Varanasi downstrea1 outgoin 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.7 1.0 184.1 269.5 184.1 269.5 Sarees .0 m g

Varanasi downstrea1 outgoin 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 137.0 137.0 137.0 137.0 Carpets .3 m g

Over- days 1.0 Dimension al Cargo

ODC 0 upstream incomin 100 0.004 100 0.004 0.005 0.008 0.007 0.015 2.0 4.2 2.0 4.2 .004 g

Totals 66.00 20.284 35.874 27.76 71.0695 37.80712 187.5046 10358.11 38439.6 138512.6 597381 4 88 26 2 .09

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In the phase 1A, the terminal shall handle about 4,000 to 5,000T per day which is expected to grow to 3.5 MTPA by 2018. Material to be handled will be coal, cement, stone chips, and fertilizer and food grains”. 4.5 Material handling and other Facilities The project provides for loading & unloading bay, passenger jetty. The terminal will have 2 berths of 200 metres. Mobile cranes and oil tankers for edible oil are proposed. The terminal in Stage -1 will not have provisions of stack yard for storage of goods, vessel repair/maintenance facility, workshop for material handling and fuel supply. An Electrical Sub-Station (ESS), power back up and sanitation facility are proposed. Power requirement is estimated to be 130 KV in construction phase. To prevent bank erosion, embankment protection all along the length of the terminal will also be made through stone pitching measures. The access to the site will be developed under phase 1 B connecting national highway 7. For transportation of men and material during construction phase, a temporary access road of 600 m is proposed to be used.

4.7 Waste management Provision of septic tank is proposed onsite. Excavated earth, C&D waste will be reutilized to the extent possible or disposed of in designated dumping site of concerned municipal body/PWD or the site identified for debris disposal. Waste generated will be segregated into recyclable, compostable and inert waste. Recyclable waste will be sold off to authorized dealer, compostable waste will be composted within the site and inert waste will be sent for disposal in designated dumping site of concerned municipal body/PWD or the site identified for debris disposal. 4.8 Other features About 100 people are estimated to be employed in the project. Estimated project cost will be about 206 crores. Construction is estimated to be completed in 3 years in EPC mode. No cutting or filling is proposed on the site. Construction materials will be procured from local markets, stone quarries, etc. 100 trucks are estimated to be deployed. Provision for tubewell has been made.

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5. : DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT (EVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL BASELINE)

5.1. Prelude The environmental status around the proposed project site is analyzed for valued environmental components viz., air, water, land, noise, soil, ecology and socio-economic in a 10 km radius around the proposed project site. The baseline provides the basis for assessment of impact (likely changes in the baseline conditions) described in Chapter 6. The baseline environmental quality has been collected during the month of June 2015 within the 10 km radius of the proposed terminal site. The present EIA Report has been prepared based on the primary field investigations / assessment, and secondary data collected from different department and published in journals, books, public consultations and site observations. Data on meteorology, air quality, water quality and soil quality has been refers from secondary sources (Indian Meteorological Department, UPPCB, CPCB publications and other sources). Map showing environment-monitoring locations are provided in Figure 5.1.

Terminal Site

Figure 5.1: Map Showing Environmental Monitoring Locations

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5.2. Site Description and Its Environs The study area within a 10 KM radius around the proposed Terminal site has been considered for baseline and impact assessment. The project activity areas are considered as core area and remaining study area as buffer zone. Environment setting of 10 km radius area around terminal site is given in Figure 5.1. Environmental profile of area is provided in Table 5.1. Table 5.1: Environmental Setting Items Features within 10 km radius Near Ralhupr village, Ramnagar, Varanasi Location

National Highway (NH-2 about 380 m, North) Connectivity State Highway (NH-7 about 700 m, East)

Corner Latitude: Longitude A 25°14'59.78"N 83°01'51.27" E Co-ordinates (Terminal B 25°14' 59.98"N 83°01'57.62" E Sites) C 25°15' 11.75"N 83°01'54.62" E D 25°15'12.72"N 83°01'48.90" E Site Elevation Mainly flat with elevation of 77 m amsl Water Body Ganga River passes along the eastern side of the Terminal Nearest Airport Babatpur Airport about 28 km in NW Nearest Railway Station Jeonathpur about 4.0 km in SE Seismic Zone Zone III Forests / National Parks None within 10 km study area Wildlife Sanctuary Kashi Turtle Sanctuary about 2.3 km in North Archaeologically important Ramnagar Fort 2.0 km in North places/monuments Industries Ramnagar Industrial Area about 3.5 km ESE

Site Photographs

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Ramnagar Industrial Area: The industrial area of Ramnagar was established in 1978. The total area of Ramnagar Industrial area is 305.54 acres. Ramnagar industrial area is located on National Highway (NH-2), about 15 km from Varanasi city and about 3.5 km ESE of the proposed Ramnagar Terminal. The Ramnagar industrial area has infrastructure facilities like 33/11 KVA power sub-station, telephone exchange, post-office, bank, supervisory hostel and shops. Due to poor infrastructure and pathetic condition of power supply, many industrialists shifted business to other states. At present, only 120 units of 232 industrial plots allotted to industrialists in Ramnagar industrial area are functioning.

5.3. Geology, Topography & Drainage, Hydrology, Hydrogeology

Geology & Seismicity Throughout Varanasi, the geological setting is quite similar i.e near surface are sandy lenses surrounded by clay-silty deposits. These sandy lenses form the shallow aquifers (25-40 m depth below surface, Shukla et al., 2008) with unconfined condition, which is the main water supply of most part of the city. The lateral length of these lenses can be up to some 1000 m. Below the clay-silty layer lie fine-coarse sand deposits, which represent the deeper aquifer (60-70 m depth below surface, Shukla et al., 2008).The map is shown in Figure 5.2. The seismic zoning map of India shows four distinct seismic zones.

 Zone - II: This is said to be the least active seismic zone.  Zone - III: It is included in the moderate seismic zone.  Zone - IV: This is considered to be the high seismic zone.  Zone - V: It is the highest seismic zone.

The proposed Terminal site falls in Zone –III, which fall in moderate risk zone.

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Proposed Site

Figure 5.2 : Map Showing Plant Site & Seismic Zones .of India Topography &Contour Map: Contour Map of the Study area showing site is shown in Figure 5.3. The range of elevation of this area varies from 55 – 95 m. The contours in Toposheet have been digitized in the GIS environment and assigned the respective elevation values in meters with reference to the mean sea level. Using the SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) data, the elevation values has been verified.

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Terminal Site

Figure 5.3 : Contour Map of Study Area

Digital Elevation Model (DEM): Based on the contour map, the Digital Elevation Model has been prepared. The Nearest Neighbour method has been used to interpolate the elevation data to develop the elevation model. This map gives clear picture that the eastern and western part along the Ganga River having higher elevation. Center part of the area along the River has lowest range of elevation. Digital Elevation Model for the area in 10 km radius from the proposed site is shown in Figure 5.4.

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Terminal Site

Figure 5.4 DEM of Study Area

Drainage: The study area, form a parts of Ganga river basin. The city of Varanasi is located in the middle Ganges valley of North India, in the Eastern part of the state of Uttar Pradesh, along the left crescent-shaped bank of the River Ganges. The river system consists of the mighty Ganga highly revered by Hindus since ages. Varuna, Assi, Banganga, Chandra Prabha and Karmnasa are tributaries of the Ganga, that drain the area. Being located in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of North India, the land is very fertile because low level floods in the Ganges continually replenish the soil. The drainage map of study area is given in Figure 5.5.

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Terminal Site

Figure 5.5 Drainage Map of Study Area Hydrology: Brief hydrological profile of river Ganga ha been described in the context of Ramnagar Terminal. Bhagirathi is the source stream of Ganga. It emanates from Gangotri Glacier at Gaumukh at an elevation of 3,892 m (12,770 feet). Many small streams comprise the headwaters of Ganga. The Important among these are Alaknanda, Dhauliganga, Pindar, Mandakini and Bhilangana. At Devprayag, where Alaknanda joins Bhagirathi, the river acquires the name Ganga. It traverses a course of 2525 km before flowing into the Bay of Bengal. It has a large number of tributaries joining it during this journey (Figure 5.6). In Uttarakhand, near Tehri, a dam, has been built on Bhagirathi for hydropower generation resulting in regulated additional water during the dry months. At Haridwar, Ganga opens to the Gangetic Plains, where a barrage diverts a large quantity of its waters into the Upper Ganga Canal, to provide water for irrigation. At Bijnore, another barrage diverts water into the Madhya Ganga Canal but only during monsoon months. At Narora, there is further diversion of water into the Lower Ganga Canal. Further down, River Ramganga joins Ganga near Kannauj, adding additional water to the river. Yamuna confluences Ganga at the Sangam in Allahabad, making a major contribution to the river flow. Beyond Allahabad, Ganga is joined by several tributaries, most of which are from the north and a few from the south. In the stretch between Allahabad in U.P. and Malda in West Bengal, Ganga, therefore, has considerable flow. The Farakka barrage in West

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Bengal regulates the flow of the river, diverting some of the water into a feeder canal linking Hooghly to keep it relatively silt-free. Downstream of this barrage, River Ganga splits into two, Bhagirathi (Hooghly) on the right and Padma on the left. Bhagirathi (Hooghly) meets the Bay of Bengal about 150 km downstream of Kolkata. Padma enters Bangladesh and meets river Brahmputra and Meghna before finally joining the Bay of Bengal. The main tributaries of the Ganga river network (and some important flow and water quality measuring stations of CWC) are shown in the line diagram Given in Figure 5.6. Ramnagar Terminal fall in Varanasi district. Figure 5.6 indicates that Yamuna river contributes to the flow of Ganga in a major way upstream, while river Gomti & Tons contribute to the flow downstream of proposed terminal. Annual, dry & wet season flow contribution to Ganga upstream and downstream of proposed terminal is shown in Figure 5.7, Figure 5.8 and Figure 5.9. Preliminary engineering assessment of flow conditions obtained from engineering consultants indicate that adequate depth may be available at Ramnagar terminal.

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Figure 5.6: Line Diagram of Ganga River Network (with major dams/ barrages, canals, and flow and water quality measuring stations).

Figure 5.7: Annual Flow Contributions of Different Tributaries (sub-basins) to National River Ganga under Present Flow Conditions and under Virgin Flow Conditions

Figure 5.8: Wet Season Flow Contributions of Different Tributaries (sub-basins) to National River Ganga under Present Flow Conditions and under Virgin Flow Conditions

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Figure 5.9: Dry Season Flow Contributions of Different Tributaries (sub-basins) to National River Ganga under Present Flow Conditions and under Virgin Flow Conditions Hydro-Geology

In the study aream subsurface stratigraphy is dominated by laterally persistent multi-storied sand bodies capped by thick muddy succession near the top. The alternating sand and clay layers have created a multi-tiered aquifer system. General slope of the water-table is from north to south in Varanasi environs. The general water-table elevations (MSL) indicate that the Ganga and Varuna rivers being deeply incised are gaining rivers. It is observed that some perched water-table zones are also present where water level is very shallow. In the western part of Varanasi city, water level is deep as compared to eastern part of the city. The shallow bore wells (hand pumps) and dug wells puncturing unconfined aquifers at about 25–40 m depth have water-level fluctuations from 8.51 m to 11.25 m. Such unconfined aquifers are made up of recycled interfluves silt and silty sand forming lensoid units capped by relatively thin and impersistent mud layers showing calcrete development. The deep wells penetrating below 60– 70 m have enormous yield of 45,000 lph to 220,500 lph. Good quality potable water is available from coarse grained deep sandy aquifers. These aquifers are made up of craton derived pink arkosic sand (sediment package 1) or the mixture sedimentary package 1 and 2 (Himalayan gray sand). Because of thick cover of fine-grained material (sediment package 3) near the top, these aquifers occur in semi-confined to confined conditions. Differential erosion of the sand horizons by succeeding channel events within a sedimentary package may promote to semi- confined conditions of the aquifers. The total thickness of the good water yielding sand strata varies from 20 to 80 m or more in tube wells occurring at an average depth of about 100 m. Because of intensive pumping of water due to fast urbanization, the water level in Varanasi shows a lowering trend. The average fall of ground water level in last fifteen years is about 1.43 m (Sinha 2003). In general, the ground water of Varanasi city is of good quality. 5.4. Meteorology Historical meteorological data were obtained from climatological tables pertaining to nearest representative IMD station located at Varanasi and is presented in Table 5.3.

Table 5.3: Meteorological Conditions of Varanasi (30 years average) Month Temperature Relative Rainfall Wind Pre- Cloud Calm period (deg C) daily Humidity, % speed dominant cover % wind direction Max Min Max Min In mm Kmph From Octas Day Night January 23.2 9.2 77 53 17.7 3.4 W, NW 2.2 35 41 February 26.4 11.6 67 42 17.1 4.3 W, NW 2.0 29 24 March 32.8 16.4 51 29 9.3 5.0 W, NW 1.8 21 17 April 38.5 22.1 42 25 5.4 5.4 W, NW 1.6 20 15 May 40.4 25.5 49 29 13.2 5.7 W,NW 1.8 17 16 June 38.5 27.2 62 47 91.3 5.7 W, NW 4.3 19 21 July 33.7 25.8 81 72 309.3 5.8 W, E, NE 6.6 24 30

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August 32.9 25.4 84 76 286.5 5.0 W, E, NE 6.5 26 31 Septemb 32.9 24.4 81 72 203.5 4.8 W, E 5.0 25 36 er October 32.8 20.5 72 59 27.3 3.0 W, NW 2.0 34 43 Novembe 29.5 14.3 68 54 13.8 2.3 W, NW 1.4 44 66 r Decembe 24.7 9.9 75 55 5.9 3.0 W, NW 1.7 36 54 r (Source-IMD Varanasi)

The meteorological parameters play a vital role in transport and dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere. Temperature – December and January constitutes winter months with daily mean minimum temperature around 9.2oC and daily mean maximum temperature around 24.7oC. May is the hottest month with daily mean maximum temperature around 40.4oC and daily mean minimum temperature around 25.5oC. Relative Humidity – The air is generally dry in the region except during monsoon. April and May are driest with relative humidity between 25-49%. The maximum humidity during rainy season is 84% and minimum was 72%. High humidity is found during daytime and low humidity values during nighttime in all the months. Rainfall – The annual total rainfall is 1000.3 mm. Over 80% of the total annual rainfall is received during the monsoon period between June to September. Wind Pattern Wind Speed– The wind speed ranges between 2.3 – 5.8 km/hour for all the months. The wind speed during summer season ranges between 5.0 - 5.7 km/hr while during rainy season, ranges between 5.0–5.8 km/hr and in winter months wind speed ranges between 2.3 - 3.4 km/hr. Wind Direction – The predominant wind direction during winter and summer season is from west and Northwest direction. During Monsoon season the wind flows from West, NE and east direction. Wind rose diagram is presented in Figure 5.6. Special Weather Phenomena: The occurrence of thunderstorm is 21 days per year, mostly spread across the months of June to September. On an annual average basis, 105 days have visibility in the range of 1 - 4 km, 219 days have visibility in the range of 4 -10 km, 32 days between 10 - 20 km and 1 days have visibility above 20 km. No thunderstorm or dust storm occurred during the study period.

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Figure 5.6: Wind rose Diagram of IMD Varanasi (Summer Season) Source: IMD Varanasi

5.5. Ambient Air Quality CPCB guideline followed for selecting the appropriateness of monitoring locations. The location and height of the stations were so selected (>5 m from base) to avoid the capture of re- suspended road dust and fugitive domestic emissions. Ambient air quality monitoring was done at six locations within the study area during 20th June 2015 to 5th July 2015. All the ambient air analysis with respect to each parameter were analyzed as per CPCB guidelines. The AAQ monitoring locations are provided in Table 5.5 and Figure 5.2. The Ambient Air Quality results are presented in Table 5.6. Historical AAQ data of two monitoring location in Varanasi for period March 2015 were also obtained from UPSPCB. AAQ Results of UPPCB monitoring locations is presented in Table 5.7. Photographs of AAQ monitoring provided in Figure 5.7.

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Table 5.5: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations Distance & Location Name of Direction Characterstics/Terrain Features Coordinates Code Location from site Rural, flat terrain, Vehicular movements are 25°15'31.46" usually of small private vehicle (Two and N AAQ-1 Ralhupur 0.7 km N four-wheelers) close to the terminal site. 83°01'55.59" Access road passes through this village. E Rural, flat terrain, Vehicular movements are 25°14'45.77" usually of small private vehicle (Two and N AAQ-2 Tahirpur 1.2 km SE four-wheelers) located in downwind 83°02'34.29" direction E Rural, flat terrain, located close to NH-7, 25°15'38.83" Small private vehicle movement. N AAQ-3 Bhitti 1.4 km NE surrounded by agriculture, downwind 83°02'34.29" direction. E 25°15'38.77" Semi Urban, flat terrain, moderate traffic N AAQ-4 Madarwa 2.4 km NW movement. located in upwind direction. 83°01'12.28" E Urban/commercial, populated area, flat terrain. Due to presence of restaurants and 25°16'48.19" N AAQ-5 Ramnagar 2.8 km NNE Shops it always remains crowded. NH-7 passes through the town (Heavy Traffic 83°01'48.12" Movement). E

25°16'48.19" Rural, flat terrain, surrounded by N AAQ-6 Milkipur 0.6 km SE agriculture, downwind direction 83°01'48.12" E UPPCB AAQ Monitoring Location NA AAQ-1 Sigra 8.0 km NW Mixed use

Jawahar NA AAQ-2 6.17 km NW Mixed use Nagar

Table 5.6: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results (24-hour average)

3 3 PM2.5, g/m PM10 (g/m ) Location Min Max Mean Min Max Mean Ralhupur 21 42 36 54 86 76 Tahirpur 22 45 38 58 90 78 Bhitti 20 48 37 53 88 74 Madarwa 25 50 41 61 96 84

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Ramnagar 34 58 48 82 145 112 Milkipur 22 42 35 54 90 77 Source: EQMS

3 3 3 CO(mg/m ) SO2, g/m NO2, g/m Location 8 hour average Min Max Mean Min Max Mean Avg. Ralhupur 13.4 19.6 17.4 17.4 28.9 24.6 0.25 Tahirpur 14.3 21.6 18.6 18.2 31.6 26.3 0.26 Bhitti 15.2 24.4 19.6 17.8 30.2 25.6 0.30 Madarwa 14.4 23.8 18.8 18.4 32.4 27.2 0.28 Ramnagar 20.4 35.6 27.8 26.8 46.8 36.8 0.69 Milkipur 13.7 20.6 18.4 21.4 29.6 24.3 0.28 Source: EQMS

Table 5.7 Ambient Air Quality of Varanasi (March 2015)

3 3 3 Location Date PM10 g/m So2, g/m No2 g/m 24hr Avg. 24hr Avg. 24hr Avg.

2-3-2015 147.46 18.39 32.47

9-3-2015 146.49 18.83 32.89

Jawahar Nagar 12-3-2015 147.42 19.29 33.15 Varanasi 16-3-2015 146.10 18.81 33.28 19-3-2015 146.65 18.66 33.50 23-3-2015 143.99 18.77 32.90 26-3-2015 147.46 19.19 33.35 30-3-2015 146.49 19.32 32.93 Source: UPSPCB, Varanasi

3 3 3 Location Date PM10 g/m So2, g/m No2 g/m 24hr Avg. 24hr Avg. 24hr Avg.

10-3-2015 144.90 19.92 33.10

13-3-2015 143.25 19.29 33.21

Sigra 17-3-2015 140.95 19.96 32.24 Varanasi 20-3-2015 139.51 19.61 32.11 24-3-2015 144.05 18.51 32.15

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27-3-2015 139.79 19.18 32.68 31-3-2015 141.49 19.02 32.13 Source: UPSPCB, Varanasi

5.5.1. Analysis of Ambient Air Quality

Particulate Matter (PM10) 3 Particulate Matter PM10 within study area varies from 53 to 145 µg/m . Value of PM10 in all location except Ramnagar is within the specified limit as per NAAQS. Highest level of PM10 i.e.145 µg/m3 is observed at Ramnagar area due to Heavy Traffic movement along the SH-7.

Particulate Matter (PM2.5) 3 PM2.5 levels were found ranging from 20 to 58 µg/m . Value of PM2.5 is within the specified limits 3 as per NAAQS but high in Ramnagar site. The highest PM2.5 levels i.e. 58 µg/m were found at Ramnagar area due to Heavy Traffic movement along the SH-7.

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2): 3 SO2 levels were found ranging from 13.4 to 35.6 µg/m , which is found quite below the national

Ambient Air Quality Standard. The highest levels of SO2 were found at Ramanagr area. The main source of SO2 emission is from vehicular pollution.

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx): 3 NOx levels were found ranging from 17.4 to 46.8 µg/m , which is found quite below the national

Ambient Air Quality Standard. The highest levels of NOx were found at Ramnagar Area. The main source of SO2 emission is from vehicular pollution. Carbon Monoxide (CO) CO concentration ranges from 250 μg/m3 to 690 μg/m3. Higher concentration were observed at Ramnagar area. Overall the ambient air quality of the study area is meeting the prescribed National Ambient Air Quality Standard at all locations except Ramnagar, where the RSPM values are high in terms of NAAQS. This is mainly due to the heavy traffic load on SH-7 and other commercial and industrial activities in Ramnagar area. Air Quality of Varanasi: The historical data of Varanasi shows that the concentration of the particulate matter in the Varanasi city is exceeding the NAAQS. That is mainly due to the heavy traffic movement in the city area. SO2 and NOx concentration is well within the National Ambient Air Quality standard.

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Figure 5.7 : Photographs of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

5.6. Ambient Noise Quality Ambient noise measurements were taken at 8 locations. Measurements were noted at an interval of 5 seconds over a period of 10 minutes per hour for 24-hours. Noise monitoring results for daytime and night time is presented in Table 5.8.

Table 5.8 : Ambient Noise Quality in Study Area Location Name Category Day time Standard Night time Standard Leq dB(A) Day time Leq; dB(A) Night time Leq; dB(A) Leq; dB(A) Terminal Site Industrial 43.5 75 40.2 65 Ramnagar Commercial 64.5 65 54.8 55 (NH-7) Ralhupur Residential 45.8 55 41.3 45

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Tahirpur Residential 46.5 55 42.0 45 Bhitti Residential 46.8 55 42.5 45 Madarwa Residential 48.8 55 43.0 45 Sultanpur Residential 47.3 55 42.9 45 (Mauaza Rastapur) Milkipur Residential 46.4 55 42.5 45 (Source: EIA Team)

5.6.1. Analysis of Ambient Noise Quality

The ambient noise quality of the study area is meeting the prescribed National Ambient Noise Quality Standard for respective residential and commercial category at all locations. 5.7. Traffic Assessment & Site Connectivity The proposed Ramnagr Terminal is connected through NH-7 via a village road up to the Ralhupur village. This village road is puckka up to the Ralhupur village. From Ralhupur village to terminal site about 700 m stretch that connect terminal site to Rahlupur village need to be some levelling and widening. This village road is approx. 3 m wide. Only the villagers of the Ralhupur use this road for communication hence the traffic density on this road is very low. Two wheelers and fourwheeler used by the villagers are the major vehicle counts on this road. 5.8. Surface and Ground Water Quality Six ground water samples and three surface water samples were collected from different locations during study period by following standard protocol. The water samples were examined for physico-chemical parameters and bacteriological parameters. The samples were collected and analysed as per the procedures specified in Standard Methods. Samples for chemical analyses were collected in polyethylene carboys. Samples for bacteriological analyses were collected in sterilized bottles. Surface water sample were analyzed for various parameters and assessed using the CPCB‟s BDU Criteria. The name of sampling locations is presented in Table 5.9. The analysis results of surface water and groundwater are presented in Table 5.10 and Table 5.11. Photographs of water sampling provided in Figure 5.8.

Table 5.9 Name of Water Sampling Locations S.No. Ground Water Sampling Locations Code Location Source 1 GW1 Terminal Site Borewell 2 GW2 Milkipur Handpump 3 GW3 Ralhupur Handpump 4 GW4 Tahirpur Handpump 5 GW5 Bhitti Handpump 6 GW6 Madarwa Handpump Surface Water Sampling Locations

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9 SW1 Gurha Nala Nala 10 SW2 Ganga River upstream of Gurha Nala River 11 SW3 Ganga River downstream of Gurha Nala River

Table 5.10: Surface Water Quality Sl.No. Parameters Ganga River Ganga River Gurha Nala upstream of downstream of Gurha Nala Gurha Nala 1 pH 7.46 7.45 4.00 2 Conductivity, mhos/cm 509 499 426 3 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/liter) 339 335 277 4 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/liter) 7.43 6.85 4.0 5 Bio-chamical Oxygen demand 7.8 8.4 36 (for 3 days at 270C) (mg/liter) 7 Fecal Coliform MPN/100 ml) 12300 15400 27200 Source: (Water analysis by MMITGM) Note All values in mg/l except pH

Table 5.11: Ground Water Quality S.No. Parameters GW-1 GW-2 GW-3 Method 1 pH 7.40 7.14 7.17 APHA-4500 2 Turbidity (NTU) 0.5 0.5 0.6 APHA-2030B 3 Conductivity, mhos/cm 462 490 575 APHA-4500 4 Suspended solids 2 3 4 APHA-2540D 5 Dissolved solids 318 253 274 APHA-2540B 6 Total Hardness as CaCO3 272 212 220 APHA-2340C 7 Chloride as Cl 14 7 10 APHA-4500B 8 Sulphates as SO4 15 13 29 APHA-4500E 9 Nitrates as NO3 0.95 0.07 0.08 APHA-4500 10 Fluoride as F 0.40 0.03 0.31 APHA-4500D 11 Iron as Fe 0.12 0.020 0.11 APHA-3111B 12 Zinc as Zn 1.0 1.0 0.9 APHA-3111B 13 Calcium as Ca 32 39 35 APHA-3500B 14 Magnesium as Mg 47 27 32 APHA-3500B 15 Cadmium as Cd <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 APHA-3111B 16 Copper as Cu <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 APHA-3111B 17 Nickel as Ni <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 APHA-3111B 18 Lead as Pb <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 APHA-3111B 19 Mercury as Hg <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 APHA-3112 20 Chromium (Total as Cr) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 APHA-3111B 21 Arsenic as As <0.025 <0.025 <0.025 APHA-3114 22 Oil and Grease Nil Nil Nil APHA-4500D 23 Total coliform MPN/100ml Nil Nil Nil APHA-9230B Source: (Analysis Report by Kamal Laboratory) Note All values in mg/l except pH

Table 5.11 : continue… Ground Water Quality

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S. Parameters GW-4 GW-5 GW-6 Method No. 1 pH 7.25 7.50 7.40 APHA-4500 2 Turbidity (NTU) 0.8 1.8 1.6 APHA-2030B 3 Conductivity, mhos/cm 887 493 711 APHA-4500 4 Suspended solids 4 4 4 APHA-2540D 5 Dissolved solids 501 316 440 APHA-2540B 6 Total Hardness as CaCO3 284 172 312 APHA-2340C 7 Chloride as Cl 50 16 68 APHA-4500B 8 Sulphates as SO4 35 5.0 46 APHA-4500E 9 Nitrates as NO3 0.75 0.7 0.6 APHA-4500 10 Fluoride as F 0.64 0.34 0.13 APHA-4500D 11 Iron as Fe 0.012 0.12 0.12 APHA-3111B 12 Zinc as Zn 1.1 0.9 0.8 APHA-3111B 13 Calcium as Ca 37 44 50 APHA-3500B 14 Magnesium as Mg 47 12.2 46 APHA-3500B 15 Cadmium as Cd <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 APHA-3111B 16 Copper as Cu <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 APHA-3111B 17 Nickel as Ni <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 APHA-3111B 18 Lead as Pb <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 APHA-3111B 19 Mercury as Hg <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 APHA-3112 20 Chromium (Total as Cr) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 APHA-3111B 21 Arsenic as As <0.025 <0.025 <0.025 APHA-3114 22 Oil and Grease Nil Nil Nil APHA-4500D 23 Total coliform MPN/100ml Nil Nil Nil APHA-9230B Source: (Analysis Report by Kamal Laboratory) Note All values in mg/l except pH

Observation on Ground Water Quality: The pH value of ground water samples at all locations varies from 7.14 – 7.50 and are within permissible limit. The conductivity values were found to be in the range of 462 – 887 μmhos/cm. The chloride level was found to vary from 7 – 68 mg/l within permissible limit. The total hardness values were found to vary from 172 – 284 mg/l; within permissible limit. Calcium and Magnesium values were within the permissible limit. Zinc and Fe levels were found to be within the permissible limit. All the parameters in ground water sample were well within the permissible limit of Indian Standard IS: 10500-2012. Average values of pH and DO in Ganga river in both the sampling location comply with the BDU Criteria of CPCB. BOD does not comply with the standards at both the locations. An increasing trend of BOD is observed in d/s of the river due to contamination. Faecal Coliform are observed higher than the criteria at both the locations. Water quality of Graha nala is not meeting the BDU Criteria of CPCB and overall the water quality of the Gurha nalla is polluted.

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Figure 5.8 : Photographs of Water Sampling

5.9. Soil Quality Six soil samples were collected from agriculture fields and physico-chemical characteristics were analysed. At each location, soil samples were collected from three different depths; 1-5 cm, 10-20 cm and 40-50 cm below the surface. The samples were homogenized and the quantity was reduced using the coning and quartering method. The soil sampling location and analysis results of soil samples are presented in Table 5.12 and 5.13.

Table 5.12: Soil Sampling Locations Sr. No. Location Code Location Source Coordinates 25°15'06.72"N 1 S-1 Terminal site Site 83°01'52.83" E 25°15'31.43"N 2 S-2 Ralhupur Agricultural field 83°01'55.54" E 3 S-3 Tahirpur Agricultural field 25°14'45.70" N

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83°02'34.30" E 25°15'38.80" N 4 S-4 Bhitti Agricultural field 83°02'34.32" E 25°15'38.72"N 5 S-5 Madarwa Agricultural field 83°01'12.25" E Sultanpur Mauaza 25°15'39.05"N 6 S-6 Agricultural field Rastapur 83°02'12.49" E

Table 5.13: Physicochemical Characteristics of Soil S. Sampling Locations No. Parameter Unit S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6

Physical Characteristics 1. Texture - Clay Sandy Sandy Clay Sandy Sandy Loam Loam Loam Loam Loam Loam 2. Particle Size Distribution i) Sand % 29 52 50 26 49 46 ii) Silt % 25 28 28 33 21 34 iii) Clay % 46 20 22 41 30 20 3. Porosity % 50.9 51.7 48.3 53.2 50.2 47.9 4. Bulk Density gm/cc 1.30 1.28 1.37 1.24 1.32 1.38 5. Water Holding % 36 28 26 33 28 25 Capacity Chemical Characteristics 6. pH 20% 7.4 7.2 7.5 6.9 7.7 7.5 Slurry 7. EC ds/m-1 0.36 0.40 0.37 0.32 0.30 0.34 8. CEC meq/100- 18 10 8 24 7 9 gm 9. Available Nutrients i) Nitrogen as N kg/ha 280.2 346.8 313.2 363.4 294.8 336.4 ii) Phosphorus as P kg/ha 16.2 11.5 13.8 14.2 15.5 12.9 iii) Potassium as K kg/ha 168.8 220.2 184.3 245.7 212.4 206.5 10. Organic Matter % 0.90 0.83 0.78 0.86 0.88 0.76 11. Organic Carbon % 0.52 0.48 0.45 0.50 0.51 0.44 Source: (Analysis Report by Kamal Laboratory)

Rating Chart for Soil Classification S. Test Parameters Classification No. 1 pH pH<4.5 Extremely Acidic 4.5-5.0 Very Strongly Acidic 5.1-5.5 Strongly Acidic 5.6-6.0 Moderately Acidic 6.1-6.5 Slightly Acidic 6.6-7.3 Neutral 7.4-7.8 Slightly Alkaline

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7.9-8.4 Moderately Alkaline 8.5-9.0 Strongly Alkaline 2 Salinity Electrical Conductivity Up to 1.00 Average (µS/cm) 1.01-2.00 Harmful to Germination 2.01-3.00 Harmful to Crops (Sensitive to Salts)

3 Organic Carbon % Low (below 0.50 %), Medium (0.50-0.75 %) and high (above 0.75 %) 4 Nitrogen, kg/ha low (<280-kg/ha-1), medium (280 to 560-kg/ha- 1) and high (>560-kg/ha-1) 5 Phosphorus, kg/ha low (<10-kg/ha-1), medium (10 to 25-kg/ha-1) and high (>25-kg/ha-1) 6 Potassium, kg/ha low (<108-kg/ha-1), medium (108 to 280-kg/ha- 1) and high (>280-kg/ha-1) Source: Soil Survey Manual (IARI, 1970)

Observation on Soil Quality: pH of the soil samples ranges from 6.9 to 7.7 indicating the soils are neutral to slightly alkaline in nature. Texturally, the soils of study area are observed as Sandy Loam, & Clay Loam Soils. The organic Carbon content of soil ranges from 0.44 to 0.52 % (as 0.76 to 0.90% Organic Matter), thereby implying that soils are medium in organic content. Available Nitrogen content in the surface soils ranges between 193.4 to 262.8-kg/ha. Available Phosphorus content ranges between 11.5 & 16.2-kg/ha. Available potassium content in these soils ranges between 168.8 to 245.7-kg/ha. Overall the soil of the study area is moderately fertile.

5.10. Land Use Remote sensing data provides reliable accurate baseline information for land use mapping, as it is a rapid method of acquiring up-to-date information of over a large geological area. A systematic digital image interpretation approach was used to delineate the land use classes. The present study was focused on demarcating boundaries of different land use/land cover units from an analysis of different types of colour registrations of land use/land cover units from satellite imagery. Data used in the land use map preparation is the satellite Imagery of Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS- ID, sensor P6, LISS III) of 24 m resolution. The Swath of the imagery is 141 Km x 141 Km. Band used are 2, 3 4 and 5. LANDSAT imagery of 30-meter resolution and 185 x 185 km swath is also used for the comparative and overall analysis of the area. LISS III imagery and LANDSAT 4-5 TM imagery were used for the complete coverage of the study area. Band used are 2, 3 and 4. As per the land use based on satellite image, about 57.87% of the land is under cultivation. About 29.85% of the land is under settlement, about 6.2% land is under water bodies and rest of the land is under other uses. Land use / land cover map of 10 km study area has been show in Figure 5.9 and Table 5.14.

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Table 5.14 : Land use of the Study Area Sl. No. Land use Category Area( Sq km) Area in % 1 Agricultural land 182.20 57.87 2 Settlement 93.96 29.85 3 Waterbody 19.52 6.20 4 Vegetation 10.96 3.48 5 Open land 3.41 1.08 6 Dry river bed 4.76 1.51 Total 314.81 100

(Source: EQMS)

Figure 5.9 Land use/ Land Cover Map of Study Area

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5.11. Biological Environment 5.11.1. Flora

Flora refers to a systematic account of plants of any specific area and it provides keys and descriptions of plants for their identification. Although, the primary aim of a flora is identification of plant species, it also provides other useful data on plants such as their local / vernacular names, distribution, correct names, uses, etc. The baseline ecological surveys were carried out, based on various secondary sources (Forest Department Data, Scientific Studies and previous similar studies) which are further validated from through field observations and interaction with local people. Present biological assessment was carried out for core zone (at the economic zone site and offsite facilities areas) and buffer zone (10 km surrounding the core zone area). Core Zone –Ecological assessment (Terminal site) The proposed site is devoid of any major plantation. Some agriculture activities were taken up by nearby villagers within the land in the past but these activities have been discontinued now. Now the land is categorized as current fallow land. There are about 12 small trees of Khajur (Phoenix sylvestris) and 8 trees of Babool shrubs (Acacia spp.), which are present in the identified land. Photographs of vegetation at site shown in Figure 5.10.

Figure 5.10 Vegetation at Site

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Access Road to Terminal site The proposed Ramnagr Terminal is connected through NH-7 via a village road up to the Ralhupur village. This village road is puckka up to the Ralhupur village. Houses and shops also exist along this village road. From Ralhupur village to terminal site about 700 m stretch that connect terminal site to Rahlupur village need to be some leveling and widening. Trees along the 700 m stretch: There are very few trees present in this road. Trees of Jamun, Peepal, Pakad, Babul, Khajur and Sisham etc are present on both side of this 700 m stretch of the road. The access road (700 m stretch that have to develop) is almost clear, only two to three trees of Jamun, is present along the road alignment that may be removed. Small shrub of Babul (Acacia spp.) and Khajur is also present on the acess road that needs to remove for passes. One big Pakad tree is present along the acess road, which requires some chopping for clearing the passes. The Type of Vegetation along approach Road is shown in Figure 5.11.

Figure 5.11: Type of Vegetation along approach Road

Buffer Zone –Ecological assessment Buffer area of 10 km has been considered for studying the ecology around the p roject site. Study area has terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem. The Ganga river is the main water body for aquatic ecosystem in the study area. The river system of the area is rich in aquatic flora and fauna. Substantial fishing and boating activities are also carried out in Ganga River. Varanasi constitutes the representative part of the upper Gangetic plain of eastern Uttar Pradesh. There is no forest present within the 10 km area of the study site. The vegetation point of view the study area can be divided in to following two parts. 1. Urban area

2. Vegetation in BHU

3. Cultivated area

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1. Urban Area: maximum part of the study area is in west, north and northeast side is under the settlement. Most of the land is under urban development and vegetation is restricted to road side only. 2. Vegetation in BHU: The entire campus of Banaras Hindu University (area 1300 acres) is floristically very rich. It comprises of many plants of the eastern Uttar Pradesh. The campus has huge Botanical and Ayurvedic gardens where plants of different regions of India have been planted. The ground flora of these gardens are quite rich as a result of favourable moisture conditions, high humidity and high humus conditions. A large number of medicinal plants are also planted in the Ayurvedic garden. The University has its own agriculture farm from where crop field weeds of different season may be collected. The campus has many roadside trees. The avenues of trees and green plants give a resort like atmosphere to the campus. Several weeds grow in different seasons along these roads. It has many ponds and ditches which provide favourable conditions for growth for many hydrophytes. Besides, there are many climbers and cultivated plants in different lawns of the campus. 3. Rural area: Eastern and south-eastern part of the study area is rural and agricultural activities are practiced. In this part of the study area, most of the land is under cultivation. Further, the vegetation is sparse, which include timber, fruit, ornamental trees and shrubs. Vegetation is restricted along the road side, agriculture field, along the pond side and other open areas. The most characteristic tree is Accasia arabica, Bombax ceiba, Dalbergia sissoo, Delbergia sisoo, Azdirachta indica, Mangifera indica, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus religiosa and accacia spp are common. Ground vegetation covered by dominant shrubs and herbs is Argemone mexicana, Vitex negundo, Chirchitta, Xanthium strumarium Ipomea spp. Sida cardifolia, Zizyphus mauritiana, Achyranthus aspera, Cyanodon dactylon, etc.

The list of the plant species observed in the study area is given Table 5.15

Table 5.15 : List of Common Plant Species Present in Study Area Sl. No. Botanical Name Vernacular Name Family 1. Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn. Australian Babool Mimosaceae 2. A.catechu Willd. Kattha, khair Mimosaceae 3. A.nilotica Linn. Babool Mimosaceae 4. Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Correa Bel, Shreephal Rutaceae 5. Albizia lebbeck Linn. Siris Mimosaceae 6. A.procera Roxb. Safed siris Mimosaceae 7. Annona squamosa Linn. Sharifa Annonaceae 8. Anogeissus pardula Edgew. Dhav Combretaceae 9. Anthocephalus chinensis (Lam.) A.Rich. Kadamb Rubiaceae 10. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Kathar Moraceae 11. Azadirachta indica Juss. Neem Meliaceae 12. Bauhinia variegata Linn. Kachnar Caesalpiniaceae

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Sl. No. Botanical Name Vernacular Name Family 13. Bombax ceiba linn. Semal Bombacaceae 14. Borassus flabellifer Linn. Tad Arecaceae 15. Boswellia serrata Roxb. Shalki Burseraceae 16. Buchnania latifolia Roxb. Chiraunji Anacardiaceae 17. Butea monosperma (Linn.) DC. Dhak, palas Papilionaceae 18. Callistemon lanceolatus DC Bottlebrush Myrtaceae 19. Calotropis gigentea (Linn.) R.Br. Madar Asclepiadaceae 20. C. procera (Ait.) R.Br. Madar Asclepiadaceae 21. Caryota urens Linn. Fish tail palm Arecaceae 22. Cassia fistula Linn. Amaltas Caesalpiniaceae 23. Casurina equisetifolia J.R. Vilayati Jhau Casurinaceae 24. Cinnamomum.tamala Fr. Tejpat Lauraceae 25. Citrus aurantifolia (Christ.) Swingle. Kagzinimboo Rutaceae 26. C.limon(Linn.) Burm. Jamerinimboo Rutaceae 27. C.maxima(Burm.) Merr. Chakodra Rutaceae 28. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Sheesham Papilionaceae 29. Delonix regia (Boj.) Rafin. Gulmohar Caesalpiniaceae 30. Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Amla Euphorbiaceae 31. Eryobotrya japonica (Thumb.) Lindle. Lukat Rosaceae 32. Erythrina suberosa Roxb. Dhavaldhak Papilionaceae 33. Eucalyptus citriodora Hooker Eucalyptus Myrtaceae 34. Ficus benghalensis Linn. Bargad Moraceae 35. F. hispida Linn. Kathgular Moraceae 36. F.racemosa Linn. Gular Moraceae 37. F. religiosa Linn. Peepal Moraceae 38. F. virens Ait. Pakar Moraceae 39. Grewia hainesiana Hole. Phalsa Teliaceae 40. Gmelia arborea Roxb. Gambhar Verbenaceae 41. Leucaena leucocephala (Lamk.)Wt. Shoobabool Mimosaceae 42. Madhuca indica Gmel Mahua Sapotaceae 43. Melia azedirach linn. Bakain Meliaceae 44. Mallotus philippinensis Lamk. Kampilak Euphorbiaceae 45. Mangifera indica Linn. Am Anacardiaceae 46. Moringa oleifera Lamk. Sahjan Moringaceae 47. Morus alba Linn. Shehtoot Moraceae 48. Pithocellobium dulce (Roxb.)Benth. jangal jilebi Mimosaceae 49. Phoenix sylvestris (L.)Roxb. Khajur Arecaceae 50. Prunus persica (L.)Stokes. Aru Rosaceae 51. Prosopis cineraria (L.)Mac. Shammi Mimosaceae 52. Psidium guajava Linn. Amrood Myrtaceae

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Sl. No. Botanical Name Vernacular Name Family 53. Punica granatum Linn. Anar Punicaceae 54. Pongamia pinnata Karanj Papileonacaea 55. Sapindus emarginatus Vahl. Rithi Sapindaceae 56. S.mukorossi Gaertn. Ritha Sapindaceae 57. Saraca asoka (Roxb.) ashok, sita ashok Caesalpiniaceae 58. Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken. Kusum Sapindaceae 59. Syzygium cumini (L.)Skeels. Jamun Myrtaceae 60. Tamarindus indica Linn. Imli Caesalpiniaceae 61. Tectona grandis Linn. Sagun Verbenaceae 62. Terminalia slata Heyne Asna Combretaceae 63. T.arjuna Roxb. Arjun Combretaceae 64. T.belerica Gaertn. Bahera Combretaceae 65. T.catappa Linn. desi badam Combretaceae 66. T.chebula Retz. Hara Combretaceae 67. Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk. Ber Rhamnaceae 68. Z.nummularis (burm.f.)Wt.&Arn. kanta ber Rhamnaceae Shrubs/ Herbs Sl. No. Botanical Name Vernacular Name Family 1. Achyranthes aspera Linn. Chirchida Amaranthaceae 2. Adhatoda zealanica Medik. Arus, Vasak Acanthaceae 3. Argemone mexicana Linn. Bharbhar Papaveraceae 4. Artabotrys hexapetalus Linn. Kateli Champa Annonaceae 5. Asparagus racemosus Willd. Satawari Liliaceae 6. Cannabis sativa Linn. Bhang Cannabinaceae 7. Canscora decussata (Roxb.) Roem. Sankhphuli Gentianaceae 8. Carissa carundas linn. Karaunda Apocynaceae 9. Cassia.occidentalis Linn. Bara Chakwar Caesalpiniaceae 10. Cassia.tora Linn. Chhota Chakwar Caesalpiniaceae 11. Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) G.Don Sadabahar Apocynaceae 12. Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban Brahmi Apiaceae 13. Cestrum diurnum Linn. Din ka Raja Solanaceae 14. C.nocturnum Linn. Rat ki rani Solanaceae 15. Chenopodium album Linn. Bathua Chenopodiaceae 16. Curculago orchioides Gaet. kali musli Hypoxidaceae 17. Datura metel Linn. Dhatura Solanaceae 18. Euphorbia hirta Linn. Dudhia Euphorbiaceae 19. H. rosa-chinensis Linn. gurhal, arhul Malvaceae 20. Holoptelia integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Chilbil Ulmaceae 21. Ipomea. cairica (L.)Sweet railway creeper Convolvulaceae 22. Ipomea. carnea Mart Bahaya Convolvulaceae

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23. J. grandiflorum Linn. Chameli Oleaceae 24. Lawsonia inermis Linn. Mehandi Lythraceae 25. Leucas aspera Willd. Gum Lamiaceae 26. Linum usitattissimum Linn. tisi, alsi Linaceae 27. Mimosa pudica Linn. chui mui Mimosaceae 28. Murraya koenigii (L.)Spreng. Meethineem Rutaceae 29. Nerium indicum Mill. Kaner Apocynaceae 30. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. Harsingar Oleaceae 31. Ocimum americanum Linn. Bantulsi Lamiaceae 32. O.sanctum linn. Tulsi Lamiaceae 33. Oxalis corniculata linn. Khatmithi Oxalidaceae 34. Phalaris minor Retz. gehun ka mama Poaceae 35. Pothos aureus Hort. money plant Araceae 36. Pterospermum acerifolium Willd. kanak champa Sterculiaceae 37. Rauvolfia serpentina (L.)Benth. Sarpgandha Apocynaceae 38. S. nigrum Linn. Makoy Solanaceae 39. S.verginianum Linn. bengani, bhatkataya Solanaceae 40. Thevetia peruviana (Pers.)K.Schum. pila kaner Apocynaceae 41. Trichosanthes anguina Linn. Chichida Cucurbitaceae 42. Tribulus terrestris Linn. Gokhru Zygophyllaceae 43. Xanthium strumarium Linn. Gokhru Asteraceae Source: (Feild Survey)

Climber/grasses Sl. No. Botanical Name Vernacular Name Family 1. Alysicarpus monilifer (Linn.) DC Juhighas Papilionaceae 2. Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd. Bans Poaceae 3. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. amarbel, akashbel Cuscutaceae 4. Cynodon dactylon (L.) pers. Doob Poaceae 5. Cyperus rotundus Linn. Motha Poaceae 6. I. cairica (L.)Sweet railway creeper Convolvulaceae 7. Macuna pruriens Baker Kawanch Papilionaceae 8. Millingtonia hortensis Linn. akash neem Bignoniaceae 9. Sachharum officinarum Linn. Ikh Poaceae 10. Sachharum.spontaneum Linn. Kaas Poaceae 11. Vetiveria zizanioides (L.)Nash Khas Poaceae Cultivated Plants Sl. No. Botanical Name Vernacular Name Family 1. Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moen. Bhindi Malvaceae 2. Allium cepa Linn. Pyaj Liliaceae 3. A.sativum Linn. Lahsun Liliaceae

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4. Amaranthus tricolor Linn. Lalsag Amaranthaceae 5. A. viridis Linn. Chaurai Amaranthaceae 6. Brassica compestris Linn. Sarson Brassicaceae 7. Cajanus cajan (Linn.) Mill. Arhar Papilionaceae 8. Capsicum annuum Linn. Mirch Solanaceae 9. Carica papaya Linn. Papita Caricaceae 10. Coccinia cordifolia (Linn.) Cogn. Kundra Cucurbitaceae 11. Coriandrum sativum Linn. Dhaniya Apiaceae 12. Cuminum cyminum linn. Jeera Apiaceae 13. Cucumis melo Linn. Kakri Cucurbitaceae 14. Cucurbita maxima Dutch. Kaddu Cucurbitaceae 15. Daucus carota Linn. Gajar Apiaceae 16. Dolichos lablab Linn. Sem Papilionaceae 17. Lagenaria leucantha duch. Lauki Cucurbitaceae 18. lens culinaris Medik. Masur Papilionaceae 19. L. cylindrica Linn. ghia taroi Cucurbitaceae 20. Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Tamatar Solanaceae 21. Mentha spicata Linn. Pudina Lamiaceae 22. Momordica charantia Linn. Karela Cucurbitaceae 23. Oryza sativa Linn. Dhan Poaceae 24. Pennisetum tphoides (Burm.)Stapf. Bajra Poaceae 25. Phaseolus aureus Roxb. Moong Papilionaceae 26. P.mungo Linn. Urd Papilionaceae 27. Pisum sativum Linn. Matar Papilionaceae 28. Raphanus sativus Linn. Mooli Brassicaceae 29. Solanum melongena Linn. Baigan Solanaceae 30. Spinacia oleracia Linn. Palak Chenopodiaceae 31. Trachyspermumammi (L.) Sprague. Ajwain Apiaceae 32. trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. Methi Papilionaceae 33. Triticum aestivum Linn. Gehun Poaceae 34. Zea mays Linn. Makka Poaceae 35. Zingiber officinale Rosc. Adarak Zingiberaceae Source: (Feild Survey)

Vegetation of aquatic and marshy habitat: the plants of aquatic and wetland habitat found in the BHU campus can be classified as follows: 1. Free-floating hydrophytes: These are in contact with water and air only. In the stagnant water of these ponds some free floating hydrophytes are found. These are commonly represented by Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, Lemna paucicostata. Hegel, Pistia stratiotes Linn and Wolfia arrhiza (Linn.) Horkel.

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2. Attached submerged hydrophytes: Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trinius, Hrdrilla verticillata (Linn.f.) Royle. And Vallisneria spiralis Linn. are the common attached submerged hydrophytes. These hydrophytes make large patches on the substratum and under surface of the pond water. 3. Attached hydrophytes with free floating leaves: these are in contact with oil, water as well as air. Aponogeton natans(linn.) Eng., Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. and Nymphaea nouchali Burm. are the common species in ditches and ponds of the campus. 4. Weeds along roadsides: Places along the roads are occupied by different herbaceous plant species. Some of the common weeds growing along roadsides in the study area are: Cassia occidentalis Linn., C.tora Linn.,Argemone mexicana, Chirchitta, Xanthium strumarium Ipomea spp. Parthenium hysterophorus Linn., Sida cordifolia Linn., Sida rhombifolia Linn. etc.,

Road Side Trees: A few common trees planted along road-side are: Albizia lebbeck Linn., Alstonia scholaris (Linn.) R.Br., Anthocephalus chinensis (Lam.) Rich., Azadirachta indica Juss., Bauhinia purpurea Linn., B.variegata Linn., Bombax ceiba Linn., Callistemon lanceolatus DC., Cassia fistula Linn., Dalbergia sissoo Roxb., Delonix regia (Boj.) Raf., Eucalyptus citriodora Hook., Ficus benghalensis Linn. F. religiosa Linn., Syzygium cumini (Linn.) Skeels, Tectona grandis Linn. and terminalia arjua Roxb..Rare and Endangered Plant Species in the Study Area: In the study area, no rare and endangered plant species was observed (Source: Red Data Book of Indian Plants, N.P Nayar and A. P. K. Sastry, B.S.I. 1988). 5.11.2. Fauna

There is no protected and reserved forest present in the study area (10 km radius). The study area has no forest land as evident from the topography map and land use records. The only vegetation is scanty scrub-land that too in patches. The vegetation is dominated by acacia species. Such scanty vegetation coupled by speedy industrial development and residential development has left the area devoid of any significant faunal species or wildlife. List of flora and fauna found in the study area has been obtained from the Working Plan of Forest Department. The list has been be validated during the field visit and / or interviewing the Zoology and Botany Professors of Banaras Hindu University, Local people or by cross checking with other published documents / books. The terrestrial fauna includes common invertebrates and vertebrates. 44 birds species, 10 species of reptiles and amphibians and 11 species of mammals are recorded in the study area. Peacock is the only schedule-I species present in the study area. No other schedule-I species of Wildlife (Protection) Act.,972 is present in the study area. The list of faunal species is given in Table 5.15.

Table 5.15: List of Wildlife Found in Study Area Mammals S.No. Local name English name Zoological name Status (WLP Act.1972) Schedule

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1. Siyar Jackal Canisa ureus II 2. Kharghosh Common Indian hare Lepus ruficaudatus IV 3. Gilhari Five stripped squirrel Funambuluspennant IV 4. Chamgadad Short nosed fruit bat Cynopterus sphinx V 5. Chooha Field rat Bandicota benghalensis V 6. Lomadi Indian fox Vulpus benghalensis II 7. Bandar Monkey Macaca mulatta III 8. Neola Mangoose Herpetes edwardsi IV 9. Jangli billi Jungle cat Felis chaus II 10. Shahi Indian porcupine Hystrix indica IV 11 Neel gai Blue bull Boselaphus III tragocamelus Source: (Feild Survey)

Amphibia and Reptiles S.N. Common Zoological name Status /English name (WLP Act.1972) Schedule 1. Common Karait Bungarus caeruleus IV 2. Dhaman/Indian Rat snake Ptyas mucosus II 3. Dhondwa/Water sanke Enhydris enhydris IV 4. Girgit (Garden lizard) Calotes versicolor - 5. Nag/Cobra Naja naja II 6. Russel viper Vipera ruselli II 8. Common toads Duttaphrynus melanostictus V 9. Small frog Microhyla ornata V Source: (Feild Survey)

Avifaunal: Avifauna is an important part of the ecosystem playing the various roles as scavengers, pollinators, predators of insect, pest, etc. They are also one of the bio indicators of different status of environment and affected by urbanization, industrialization and human interference. They can be used as sensitive indicators of pollution and malfunction of ecosystem. The area is inhibited by residents forms of a large numbers of raptors like the Brahmini kite (Haliasur Indus) and Hawk Eagle (Nasiaetus fasciatus) The nocturnal birds found in the area are Bat (Pteropus giganteus) Owl (Bobo bobo), Bee-Eaters, Swallows (Hirundo rustica), Shrikes, Fairy Birds and Wegtails. All the birds are found near fresh waters and wet irrigated fields feeding actively on insects. List of bird species observed in the study area are given in Table 5.16.

Table 5.16 : List of the Birds Surveyed / Recorded in the Study Area Sl No Common Name Scientific Name 1 Blue Rock Pigeon Columbia livia 2. Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus

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3. Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus 4. Black Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis 5. Blossom headed Parakeet Psittacula Cyanocephala 6. Bleu throated Barbet Megalaima asiatica 7. Brown Shrike Lanius Cristatus 8. Brahmini Kite Haliasur Indus 9. Cattle Egret Bubukus ibis 10. Crow Pheasant Centropus sinensis 11. Crimson breasted Barbet Megalaima haemacephala 12. Common Swallow Hirundo rustica 13. Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius 14. Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis 15. Dove Streptopelia decaocto 16. Coppersmith Barbet Megalaima haemacephala 17. Greater cookoo Centropus sinensis 18. Grey backed shrike Lanius tephronotus 19. Golden Back Woodpecker Dinopium benghalense 20. Hawk Eagle Nasiaetus fasciatus 21. House Crow Corvus splendens 22. House Swift Apus affinis 23. Hoopoe Upupa spops 24. House Sparrow Passer domesticus 25. Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis 26. India Tree Pie Dendocitta vagabunda 27. Indian Ring Dove Streptopelia decapctp 28. Jungle crow Corvus macrorthynchos 29. Jungle Babler Turdoides striatus 30. Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 31. Kingfisher - Common Alcedo atthis 32. Little Brown Dove Streptopelia senegalensis 33. Large Pied Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis 34. Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis 35. Mayna - Brahminy Sturnus pagodarum 36. Mayna - Common Acridotheres tristis 37. Owl Bobo bobo 38. Peacock Pavao cristatus 39. Pariah Kite Milvus migrans 40. Pond Heron Ardeala grayii 41. Redwattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 42. Red Turtle Dove Streptopelia tranquebarica

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43. Rose ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri 44. Redvented bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 44. Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis Source: (Feild Survey)

Endangered, Rare and threatened,vulnerable Species- With reference to the list of endangered species prepared by Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, none of the terrestrial faunal species present in the study area belonged to the 'endangered' category except turtle species like Chitra Indica, Geoclamis haniltonii. Dolphins are reported in Ganga river however it has not been sited in the study area. Schedule-I Fauna: With reference to the list of schedule-I fauna listing of wildlife Protection Act 1972, No schedule-I terrestrial fauna (except peacock which is of least concern category of Wildlife Protection) is present within 10 km area of the proposed terminal site. 5.11.3. Kashi Turtle Sanctuary

Location: Kashi Turtle Sanctuary is located about 2.27 km in north direction from the proposed Ramnagar terminal. Map showing proposed terminal, Ramnagar fort and location of the turtle sanctuary is given in Figure 5.12.

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Figure 5.12 : Location of Turtle Sanctuary and Other Environment Features

Establishment of Turtle Wild Life Sanctuary (Legal Status)

To safeguard the released turtles and their natural habitat in the Ganga River, under the U.P. State Administration Forests Act, Section-3, Part-4170/14-3-62, dated 21-12-1989 the area of the mid-section of the Ganga River, Flowing through Varanasi city and measuring around 7-km has been declared as the Turtle Wild Life Sanctuary under which, the area between Ramnagar Fort to Malviya Rail/Road Bridge (Raj Ghat Bridge) has been declared as the Turtle Wild Life Sanctuary, Varanasi, Along with the turtles, other species of aquatic animals which inhabit this area are also being provided complete protection. The Sanctuary forms the part of Ganga Action Plan. History According to a mention in the religious scriptures of the Hindu it is believed that if a person dies in the Holy city of Kashi or his funeral rites are performed at Kashi, the person will have access

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to the heaven and will be free from the cycle of birth and rebirth. In pursuance of this belief people from far and near bring dead to city of Varanasi for performing the last rites at the numerous Ghats on the bank of River Ganga. Brunt and and half brunt corpuses are immersed in the river and are a major reason for the increased pollution level with waste garbage dumping in the Ganga. With this in mind the Ganga Action Plan support the organic removal of dead bodies by supporting the breeding and release of turtles in the river water. The basic idea to setup the sanctuary was to club the dwindling of turtle population which is on the verge of extension and also by releasing carnivorous turtles, that would feed on the remains of the corpses and would help in reducing the organic and harmful waste emanating from the corpses and also in the process providing for food to the diminishing population of turtles and help them survive, grow and breed and increase their number. Under the Turtle Rehabilitation Plan Turtle Breeding Center were set up in Sarnath. This in turn leads to further addition to river pollution. In order to check this biological pollution and to make River Ganges free of pollutants, Ganga Action Plan (GAP) Phase I, has started in the year 1986 by the Govt. of India, with a tortoise breeding project with its breeding center at Sarnath where tortoise (both herbivores &Carnivores) are hatched and reared for one to one and half year and then are left into River Ganges to remove the bio-pollutants like partly cremated and dead bodies directly thrown in the river. The eggs of these turtles are specially procured from river Chambal. Tortoise were released annually in the Ganga River. To protect these tortoise and secure their habitat Kachhua Sanctuary, spreading over seven km. from Rajghat (Malviya Rail Road Bridge) to Ramnagar Fort, was declared Wildlife Protection Zone, under U.P. Govt. Order (No. 4170/04- 3-62/89 dated 21-12-1989) under the provisions of the Wildlife Protection Act 1972, after launching the Ganga Action Plan (GAP). The existence of motor boats and sand mining in the protected zone of the Sanctuary is prohibited, as tortoise lay eggs in the sand of the river banks. Tortoise Sanctuary has its own importance to clean the water. In the Kachhua (tortoise) Sanctuary mainly Aspederites Gangetic (self-shell turtles), Geoclamis, Hamiltonai, Chitra Indica & Lasimous which are carnivorous species and hard shelled herbivorous tortoise- Pechra, Kachhua, Sundri Kachhua, Kachhua Tentoria, Kachhua Tongoka are in abundance. The year wise details of turtle released in the sanctuary is provided in following Table 5.17.

Table 5.17 Year wise details of Turtle Released in the Sanctuary No. of eggs No. of turtles Turtle eggs No. of turtles S. No. brought to the dispatched by the Collection yr. from the eggs department department 1 1987 5290 3126 100 2 1988 9402 4271 - 3 1989 12006 6928 2554 4 1990 13879 6845 3677 5 1991 9997 5386 6773 6 1992 5116 3535 8224

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7 1993 - - 7592

From year 1994 to 2003 due to unavailability of the funds, turtle rehabilitation work was stopped. Again in year 2002-2003, fund were granted to Turtle Rehabilitation Centre, Sarnath and the work of turtle rehabilitation was started again. Details given below:

3 2005-06 3000 1520 - 4 2006-07 3000 1777 - 5 2007-08 2000 1110 1549 6 2008-09 2000 1154 1777 7 2009-10 2000 1028 1110 8 2010-11 2000 1042 1154 9 2011-12 2000 1333 1028 10 2012-13 2000 831 1042 11 2013-14 2000 0 1333 Source: (Office of Kashi Turtle Sanctuary)

Sarnath Turtle Breeding Center

At the Sarnath center, the eggs of the carnivorous species of turtles (the “Kathawa”-Aspadiritis Gangatic) were brought from the Chambal River-and the new-borns were brought up at the breeding center under controlled conditions. One hatching room and three artificial ponds has been created in the center where these turtle where tortoise (both herbivores & Carnivores) are hatched and reared for one to one and half year. Once they reached the right age they were released in the waters of the Ganga River. Under this plan, during the period 1987-1992, 55690 turtle eggs were brought to the Sarnath Breeding Centre from the Chambal River, out of which 30091 new borns were reared, of these 28920 were released in the Ganga River. In the period 2005-2006, eggs were again brought from the Chambal River and 3297 new borns were reared and in March 2009 and of these, 1549 were released in the Ganga River. Photographs of Turtle breeding center is provided in Figure 5.13.

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Figure 5.13: Turtle Breeding Centre Sarnath

5.11.4. Aquatic Ecosystem

The aquatic eco-biology is highly dependent on the type of Aquatic ecosystem, The running water ecosystem is called as lotic Aquatic system. This means it is the running freshwater (limnotic) ecosystem. The volume of water and its velocity are among the basic factors along with the physico-chemical attributes of an aquatic ecosystem, which govern and impact the biotic communities in that area. This biotic community composition in turn is highly sensitive to seasonal and climatic changes round the year. However, any given ecosystem under reference becomes seasonally static, unless any unforeseen or sudden geo-climatic situations do not take place, after few years of its existence in that particular geographic area. Here below are given our observations related to the ecologically, economically naturally occurring important biotic constituents of Ganga river system around Ramnagar area. The freshwater ecosystems are live, highly dynamic but equally very sensitive and fragile environments. A freshwater ecosystem is normally rich in biodiversity. No other group of organisms is believed to be more at risk than freshwater animals. As a result the riverine ecosystems are among the most productive life support systems in the world and are of immense socio-economic, ecological, commercial and bio-esthetic importance to mankind.

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With reference to the Gangetic riverine ecosystem along with its major and minor tributaries and their secondary and tertiary contributing tributaries the whole system forms a web of life of its own creation and sustenance. The reasons of this status have been the undisturbed ecological flows of this river web system since millenniums. However, last five-six decades have seen tremendous changes in the behavior and the quality of this gangetic riverine ecosystem, mainly on account of anthropogenic interventions. Therefore, it becomes highly imperative to understand the behavior of the existing eco-system and its components before embarking on to any new multi-pronged project which would be totally dependent on the course of the existing riverine ecosystem, its constituents and the anticipated impacts of initiating, establishing and running a totally hitherto unknown physical system over and along the river body, including its riparian appendages. It is most important under the prevailing circumstances of our conservation and restoration policies for a sustained healthy freshwater environment. It becomes greatly critical and vulnerable when we come across the ganga river ecology, on account of our sentiments attached to it. Sampling Location: Sample for the phytoplankton and zooplankton monitoring were collected from following two locations. Sampling site is located in upstream and downstream of the proposed inland water terminal. Details of sampling location is given in Table 5.18.

Table -5.18: Details of Aquatic Sampling Locations Code Locations Remarks A-1 Ganga River, u/s of proposed Terminal Fresh water A-2 Ganga River, d/s of Proposed Terminal Fresh water

Biotic Resources of River Ganga at Varanasi: To be precise we are here concerned with the major bioti component of river system which is commercially (primarily) and eco- environmentally important to the riparian human population, their economic status ( through self employment and secondary market stake holders acting at short time intervals and impacting long time policies. In that light Gangariver and its surrounding landin the study area is used largely for fisheries and boating purposes. The fishery resources of the Ganga river system are of tremendous economic and nutritional sustenance to fisherman of the study area, Ganga River being the main source of water body in the reference area.

Plankton: Phyto-plankton & Zoo-plankton: Like any other aquatic ecosystem the ecology of the Ganga River depends on the primary producers. And primary producers are those micro- floristic communities called Phyto-plankton, which convert the solar energy with the raw material from earth & atmosphere to organic form, which in turn in the food chain of nature is consumed by the primary, secondary and sometimes by the tertiary consumers of the ecosystem at various trophic levels. Phytoplankton are most important, because these are the first food of new born fishes. Not only this, but many fishes depended for their nutritional requirements on these micro-phytoplankton, throughout their life.

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Two sampling locations were identified for sampling. Surface water samples were collected, counted and identified by using the APHA method. The water samples were collected in sterile glass bottles. The phytoplankton‟s were collected after filtering the water through a plankton net made up of bolting silk cloth No.25. 5% formalin solution was added for preservation of phytoplankton and zooplanktons. The systematic identification of phytoplankton and zooplanktons was made by standard keys of APHA. Phytoplankton: Phytoplankton forms the basis of food chain in any aquatic water body. The diversity and abundance of phytoplankton mainly depends on the region, type of water body, either lentic or lotic, the nutrient flux in the system and the sunlight available for photosynthesis. These factors together form the dynamics of phytoplankton productivity over the seasons. The phytoplankton of given water body determines the zooplankton populations and the fish productivity of the ecosystem. Phytoplankton group reported from the sampled locations are Basillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Xanthophyceae and Euglenophyceae members. Dominance of Bacillariophyceae members followed by Chrophyceae and Cyanophyceae was observed in studied samples. The list of phytoplankton recorded in Ganga River during study period is presented in Table 5.19.

Table 5.19: List of Phytoplankton’s Observed in Sampling Locations Sr. Phytoplankton Phytoplankton Ganga River Ganga River No. Group upstream of downstream of Terminal Site Terminal Site 1 Amphora sp. + - 2 Asterionella sp. + + 3 Biddulphia sp. + + 4 Chaetoceros sp. - + 5 Cyclotella sp. + - 6 Cymbella sp. - + 7 Diatoma sp. + + 8 Fragilaria sp. + + 9 Bacillariophyceae Gomphonema sp. + + 10 Gyrosigma sp. + + 11 Melosira sp. + - 12 Navicula sp. + + 13 Nitzschia sp. + - 14 Pinnularia sp. + + 15 Pleurosigma sp. + + 16 Actinastrum sp. - + 17 Chlorella sp. + + 18 Closterium sp. + - 19 Coelastrum sp. + = 20 Conococcus sp. + - 21 Eudorina sp. + + 22 Chlorophyceae Gonium sp. + + 23 Hormidium sp. + - 24 Microspora sp. + + 25 Pandorina sp. + +

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26 Pediastrum sp. - + 27 Spirogyra sp. + + 28 Ulothrix sp. + + 29 Anabeana sp. + + 30 Calothrix sp. + + 31 Nostoc sp. + + 32 Oscillatoria sp. + + 33 Phormidium sp. + + 34 Rivularia sp. + - 35 Schizothrix sp. - + 36 Spirulina sp., etc. + + 37 Bumillaria sp. + + 38 Xanthophyceae Chlorobotrys sp. + - 39 Astasis sp. + - 40 Euglena sp. + + 41 Peronia sp. + + 42 Euglenophyceae Phacus sp. - + Note: + denote present and – denotes absent

Zooplankton: The zooplankton of the aquatic water body are the primary consumers and also in cases secondary producers which play an important role for the fisheries of that system. The diversity and abundance of zooplankton also depends on whether the water body is eutrophic or oligotrophic. They also are good representation of the ecosystem health. The amount and type of pollutants in the water body impacts and determines the type of zooplankton species, in any particular habitat / niche. Among the zooplankton group, Brachionoussps.(Rotifera) had highest percentage composition and the lowest percentage composition was of Asplanchana sps. In the total zooplankton Cyprissps and Gastrocypris sp., also occurred in the sampled water bodies. The list of zooplanktons recorded in fresh water bodies in study area during study Table 5.20:

Table-5.20 List of Zooplanktons Observed in Ganga River: At Ramnagar site Sr. Family Phytoplankton Ganga River Ganga River No. upstream of downstream of Terminal Site Terminal Site 1 Arcella sp. - + 2 Chilodonella sp. + - 3 Difflugia sp. - + 4 Globigerina sp. + + 5 Protozoa Holophyra sp. + + 6 Noctiluca sp. + + 7 Spathidium sp. - + 8 Sphenoderia sp. + -

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9 Tintinnopsis sp. + + 16 Anura sp. - + 17 Asplanchna sp. + + 18 Brachionus sp. + - 19 Filinia sp. - + 20 Horaelle sp. + - 21 Keratella sp. + + 22 Rotifers Notholca sp. - + 23 Rotaria sp. + - 29 Copepoda Cyclops sp. - + 30 Diaptomus sp. + + 37 Bosmina sp. - + Cladocera Ceriodaphnia sp. + - 38 Cydorus sp. + + 39 Cypris sp. - + Gastrocypris sp., + + 40 Euglenophyceae etc. Note: + denote present and – denotes absent

Zoo- benthos:

Benthos is the community of organisms which live on, in, or near the riverbed, also known as the benthic zone. This community lives in or near sedimentary environments, Many organisms adapted to deep-water pressure cannot survive in the upper parts of the water column. Because light does not penetrate very deep water, the energy source for deep benthic ecosystems is often organic matter from higher up in the water column which drifts down to the depths. This dead and decaying matter sustains the benthic food chain; most organisms in the benthic zone are scavengers or detritivores. The zoo-benthos observed in the river water is listed below in Table 3.21

Table-3.21: Zoo-benthic fauna at Ramnagar. Sl. No. Gastropoda Annelids Insects 1 Bellamya sp. Oligochaetes Argia sp. 2 Gabbia sp. Polychaetes, etc. Caenis sp. 3 Lymnaea sp. Cloeon sp. 4 Thiaria sp., etc. Enallagma sp., etc.

Fisher Man Says: Among the first rate stake-holders to these water produces of fishes, Fisherman community is at the base of the pyramid of economy here. As per our discussion with fisherman the fishes have suffered serious decline in the Ganga River stretch of Varanasi due to overfishing, sewage water pollution and construction of reservoirs, barrages and

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abstraction of riverine water along the riparian areas. The loss of fish fauna is not in terms quality ( that is body size / body wt. ), but also in terms their species diversity. According to older reports the area had around 50-60 species of fishes in this region, which has come down to around 25 to 36 species, presently. For example according to fishermen the famous illesh fish Hilsas ps. are no more visible around, which used to migrate up to Allahabad only about a decade back. It is because of the construction of barrages on Ganga river at Farakka, coupled with a high rate of pollution along its course..

The fishing boats used by the fisherman are mostly indigenous and non-mechanized. The boats are designed to suit local conditions. The simplest and most primitive types of boats used for fishing in the river are the rafts and dongas, operated in calm water. As per the discussion with the fisherman of the study area the average fish production (catch) is 5 to 10 kg/day.

Various type of fishing gears are in operation in the riverine system. They are designed to suit the local condition such as depth of water, water current, desired fish to catch etc. some of them selective to the particular species. The most common gears used by the fisherman are chanta, Mahajal, Ghanali, Bhanwarjal, Gochail, Dodandi etc. Fish Fauna of River ganga at Ramnagar area: Fishes are the consumers in River ecosystem. The fish population of Ganga is largely dependent on the micro-flora and fauna produced by the river system including phytoplankton, zooplankton, periphyton and zoobenthos which establishes itself in the form of food chain. Among the preferred freshwater food fishes are include species of major carps like, Rohu (Labeorohita) mrigal (cirrhinusmrigala), katla( catlacatla) , kalbasu ( labeocalbasu ), and cat fishes like padhan ( wallagoattu ) ) tengras ( Mystusteengara, ) and Magur ( Clariasbatrachus ), Singhi ( Heteropneutesfossilis ), Tilapia ( Oreocromissps. ),Kavai ( anabas testudineus ), Mahfish ( Barbussps. ), to name a few, around the Ramnagar area of Ganga river. Common fishes identified during the field visit are provided in following Table 5.22.

Table-5.22 List of Fishes observed in Study Area during Study Period S. No. Genus, species Common Name 1 Sperataseenghala Tengra 2 Cyprinuscarpio Common carp 3 Labeobata (Hamilton) Bata 4 Oreochromisniloticusniloticus Tilapia 5 Rita buchnani Bail gagra

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6 Labeorohita (Hamilton) Rohu 7 Clariasbatrachus (Linnaeus) Mangur 8 Anabas testudineus (Bloch) Kavai or sumha 9 Cirrhinusmrigala (Hamilton) Nain 10 Catlacatla Katla 11 Wallagoattu Padhni 12 Heteropneustes fossils Singhi 13 Labeocalbasu Kalabasa 14 Barbus tor Mahasir 15 Mastacembelusarmatus Balm Source: (Feild Survey)

Chelonian Fauna (Ganga Turtle)

Among the important reptilian fauna turtles had been in abundance along the course of river Ganga, till few decades back. [These were / are regarded as the scavengers of the river along with scavenger carnivore fishes like Wallaoattu, Bagariussps. Mystussps. And few other minor cat fishes like Clarias, Mystusvittatus etc.]

Therefore the existing species of freshwater turtles (the group is known as Chelonians: order Chelonia, class - Reptilia) in Ganga river are also ecologically very important . We visited the Kashi turtle sanctuary, which is located about 2.7 km to the north of the proposed terminal at Ramnagar .Details of the sanctuary are already discussed in the above sections. In the Kachhua (tortoise) Sanctuary mainly Aspederites Gangetic (self shell turtles), Geoclamis, Hamiltonai, ChitraIndica & Lasimous which are carnivorous species and hard shelled herbivorous tortoise- Pechra, Kachhua, SundriKachhua, Kachhua Tentoria, KachhuaTongoka are in abundance. Photographs of fishes observed in the study area is provided in Figure 5.15.

Labeorohita (Hamilton) – (Rohu) Clariasbatrachus (Linnaeus) – (Mangur)

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Anabas testudineus (Bloch) – (Kavai) Rita buchnani (Belgagra)

CyprinusCarpio ( Common Carp) Oreochromisniloticusniloticus (Tilapia)

Labeobata Sperataseenghala(Tengra)

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Figure 5.15 Photographs of Fishes Observed during Study Period 5.12. Social Impact Assessment The social impact assessment included gathering information on the socio-economic profile of the project area which was compiled through secondary sources which is the published data of the Government of India. Secondly, in order to understand the socioeconomic profile of the affected families a primary census socio-economic survey (SES) is will be carried out as necessary. The information from secondary sources enabled the project team to understand the general socio-economic issues if any in the project area and the primary information enabled the project to understand the following issues:  The socio-economic profile of the affected families;  The category and extent of loss due to the project development; and  The demography, literacy level, the occupation pattern, etc. about the project affected families.

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The ensuing section provides the analysis of the secondary and the primary information thus gathered

Published information analysis on the socio-economic profile of the project area The Ramnagar terminal will be location in Varanasi (Banaras) of the state of Uttar Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh is the largest state in India. The administrative and legislative capital is Lucknow and the judicial capital is Allahabad. Other notable cities include Agra, Aligarh, Ayodhya, Varanasi (also known as Benares and Kashi), Etawah, Kanpur, Mirzapur and Deoband. Neighbouring states are Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Bihar. Uttar Pradesh also shares its border with Nepal. The published information included the websites of the Government of India the Census of India data 2011, which was utilized to enlist the socio-economic profile of the project area. The analysis of the data is provided in the sections below.

Table 5.23 shows the population of Uttar Pradesh. Out of the total population of 19.99 crore, 10.04 crore people are males and remaining 9.53 crore people are females. Out of the total population, around 78% people are residing in rural areas and remaining in urban areas.

Table 5.23: Uttar Pradesh State Population State TRU No. of HH Total Total Male Total Female Population Total 33448035 199812341 104480510 95331831 Uttar Pradesh Rural 25685942 155317278 80992995 74324283 Urban 7762093 44495063 23487515 21007548 Source: Census of India, 2011

Table 5.24 shows the literacy population of Uttar Pradesh. Out of the total literate population of 11.43 crore, 6.83 crore males are literate and remaining 4.61 crores are female literates. Nearly 75% of the total literate populations are in rural areas.

Table 5.24: Uttar Pradesh State Literacy Level Population State TRU Male Literate Female Literate Literate Total 114397555 68234964 46162591 Uttar Pradesh Rural 85284680 51793688 33490992 Urban 29112875 16441276 12671599 Source: Census of India, 2011

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Table 5.25 shows the SC and ST population of Uttar Pradesh. Out of the total population of 19.99 crores,4.13 crore (21%) population belongs to Schedule Cast and 11.34 lakhs belongs to Schedule Tribes, which is nearly 0.57% of the total population.

Table 5.25: Uttar Pradesh State Population SC and ST

State TRU Population SC Population ST Total 41357608 1134273 Uttar Pradesh Rural 35685227 1031076 Urban 5672381 103197 Source: Census of India, 2011

Table 5.26 shows the Worker population of Uttar Pradesh. Out of the total population of 19.99 crore, 6.58 crores are working population. Out of these 4.98 crores are male worker and remaining 1.59 crores are female workers. Out of these only 21% (1.38 crores) are working in urban areas.

Table 5.26: Uttar Pradesh State Worker Population Total Work Total Male Total Female State TRU Population Worker Worker Total 65814715 49846762 15967953 Uttar Pradesh Rural 51950980 38352879 13598101 Urban 13863735 11493883 2369852 Source: Census of India, 2011

District Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

About Varanasi

Varanasi, one of world's oldest living cities, is rightly called the religious capital of India. Also known as Banaras or Benaras, this holy city is located in the south-eastern part of the state of Uttar Pradesh in northern India. It rests on the left bank of the holy river Ganga (Ganges), and is one of the seven sacred spots for Hindus. Varanasi a place for pilgrimage, and also known as a great center of learning, and a place known for its heritage in music, literature, art and craft. It is a cherished name in the art of silk weaving. The Banarasi silk sarees and brocades are prized all over the world. The classical musical styles or 'gharanas' are woven into the lifestyle of the people and are accompanied by musical instruments that are manufactured in Varanasi. The ancient city of Varanasi was not built in a day. The city has two remnants of a holy past: the first being Rajghat plateau, where the archeological findings of wares date back to the period of

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very existence of urban settlement and the second being Sarnath, where Buddha gave his first sermon, “Turning the wheel of law” in 528 BC. Later during 3rd century King Ashoka built a monastery township there, which continued its existence till 12th century and was later destroyed. Since ancient times the natural and cultural landscapes of the city have retained an active social role in contemporary society closely associated with the traditional way of life. The city is a place of pilgrimage and a holy site for sacred baths in the Ganga River, to have a good death, to get relief from transmigration, to learn and receive spiritual merit, etc. The city has still maintained its traditions. In spite of several downfalls and upheavals, traditions are fully alive even today8. Being the holiest city of Hinduism, the impact of the religion is found everywhere in the city – the chanting bells and the monotonous, but oddly soothing, chant of Sanskrit hymns, in the fragrant flower offerings, and the colored powders that are sold in a myriad roadside shops which decorate the foreheads of the devout, in the tens of thousands of worshippers and the thousands who offer them salvation or services. Ghats with stairways along the Ganga with presence of “dying homes”, charitable homes, pilgrims‟ rest houses, are some of the city‟s unique characteristics. Apart from that, silk weaving and sari making, metal, wood and terracotta handicrafts, toy making, particular painting forms, etc., comprise the continuity of historical and cultural tradition. Varanasi is famous for its fairs and festivals with respect to variety, distinction, time, sacred sites, performers, viewers and sideshows. Varanasi town lies between the 25015‟ to 25022‟ North latitude and 82057‟ to 83001‟ East longitude. The River Ganga only here flows South to North having the world famous ghats on the left bank of the river. The highest flood level of river Ganga was 73.90m (1978) and the lowest river water level is approximately 58m. It is at an elevation of 80.71 metres above mean sea level.

Linkages and Connectivity

Varanasi is well connected by road, rail and air with other parts of the country. The distance from the major cities are Delhi-750 km, Lucknow-286 km and 125 km from Allahabad. There are three national highways i.e. NH-2, NH-56 and NH-29 and four state highways i.e. SH-87, SH-73, SH-74 and SH-98 passing through the heart of the city. The linkages provided by the National highways are, NH 2- G.T. Road from Mughal Sarai to Allahabad; NH 29- Varanasi to Gorakhpur, Kushinagar; and NH 56- Varanasi to Jaunpur Lucknow. These National Highways and state highways have high passenger traffic as these roads provide a good connectivity to the surrounding areas in the U.P. state as well as to metropolitan cities like Delhi and Kolkata. The Grand trunk road or NH2 forms the main transportation spine of the city.

8 Prof. Rana B P Singh (2005), “Life in Historic Urban Landscape of Varanasi, a Heritage City of India”, Geography Department, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP

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A bypass is being constructed along the Eastern edge of the city to relieve the burden off NH-2. Another ring road is under consideration along the Western edge of the city to divert the traffic and provide better connectivity to the newer developments coming up in the Trans Varuna Region. Varanasi is well connected by railways with broad gauge. There are three rail lines entering to the city from Lucknow, Bhadoi and Allahabad and is diverted in two lines to Gorakhpur and Mughal Sarai. The city lies on Delhi-Kolkata rail route of North Eastern Railways, which is the broad gauge. A rail line connects the town with Sarnath. The other cities having good connectivity through railways are Patna, Guwahati, Chennai, Mumbai, Gwalior, Meerut, Lucknow, Kanpur and Allahabad. The town also has an airport at a distance of about 24 km away from the city. There are flights to Varanasi from Agra, Bhubaneshwar, Kolkata, Delhi, Gorakhpur, Khajuraho, Lucknow, Raipur and Kathmandu (Nepal). It is on a regular aviation route of Delhi to Kolkata and Bhuvaneshwar. It is also the aviation gateway to Nepal.

Basic issues in Varanasi There are several issues facing the millions of people who live and visit the city of Varanasi. By the time the Ganga reaches the end of the city, Ganga is polluted–her waters are grey, stinking, and a breeding ground for water-borne diseases such as dysentery, cholera, and typhoid, among others. An estimated 66% of the local population of Varanasi faces some sort of waterborne disease each year. The infrastructure of Varanasi has never been properly developed to fit the booming population. The sewage lines that exist today were created by the British for a population of 200,000. Many residents do not have access to any sort of toilet, and thus use the river. No proper solid waste disposal has ever been created for the city. Many residents do not have access to any sort of clean, purified drinking water. Thus they use the polluted Ganga for their everyday needs, such as drinking, bathing, cooking, and doing laundry. Further, the sewer lines and sewage treatment plants that are present in Varanasi do not work, as they rely heavily on electricity (and electricity does not work in the city for many hours each day). During monsoon season, the floods force these facilities to cease their function entirely. Thus, raw untreated sewage is directly dumped every day into the Ganga, Varuna, and Assi rivers at approximately thirty sources. This accounts for 95% of the pollution in Ganga at Varanasi, and it is making people sick. The other 5% of the pollution in the Ganga at Varanasi comes from non-point sources, such as cremation grounds. Thousands of cremations happen along the banks of the river in Varanasi, and the river simply is filled with ash and half-burnt bodies

Varanasi district demographics

The demography, occupation pattern and the other socio-economic features of Varansi is provided in this section of the report.

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Table 5.27 shows the population of affected Varanasi district. Total population of Varanasi district is 36.76 lakhs (1.84% of UP). Out of which 19.21 lakhs are males and 17.54 are females. Out of these 15.59 lakh population resides in Urban areas.

Table 5.27: Population of the District Total Total Total State District TRU No. of HH Population Male Female Total 560162 3676841 1921857 1754984 Uttar Pradesh Varanasi Rural 306978 2079790 1076526 1003264 Urban 253184 1597051 845331 751720 Source: Census of India, 2011

The growth rate of population in Varanasi District declined between 1991 – 2001 from 33% to 17.15%, however in the past decade the growth rate has been about 25.16%. Table 5.28 shows the literacy population of Varanasi district. Total literate population of Varanasi district is 24.03 lakhs. Out of which 13.89 lakhs are males and 10.01 lakhs are females. Literate population are more in rural areas (54.14%) than urban areas.

Table 5.28: Literacy in the District

Male Female State District TRU Population Literate Literate Literate

Total 2403903 1389116 1014787 Uttar Pradesh Varanasi Rural 1301232 769456 531776 Urban 1102671 619660 483011 Source: Census of India, 2011

Table 5.29 shows the SC and ST population of Varanasi district. Out of the total population of 36.76 lakhs,4.86 lakhs belongs to schedule caste and only 0.28 lakhs (5.88%) belongs to schedule tribes. Out of these 73.64% of SC and 67% of ST are in rural area.

Table 5.29: SC and ST population of the District State District TRU Population SC Population ST Total 486958 28617 Uttar Pradesh Varanasi Rural 358612 19144 Urban 128346 9473 Source: Census of India, 2011

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Table 5.30 shows the worker population of Varanasi district. Total 12.20 lakhs people belongs to working class. Out of which 9.21 lakhs are males and 2.99 are females.

Table 5.30: Work population of the District Total Worker Total Male Total Female State District TRU Population Worker Worker Total 1220708 921234 299474 Uttar Pradesh Varanasi Rural 695418 496488 198930 Urban 525290 424746 100544 Source: Census of India, 2011

Table 5.32 shows the Tehsil population of Varanasi Tehsil. Total population of Varanasi Tehsil was 30.49 lakh, out of which 16.03 lakhs are males and 14.45 lakhs are females.

Table 5.31: Tehsil Wise Population of district Total Total Total District Tehsil TRU No. of HH Population Male Female Total 467569 3049543 1603805 1445738 Varanasi Varanasi Rural 216031 1463875 764427 699448 Urban 251538 1585668 839378 746290 Source: Census of India, 2011

Table 5.30 shows the literacy of Varanasi Tehsil. Total 20.07 lakhs people are literate in Varanasi Tehsil. Out of which 11.57 are males and 8.50 are females.

Table 5.32: Tehsil wise literacy population of District

Population Male Female District Tehsil TRU Literate Literate Literate

Total 2007746 1157401 850345 Varanasi Varanasi Rural 912382 542025 370357 Urban 1095364 615376 479988 Source: Census of India, 2011

Table 5.33 shows the SC and ST population of Varanasi Tehsil. Total 3.69 lakhs are SC and 0.24 lakhs are females.

Table 5.33: Tehsil wise SC and ST population of District

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District Tehsil TRU Population SC Population ST Total 369361 24012 Varanasi Varanasi Rural 243343 14630 Urban 126018 9382 Source: Census of India, 2011

Table 5.34 shows the work population of Varanasi Tehsil. Total 10.01 lakhs population are working, out of which 7.76 lakhs are males and 2.24 are females.

Table 5.34: Tehsil wise work population of District Total Worker Total Male Total Female District Tehsil TRU Population Worker Worker Total 1001113 776204 224909 Varanasi Varanasi Rural 480279 354383 125896 Urban 520834 421821 99013 Source: Census of India, 2011

Ramnagar – location of the multi-modal IWAI terminal

Ramnagar is a city and a municipal board in Varanasi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Ramnagar has a fort known as Ramnagar Fort which is still the residence of King of Varanasi (Benares). The demographics of Ramnagar is detailed in the ensuing section of this report. Table 5.35 shows the population in the proposed terminal area in Ramnagar town. Total population of Ramnagar town is 49132.

Table 5.35 : Town where the Terminal is to be located along NW-1 - Population No. of Total Total District and Tehsil Village/Town Total Male HH Population Female District: Varanasi Ramnagar Tehsil: Varanasi 7729 49132 26071 23061 Source: Census of India, 2011

Table 5.36 shows the SC and ST population in the proposed terminal area in Ramnagar town.

Table 5.36: Town where the Terminal is to be located along NW-1- SC and ST population Tehsil Village/Town Population SC Population ST District: Varanasi Ramnagar 5340 191

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Table 5.36: Town where the Terminal is to be located along NW-1- SC and ST population Tehsil Village/Town Population SC Population ST Tehsil: Varanasi Source: Census of India, 2011

Table 5.37 shows the Literate and work population in the proposed terminal area in Ramnagar town. 70% of the total Ramnagar town population is literate and 30% of the total population are working.

Table 5.37: Town where the Terminal is to be located along NW-1 - Literacy and work population Total Femal Total Total Populati Male Femal e Worker Male Tehsil Village/Town on Literat e Literat Populati Worke Literate e Worke e on r r District: Varanasi Ramnagar Tehsil: Varanasi 34400 19484 14916 14895 12794 2101 Source: Census of India, 2011 This location has a population of about 49000 and about 7700 households. However there is a an insignificant population being affected adversely due to this project development. The details of the adversely affected population is discussed in the section below. 5.12.1. Tourism and Heritage

The ancient city of Varanasi is believed to have existed since beginning of the earth and finds its mention in the Arthavedas6. Varanasi, owing to its rich traditional fabric and ghats, attracts more than 30 lakh domestic and international tourists each year. The city, an important centre for religious tourism in India is also a gateway to the Buddhist circuit; with significant foreign tourist coming from Japan, China, Malaysia, etc. Being the holiest city of Hinduism, the impact of the religion is found everywhere in the city. The city of Varanasi is unique in the architectural, artistic and religious expressions of traditional Indian culture and is, even today, a living example of this culture. Tourism Ghats Varanasi is famous for its Ghats. Ghats are steps that lead down to River Ganga. The crescent shaped bank of river Ganges houses 84 ghats on the western bank spread over a distance of 6.8 km. Several rituals and religious ceremonies are associated with these ghats and pilgrims

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travel from all over the country for prayers, holy dip in the river Ganga, cremation, religious offerings, etc. The most important ghats are Dasaswamedh, Harish Chandra, Manikarnika, Panchaganga, and Assi ghat. Map showing Location of Ghats along Ganga River and other sensitive features is provided in Figure 5.12. Dasaswamedh Ghat: It is one of the most important ghats of Varanasi. It is located near „Kashi Vishwanath Temple’. It is belived that on this very Ghat ten horses were sacrifised by Lord Brahma to allow Lord Shiva to return from a period of banishment. In spite of the fact that Dasaswamedh is one of the oldest ghats of Varanasi, dating back to many thousand years, the ghat has remained unspoilt and clean. Dasaswamedh provides a beautiful and colourful riverfront view. A large number of Sadhus can be seen performing religious rites on this ghat. Devotees must not miss the opportunity of visiting this ghat in the evening when the Aarti is performed. During Dipawali festival, thousands of earthen lamps are immersed in the waters of the holy Ganges and the floating lamps give a divine look to the river at dusk. Harish Chandra Ghat: Harish Chandra Ghat is name after a mythological King Harish Chandra, who once worked at the cremation ground here for the perseverance of truth and charity. It is believed that the Gods rewarded him for his resolve, charity and truthfulness and restored his lost throne and his dead son to him. Harish Chandra Ghat is one of the two cremation Ghats (the other being Manikarnika Ghat) and is some times referred as Adi Manikarnika (the original creation ground). Hindus from distant places bring the dead bodies of their near and dear ones to the Harish Chandra Ghat for cremation. In Hindu mythology it is believed that if a person is cremated at the Harish Chandra Ghat, that person gets salvation or "moksha". The Harish Chandra Ghat was somewhat modernized in late 1980's, when an electric crematorium was opened here. Manikarnika Ghat: It is one of the oldest and most sacred Ghats of Varanasi. People belive that being burned here provides an instant gateway to liberlisation from the cycle of births and rebirths. Lying at the centre of five tirthas, ghat symbolises both creation and destruction. At Manikarnika Ghat, the mortal remains are consigned to flames with the prayers that the souls rest in eternal peace. It is also believed that fire does not extinguish at this Ghat. There is a sacred well at the Manikarnika Ghat, called the Manikarnika Kund. Manikarnika Kund is said to be dug by Lord Vishnu at the time of creation while the hot ashes of the burnt bodies makes one remember the inevitable destruction of everything in the world. Panchaganga Ghat: As the name suggests, it is belived that five rivers Kirana, Ganga, Yamuna, Saraswati and Dhuta-papa converge here. Dominating the ghat is Auangazeb's smaller mosque, also known as the Alamgir Mosque, which he built on the site of large Vishnu temple erected by the Maratha chieftain Beni Madhav Rao Scindia. Assi Ghat: This Ghat marks the confluence of the Assi canal with the River Ganga. It is believed that when Lord Durga killed the demons Shunga and Nishunga, her sword fell in Varanasi creating a depression in the form of Assi canal. Out of these ghats Manikarnika, Panchganga, Adi Kesava, Dasaswamedha and Assi Ghat comprise the “Pancha Jala Tirthas”.

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Figure 5.16 : Map Showing Location of Ghats Along Ganga River

Apart from the Ghats, there are around 2000 temples, small, medium and big in size throughout the city. Many important temples are located along the ghats of Ganga River, adding to the religious value to the holey river. Some of the important temples are Kashi Vishwanath, the Sankat Mochan temple, The Tulsi Manas temple, the Durga temple, the Kal Bhairav temple and the Mritunjaya temple. Kashi Vishwanath Temple: Located almost centrally on the west bank of River Ganga, this is the most important temple in the city. It is also known as the Golden Temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, the founder of the city. It is believed that Aurangzeb destroyed the original temple and the stones were used to build a mosque next to the temple. The rear wall of the temple was left untouched by Aurangzeb and Queen Ahilya later on built a new temple close to the old one. Sankat Mochan Temple: Sankat Mochan temple is one of the sacred temples of Varanasi. It is located in the southern part of Varanasi, near the Banaras Hindu University. It is dedicated to the Hindu God, Hanuman. The word "Sankat Mochan" means one who helps in removing sufferings i. e. Lord Hanuman. Tulsidas, the author of the famous Hindu epic

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Ramacharitamanasa, founded the Sankat Mochan temple. According to Hindu mythology, one who visits the Sankat Mochan temple regularly, his wishes get fulfilled. Every Tuesday and Saturday, thousands of devotees queue up in front of the Sankat Mochan temple to offer prayers to Lord Hanuman. According to Vedic Astrology, Hanuman protects human beings from the anger of planet Saturn and those who have ill placed Saturn in their horoscope visit the Sankat Mochan temple to get remedy. People put "Sindoor" on the statue and offer "laddoos" to Lord Hanuman. The "Sindoor", from the statue of Lord Hanuman is put on the foreheads of devotees. Tulsi Manas Temple: Tulsi Manas temple is one of the most famous temples of Varanasi. It is also an important tourist attraction of the holy city. The Tulsi Manas temple is located near the famous Durga temple. It was built in white marble in the year 1964. The temple has been made more harming by the magnificent landscaping around it. The Tulsi Manas temple is dedicated to lord Ram. It is believed that temple is built at the same place where Tulsidas wrote the famous Indian epic, Archeological Importantant Place: (Ramnagar) Ramnagar fort is located about 14 km from Varanasi city and 2.7 km in north of the proposed terminal site. The Ramnagar fort houses a museum displaying the Royal collection of old silver and brocade palanquins for the use of the ladies of the court, elephant howdahs made of silver brocades, a replica of the royal bed and an armoury of swords and guns, vintage cars, royal palkies, an armory of swords and old guns, ivory work and antique clocks. Fairs and Festivals Varanasi, the sacred corridor (tirtha) is the embodiment of living sacred heritage and hosts a large number of fairs and festivals throughout the year. The importance of these festivals can be seen from the number of pilgrims arriving and attending the fairs. During the greatest festivals when more than 2500 people arrive per hour, the self-organization of the Varanasi pilgrimage system intensifies partially due to increased mutual interaction of pilgrims who arrive in informal groups of family and friends or various kinds of pilgrimage tours. The fares and festivals that take place in Varanasi, with their venue and period during which they occur is given in Table 5.36:

Table 5.36: Important festivals and the venue in Varanasi city Festivals Venue Period of Occurrence Paush Poornima Ghats January Makar Sankranti Ghats January Mauni Amavasya Ghats January/February Magh Poornima Ghats/Ravidas Mandir February Ganga Water Rally Ghats February Dhrupad Mela Tulsighat March Mahashivaratri Ghats & temples March Navratra (Chaitra) Ghats / Temples April Ram Navami Tulsi Manas Mandir & April

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Ghats Sankat Mochan Sankat Mochan Mandir April Music Festival Buddha Poornima Sarnath May Ganga Dussehra Ghats June Ramlila, Ramnagar Ramnagar September-October Dhanush Yagya Ramnagar September Ram Vivah Ramnagar September Nakkataiya Ramnagar September Pitra Visarjan Ghats September Navaratra(Ashwin) Ghats & Temples October Vijaya Dashmi / Ramnagar D.L.W October Dussehra Vidyapeeth

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6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

6.1. Introduction Environmental impacts assessment was carried out considering present environmental setting of the project area, and nature and extent of the proposed activities. Proposed project involves development of multimodal inland water terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P. Potential environmental impacts associated with the project is classified as: (i) impacts during design and construction phase and ii) impacts during operation phase/Post-construction phase. Sensitive environmental and social components were identified during the site visits and qualitative and quantitative techniques have been applied for direct and indirect assessment of impacts on the identified environmental and social sensitive components. Impacts are classified as being insignificant, minor, moderate and major.

Some of the important impacts associated with the proposed multimodal inland water terminal will be associated with land use (land acquisition), land stability (soil erosion), soil compaction and contamination, water availability, water quality of river/stream/canal, ground water contamination, waste and wastewater disposal, ambient air quality, ambient noise levels, vegetation, tree cutting (including social forestry tree), fauna ( terrestrial and aquatic), drainage pattern, hydrology, socio economic, places of social/cultural importance (religious structures, community structure), construction material sourcing and occupational health and safety. Adequate mitigation measures are devised to mitigate/minimize all likely environmental impacts and the same have been presented along with the impacts.

During the field study, consultations were also held within study area including local people and Govt. authorities like PHED, Jal Nigam, Jalkal Vibhag, Ganga Pollution Unit etc. Outcome of these consultations were used in impact assessment and devising mitigation measures. 6.2. Impact Identification During the site visit, various environment and socially sensitive features were identified which may potentially be impacted by the project at various stages. Identified impacts of the project activities on the environment and social components are given below along with the activities associated.

Table 6.1: Impact Matrix for Proposed Off-site Infrastructure S. Activities Impacts Negative Positive Not No. Impact Impact Applicable

Short Long Short Long Term Term Term Term

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A Pre-Construction Phase i Land Acquisition for Diversion of  access road and agricultural land railway connectivity (ROW purpose only)

Impact on livelihood 

ii Site Clearance & Removal of  Preparation Vegetation. Loss of tree cover and

Impact on aesthetic  aspects

B Construction Phase i Construction of Loss of Top soil  Terminal Soil contamination  due to spillage of material

Surface water  contamination

Air pollution 

Noise pollution 

Increase in traffic 

Un pleasant view 

Impact on Health &  safety

Social impact  

Aquatic Ecology 

Felling of Trees 

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C Operational Phase i Movement of Air Quality  Vessels/Barges, loading and Economic  unloading activity, Development storage of material, &Generation of transportation of Employment unloaded material Infrastructural  via road & railway, development running DG sets, plantation of trees Increased Run-off 

Natural drainage  pattern

Noise Pollution 

Surface Water  Pollution

Health & Safety 

Soil Erosion and  Contamination

Terrestrial Ecology 

Aquatic Ecology 

Aesthetics 

6.3. Impact on Climate Project is unlikely to cause negative effect on climate. However, project can contribute positively for climate. Further measures are proposed to improve the climate of the region

Mitigation Measures

 Avoid cutting any tree standing on the proposed terminal site or temporary accesses area of 600m length.

 Prior permission shall be taken for cutting any tree.

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 Compensatory tree planation shall be carried out for any tree cut as per state forest policy

 Addition plantation of local variety of tree (200 no one row of tree on three side of the terminal land) shall be carried out along boundary of the terminal site 6.4. Impact Due to Natural Disaster Project site lies in seismic zone III as per the BIS Seismoc zone map of India. Thus hazard associated is moderate. Adoption of Relevant IS codes while designing the civil structures to sustain the earthquake of moderate to high magnitude. High water & low water levels with reference to the India Naval Hydrographic Chart Datum of river Ganga at site are RL+73.90 m & RL + 58.22 m. Terminal site is above HFL of the river. 6.5. Impact on Air Environment Pre-construction Phase

Pre-construction phase of development of phase 1A of proposed multimodal inland water terminal will involve site clearance and leveling. There is no significant vegetation at the terminal site & proposed temporary access road except few trees. Trees may be required to cut and trim for construction of proposed facility. Temporary access road will connect terminal site to NH-7 through village road. At present terminal site is covered with municipal solid waste which has been collected from city and is being dumped over the years on site.

Site clearance and leveling activities and will lead to dust generation. But these emissions will be limited to the site only and have impact for short duration only during clearance activity.

Mitigation Measures

 To minimize the dust generation, water should be sprinkled regularly at the site

 Low sulphur diesel should be used in land levelling equipments to control the SO2 emissions.

 Site should be cleaned regularly

 If landfill site is not present nearby then a site should be identified for waste disposal. Site should not be agriculture land, should be away from residential and sensitive areas like school, temples and hospitals. Low lying areas should preferably be selected.

 Debris & MSW disposal Site should be closed and rehabilitated after completion of the construction activities

 Plantation should be carried out on the closed site to stabilize the soil in the area.

 Trees should be fell only after obtaining permission from forest department

Construction Phase

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Impact Due to Construction activities and material handling

The proposed project involves construction activities like onshore & offshore civil construction, construction material handling and stocking, and construction vehicle movement etc, which will generate fugitive dust and vehicular emissions. However, these emissions will be limited to the construction area and the impact will be short duration, i.e during construction phase only. The likely emission from construction vehicle, machinery, and generators is likely to be insignificant as the pollutant emission activities (point and area sources) will be limited within the project boundary and the activities will be short term (only for construction period). However, this impact may further be minimized by adopting following mitigation measures.

Mitigation Measures

 Sprinkling of water at construction site and haul roads

 Covering the scaffolding to reduce the dust emission in outside environment

 Provision of face mask to workers to minimize inhalation of dust particles

 Construction vehicles and machinery should be regularly serviced and check for pollution control and should carry PUC certificate

 Low sulphur diesel should be used for running construction equipment and vehicles

 Adequate parking space should be provided for the construction vehicles so as to prevent idling of the vehicles and the emissions generating from them

 Vehicles carrying construction material and debris should be covered with tarpaulin cover

 Raw materials, excavated soil and other debris should be stored under covered sheds

 Green buffer should be developed all along the terminal site

 Plantation should be carried out along both side of the access road

 DG sets, hot mix plant, batching plant, if any should be provided with the stack of adequate height as per CPCB norms and should be regularly maintained

 Air quality monitoring should be carried out throught out the construction phase, quarterly

 All maintenance facilities, hot mix plant and concrete missing plant shall be established with prior consent to establish to be obtained from SPCB. All such equipment/plant shall be fitted with air pollution control system and shall comply with condition of consent to establish.

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 Periodic ambient air quality monitoring & stack monitoring shall be carried as per consent conditions

 Power shall be sourced from national/state grid. DG sets shall be used only during power failure.

 Back-up power shall be set up with all provisions of containment for fuel leakages, air pollution control (stack height as per regulation), and with acoustic enclosure.

 Solar energy shall be used in common lighting area on 1:2 basis.

 Buildings designed should have green infrastructure. Measures should be taken to conserve energy as per ECBC norms as applicable.

 Traffic regulators ( Guard) shall be posted in habitat area and at key junction areas to avoid congestion and the increased emissions due to traffic congestion

Impacts Due to Material Sourcing

Required construction material shall be sourced from nearest licensed and authorized quarry/agency only so as to minimize the emissions in transportation of material to the site and to discourage illegal quarrying and minming activities. Measures to be taken for effective consruction material sopurcing are listed below

Material Sourcing

 Aggregates required for embankment stone pitching and roads shall be procured from licensed quarries.

 It shall be ensures that selected quarries are having requisite environment clearance, and comply with Air Pollution Control and Noise level requirements as per the law.

 Copy of Environmental Clearance letter and Consent to Operate and shall Be obtained and submitted to IWAI.

 Material shall be transported under covered trucks only.

 No new quarry shall be opened without due permissions.

 Each Quarry shall be visited prior to its selection to ensure its compliance with lease conditions, EC and consent conditions.

 Stone crushers, if required, shall be set up only after consent from SPCB and taking adequate measures for air pollution control

Operation Phase

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Development of paved surfaces will reduce the dust generation at the site. Since the project will not be operationalize in phase 1A stage thus impact during operation of terminal will be covered under Phase 1B.

Inland waterways are green way of transportation. Water transportation consume much less energy as compared to road and rail transportation and dust emissions due to vehicular movement will also not generate in water transportation. Development of inland waterway will enhance water transportation reducing burden on rail & road transportation thus the will improve the air quality of the area. Emissions from tow boat, train and truck carrying one ton of cargo for 1000 miles is given in table below for comparison.

Table 6.2: Emissions produced in movement of 1 ton of Cargo for 1000 miles by tow boat, truck and train Mode Hydrocarbon Carbon Nitrous oxide (pounds) monoxide (pounds) (pounds) Tow boat 0.09 0.20 0.53 Train 0.46 0.64 1.83 Truck 0.63 1.90 10.17 Source: EPA, Emission Control Lab Mitigation Measures

 Trees should be planted all along the terminal boundary

 Tree plantation should start in construction stage only

 Geo-textiles and mulching should be carried out to reduce soil erosion by wind and thus the dust generation 6.6. Impact on Noise Environment Pre-construction and Construction Phase

Pre-construction phase will involve site clearance activity for development of terminal and temporary access road. Clearance of site will involve removal of vegetation and land leveling activities. Operation of different machineries and equipments for construction activities, running of heavy load traffic for construction materials transportation, and regular traffic movement may generate noise during construction period. The produced noise may have impact on existing acoustic environment of the area. There is no habitation area within 500 m of the terminal site thus the impact of noise during construction phase will be insignificant on the residents of the area. Noise generation during construction phase will also disturb the terrestrial and aquatic flora & fauna.

Mitigation Measures

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 Machinery to be used should comply with the noise standards prescribed by CPCB

 DG set shall be enclosed in acoustic enclosure

 Workers shall be given ear plugs if working in high noise area. Job rotations should be practiced for workers working in high noise zone

 No noise generating activity shall be carried out in the night time

 No construction activity should be carried out during the breeding and spawning season of turtles

 Temporary noise barriers should be provided near the high noise generating areas

 Periodic noise level monitoring shall be carried out during construction phase

 Speed control shall be enforced in habitat areas. Operation Phase

Since after construction of phase 1A of the terminal, terminal will not be operationalized thus the impact during operation stage of the terminal will be discussed in phase 1B in detail.

However water transportation generates minimum noise if compared to road and rail traffic. After operationalizing the terminal, noise generation in the area may increase due to loading/unloading activity but overall noise generation in region will reduce as water transportation will reduce the burden on rail and road traffic which generate higher level of noise than water transportation. 6.7. Impacts on Water Resources Pre-Construction and Construction Phase

Impacts on Ground & Surface Water Resources:

Water will be required for various construction activities & domestic purpose. Source of water for these activities will be the surface water from river. Water should be withdrawn only after obtaining permission from irrigation department. Measures should be taken to minimize the water extraction by reducing water consumption and wastage. Mitigation measures are given below.

Mitigation Measures

Best management practices will be required to be adopted to minimize water wastage and water loss. Best management practices to be adopted are given below:

 Water for curing can be saved by carrying out curing in early morning or late evening and covering structures with gunny bag so as the moisture can be restored for longer time.

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 Regular inspections at site to monitor leakages in water storage tanks

 Creating awareness among construction workers about the importance of water conservation

 Adoption of the advance technologies and machinery which helps in minimizing water requirement for construction

 Storing the curing run-off and waste from other construction activity and using the same for sprinkling.

 Covering the water storage tanks at site to prevent evaporation losses.

 The Area is under safe category as per Central Ground Water Board. However, necessary permission shall be taken from district authorities as applicable before digging the bore well, if any.

 Staff and visitors should be made aware about water conservation by displaying posters and signage

 Preference shall be given to source water from rivers wherever feasible in the project area with due permission from authorities. .

 Augmentation through incorporating water harvesting structures if technically feasible.

 Construction of check dams in consultation with community to reduce burden on ground water resources.

 Efforts to restrict water intensive activities during summer period (April, May, June)

Impact on Surface Water Quality

Run-off from the construction site may carry the higher quantity of sediments and oil which may pollute the surface water and impact the aquatic life. Also construction activity like pilling within water body will increase the sediment load and turbidity in the water. Increased sediment load in water may make water unfit for aquatic flora and fauna. But the impacts are short term and confined to construction stage only. With following measures impacts on surface water quality can be minimized

Mitigation Measures

 Restoration of changes in the stream, if any, made during construction to its original level.

 Precautions shall be made that no nala or canal is clogged.

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 Substructure construction should be limited to the dry season and cofferdams may be constructed and utilized to lift the spoil directly out of it and carried to the riverbank for land disposal.

 The piling work shall be undertaken during low flow period.

 Turbidity traps/curtains should be provide or Geo-Textile synthetic sheet curtain shall be placed around pilling and construction area to prevent movement of sediments and construction waste.

 Provision shall be made for geo Synthetic Screen for arresting silt flowing down stream.

 Water from dewatering (if any) should pass through sediment bags before discharge into the river

 Excavated area should be covered with tarpaulin during rains

 To prevent piling up of excavated soil, raw material and construction debris at site by proper management and disposal

 Minimize run-off by using sprays for curing

 Maintaining appropriate flow of water sprinklers at site to prevent water ponding at site

 Collection & Reusing of curing over flow, tyre wash water etc within the site

 Construction of adequate nos. of toilets and proper sanitation system to prevent open defecation along the river banks/water supply lines

 Construction of soak pits/septic tanks to dispose-off the domestic waste water generated from labour camps to prevent disposal of sewage in surface water bodies

 Proper collection, management and disposal of construction and municipal waste from site to prevent mixing of the waste in run-off and entering the water bodies

 No debris/construction material should enter the aquaculture ponds and other water body in the area

 Construction of storm water drains along with sedimentation tanks with sand bags partition as barrier for direct flow of run off to river.

 Storm water drains should be provided at the terminal facility to drain the storm water during operation phase into the river. Storm water drains should be provided with oil & grease trap

 All washing and maintenance effluent from the workshop area of vehicle maintenance area should darin to separate collection areas fitted with oil and grease trap and de-

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siltation chamber. The treated water shall be used for dust suppression and green belt development. This water shall not be discharged to river at all.

 Periodic water quality monitoring shall be carried out during construction phase

 Provision shall be made for collection and draining of water for the piling earth. It shall be used for embankment protection or road construction depending on its suitability.

 Natural Drainage pattern of area around shall be maintained.

 No waste shall be allowed to dumped to industrial effluent Nala flowing adjacent to the terminal site. Its opening to river shall not be obstructed in any manner.

Impacts on Ground Water Quality

Ground water level at the river bank is shallow. Thus while construction of the terminal; it may be required to dewater the groundwater for construction. This water should be used for construction purpose. If this water is discharged into the river then it should pass through sediments bags. Only the shallow water aquifer will be disturbed and disturbance will be confined to project site. No significant impact of terminal construction is anticipated on ground.

Impacts on Drainage Pattern & Hydrology

Terminal site is located along the River Ganga. A drain surrounding the proposed terminal site flows from inland towards River Ganga. Construction of the paved surfaces like roads, loading and unloading bay, and other terminal facilities will increase the run-off from the area. Construction activities will obstruct the flow of the river in that area. Terminal site constructed is above the HFL level of the River in that stretch. Stone pitching will be carried out both in upstream and downstream to protect the embankment from erosion. A riverside subsurface artificial embankment should be constructed to protect the terminal structure/foundation from collapsing due to push of water.

Following measures should be taken to minimize the impact on drainage and hydrology of the area.

.Mitigation Measures

 Storm water drains should be provided at the terminal facility to drain the storm water from the site during operation phase into the river.

 Provision of side drain shall be made in access road if required to prevent water logging.

Operation Phase

Impacts on Ground & Surface Water Resources:

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Since project will not be operationalize after completion of phase 1A construction, impacts during operation phase has not been discussed here and will be dealt in EIA study of phase 1B of the terminal.

However construction of terminal and berth will impact on water flow in the area and thus will affect the quality of water due to poor circulation. In case if untreated effluent from terminal facility and from ships/barges is disposed off is discharged into the river, it will result into stagnation of wastewater. This condition may deteriorate through increase of phytoplankton and decrease of dissolve oxygen, resulting from eutrophication of water, caused by effluents containing nutrient salts. Thus sewage generated should not be discharge into river.

Impacts on Surface & Ground Water Quality

Due to construction of paved surfaces, run-off will increase but will carry less sediment load. Since project will not be operationalize after construction of phase 1A thus the impacts on surface and ground water quality during operation stage of the terminal are not discussed here and will be dealt with EIA study of phase 1B. 6.8. Impact on Land Environment Pre-Construction and Construction Phase

Impacts due to Land acquistion

Private land of 5.685 ha has been acquired for construction of phase 1A of the proposed terminal site. Acquired land is agriculture fallow land. Land acquisition process has been completed and compensation has been given to the land owners as per law of land. Following measures should be taken to minimize loss due to land acquistion

Mitigation Measures

 Fuel storage Further for borrow area and debris disposal, agriculture land should not be identified but waste land should preferably be selected

 Land for borrow area and debris disposal should be taken only after consent of land owner

 Proper closure of borrow are and debris disposal site should be carried out

 Provision shall be made for collection and draining of water for the piling earth. It shall be used for embankment protection or road construction depending on its suitability rather than using the sand/soil from borrow pits

Impacts due to Change in Land Use Pattern

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ESIA Report-Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

At present the site is open land with sparse vegetation. After construction of terminal, paved areas will be constructed. This will increase the run-off and will obstruct the recharge of the storm water.

Impact on Topography & Geology

No impact on topography & Geology is anticipated due to development of terminal site as the terminal site is flat land. Site is above HFL of Ganga River. Excavation will be carried out for laying the foundation of the proposed facilities but these activities will be confined to project site only.

Impact on Top Soil and Soil Quality

Development of the structures and construction of the road may disturb the soil profile of the area. Top soil will be removed from the site for construction of proposed facilities. This top soil should be excavated upto 15 cm and should be stored under covered sheds till construction phase and should be used for landscaping in later stage.

Sand may also be required for filling purpose for road construction and construction of off-shore structure. The sand should be purchased from authorized dealers only. If borrow pits are required then environment clearance & consent of land owner shall be obtained prior excavation. Area identified for borrow pits should not be agriculture land, waste land should be used preferably. Borrow area should be selected towards the river side as it will eventually be filled naturally in due course of time due to deposition action of river. Borrow areas should not be selected near residential areas and sensitive zones like school, temples and hospitals.

Storage of raw material, fuel and construction debris may contaminate the soil thus measures should be taken to prevent the soil pollution. Mitigation measures to be adopted are mentioned below. Contractors are required to take all the proposed mitigation measures. IWAI will ensure that all the proposed mitigation measures are being incorporated in the bid document issued to the contractor and the implementation of the same during construction.

Mitigation Measures

 Top soil from site, borrow area, debris disposal site should be excavated and stored separately and should be relayed in case of borrow area and debris disposal site at time of closure and top soil from terminal site should be used for landscaping in later stage

 No piling of raw material at site

 Raw material will be stored under covered sheds and paved surface

 Fuel storage area should be paved with gentle slope to a corner and connected with a chamber to collect any spills of the oils

 Provision of “oil interceptors” at wash-down and re-fuelling areas.

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 Adoption of best management practices to prevent any spillage of raw materials

 Construction debris should be stored under covered sheds and paved surface and should be disposed off regularly to designated sites

 Waste from labour camps can be segregated at site. Food waste/wet waste should be composted in pits within the camp site. Recyclable waste should be sold to the authorized dealers and the remaining should be disposed off at designated sites through local agencies responsible for waste management in the area.

 Oil and grease spill and oil soaked materials are to be collected and stored in labelled containers (Labelled: WASTE OIL; and hazardous sign be displayed) and sold off to SPCB/ MoEF authorized vendors.

 Movement of construction vehicles, machinery and equipment shall be restricted to the designated haulage route.

Impacts due to soil erosion on River bank

Construction activity, excavation activity etc enhances the soil erosion in the area. Construction of onshore structure also leads to unstability of the banks which will lead to enhanced soil erosion. Construction of terminal facility may enhance erosion of embankment in upstream and downstream of proposed terminal site. Following measures should be taken to prevent soil erosion:

Mitigations Measures

 Provision of cross drainage structure shall be made in the access road if required to maintain the natural drainage pattern.

 Provision of side drain shall be made in access road if required to prevent water logging.

 Measures like building of scouring protection structures, protection by geo-textiles matting etc shall be made, if river bank erosion is found around the terminal area.

 Bio-turfing of embankments shall be made enhance the slop stabilization.

 Embankment protection measures (stone pitching) shall be made in both upstream and downstream to the extent that erosion is minimized.

 Erosion monitoring shall be carried out periodically downstream as well.

 The earth stockpiles to be provided with gentle slopes to prevent soil erosion.

Impact on landscape and scenic beauty

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Project site is fallow land. Construction activities and machinery will also provide unpleasant view but proper up keeping of site and provision of adequate sewage and waste management facility at site will maintain the hygiene and cleanliness at site.

Impact due to solid waste management

Construction activities involve generation of construction debris like bricks, mortar, dried cement/concrete, metal pieces etc. from construction activities, municipal waste from the labour camps and hazardous waste like used oil from cleaning, servicing and lubrication of machinery, equipment, vehicles and DG sets. These wastes should be properly managed and handled as they have potential to contaminate air, soil & water quality. Following measures should be taken to prevent environment pollution due to solid waste generated:

 Different color bins should be provided at construction site and labour camps for segregation of waste at source

 Awareness should be spread amongst the staff/labours to use dustbins and not to litter

 Housekeeping staff should be appointed to ensure clean site conditions

 Recyclable waste should be sold to authorized dealers, compostable waste should be pit composted so as it can be used as manure for carrying out plantation and remaining waste should be send for landfilling through authorized agency in area responsible for waste management

 Construction debris should be re-used within site for construction of roads etc to the extent possible. These debris can also be used in borrow area closure but should not be contaminated with any hazardous waste.

 A site should be identified for construction debris disposal. This site should be min. 1000 m away from residential areas and sensitive location like schools. Agriculture land should not be selected for this purpose. Debris disposal site should properly be closed and rehabilitated at end of construction by covering it with layer of soil and carrying out plantation

 Survival rate of plantation at closed debris disposal site should be monitored for atleast 1 year.

 No waste should be dumped in identified borrow area site or any other area outside project site.

 Hazardous waste like used oil shall be stored in HDPE containers and should be stored in isolated area at site. After accumulation of sufficient quantity, it should be sold to authorized dealers (every 3 months)

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 River Bed material shall be tested for contaminants before its use or disposal for land fill site. If any level of heavy metal contamination is found than it shall be disposed off in a secure manner.

Operation Phase

Impact on Land Use & Soil quality

Since project will not be operationalize after construction of phase 1A thus the impacts on land environment during operation phase are not discussed here and will be dealt in detail in EIA study of phase 1B.

However operation of terminal will lead to increased traffic movement, loading and unloading activities, storage of fuel for running cranes, DG sets during power failure, cleaning of machinery & site and etc. Thus the storm water from site and waste water generated from cleaning site and roads should not be disposed on land. Proper storm water should be provided with oil & grase trap and the storm water should then be discharged into river. Also wastewater generated during operation phase should be disposed off properly through septic tank/soak pit. Leakage of wastewater pipelines should be checked through regular inspection so as to prevent contamination of soil.

Also after construction & operationalization of the terminal in this area further developments are expected to occur in nearby area which will affect the land use pattern of the area. 6.9. Impacts on Biological Environment Pre-construction and construction Phase

Impact on terrestrial flora & Fauna

The proposed site is devoid of any major plantation. Some agriculture activities were taken up by nearby villagers within the land in the past but these activities have been discontinued now. Now the land is categorized as fallow land. There are about 12 small trees of Khajur (Phoenix sylvestris) and 8 trees of Babool shrubs (Acacia spp.) are present in the identified land. These trees may require to be removed. The access road to connect site crosses through the Ralhupur villages. This road is pucca upto the Rahlpur village. About 700 m stretch that connect terminal site to Rahlupur village levelling and widening. Trees of Jamun, Peepal, Babul and Sisham etc are present along this road. Houses and shops also exist along the access road. The access road (700 m stretch that have to develop) is almost clear, only one or two trees of Jamun, is present along the road alignment that may require to be removed. One big tree also requires some chopping for clearing the passes. Nilgai are also observed at the site. No significant impacts are anticipated on the terrestrial flora & fauna. However Following measures are required to be taken to prevent any damage to flora and fauna

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Mitigation Measures

 Only trees essential and marked should be fell for construction purpose. Permission from forest department should be taken for felling any tree

 No construction activity should be carried during night time as it may disturb the animals in the area

 All workers should be instructed not to kill any animal in any circumstance observed at or outside the site

 Twice the nos. of tree fell should be planted as compensator afforestation.

 Terminal site should be provided with peripheral green belt.

 Construction site should be barricaded to prevent trespassing of any animal

 Green belt plantation and afforestation should be started in construction phase in ratio as per state forest policy

 Tree plantation shall be made as feasible at site and around the site depending on land availability.

 Survival rate of tree shall be regularly monitored. It is shall be minimum 70%.

 Caution sign shall be placed to prevent hunting of wild animal and birds. Heavy fines should be imposed if any such activity is reported at site

 Provision of LPG shall be made in construction site camp and labour camp as fuel source to avoid tree cutting.

Impact on aquatic flora & Fauna

Tortoise Sanctuary is located at about 2.0 Km from site. Necessary permission shall be obtained from National Board of Wild Life prior to start of construction. No movement of tortoise is reported upward to the site. No harm shall be caused to this tortoise. No breeding ground is noticed around the project site. However construction activity shall be restricted during spawning period of June to August.

Run-off from the construction site will carry high sediment load and also the construction activities within water for pilling may lead to generation of high turbidity levels. High turbidity may reduce the primary productivity by killing the planktons and affect submerged aquatic flora by reducing the penetration level of sunlight. High turbid water also impact the fishes as it enters into fish gills and may lead to fish kill. But these activities are short term and confined for the construction phase only thus the impact anticipated are temporary and short term. Higher turbidity also may impact the turtle sanctuary downstream

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Leakage of oils, oily wastes and mixtures from construction activity may directly cause damage to fishery resources and aquatic biota. Biodegradation of oil also generates polymerizedoil particles and toxic aromatic fractions using dissolved oxygen in the water, which indirectly cause damages to bottom biota and habitat. Both effects may affect aquatic ecology. Mitigation measures are required to be taken for prevention of any impacts on flora and fauna.

Mitigation Measures

 Piling should not be carried out during breeding and spawning season and also to be carried out in low water season, i.e. pre-monsoon

 Concrete and wood piling should be carried out in place of wood piling

 Maintaining equipment in good condition to prevent leaks or spills of potentially hazardous materials like hydraulic fluid, diesel, gasoline and other petroleum products

 Recovering waste or any miscellaneous unused materials for disposal in an appropriately certified facility or placed in storage Maintaining emergency spill equipment available whenever working near or on the water

 Positioning water borne equipment in a manner that will minimize damage to fish habitat.

 Fish exclusion devices may be installed in the water column around the pile driving area to prevent fish access. The need for exclusion would be determined on the basis of installation timing, mitigation measures, the success of mitigation measures in the field etc

 Bubble curtains (with frames acceptable to DFO) over the wetted length of the pile may be required to mitigate impacts on aquatic life

 Turbidity traps/curtains should be provide or Geo-Textile synthetic sheet curtain shall be placed around pilling and construction area to prevent movement of sediments and construction waste.

 Visual and hydrophone monitoring will be conducted during pile driving, at a range of depths in the water column and at varying distances and directions from the pile being driven, to measure sound waves and determine if temporary work stoppages and / or additional mitigation strategies are required to maintain levels below 30 kPa

 Hydrophone monitoring shall be carried out throughout the pile driving from beginning to end and particularly during periods of pile driving resistance or refusal

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ESIA Report-Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

 Using lightning as per need basis only especially during night time as lighting during night time may disturb the flora and fauna. Lighting should be oriented in a way tthat illumination of water body is avoided

 No excavation on shore shall be carried out during monsoon

 Run-off from the construction site & dewatered water should pass through the sediment bags prior disposal in river

 Workers should be trained to handle the equipment and material at site so as to minimize the spillage of materials and contamination of water

 All workers should be made aware of not throwing any waste in the river or any drain

 No construction debris/ already accumulated solid waste at site or waste generated from labour camp should be thrown in river or any drain

 Sewage generated from labour camp should not be directed into river but should be disposed off through septic tank/soak pit

 In case any tortoise is sited, necessary caution notice shall be displaced and conveyed to all construction workers and officers.

Operation Phase

Since project will not be operationalize after construction of phase 1A thus the impacts on biological environment during operation phase are not discussed here and will be dealt in detail in EIA study of phase 1B.

However operation phase will involve movement of barges in the river which will increase the chances of polluting water making water unfit for aquatic like due to oil spillage, discharge of wastewater/waste etc. Also run-off from terminal site specially loading and unloading bay, roads, parking area may contain oil & grease which again may deteriorate water quality. All these impacts will be discussed in detail in EIA to be carried out for phase 1 B of the terminal facility 6.10. Impacts on Socio-Economy Pre-construction and construction Phase

Loss of livelihood and land

Fishing activities are seen in the river close to site. Construction activity may disturb the fishing activity in the area. Disturbance to the fishermen should be minimized. Fishermen should be pre intimated of the hazards associated to fishing equipment and life if entered in construction zone.

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ESIA Report-Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Arrangement shall be made to provide free access to river and undisturbed safe movement of the fishermen.

Land of 5.685 ha has been acquired for constructing phase 1A of terminal facility. Acquired land is agriculture fallow land. No agriculture activity has been reported during site visit at site. Also during discussion in FGDs, it was learned that land is no long used for agriculture purpose by land holders. Compensation has been given to all the land holders as per law of land. Thus no impact on livelihood is anticipated for people losing land.

Impacts on Land Due to Borrow Area

Further agriculture land should not be acquired for purpose of borrow area, debris disposal and location of construction labour camps. Land to be taken for above purpose should be taken only after consent of land owner. Following measures should be taken for identification, maintaining and closure of borrow areas:

Mitigation Measures- For Management of borrow Areas

 Non-productive lands, barren lands, raised lands; wastelands shall be used for borrowing earth with the necessary permissions/consents.

 Agricultural areas not to be used as borrow areas unless requested by the landowner for lowering the land for making it cultivable.

 Excavation depth should not exceed 1.5 m bgl

 Environmental Clearance from State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority and required permission from District Magistrate shall be obtained prior to excavation. Copy of this permission shall be submitted to IWAI before start of excavation.

 Record of location, area, accessibility to the location and photograph of borrow area should be maintained prior to excavation

 Site selected for borrow area should be approved by PMC & IWAI expert prior to excavation

 Ridges of not less than 8m width will be left at intervals not exceeding 300m. Small drains will be cut through the ridges, if necessary, to facilitate drainage.

 The slope of the edges will be maintained not steeper than 1:4 (vertical: Horizontal).

 Topsoil to be stockpiled and protected for use at the rehabilitation stage.

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 Rehabilitation shall be satisfactorily undertaken immediately after the use has ceased and at least three weeks prior to monsoon.

 Unpaved surfaces used for the haulage of borrow materials to be maintained.

 Transportation of earth materials shall be through covered vehicles.

Impact on Health, Aesthetics and Hygiene due to occupational health hazard

Construction activities lead to generation of dust, unpleasant view, hazardous working conditions, obstruction in fishing activity in that area etc which may impact the society significantly. Adequate safety management plan, waste management plan, air, soil, noise and water pollution controls are required to be adopted during construction phase to prevent any impact on society. Measures to prevent any damage to health, aesthetic and hygiene are as follows:

Mitigation Measures

 Contractors to adopt and maintain safe working practices.  Training workers to handle the equipment so as to prevent accidents  Training workers to handle emergency situation like fire, earth quake and flood  Pre-joining medical checkup of workers and periodic six monthly medical checkup for workers should be carried out  First aid facilities including ambulance should be provided at the site. Also tie-ups with local hospital should be done to handle emergency case, if any  Labour camps should be located at neat and clean location with no water logging issues and should be well ventilated with adequate illumination, kitchen and safe drinking water facility  Construction labour camps and site should be properly cleaned and hygiene should be maintained  Proper sanitation facility like toilet and bathing facility should be provided at site and labour camps. Wastewater generated from these facilities should be disposed off through septic tanks and soak pit  LPG should be provided as fuel for cooking to workers and open burning of fuel should not be allowed  Wastewater from construction site should not be allowed to accumulate at site as standing water may lead to breeding of mosquitoes

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ESIA Report-Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

 Temporary storm water drainage system should also be provided at camp site and construction site so as to drain the storm water and prevent accumulation of storm water at site and thus breeding of mosquitoes/flies  Workers should be trained to handle the materials so as to prevent spillage and any other accident  Safety officers should be appointed at site so as to ensure all safety measures are taken at the site  All construction workers shall be provided with personal protective equipments and fines should be imposed if found not wearing  Job rotation should be carried out for workers exposed to high noise and dust areas  Activity like smoking and consuming liquor should be prohibited at the site  Traffic manager should be present at the site all the time to manage incoming and outgoing traffic to prevent accidents  Crèche facility should be provided for kids if female workers are employed  Regular inspection for hygiene and safety in labour camps should be done  Provision of cautionary and guiding signage in local and English language indicating the hazard associated with the site & activities. Usage of fluorescent signage, in local language at the construction sites  Speed limit of vehicles should be restricted at site to prevent any accidents and fines should be imposed on vehicles if same is not maintained  Employment should be provided preferable to local & affected people  Entry to the fuel storage area and construction equipment rooms should be restricted and should be allowed for trained personnel  Dustbins should be provided at labour camps for collection of waste and waste should be regularly disposed off through the concerned agency  Arrangement of fire-fighting should be made at site and workers should be trained to use the system in case of fire  Entrance to any road/structure should not be blocked for construction of terminal  Site should be barricaded and entrance of outsiders should strictly be prohibited  All proposed environmental pollution measures should be taken during construction of phase 1A to prevent harm to existing environmental quality of the area, which is being enjoyed by the residents of that area Impact on Infrastructure& Utilities

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No sensitive feature like religious structures, school, hospital etc and any other utility is located at the terminal site. To provide access to terminal a temporary access road will be constructed which will be connected to NH-7 through village road which will increase the burden and traffic movement on village road. Following measures should be taken to prevent impact on existing facilities

Mitigation Measures

 Maintenance and repair of the village road should be carried out both before and end of construction by contractor.  Sprinkling of water should be carried out in village road also, so as to minimize dust generation due to movement of construction vehicles.  Construction vehicle movement should be restricted to non-peak hours, i.e late evening (7-12:00 pm) only. Villagers should also be given intimation of these timings.  All construction vehicles should follow the designated rout and restricted speed limits.  All construction vehicles should be regularly serviced and maintained and carry pollution under control certificate  Construction labour camp, plant site, debris disposal site and borrow areas shall belocated minimum 500 m distance from habitations and 1000 m from forest area to prevent damage to existing environmental quality and resources No cultural resources & utilities are located at the site which is required to be removed from the site.

Generation of Employment

Employment will be generated during construction phase. Unskilled jobs can be provided to local people. Skilled jobs will be provided on the basis of skill assessment.

Further, the construction labour force will be requiring food and other items, which is expected to be supplied by the local eateries, retail shops and the local community. The local community members can take advantage of these opportunities. Employment generation benefits improve the quality of life of the labourers and enhance their productivity and living standards.

Mitigation Measures

 Child labour should be strictly prohibited

 Women should also be provided equal job opportunity as per suitability

 Preferably local people should be given employment

Operation Phase

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However operation of the terminal facility will have significant impact on socio-economy. Terminal facility will help in enhancing the internal trade thereby improving the economy of the area. Also the project will lead to generation of employment for both skilled and unskilled labour.

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7. PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS AND DISCLOSURE

Public consultations are important for any investment in infrastructure development project. This is an important tool to ensure peoples‟ participation in the planning and implementation phase of the project. The aim of the public consultation is to make the people aware about the developmental activities being undertaken in their locality and to incorporate their views for making a sustainable plan during the design to the successful completion of the project. In this project various consultations with stakeholders at different stages of the project preparation were undertaken and issues related to local needs, problem and prospects of resettlement, compensation options etc. were discussed. The project will therefore ensure that the affected people and other stakeholders are informed, consulted, and allowed to participate actively in the planning and development process. This will be done throughout the course of the project, both during preparation, implementation, and monitoring of project results and impacts. The need for public consultation for this kind of an intervention is many folds. Following points were considered while conducting the public consultations as major objectives. I. Informing people about the project, its objectives and potential impacts. II. Understand the views of the people affected, with reference to use of land. III. Understand views of people on resettlement options, if any. IV. Identify and assess major economic and social characteristics of the villages to enable effective planning and implementation of rehabilitation. V. Resolve issues related to impacts on community property and their relocation, if any. VI. Identify levels and extent of community participation in project implementation and monitoring. VII. To establish an understanding for identification of overall developmental goals and benefits of the project. VIII. To develop a thorough coordination between the stakeholders for the successful implementation of the project.

7.1. Methods of Public Consultation Public consultations in the project area were held on 24.6.2015 at Balwa Ghat under Rampur town near the proposed terminal location. The following methodology has been adopted for carrying out public consultations in this project: - Disseminating information on the project development and the general consultations that were being held. - Walk over survey and discussion with people within the affected area. - Individual interviews with affected people.

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- Sharing the opinions and preferences of the affected persons/ family.

The methodology adopted included providing information to the affected families (fishermen, boatman and squatters), the Village Revenue officials and the members of the affected families through the field team of the consultant. The appropriate date, time and the venue were also finalized in consultation with the affected people and conducted at a convenient location in concurrence. The invitation was given through individual contacts at the site. The extensive discussions at individual levels during the field survey facilitated in finalizing the issues to be discussed during the Public Consultations. Thus the Public Consultations were extensive and effective. The contacts and the target stakeholders’ during the Public consultations

Institutional Consultations:

- Special Land Acquisition Officer - IWAI - Banaras Development Authority - Health Department - District Statistical Department - PWD Rural and Urban - PMGSY - Agriculture Department - Irrigation Department (Sigra) - BHU - Jal Nigam - UPSIDC - DIC

Community Consultations: - Village elders and leaders - Affected families - Vulnerable groups

In addition to the above consultations the project team provided information to the affected population and the communities about the project developments. All suggestions about the alignment. However, at the implementation stage the executive summary of this RP will be translated in the local language and distributed amongst the affected population. A copy of the Detailed RP will be available with the respective local administration and the Implementing agency at the field level for access to the affected population. The land acquisition details is as per the Land Acquisition Act will be published in the local papers in local language for the easy access and understanding of the local population. The detail of the contacts during the Stakeholder Consultations is detailed below in the Table 7.1:

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Table 7.1: Detail of the contacts during the Stakeholder Consultations Sl. No. Stakeholders Name and designation 1 IWAI-Varanasi Mr AK Misra(Deputy Director) Mr. Brijesh(Land acquisition In charge)

2. Special Land Acquisition Mr. Rajinder Prasad(Special Land Acquisition officer officer ) 3. Health Department Dr. MP Chaurasia, Chief Medical Officer Varanasi 4. Varanasi Mr. TejPratap, (City Planner) VikasParadhikaran Banaras Mr. Gopal Krishan Development Authority (Executive Engineer –VDA) 5 District Statics department Rapesh Kumar, (DESTO) Varanasi (VikashBhawan) 541 525214 4 PWD Satya Prakash Chief Engineer (Varanasi Circle) 5 PMGSY Mr. MP Singh Administration Office (9621626963) 6 Agriculture department DISTRICT Agriculture office Varanasi VikasBhawan 7 Irrigation Department RaghuveerSarev, (S.E) (Sigra) OP Srivastava Chief Engineer 8 Ramnagar (BalauvaGhat) Fishermen, Boatmen and Squatters at Ghat 9 Banaras Hindu University Prof N.K Dubey (FNASC) (9838602197) Prof B D Tripathy (UGC-BSR Faculty fellow BHU, Ganga Pollution Research ) (94152 25011) 10 Jal Nigam Mr. SP Srivastava (Chief Engineer) 11 PWD Urban Part Mr. RapeshRajvanshi 12 UPSIDC Varanasi Mr. SubhashTripathy 9935757014 13 District Industries Centre Mr. Umesh Kumar Singh Joint Commissioner Industries 14 Ganga Pollution Mr. Ramesh Chaudhary, GM 15 BHU Ms. UshaKumari Senior Research Fellowship Zoology Department

The key findings of the stakeholder consultation details have been provided below:

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7.2. Institutional Consultation Consultations at the institutional level was to understand the proposed infrastructure development projects around the proposed NW-1 project. It came out with the discussion that no infrastructure development project will cause any adverse impact on the NW-1 project. The planned projects will facilitate the NW-1 project; i.e. road connectivity with the terminal, sewage treatment for clean ganga. The environment issues discussed with stockholders is provided in Table 7.2:

Table 7.2: Environment Issues discussed with stockholders Date Location and Concern Environmental Issues Person

20.06.2015 A.K.Mishra According to him site location is suitable for development of terminal from HFL prospective. Other Deputy Director points he added are

IWAI,Varanasi  Economic Feasible  Reduce Air and noise pollution,  Increased Employment

21.06.2015 Fisherman and Boatman, Discussion was carried out with Fishermen and boatman regarding the impact of this project. Most of Balua Ghat,Varanasi them are educated till Higher secondary level. People are well aware about the project. The main issues of the fisherman and boatman are:

 Negative impact on fish due to pollution  Suspected Reduction in fish catch due to pollution  Suspect their boats running business and which will affect their daily income.  Construction will cause siltation due to which fish will dies  Some of them wants this project because more job opportunity will create in the area.

22.06.2015 Ralhupur Village Discussion was carried out with Farmers, students and PAF regarding the impact of this project. People are well aware about the project. The main issues of the villagers are:

 Not satisfied with the Compensation given to them by Govt.  Most of them want this project because more job opportunity will create in the area.

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 People were expecting permanent job in this project.  Majority of people have positive attitude towards the project.  People also expect infrastructure development such as good roads, water supply, power supply in their area after coming up of proposed terminal.  People expects that the upcoming project is of less polluting industries so as no pollution related problems will observed in the area.

23.06.2015 Ajay roy,DFO, Discussion was carried out to identify environmental issues may associate with Turtle Sanctuary. Kashi Van Mandal Following are the main concerns of the officer:

Kacchua sanctuary  There turtle will get impacted due to regular Varanasi movement of ships and vessels in river.  Because the Turtle is very shy in nature the noise generated from the waterway transport will affect them.  Siltation during the construction period will create a problem to aquatic fauna.  Chance of oil spillage from the ships will contaminate the Ganga water quality.  Solid waste generation management shall be done in scientific manner. Discussion was carried out with him regarding this project. Following are the main concerns of Dr. 24.06.2015 Dr.B.D. Tripathi Tripathi was:

UGC-BSR,BHU

Ganga pollution Research,  Ganga River has anti bacterial quality on itself. Execution of this project, Ganga will NMCGA lose its anti bacterial property.  Aquatic flora and fauna will disturbs  Religious point of view he was not satisfied.  Overall he is not in favor of this project. 24.06.2015 E.S.P.Srivastava, He is concerned about the vibration generated due to heavy traffic movement can disturb the strata of Sacchiv,Jal Nigam pump wells located in Ganga river for drinking water purposes. Irrigiation Department

Varanasi

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Output of the discussion is as below

26.06.2015 Dr. G.S. Dharbari

President of U.P chamber of  There is very less water in many stretches commerece along the Ganga. How is it feasible?  There is huge siltation in Ganga River. How the waterways will maintain.  Construction and dredging will lead to siltation and create problem to aquatic fauana.

7.3. Affected Person’s (Land Acquisition) Consultation Land Acquisition for the terminal was carried out earlier and the affected families have approached the court for higher compensation. Points discussed with them as follows : Consultation with Affected families in Rahalupur, Ramnagar, Varanasi

 As per PAFs, a consultation were held in 1991 for their land acquisition but they got compensation in 2004 of Rs.22000/- per Biswa that was very less because the circle rate in 1991 was Rs.1.90 lakhs per Biswa.  As per PAFs, they lost their land in 1991 due to construction of the terminal and did not get compensation at 2004 circle rate.  They wished and expect from authority that their compensation should be on current market price.  They got notification from government before acquisition of their land.  As per villagers, officers from block/anchal never talked to them regarding compensation and land acquisition.  They have been growing crops like Jau, Pulse, Arhar, Masoor for a long time on their landbut now they have been gradually losing their irrigation land.  Villagers are requesting that compensation of their land should be as per prevailing market rate, if it is not feasible at least compensation should be disbursed to them on circle rate.  Some Project affected families have filed petitions in the court for higher compensation.

Sl.No. Name of the Affected Persons 1 Dinesh Singh 2 Ashok Singh 3 Santosh Kumar Singh 4 Alok Kumar Singh 5 Gopal Singh 6 Narender Bahadur Singh 7 Laxami Prasad Rai and family

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7.4. Direct/Indirect Affected Person’s Consultation Four Consultations sessions were carried out with the fishermen, boatmen and Squatters at the Balwa Ghat near the proposed terminal. The outcome of the consultations are as follows:

 People were happy with the NW-1 project.

 As per fisherman it is their ancestor livelihood, forefather involved in this profession

 As per these fisherman, area of the Sanctuary is around 7 km starting from Ram Nagar Fort to Malvipur.

 They extract upto five kg fish from Ganga river and sells these fishes from Rs.60/- to Rs.200/- per kg.

 Fishermen sell their catch near the ghatin the evening and the provision to continue the same should be ensure.

 Ghat is also used for various religious activities, which give them livelihood and are looking for continued livelihood activities during project work phase.

 Squatters are happy and looking for new livelihood/ business opportunities.

 Villagers informed that forest department is not allowing their boats for fishing, which is affecting their livelihood and government should allow fishing or provide them work in project as per their skill and education background.

 Some awareness program should be run by the Government agencies to update the project activities on regular basis. 7.5. Conclusion: Social Assessment (SA) has been carried out as part of the entire study. Under the study, basic social investigations were carried out to collect views and opinions of different stakeholders of the project area. The main objective of the SA under this project was to carry out an assessment on prevailing socio-economic condition and likely impacts of the project and prospects in connection with the proposed structures and interventions of the project. A further study in detail (if required) will be carried out once the land acquisition and related activities are complete to identify the project-affected household, their socio-economic condition and assessment of their land and properties to be affected under the project. A resettlement and rehabilitation plan will be prepared considering due attention about the socio-economic condition of the PAFs, and other vulnerable and indigenous group of people likely to be affected due to the implementation of project.

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Baluva Ghat Photos

Session 1: Consultation with Boatmen and Fishing Session 2: Consultation with Boatmen, Sqatters and community Fishing community

Session 3: Consultation with Boatmen and Fishing Photograph of Baluva Ghat community

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Consultation with affected Families at Rahalupur Fish Mandi at Baluwa ghat Ramnagar

Session 3: Consultation with Boatmen and Fishing community

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8. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND MONITORING INDICATORS

8.1. Introduction The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is the synthesis of all proposed mitigation and monitoring actions, set to a time frame with specific responsibility assigned and follow-up actions defined. EMP is a plan of actions for avoidance, mitigation and management of the negative impacts of the project. Environmental enhancement is also an important component of EMP. A detailed set of mitigation measures have been compiled in view of the likely impacts associated with the proposed phase 1A of multimodal inland water terminal at Varanasi 8.2. The Environmental Management Plan The EMP consists of a set of mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during the design, construction and operation (post-construction) stages of the project. The EMP has been designed keeping in view the regulatory and other requirements to ensure the following:  Minimum disturbance to the native flora and fauna  Compliance with the air, water, soil and noise quality norms.  Conservation of water to the extent possible through rain water harvesting, wastewater recycling Considering all the impacts identified for construction phase of terminal 1A, during the EIA study, mitigation measures are proposed to prevent pollution. Impacts associated with operation phase are not discussed here as the project will not be operationalized after construction of phase 1A and same will be discussed in EIA study of phase 1B. Detailed EMP is given below

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Table 8.1: Environment Management Plan Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on 1. Climate 1. Project is  Avoid cutting any tree standing on Forest Access During Compensa Contractor IWAI/SEM unlikely the proposed terminal site or Conservation road area design and tory U/PMC9 to cause temporary accesses area of 600m Act, 1980 and Pre- /Additional negative length. proposed Constructio Plantation effect on  Prior permission shall be taken for terminal n Stage ( @ Rs area 500 per climate. cutting any tree. tree for However,  Compensatory tree planation shall be carried out for any tree cut (as 200 tree) ) project per state forest policy) Rs can  Addition plantation of local variety of 100000 contribute tree ( 200 no one row of tree on positively three side of the terminal land) shall for be carried out along boundary of the climate terminal site 2. Natural Hazard 2. Earthqua  Adoption of Relevant IS codes while Applicable BIS Project During Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM ke- designing the civil structures to Standards area design and Project U/PMC Pre- Costs Seismic sustain the earthquake of moderate Zone III to high magnitude. Constructio i.e., n Stage

9 It is proposed to set up Social and Environmental Management Unit (SEMU) in IWAI to manager social and environmental aspect of NW1 augmentation. PMC ( Project Management Consultants) anticipated to be appointed for project management and quality check.

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on Moderate damage risk zone10 3. Site Preparation : Access road, Construction Camp, Construction Site 3. Improve Improvement of Access Road: Municipal Solid Juncture During Part of Contractor. IWAI/SEM ment of  Access road route and alignment Wastes of Access design and Project U/PMC Access (for unpaved area) shall be finalized (Management road and Pre- Costs road : and submitted to PMC and IWAI for and Handling) Entrance Constructio pavement their concurrence. Rules, 2000, phase 1A n Stage terminal of the  Tree shall not be cut. Alignment Social Impact shall be suitable adjusted to avoid site road, Assessment cutting of the tree. If unavoidable, requirements Disposal than tree shall be cut with due of permission from concerned accumula district/forests authorities.

10IS:1893 (Part 1): 2002 Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures Part 1 General Provisions and Buildings Fifth Revision divides

the Indian subcontinent into five seismic zones ( II to V) depending on the magnitude and damage intensity of seismic activity.

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on ted  Trimming of the large tree standing Municipal close to the site shall be done as Solid minimum as possible. Waste11 :  Provision shall be made for dust Loss of suppression during its use. Agricultur  Provision shall be made (safety al land, boards, speed control, traffic guards) to prevent accident. loss of  Survival rate of tree shall be tree, air regularly monitored. It is shall be and noise minimum 70%. pollution Municipal Solid Waste Management :

 Arrangement shall be made for identifying the area for disposal of construction debris and notify to

11 Substantial municipal solid waste is disposed at the entrance and around the proposed terminal site requiring proper management of the same.

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on IWAI. The site should be minimum 1000 m distance from the river bank, residential area and sensitive areas like hospitals, school and temples.  Arrangement shall be made for segregation of waste generated from construction site into recyclable, compostable and non- compostable waste.  Resalable/recyclable waste shall be sold off to authorized agencies. Compostable waste will be composted in pits at site and non- compostable waste shall be disposed off to designated landfill site. If designated landfill site not available, then debris disposal site shall be identified 4. Setting of Location of Camp: The Building Labour During Approxima Contractor. IWAI/SEM Labor  Agriculture land should not be used and Other Camp design and te Rs U/PMC Camps : for development of construction Construction Locations Pre- 500,000/- Loss of labour camps. Barren/waste land workers Constructio per camp agricultur should be used (Regulation of n Stage for Employment sanitation e land,  Site identified by contractor should be approved by the engineers of and Conditions an health contamin PMC/IWAI of Service) Act facilities. ation of  Proper closure, stabilization and 1996 and Cess land and rehabilitation of the area should be Act of 1996 and

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on water carried out as soon as the activity is The Water resources completed (Prevention & from  No land should be used for above Control of municipal purpose without consent of land Pollution) Act, waste owner. 1974 and amendments from Sanitation and Worker’s Health : thereof. Camps,  Camp shall be well ventilated. It Municipal Solid worker‟s should have adequate provision for Wastes health, illumination, kitchen and safe (Management Pressure drinking water facility shall be and Handling) on provided at the camp Rules, 2000 natural  Adequate bathing and sanitation resources facilities to be provided at labour due to camp. Mobile Toilets shall be establish provided. Soak Pits can be provided ment of only if labour camp is located away labour from river.  Proper drainage to be maintained camps around the sites to avoid water

logging leading to disease  Preventive medical care to be provided to workers- six monthly medical check-up should be organized  Waste will be collected & segregated within site into recyclable, compostable and inert waste. Recyclable waste will be sold

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on off to authorized dealers. Compostable waste shall be pit composted and inert waste shall be sent for disposal to landfill or site identified for debris disposal.  Provision shall be made for essential material supply like cooking fuel ( only LPG gas should be used, open burning of fuel should not be allowed)  Provision shall be made for day crèche for children 5. Setting  All these facilities shall be installed Air (Prevention Site During Approxima Contractor. IWAI/SEM up at proposed terminal site itself. In and Control of constructio design and te Rs U/PMC constructi case these are to be set up away Water Pollution) n Camp Pre- 500,000/- on Camp: from site than these shall be located Act, 1981 and Constructio per camp Concert at minimum distance of 500 m from Water n and for habitation, water bodies and 1000 m (Prevention and construction sanitation Mix Plant, from forest areas. Control of Stage an health Hot Mix  All maintenance facilities, hot mix Water Pollution) facilities. Plant, plant and concrete missing plant Act, 1972 Mechanic shall be established with prior al consent to establish to be obtained Worksho from SPCB. p, Fuel  All such equipment/plant shall be storages, fitted with air pollution control Lubricant system and shall comply with storages condition of consent to establish.  Periodic monitoring shall be carried

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4. Site Preparation : Power supply, Water Supply, Drainage and disposal of muck and debris 6. Power  Power shall be sourced from Energy Constructi During Part of Contractor. IWAI/SEM supply national/state grid. DG sets shall be Conservation on Sites, design, Project U/PMC and used only during power failure. Building Code Access Pre- Costs Energy  Back-up power shall be set up with 200733 road, and Constructio Conserva all provisions of containment for fuel Labour n Stage Camp tion: Air leakages, air pollution control (stack height as per regulation), and with Locations Pollution , acoustic enclosure. energy  Solar energy shall be used in loss common lighting area on 1:2 basis.  Buildings designed should have green infrastructure. Measures should be taken to conserve energy as per ECBC norms as applicable. 7. Water  The Area is under safe category as Central Ground Constructi Pre- Approx. Contractor. IWAI/SEM Supply, per Central Ground Water Board. Water Board, on Sites, Constructio Rs U/PMC Drainage However, necessary permission Local and n and 300,000 and shall be taken from district regulations. Labour construction for effluent authorities as applicable before Camp Stage constructio digging the bore well. Locations n of discharge  Staff and visitors should be made grease traps and

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on aware about water conservation by de-siltation displaying posters and signage chambers  Garland storm water temporary drains shall be developed around the site to prevent any direct discharge of contaminated or soiled water to river. It shall be pass through di-siltation chamber and water collection pit. Collected water shall be used for construction purposes.  All washing and maintenance effluent from the workshop area of vehicle maintenance area should darin to separate collection areas fitted with oil and grease trap and de- siltation chamber. The treated water shall be used for dust suppression and green belt development. This water shall not be discharged to river at all.

8. Disposal  Provision shall be made for Terminal Pre- Part of Contractor. IWAI/SEM of piling collection and draining of water for area River Constructio Project U/PMC earth, the piling earth. It shall be used for Bank n and Costs muck and embankment protection or road along the construction debris: construction depending on its terminal Stage suitability. site uncontroll  Provision shall be made for geo

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on ed Synthetic Screen for arresting silt disposal flowing down stream. may leads to increased sediment ation of the river. 5. Embankment Design and Construction, Drainage Pattern and Fishermen’s Access to River.

9. River  Embankment protection measures River During Part of Contractor. IWAI/SEM Bank (stone pitching) shall be made in Bank design, Project U/PMC Erosion both upstream and downstream to along the Pre- Costs Protectio the extent that erosion is terminal Constructio n: minimized. site n and construction Construct  Erosion monitoring shall be carried out periodically downstream as Stage ion of well. Embank  River Bed material shall be tested ment for contaminants before its use or and disposal for land fill site. If any level constructi of heavy metal contamination is on of jetty found than it shall be disposed off : may in a secure manner. lead to accumula tion of

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on sediment s on the updrift side and erosion of the downdrift side . Contamin ation of river water quality and land may happen due to river bed material 10. Drainage  Natural Drainage pattern of area Constructi Pre- Part of Contractor. IWAI/SEM Pattern around shall be maintained. No on Sites, Constructio Project U/PMC waste shall be allowed to dumped to Access n Stage and Costs industrial effluent Nala flowing road, and construction adjacent to the terminal site. Its Labour stage opening to river shall not be Camp obstructed in any manner. Locations

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on 11. Access to  Fishing activities are seen in the Terminal Constructio Part of Contractor. IWAI/SEM river : river close to site. Arrangement shall site and n Stage Project U/PMC restricted be made to provide free access to area Costs movemen river and undisturbed safe around t of movement of the fishermen. fisherman 12 6. Construction Material Sourcing

12. Borrow  Non-productive lands, barren IRC Guidelines All During Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM areas for lands, raised lands; wastelands on borrow Identified design and Project U/PMC sourcing shall be used for borrowing earth areas and for Borrow Pre- Costs earth for with the necessary quarries. sites Constructio filling as permissions/consents. n Stage EIA Notification required  Agricultural areas not to be used as borrow areas unless requested 2006( under (erosion, by the landowner for lowering the Environmental loss of land for making it cultivable. Protection Act productiv  Excavation depth should not and Rules, e land, exceed 1.5 m bgl 1986; )

12 Fishing activities are seen. Local fisherman are seen fishing close to river areas. They access the river from small temporary access around the site.

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on land  Environmental Clearance from degradati State Environmental Impact on, air Assessment Authority and pollution) required permission from District Magistrate shall be obtained prior to excavation. Copy of this permission shall be submitted to IWAI before start of excavation.  Record of location, area, accessibility to the location and photograph of borrow area should be maintained prior to excavation  Site selected for borrow area should be approved by PMC & IWAI expert prior to excavation  Ridges of not less than 8m width will be left at intervals not exceeding 300m. Small drains will be cut through the ridges, if necessary, to facilitate drainage.  The slope of the edges will be maintained not steeper than 1:4 (vertical: Horizontal).  Topsoil to be stockpiled and protected for use at the rehabilitation stage.  Rehabilitation shall be satisfactorily undertaken immediately after the use has ceased and at least three

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on weeks prior to monsoon.  Unpaved surfaces used for the haulage of borrow materials to be maintained.  Transportation of earth materials shall be through covered vehicles. Quarries for  Aggregates required for EIA Notification Quarry During Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM sourcing stone embankment stone pitching and 2006( under Site design and Project U/PMC and aggregates roads shall be procured from Environmental Pre- Costs (loss of licensed quarries. Protection Act Constructio productive land,  It shall be ensures that selected and Rules, n Stage land quarries are having requisite 1986; ) degradation, air environment clearance, and pollution. Any comply with Air Pollution Control illegal quarrying and Noise level requirements as may lead to land per the law. use change,  Copy of Environmental Clearance unstable rock letter and Consent to Operate and formation) shall Be obtained and submitted to IWAI.  Material shall be transported under covered trucks only.  No new quarry shall be opened without due permissions.  Each Quarry shall be visited prior to its selection to ensure its compliance with lease conditions, EC and consent conditions.

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on  Stone crushers, if required, shall be set up only after consent from SPCB and taking adequate measures for air pollution control 7. Protection of Flora and Fauna 13. Protectio  Tortoise Sanctuary is located at Wild Life ( In and During the Part of SEMU IWAI/SEM n of about 2.3 Km from site. Protection ) Act, Around design and project through DFO U/PMC Tortoise :  No movement of tortoise is 1972 Project Constructio costs Increased reported upward to the site. No Site n stage sediment harm shall be caused to these ation tortoise in case any tortoise is sited. Necessary caution notice downstre shall be displaced and conveyed to am of all construction workers and constructi officers. on site  Geo-Textile synthetic sheet curtain shall be placed around pilling and construction area to prevent movement of sediments and construction waste. 14. Terrestria  Caution sign shall be placed to Wild Life ( In and During the Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM l Fauna: prevent hunting of wild animal and Protection ) Act, Around design and project U/PMC increase birds. 1972 Project Constructio costs in hunt  Provision shall be made for strict Site n stage penalty for hunting these animals.

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15. Vegetation  Tree shall not be cut as much as Forest In and During the Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM loss due to possible. Any tree cut shall be Conservation Around design and project U/PMC site compensated with compensatory Act, 1980 Project Constructio Costs preparation tree plantation as per state forest Site and n stage and policy. labour construction  Tree plantation shall be made as camp activities feasible at site and around the site depending on land availability.  Provision of LPG shall be made in construction site camp and labour camp as fuel source to avoid tree cutting.  Proper arrangement of lighting should be made at site and construction labour camp  Open burning of fuel for any purpose should not be allowed at the site

13Peacock and Wild Neel Gai are sited next to project site.

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on 16. Effect on  No breeding ground is noticed Terminal During the Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM Aquatic around the project site. However constructio design and project U/PMC life such construction activity shall be n site Constructio Costs as Fish, restricted during spawning period of n stage Plankton June to August. 14  Sedimentation and siltation shall be prevented/ controlled to maintain productivity of aquatic ecosystem and ensure availability of food for aquatic fauna & flora. 8. Air Quality 17. Fugitive Dust  Transport of loose and fine Environmental Constructi During the Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM Generation materials through covered vehicles. Protection Act, on sites, Constructio project U/PMC due to  Loading and unloading of 1986 and Loading n stage Costs construction construction materials in covered amendments areas, activities area. thereof; storage  Approach roads shall be paved and The Air areas, widened. (Prevention and  Water spraying on earthworks, Control of unpaved haulage roads, other dust Pollution) Act, prone areas and construction yard. 1981 and  Make Provision of PPEs like face amendments mask to workers. thereof 18. Exhaust gas  Regular maintenance shall be Environmental Constructi During the Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM emissions carried out of machinery and Protection Act, on camps Constructio project U/PMC

14The floodplain fisheries are dominated by major and minor carps viz, Labio rohita, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, L. bata, Puntius sps. and catfishes viz. H. fossilis, Mystus sps, etc. and fishes of family Clupeidae, Notopteridae and a mix of many other families.

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on from equipment. 1986 and and sites, n stage Costs machinery and  Periodic Ambient air quality amendments concrete vehicular monitoring shall be carried out. thereof; mixing traffic.  DG sets to be fitted with stacks of The Air plant, DG adequate height and low sulphur (Prevention and sets diesel to be used in DG sets as well Control of locations as in machineries. Pollution) Act,

 Monitoring of air quality for PM10, 1981 and PM2.5, SOx, NOx, and CO shall be amendments carried out quarterly at construction thereof site. Stack monitoring shall be carried out every month at the site. 19. Emissions at  Efforts shall be made to move -do- Access During the - Do - Contractor IWAI/SEM access road : construction material early morning road Constructio U/PMC avoidance of and late evening period. n stage traffic Jams15  Traffic regulators ( Guard) shall be posted in habitat area and at key junction areas to avoid congestion 9. Noise and Vibration

15 The roads connecting the proposed sites is narrow and also passes through habitat area. Traffic remains heavy.

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on 20. Noise from  All equipment to be timely serviced Noise Pollution Constructi During the Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM construction and properly maintained to minimize (Regulation and on Site Constructio project U/PMC vehicle, its operational noise. Control) Rules, and n stage Costs equipment  Construction equipment and 2000 and accesses and machinery to be fitted with silencers amendments road. thereof machinery. and maintained properly.  Provision of temporary noise barrier near habitat areas during construction phase.  Protection devices (ear plugs or ear muffs) will be provided to the workers operating in the vicinity of high noise generating machines.  Speed control shall be enforced in habitat areas.  The ambient noise level as per CPCB standard is 55 dB(A) and 45 db(A). Current noise level at habitat area meets the standard  Noise monitoring day and night at site, labour camp and access road area shall be carried quarterly to ensure the effectiveness of mitigation measures. 10. Land-use and Landscape 21. Land use  Efforts shall be made to improve the Design Around During Approxima Contractor IWAI/SEM Change and aesthetic of the area. No requirement project site construction tely Rs U/PMC Loss of construction waste or other wastes area and Stage 25000 for

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on productive/top shall be dumped at unidentified borrow five soil areas. Caution board in local area caution language shall be placed at different boards @ locations to prevent dumping of Rs 5000 waste generated from construction per board site in the river and nearby areas  Compensatory tree plantation for loss of trees.  Top soil shall be preserved and laid over either on the embankment slope for growing vegetation to protect soil erosion or spread over in the proposed plantation areas.

 Land earmarked for dumping of construction waste shall be free from any social and R&R issue and away from settlements. 22. Soil erosion  Provision of cross drainage Access Constructio Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM due to structure shall be made in the road and n stage project U/PMC construction access road if required to maintain river bank costs

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on geo-textiles matting etc shall be made, if river bank erosion is found around the terminal area.  Bio-turfing of embankments shall be made enhance the slop stabilization.

23. Soil erosion  The earth stockpiles to be provided At earth Constructio Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM at earth with gentle slopes to prevent soil stockpiles n stage project U/PMC stockpiles erosion. costs 24. Compaction  Fuel and lubricants to be stored at Terminal Pre Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM and the predefined storage location. site construction project U/PMC contamination  Storage area shall be paved with and costs of soil due to gentle slope to a corner and construction movement of connected with a chamber to collect stage. vehicles and any spills of the oils. equipment  Provision of “oil interceptors” at wash-down and re-fuelling areas.  Oil and grease spill and oil soaked materials are to be collected and stored in labelled containers (Labelled: WASTE OIL; and hazardous sign be displayed) and sold off to SPCB/ MoEF authorized vendors.  Movement of construction vehicles, machinery and equipment shall be restricted to the designated haulage route.

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on 11. Water Resources 25. Depletion of  Preference shall be given to source During Part of Contractor, IWAI/SEM Groundwater water from rivers wherever feasible Constructio project U/PMC resources due in the project area with due n stage costs to unregulated permission from authorities. . abstraction for  Augmentation through incorporating construction water harvesting structures if technically feasible. purpose  Construction of check dams in

consultation with community to

reduce burden on ground water resources.  Efforts to restrict water intensive activities during summer period (April, May, June) 26. Increase in  The piling work shall be undertaken Terminal During Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM water Siltation during low flow period. Site Constructio project U/PMC levels due to  Restoration of changes in the n stage costs construction of stream, if any, made during terminal and construction to its original level. contamination  Precautions shall be made that no due to nala or canal is clogged.  Substructure construction should be disposal of limited to the dry season and domestic cofferdams may be constructed and waste utilized to lift the spoil directly out of it and carried to the riverbank for land disposal.

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ESIA Report-Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on  Mobiel toilets with anaerobic digestion facility shall be fixed at construction site. No domestic waste shall be discharged to river. 12. Accident and Safety Risks 27. Accident risk  Contractors to adopt and maintain Central Motor Constructi Constructio Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM from safe working practices. and Vehicle on sites n period project U/PMC construction  Usage of fluorescent signage, in Act 1988 costs activities local language at the construction EP Act 1986 sites Noise Rules  Training shall be provided to 2002 workers, especially machinery operators, on safety procedures and precautions.  The contractors to appoint a safety officer mandatory.  At every work place, a readily available first aid unit including an adequate supply of dressing materials, a mode of transport (ambulance), nursing staff, and doctor to be provided.  Required PPE shall be provided to workers.  Half yearly medical check-up shall be carried of the workers and summary report shall be submitted to PMC

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Environmental Remedial Measure Reference to Approxim Time Indicative Institutional Issue/ laws and ate Frame / Component Contract Location Mitigation Responsibility Documents Cost Implementati Supervisi on on 13. Shifting of Common Property Resources and other Utilities Shifting of  As per assessment, no such shifting Project Pre- Part of Contractor IWAI/SEM community is involved. However if any shifting Area Constructio Project U/PMC properties and is involved it shall done at suitable n Costs utilities location with the concurrence from local authorities and community.

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ESIA Report-Multimodal River Water Terminal at Ramnagar, Varanasi, U.P., India

8.3. Institutional Arrangement IWAIwill develop Environmental Management Framework with the help of World Bank. The institutional arrangement shall align as per this framework. IWAI will have an Environmental and social cell which will coordinate with site engineers and PMC. 8.3.1. Environmental Management Cell

Apart from having an Environmental Management Plan, it is also necessary to have apermanent organizational set up charged with the task of ensuring its effectiveimplementation of mitigation measures and to conduct environmental monitoring. Highly qualified and experienced persons in the field of Environmental Management ofTerminal shall be considered for the positions ofGeneral Manager (GM) and Managers for overall Environmental management for proposed project. The majorduties and responsibilities of Environment Management Cell are:  To implement the environmental management plan  To assure regulatory compliance with all relevant rules and regulations  To ensure regular operation and maintenance of pollution control devices  To minimize environmental impacts of operations as by strict adherence to the EMP  To initiate environmental monitoring as per approved schedule  Review and interpretation of monitoring as per approved schedule  Review and interpretation of monitoring results and corrective measures in case monitored results are above the specified limit  Maintain documentation of good environmental practices and applicable environmentallaws as ready reference  Maintain environmental related records  Coordination with regulatory agencies, external consultant, monitoring laboratories  Maintain log of public complain and the action taken  Efforts shall be made for setting up of common conservation cell consisting of one marinebiologist, and ecologist, a sociologist and a fishery expert The proposed environmental management cell should have all basic record keeping facilitiessuch as hard w are/software facilities, adequate space, vehicle (transport) and basic furnitureand all simple instruments such as GPS, Digital camera, Hand held noise metre etc. The cellshould have all basic environmental management data of the project that includes but notlimited to the following:

 Environmental Impact Assessment Report (both well preserved soft and hard copy)  All valid and up to date environmental clearance and consent papers  All latest Environmental legislations, policies, codes and manuals for ready references  A list of consultants on environmental management need to be kept with yearly revision of the list. This will help to receive proper advice in case of an emergency or arequirement and also to implement day to day environmental management activities.

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Over a period of time a system to understand and absorb the new revisions and changes inthe environmental requirements and practices are to be established. This can only beachieved by regular training and genuine capacity building initiatives. Institutional framework for the project is given in figure 8.1

Figure 8.1: Institutional Framework

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8.4. Environmental Standards Environmental standards to be followed for disposal of waste, emissions, disposal of dredged soil etc is attached as appendix I. 8.5. Environment Monitoring Plan The objective of environmental monitoring during the construction and operation phases is to compare the monitored data against the baseline condition collected during the study period to assess the effectiveness of the mitigation measures and the protection of the ambient environment based on national standards. The following are the main objectives of the environmental monitoring program:  Provides information for documentation of monitoring of mitigation measures and impacts  Tool for the statutory authority of unanticipated adverse impacts or sudden changes inthe environmental condition due to the proposed project  Provides information that could be used for evaluating the effectiveness of implementedmitigation measures  Provides information that could be used to verify predicted impacts and thus validateimpact prediction techniques  The effectiveness of the mitigation measures being followed during construction andoperational phases can be assessed and the measures can be revised, made morestringent and reinforced based on the monitoring results  Environmental Monitoring can also serve a basic component of a periodic environmentalregulatory auditing program for the proposed project

A monitoring schedule has been sketched based on the environmental components that may be affected during the construction phase of the project. Environmental monitoring plan for operation stage will be discussed in EIA study to bae carried out for phase 1B of terminal. Environment monitoring indicators identified are listed below Monitoring Indicators

 Air quality- ambient air quality levels & stack emissions  Surface Water quality  Drinking water quality- for construction labours  Noise levels- ambient noise level and work zone noise levels  Soil quality- dredged sand quality and soil quality  Solid & Hazardous Waste Management  Wastewater disposal  Re-plantation success / survival rate  Soil Erosion  Aquatic ecology– plankton and benthic communities  Integrity of embankment

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These indicators will evaluated periodically based on the monitoring results, baseline conditions, predicted impacts and mitigation measures.

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Table 8.2: Environment Monitoring Plan S. Aspect Parameters to be No of sampling Standard methods for Role & Responsibility No. monitored locations & smapling and analysis Implementati Supervision frequency on Construction Period

1 Air Quality PM10, PM2.5, SO2, Four Sites  Fine Particulate Contractor IWAI & PMC (Ambient & NO2, HC and CO including project Samplers for PM2.5 Stack) site and 3 other  Respirable Dust sites within 2 km of Sampler fitted PM10 terminal site  Respirable Dust Once in a month Sampler fitted with Gaseous sampling arrangements for SO2 and NO2, CO analyser /portable CO meter for CO portable HC meter or tubes for HC; TO- 14A, TO-15, USEPA method for sampling and analysis of VOCs in ambient air 2 Surface Water Physical, chemical River Ganga & Grab sampling and Contractor IWAI & PMC Quality and biological Gurha Nallah analysis by using Once a month standard methods 3 Drinking water Physical, chemical Drinking water fro Grab sampling and Contractor IWAI & PMC Quality and biological labour camps analysis by using Once a month standard methods 4 Noise Level Day time and night Construction Noise meter Contractor IWAI & PMC time noise level labour camp, (max, min & Leq construction site levels) and 2 locations within 2 km of terminal site Once a month

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5 Soil Quality Soil texture, type, Construction site, Collection and analysis of Contractor IWAI & PMC Electrical labour camps and samples as per IS 2720 conductivity, pH, debris disposal infiltration, porosity, site etc., Once in 6 months 6 Soild & Physical & Construction site, MSW Rules, 2000, Contractor IWAI & PMC Hazardous Chemical labour camps and Hazardous Waste & Waste characteristics debris disposal Management Rules, 2008 Management site Daily 7 Wastewater Physical, chemical Construction site & -- Contractor IWAI & PMC Management and biological labour camps Once a month 8 Plantation Plantation survival At plantation site Survey, counting, Contractor IWAI & PMC rate (terminal site & recording & reporting afforestation site) 9 Soil Erosion --- Upstream & Survey & observation; Contractor IWAI & PMC downstream of Extent and degree of terminal site erosion; Structures for controlling soil erosion 10 Aquatic ecology Phytoplankton, River Ganga & Plankton net of diameter Contractor IWAI & PMC Zooplankton Gurha Nallah of 0.35 m, No.25 mesh Once a month size 63 and analysis by using standard methods. 11 Integrity of --- Upstream & Survey & observation; Contractor IWAI & PMC embankment downstream of Extent and degree of terminal site erosion; Structures for controlling soil erosion

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8.6. Reporting Requirement It is required that contractor will submit quarterly compliance report to Project Management Consultants (PMC) as well as to SEMU ( social and environmental Management Unit) of IWAI. PMC will analyze the report and notify the corrective action if any required to contractor under intimation to IWAI. 8.7. Grievance Redress Mechanism The concern/grievances from local/affected people may come up related to inappropriate implementation of various components of EMP. These issues can be easily addressed through acknowledgement, evaluation and corrective action and response approach. To resolve grievance from public or stakeholders concerning the project will be directed to the SPMU/Director concerned. Firstly, it will be assessed if the grievances are genuine or suggestion is acceptable. Accordingly, response will be given within 15-30 days by the SEMU in consultation with PMC and Director concerned. In case the SEMU is unable to resolve the issue, the matter will be forwarded to Project Director at Head Quarter. The corrective action will be started as per the response or action plan indicated to the stakeholder. The outcome shall also form part of quarterly report to World Bank. (Figure 8.2)

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Figure 8.2: Grievance Redressal Cell

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