The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. Vol 14, Intro

VOLUME 14. Introductory Part 21th June, 1958 pp. i—xxviii

THE BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

The Official Organ of

THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE

Edited by FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E.

Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

CONTENTS

Official Text of the " Regies Internationales de la Nomenclature Zoologique " as it existed up to the opening of the Paris Congress in 1948

LONDON:

Printed by Order ot the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature and

Sold on behalf of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by the International Trust at its Publications Office, 41, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7 1958

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A. The Officers of the Commission

Honorary Life President: Dr. Karl Jordan (British Museum (Natural History), Zoological Museum, Tring, Herts, England)

President-. Professor James Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Vice-President: Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) Secretary : Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948)

B. The Members of the Commission

(Arranged in order of precedence by reference to date of election or of most recent re-election, as prescribed by the International Congress of Zoology) Professor H. Boschma (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (1st January 1947) Senor Dr. Angel Cabrera [La Plata, Argentina) (27th July 1948) Mr. Francis Hemming (London, England) (27th July 1948) (Secretary) Dr. Kenning Lemche (17niversitetets Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark) (27th July 1948) Professor Pierre Bonnet (Universite de Toulouse, France) (9th June 1950) Mr. Norman Denbigh Riley (British Museum (Natural History), London) (9th June 1950) Professor Dr. Tadeusz Jaczewski (Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw; Poland) (15th June 1950) Professor Dr. Robert Mertens (Natur Museum u. Forschungs-lnstilut Senckenberg, Frankfurt a. M., Germany) (5th July 1950) Professor Dr. Erich Martin Hering (Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt- Universitdt zu Berlin, Germany) (5th July 1950) Senhor Dr. Afranio do Amaral (S. Paulo, Brazil) (12th August 1953) (Vice-President) Professor J. R. Dymond (University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada) (12th August 1953) Professor J. Chester Bradley (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) (President) Professor Harold E. Vokes (University of Tulane, Department of Geology, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Professor B61a Hank6 (Mezogazdasdgi Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary) (12th August 1953) Dr. Norman R. Stoll (Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, N.Y., U.S.A.) (12th August 1953) Mr. P. C. Sylvester-Bradley (Sheffield University, Sheffield, England) (12th August 1953) Dr. L. B. Holthuis (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Histqrie, Leiden, The Netherlands) (12th August 1953) Dr. K. H. L. Key (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia) (15th October 1954) Dr. Alden H. Miller (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.) (29th October 1954) Doc. Dr. Ferdinand Prantl (Ndrodni Museum v Praze, Prague, Czechoslovakia) (30th October 1954) Professor Dr. William Ktthnelt (Zoologisches Institut der Universitdt, Vienna, Austria) (6th November 1954) Professor F. S. Bodenttbtmer (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel) (11th November 1954) Professor Ernst Mayr (Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massa¬ chusetts, U.S.A.) (4th December 1954) Professor Enrico Tortonese (Museo di Storia Naturale " G. Doria", Genova, Italy) (16th December 1954) Dr. Per Brinck (Lunds Universitets, Zoologiska Institution, Lund, Sweden) (19th May 1958)

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Volume 14, Introductory Part (pp.i-xxviii) 27th June 1958

OFFICIAL TEXT OF THE " REGIES INTERNATIONALES DE LA NOMENCLATURE ZOOLOGIQUE" (INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE) AS IT EXISTED UP TO THE OPENING OF THE PARIS CONGRESS IN 1948

By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.M.G., C.B.E. Managing Director and Secretary to the International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature

At its coming meeting the Colloquium on Zoological Nomenclature will be called upon to examine the Draft of the English Text of the R&gles as revised by the Paris (1948) and Copenhagen (1953) Congresses prepared by Professor J. Chester Bradley which was published in 1957 in Parts 1 to 9 of the present volume (Volume 14) of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. The authority for that Draft is derived from three sources, namely : (a) the text of the Regies as adopted by the Berlin Congress of 1901 as slightly further amended up to 1930 (Padua Congress); (b) the amendments and additions adopted by the Paris Congress in 1948 ; (c) the further amendments and addi¬ tions approved by the Copenhagen Congress of 1953.

2. The Official Record of the amendments and additions to the Ragles adopted by the Paris Congress was published by the Trust in 1950 in Volume 4 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. The corresponding Official Record of the decisions taken by the Copenhagen Congress was published by the Trust in 1953 (Copenhagen Decisions zool. Nomencl.), Unfortunately, however, there exists no consolidated and up-to-date Official Record of the text of the Regies as these existed up to the eve of the Paris Congress of 1948. A text embodying the decisions taken by the Berlin Congress of 1901 was officially published in Paris in 1905. The text so promulgated was amended considerably by later Congresses, notably by the Boston Congress of 1907 ; the amendments so approved were officially published by the International Congresses concerned but no consolidated text of the Rigles as revised by successive Congresses was ever promulgated. A number of unofficial texts were published at different times, some of which attained a high degree of accuracy. Of these the best known are the text published by the Biological Society of Washington in 1926 and that included in successive editions of the work by Edward T. Schenk and John H. McMasters entitled Procedure in Taxonomy first published in 1936. Excellent as are these texts in many ways

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries ii Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature neither is absolutely complete or absolutely accurate. There exists therefore at the present time no published text of the Regies as they existed at the time of the opening of the Paris Congress which is both absolutely complete and absolutely accurate.

3. It appeared to the Trust that it would be a serious handicap to the forthcoming Colloquium in the discharge of its duties if it did not have at its disposal an authoritative edition of the Regies as these existed up to the time of the meeting of the Paris Congress of 1948, for that text must inevitably form the foundation of the Colloquium's work. The Trust has accordingly decided to publish the English text concerned in the present Introductory Part. Particulars are given in the Annexe to the present note of the amendments made in the original Berlin text by later International Congresses of Zoology up to, but not including, the meeting of the Thirteenth Congress held in Paris in 1948.

4. It will be recalled that in the period with which we are here concerned the French text was the sole substantive text, the English text being only an official translation of the substantive French text. It is not possible, however, to give here the substantive French text of the R&gles as amended to the time of the Paris Congress of 1948, because no provision was made by the successive Congresses for the maintenance of an amended substantive French text. The amendments to the Ragles made by the Congresses during the period under review are accordingly available in English texts only.

FRANCIS HEMMING

Managing Director and Secretary, International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature

25th April 1958

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ANNEXE

Particulars of amendments to the " Ragles Internationales de la Nomenclature Zoologique " made by International Congresses after the close of the Berlin (1901) Congress and before the opening of the Paris (1948) Congress

Seven International Congresses of Zoology were held between the close of the Fifth International Congress at Berlin in 1901 and the opening in Paris in 1948 of the Thirteenth International Congress. No changes in the R&gles were made either by the Sixth International Congress at Berne in 1904 or by the Twelfth International Congress at Lisbon in 1935. Changes of varying importance were made at each of the five remaining Congresses held during the foregoing period. The Congresses concerned were the following :—

(a) Seventh International Congress of Zoology, Boston, 1907 ;

(b) Eighth International Congress of Zoology, Graz, 1910 ;

(d) Tenth International Congress of Zoology, Budapest, 1927 ; (e) Eleventh International Congress of Zoology, Padua, 1930.

The amendments to the Regies made by the foregoing Congresses are enumerated below, Article by Article.

Article 4

The word " stem " was substituted for the difficult word " root " by the Graz Congress (1910).

Article 8

As adopted by the Berlin Congress this Article included a Recommandation containing a list—lettered from (a) to (1)—of classes of words available for use as generic names. This Recommandation remained unchanged up to the opening of the Paris Congress. In 1907, however, the Boston Congress inserted another Recommandation in this Article but without taking any steps to co-ordinate the new Recommandation with the old. Hence it is that for forty years this Article contained two entirely independant provisions each labelled " Recommandations The Recommandation inserted by the Boston Congress is the following :—

Recommandation: Certain biological groups which have been proposed distinctly as collective groups, not as systematic units, may be

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treated for convenience as if they were genera, but they require no type species. Examples: Agamodistomum, Amphistomulum, Agamofilaria, Agamomermis, Sparganum.

Article 14

A second Recommandation was added by the Boston Congress in 1907 as follows :—

It is well to avoid the introduction of the names typicus and typus as new names for species or subspecies, since these names are always liable to result in later confusion.

Article 20

The Boston Congress in 1907 added the following Recommandation to this Article :—

In proposing new names based upon personal names, which are written sometimes with a, o or il, at other times with ae, oe and ue, it is recommended that authors adopt ae, oe and ue. Example : muelleri in preference to mulleri.

Article 25

The Budapest Congress in 1927 introduced a very important change in Article 25 by adding a new Proviso (Proviso (c)) under which from a specified future date—1st January 1931—much more rigorous tests had to be satisfied before a name could acquire the status of availability. At the same time the more lax provisions set out in Proviso (a) which had previously been in force were expressly limited so as to apply only to a period prior to 1st January 1931. The following is the text of the decision actually taken by the Budapest Congress :—

Proviso (a). After the word " that " insert the words " (prior to January 1, 1931) ".

Add the following new Proviso (c) :—

(c) But no generic name nor specific name published after December 31, 1930, shall have any status of availability (hence also of validity) under the Rules, unless and until it is published either :—

(1) with a summary of characters (seu diagnosis; seu definition ; seu condensed description) which differentiate or distinguish the genus or species from other genera or species ;

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(2) or with, a definite bibliographic reference to such summary of characters (sen diagnosis ; seu definition ; sen condensed description) ; and further

(3) in the case of a generic name, with the definite unambiguous designation of the type species (seu genotype; seu autogenotype ; seu orthotype).

Article 26

The following words at the beginning of the second sentence of this Article, that is the words " the date 1758, therefore, is accepted ", were deleted by the Padua Congress, 1930, and the following words were inserted in their place : " For practical purposes the date January 1, 1758, is accepted in these Rules

Article 27

The words " any stage in the fife history " were substituted for the word " larva " in Point (b) by the Graz Congress (1910).

Article 29

The following Recommandation was added to this Article by the Boston Congress, 1907 :—

Recommandation : To facilitate reference, it is recommended that when an older species is taken as type of a new genus, its name should be actually combined with the new generic name in addition to citing it with the old generic name. Example: Gilbertella Eigenmann, 1903, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., v. 45, p. 147, type Gilbertella (data (Steindachner) —Anacyrtus alatus Steindachner.

Article 30

This fundamental Article which governs the determination of the type species of nominal genera was completely rewritten by the Boston Congress in 1907. The new text so adopted was not amended in any respect up to the opening of the Paris Congress in 1948. The whole of Article 30 as known for the last fifty years is therefore the handiwork of the Boston Congress.

Article 35

The third portion of this Article, that is, the list of variant spellings the differences between which at the specific-name level are to be ignored, was inserted by the Graz Congress, 1910.

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Article 36

Three changes in Article 36 were made between the Berlin (1901) and Paris (1948) Congresses, two by the Graz Congress of 1910 and one by the Padua Congress of 1930. These are set out below.

(a) First of the changes by the Graz (1910) Congress

In the first (unnumbered) Becommandation in this Article the last two words, namely the words Macrodon, Microdon, were deleted by the Graz Congress.

(b) Second of the changes by the Graz (1910) Congress

Consequent upon the addition made by the Graz Congress, 1910, at the end of Article 35 of a provision directing that the differences in spelling between certain classes of near-homonyms (as in the case of the words caeruhus and coeruleus) be ignored for the purposes of the Law of Homonymy, a non- mandatory Becommandation which until then had stood at the end of Article 36 was deleted therefrom by the above Congress.

The following new Becommandation was added at the end of Article 36 by the Padua Congress, 1930 :—

When homonyms are of the same date, whether by the same or different authors, then any name proposed for a genus takes precedence over a name (its homonym) proposed for a subgenus. The same principle is applicable to homonyms of species and subspecies of identical date.

The status of this provision is not absolutely clear, for, although in the Report submitted by the Commission to the Padua Congress (as published by the authorities of that Congress) it is described as being a new Becommandation to be added to Article 36, this provision, as quoted in Opinion 124 (" Linnaeus, 1758, Subdivision of Genera ") which was drawn up not long after the Padua Congress, was there referred to as an " amendment to Article 36 (on homonyms) adopted at Padua, 1930 " (see 1936, Smithson. misc. Coll. 73 (No. 8) : 1-2).

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Appendice, Section A

The following sentence was added at the end of Section A of the Appendice by the Monaco Congress, 1913 :—•

It is recommended that in published descriptions of a new species or new subspecies, only one specimen be designated and labelled as type, the other specimens examined by the author at the time being paratypes.

Appendice, Section F

The title of Section F as approved by the Berlin Congress, was " Transcription of Greek words ". The word " transcription " was altered to " transliteration " by the Graz Congress, 1910. At the same time the word "transcribed" at the end of the opening sentence was changed to "trans¬ literated

Appendice, Section G

As approved by the Berlin Congress, the second sentence opened with the words " The following rules apply . . . At Graz in 1910 the word " paragraphs " was substituted for the word " rules

" Code of Ethics "

The Resolution known as the " Code of Ethics " was adopted by the Monaco Congress, 1913. Up to the opening of the Paris Congress, this provision did not actually form pai-t of the Regies but it was commonly printed between Articles 34 and 35 in unofficial editions of the Ragles.

" Plenary Powers "

The " Plenary Powers " Resolution, like that embodying the " Code of Ethics ", was adopted by the Monaco Congress, 1913, and, like that Resolution, did not formally constitute a part of the Ragles up to the opening of the Paris Congress of 1948. It was, however, commonly included in unofficial editions of the Ragles, being placed after the end of Article 36 and before the beginning of the Appendice.

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REGIES INTERNATIONALES DE LA NOMENCLATURE ZOOLOGIQUE

TEXT OF THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION AS OFFICIALLY PRO¬ MULGATED IN 1905, IN WHICH HAVE BEEN INCORPORATED CERTAIN AMENDMENTS ADOPTED IN THE PERIOD 1907-1930 BY THE SEVENTH (BOSTON) TO ELEVENTH (PADUA) INTER¬ NATIONAL CONGRESSES OF ZOOLOGY

RULES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

I. General Considerations

1.—(1) Zoological nomenclature is independent of botanical nomenclature in the sense that the name of an animal is not to be rejected simply because it is identical with the name of a plant.

(2) If, however, an organism is transferred from the vegetable to the animal kingdom, its botanical names are to be accepted in zoological nomen¬ clature with their original botanical status.

(3) If an organism is transferred from the animal to the vegetable kingdom, its names retain their zoological status.

Recommendation.—It is well to avoid introducing into zoology as generic names such names as are in use in botany.

2.—The scientific designation of animals is uninominal for subgenera and all higher groups, binominal for species and trinominal for subspecies.

3.—The scientific names of animals must be, words which are either Latin or Latinised or are considered and treated as such in case they are not of classic origin.

II. Family and Subfamily names

4.—The name of a family is formed by adding the ending " -idae ", the name of a subfamily by adding " -inae ", to the stem of the name of its type genus.

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5.—The name of a family or subfamily is to be changed when the name of its type genus is changed.

III. Generic and Subgeneric names

6.—Generic and subgeneric names are subject to the same rules and recommendations, and from a nomenclatorial standpoint they are coordinate, that is, they are of the same value.

7.—A generic name becomes a subgeneric name, when the genus so named become a subgenus, and vice versa.

8.—A generic name must consist of a single word, simple or compound, written with a capital initial letter, and employed as a substantive in the nominative singular.

Examples : Ganis, Perca, Ceratodus, Hymenolepis.

Recommendations.—(i) The following words may be taken as generic names :

(a) Greek substantives, for which the rules of Latin transliteration (see Appendix F) should be followed. Examples: Ancylus, Amphibola, Aplysia, Pompholyx, Physa, Cylichna.

(b) Compound Greek words, in which the attributive should precede the the principal word. Examples: Stenogyra, Pleurobranchus, Tylodina, Cyclostomwm, Sarcocystis, Pelodytes, Hydrophilus, Rhizobius.

This does not, however, exclude words formed on the model of Hippopotamus, namely, words in which the attributive follows the principal word. Examples: Philydrus, Biorhiza.

Adjectives (Prasina) and past participles (Productus) are not recommended.

(d) Compound Latin words.

Examples : Stiliger, Dolabrifer, Semifusus.

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(e) Greek or Latin derivatives expressing diminution, comparison, resem¬ blance, or possession.

Examples : Dolium, Doliolum ; Strongylus, Eustrongylus ; Limax, Limacella, Limacia, Limacina, Limacites, Limacula; Lingula, Lingulella, Lingulepis, Lingulina, Lingulops, Lingulopsis ; Neomenia, Proneomenia; Buteo, Archibuteo; Oordius, Paragordius, Poly- gordius.

(f) Mythological or heroic names.

Examples : Osiris, Venus, Brisinga, Velleda, Grimora.

If not Latin, these should be given a Latin termination (Aegirus, Gondulia).

(g) Proper names used by the ancients.

Examples : Cleopatra, Belisarius, Melania.

(h) Modern patronymics to which is added an ending to denote dedication :

(a) Names terminating with a consonant take the ending " -ius ", " -ia ", " -ium " ;

Examples : Selysius, Lamarckia, Kdllikeria, Mulleria, Stadia, Kroyeria, Ibanezia.

(jS) Names terminating with the vowels " e", "i", " o ", "u", or " y " take the ending " -us ", " -a " -um " ;

Examples : Blainvillea, Wyvillea, Cavolinia, Fatioa, Bernaya, Quoya, Schulzea.

(y) Names terminating with " a " takes the ending " -ia " ;

Example: Danaia.

(8) In generic names formed from patronymics, the particles are omitted if not coalesced with the name, but the articles are retained;

Examples: Blainvillea, Benedenia, Chiajea, Lacepedea, Dumerilia.

(e) with patronymics consisting of two words, only one of these is used in the formation of a generic name ;

Examples': Selysius, Targionia, Edwardsia, Duthiersia.

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(£) The use of proper names in the formation of compound generic names is objectionable.

Examples : Eugrimmia, Buchiceras, Heromorpha, Mobiusi- spongia.

(i) Names of ships, which should be treated the same as mythological names (Vega) or as modern patronymics.

Examples : Blahea, Hirondellea, Challengeria.

(j) Barbarous names, that is, words of nonclassic origin.

Examples : Vanikoro, Chilosa.

Such words may receive a Latin termination. Examples: Yetus, Fossarus.

(k) Words formed by an arbitrary combination of letters.

Examples : Neda, Clanculus, Salifa, Torix.

(1) Names formed by anagram.

Examples : Dacelo, Verlusia, Linospa.

(ii) Certain biological groups which have been proposed distinctly as collective groups, not as systematic units, may be treated for convenience as if they were genera, but they require no type species.

Examples : Agamodistomum, Amphistomulum, Agamofilaria, Agamo- mermis, Sparganum..

9.—If a genus is divided into subgenera, the name of the typical subgenus must be the same as the name of the genus (see Article 25).

10.—When it is desired to cite the name of a subgenus, the name is to be placed in parenthesis between the generic and specific names.

Example : Vanessa (Pyrameis) cardui.

IV. Specific and Subspecific names

11.—Specific and subspecific names are subject to the same rules and recommendations, and from a nomenclatural stand point they are coordinate, that is, they are of the same value.

12.—A specific name becomes a subspecific name when the species so named becomes a subspecies, and vice versa.

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13.—While specific substantive names derived from names of persons may be written with a capital initial letter, all other specific names are to be written with a small initial letter.

Examples : Rhizostoma Cuvieri or Rh. cuvieri ; Francolinus Lucani or F. lucani ; Hypoderma Diana or H. diana ; Laophonte Mohammed or L. mohammed ; (Estrus ovis ; Corvus corax.

14.—(1) Specific names are :—

(a) Adjectives, which must agree grammatically with the generic name ;

Example : Felis marmorata.

(b) Substantives in the nominative in apposition with the generic name ;

Example : Felis leo.

Examples : rosae, sturionis, antillarum, galliae, sancti-pauli, sanctae- helenae.

(2) If the name is given as a dedication to one or several persons, the genitive is formed in accordance with the rules of Latin declination in case the name was employed and declined in Latin.

Examples : Plinii, Aristotelis, Victoris, Antonii, Elisabethae, Petri (given name).

(3) If the name is a modern patronymic, the genitive is always formed by adding, to the exact and complete name, an " i if the person is a man, or an " ae " if the person is a woman, even if the name has a Latin form; it is placed in the plural if the dedication involves several persons of the same name.

Examples: Cuvieri, Mobiusi, Nuhezi, Merianae, Sarasinorum, Bosi (not Bovis), Salmoni (and Salmonis).

Recommendations.—(i) The best specific name is a Latin adjective, short, euphonic, and of easy pronunciation. Latinised Greek words or barbarous words may, however, be used.

Examples: gymnocephalus, echinococcus, ziczac, aguti, hoactli, urubitinga.

(ii) It is well to avoid the introduction of the names " typicus " and " typus " as new names for species or subspecies, since these names are always liable to result in later confusion.

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15.—(1) The use of compound proper names indicating dedication, or of compound words indicating a comparison with a simple object does not form an exception to Article 2. In these cases the two words composing the specific name are written as one word with or without the hyphen.

Examples : sanctae-catharinae or santaecatharinae, jan-mayeni or janmayeni, cornu-postoris or cornupastoris, cor-anguinum or coranguinum, cedo-nulli or cedonulli.

(2) Expressions like rudis planusque are not admissible as specific names.

16.—Geographic names are to be given as substantives in the genitive, or are to be placed in adjectival form.

Examples : sancti-pauli, sanctae-helenae, edivardiensis, diemenensis, magellanicus, burdigalensis, vindobonensis.

Recommendation.—Geographic names used by the Romans or by Latin writers of the middle ages are to be adopted in preference to more recent forms. Words like bordeausiacus and viennensis are poor, but are not to be rejected on this account.

17.—If it is desired to cite the subspecific name, such a name is written immediately following the specific name, without the interposition of any mark of punctuation.

Example : Rana esculenta marmorata Hallowell, but not Rana esculenta (marmorata) or Rana marmorata Hallowell.

18.—The notation of hybrids may be given in several ways ; in all cases the name of the male parent precedes that of the female parent, with or without the sexual signs :—

(a) The names of the two parents are united by the sign of multiplication (X).

Example : Capra hircus $ x Ovis aries $ and Capra Mrcus x Ovis aries are equally good formulae.

(b) Hybrids may also be cited in the form of a fraction, the male parent forming the numerator and the female parent the denominator. Capra hircus Example : —r—. ; Ovis aries

(bb) This second method is in so far preferable that it permits the citation of the person who first published the hybrid form as such.

Bernicla canadensis Example : — — Rabe. Anser cygnoides

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Tetrao tetrix X Tetrao urogallus Example : Gallus gallus

(cc) In the latter case, however, parenthesis may be used.

Example : (Tetrao tetrix X Tetrao urogallus) X Gallus gallus.

(d) When the parents of a hybrid are not known as such [parents], the hybrid takes provisionally a specific name, the same as if it were a true species, namely, as if it were not a hybrid ; but the generic name is preceded by the sign of multiplication.

Example : X Coregonus dolosus Fatio.

V. Formation, Derivation and Orthography of Zoological names

19.—The original orthography of a name is to be preserved unless an error of transcription, a lapsus calami, or a typographical error is evident.

Recommendation.—For scientific names it is advisable to use some other type than that used for the text.

Example : " Rana esculenta Linne, 1758, lives in Europe."

20.—In forming names derived from languages in which the Latin alphabet is used, the exact original spelling, including diacritic marks, is to be retained. Examples: Selysius, Lamarckia, Kollilceria, Miilleria, Stalia, Krayeria, Ibanezia, Mobiusi, Mediti, Czjzeki, spitzbergensis, islandi- cus, paraguayensis, patcigonicus, barbadensis, faroensis.

Recommendations.—(i) The prefixes "sub-" and " pseudo- " should be used only with adjectives and substantives, " sub- " with Latin words, " pseudo- " with Greek words, and they should not be used in combination with proper names. Examples: subviridis, subchelatus, Pseudacanthus, Pseudophis, Pseudomys.

(ii) Words like sub-wilsoni and pseudo-grateloupana are not recom¬ mended.

(iii) The terminations " -aides " and " -ides " should be used in combination only with Greek or Latin substantives ; they should not be used in combination with proper names.

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(iv) Geographic and patronymic names from countries which have no recognised orthography or which do not use the Latin alphabet should be transcribed into Latin according to the rules adopted by the Geographic Society of Paris. (See Appendix G.)

(v) In proposing new names based upon personal names, which are written sometimes with " a " o or " ii at other times with " ae " oe " and " ue it is recommended that authors adopt " ae " oe " and " ue

Example : muelleri in preference to mulleri.

VI. Author's name

21.—The author Of a scientific name is that person who first publishes the name in connection with an indication, a definition or a description, unless it is clear from the contents of the publication that some other person is responsible for said name and its indication, definition, or description.

22.—If it is desired to cite the author's name, this should follow the scientific name without interposition of any mark of punctuation ; if other citations are desirable (e.g. date, sp. n., emend., sensu stricto, etc.) these follow after the author's name, but are separated from it by a comma or by parenthesis.

Examples : Primates Linne, 1758 or Primates Linne (1758).

Recommendation.—When the name of the author of a scientific name is abbreviated, the writer will do well to conform to the list1 of abbreviations published by the Zoological Museum of Berlin.

23.—(1) When a species is transferred to another than the original genus or the specific name is combined with any other generic name than that with which it was originally published, the name of the author of the specific name is retained in the notation but placed in parenthesis.

Examples : Taenia lata Linne, 1758, and Dibothriocephalus latus (Linne, 1758) ; Fasciola hepatica Linne, 1758, and Distoma liepaticum (Linne, 1758).

(2) If it is desired to cite the author of the new combination, his name follows the parenthesis.

Example : Limnatis nilotica (Savigny, 1820) Moquin-Tandon, 1826.

1 Liste der Autoren zoologischer Art- und Galtungsnamen zusammengestellt von den Zoologen des Museums fur Nalurkunde in Berlin. Berlin, 2. vermehrte Auflage, 8°, 18S6.

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24.—When a species is divided, the restricted species to which the original specific name of the primitive species is attributed may receive a notation indicating both the name of the original author and the name of the reviser.

Example : Taenia solium, Linne, partim, Goze.

VII. The Law of Priority

25.—The valid name of a genus or species can be only that name under which it was first designated in the condition :—

(a) that (prior to January 1, 1931) this name was published and accompan¬ ied by an indication, or a definition, or a description ; and

(b) that the author has applied the principles of binary nomenclature ;

(c) but no generic name nor specific name published after December 31, 1930, shall have any status of availability (hence also of validity) under the Rules, unless and until it is published either :—

(1) with a summary of characters (seu diagnosis ; seu definition ; seu condensed description) which differentiate or distinguish the genus or the species from other genera or species ;

(2) or with a definite bibliographic reference to such summary of characters (seu diagnosis, seu definition ; seu condensed des¬ cription) ; and further

(3) in the case of a generic name, with the definite unambiguous designation of the type species (seu genotype ; seu autogenotype; seu orthotype).

VIII. Application of the Law of Priority

26.—(1) The tenth edition of Linne's Systema Naturae, 1758, is the work which inaugurated the consistent general application of binary nomenclature in zoology.

(2) For practical purposes the date January 1, 1758, is accepted in these Rules as the starting point of zoological nomenclature and of the Law of Priority.

27.—The Law of Priority obtains and consequently the oldest available name is retained :—

(a) when any part of an animal is named before the animal itself;

(b) when any stage in the life history is named before the adult;

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(o) when the two sexes of an animal have been considered as distinct species or even as belonging to distinct genera ;

(d) when an animal represents a regular succession of dissimilar generations which have been, considered as belonging to different species or even to different genera.

28.—(1) A genus formed by the union of two or more genera or subgenera takes the oldest valid generic or subgeneric names of its components. If the names are of the same date, that selected by the first reviser shall stand.

(2) The same rule obtains when two or more species or subspecies are united to form a single species or subspecies.

Recommendation.—In the absence of any previous revision, the establish¬ ment of precedence by the following method is recommended :—

(a) A generic name accompanied by specification of a type has precedence over a name without such specification.

If all or none of the genera have types specified, that generic name takes precedence the diagnosis of which is most pertinent.

(b) A specific name accompanied by both description and figure stands in preference to one accompanied only by a diagnosis or only by a figure.

29.—If a genus is divided into two or more restricted genera, its valid name must be retained for one of the restricted genera. If a type was originally established for said genus the generic name is retained for the restricted genus containing the said type.

Recommendation.—To facilitate reference, it is recommended that when an older species is taken as type of a new genus, its name should be actually combined with the new generic name, in addition to citing it with the old generic name.

Example: Gilbertella Eigenmann, 1903, Smithson. miscel. Coll. 45 : 147, type Gilbertella alata (Steindachner) = Anacyrtus alatus Steindachner.

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30.—The designation of type species of genera shall be governed by the following rules (a)-(g), applied in the following order of precedence :—

I. Cases in which the generic type is accepted solely upon the basis of the original publication:

(a) when in the original publication of a genus, one of the species is definitely designated as type, this species shall be accepted as type, regardless of any other considerations (type by original designation) ;

(b) if in the original publication of a genus, typicus or typus is used as a new specific name for one of the species, such use shall be construed as " type by original designation " ;

(d) if a genus, without originally designated [see (a)] or indicated [see (b)] type, contains among its original species one possessing the generic name as its specific or subspecific name, either as valid name or synonym, that species or subspecies becomes ipso facto type of the genus (type by absolute tautonymy) ;

II. Cases in which the generic type is accepted not solely upon basis of the original publication:

(e) the following species are excluded from consideration in determining the types of genera :—

(a) species which were not included under the generic name, at the time of its original publication ;

(ft) species which were species inquirendae from the standpoint of the author of the generic name, at the time of its publication ;

(y) species which the author of the genus doubtfully referred to it;

(f) in case a generic name without originally designated type is proposed as a substitute for another generic name, with or without type, the type of either, when established, becomes ipso facto type of the other;

(g) if an author, in publishing a genus with more than one valid species, fails to designate [see (a)] or to indicate [see (b) and (d)] its type, any subsequent author may select the type, and such designation is not subject to change (type by subsequent designation). The meaning of the expression " select the type " is to be rigidly construed. Mention of a species as an illustration or example of a genus does not constitute a selection of a type.

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III. Recommendations

In selecting types by subsequent designation, authors will do well to govern themselves by the following recommendations :—

(h) In case of Linnean genera, select as type the most common or the medicinal species (Linnean rule, 1751);

(i) if a genus, without designated type, contains among its original species one possessing as a specific or subspecific name, either as valid name or synonym, a name which is virtually the same as the generic name, or of the same origin or same meaning, preference should be shown to that species in designating the type, unless such prefer¬ ence is strongly contraindicated by other factors (type by virtual tautonymy) ;

Examples : Bos taurus, Equus caballus, Ovis aries, Scomber scombrus, Sphaerostoma globiporum ; contraindicated in Dipetalonema (com¬ pare species Filaria dipetala, of which only one sex was described, based upon one specimen and not studied in detail);

(j) if the genus contains both exotic and nonexotic species from the stand point of the original author, the type should be selected from the nonexotic species ;

(k) if some of the original species have later been classified in other genera, preference should be shown to the species still remaining in the original genus (type by elimination);

(1) species based upon sexually mature specimens should take precedence over species based upon larval or immature forms ;

(m) show preference to species bearing the name communis, vulgaris, medicinalis, or officinalis;

(n) show preference to the best described, best figured, best known, or . most easily obtainable species, or to one of which a type specimen can be obtained;

(o) show preference to a species which belongs to a group containing as large a number of the species as possible (de Candolle's rule);

(p) in parasitic genera, select, if possible, a species which occurs in man or some food animal, or in some very common and widespread host species;

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(q) all other things being equal, show preference to a species which the author of the genus actually studied at or before the time he proposed the genus;

(r) in case of writers who habitually placed a certain leading or typical species first as " chef de file the others being described by com¬ parative reference to this, this fact should be considered in the choice of the type species ;

(s) in case of those authors who have adopted the " first species rule " in fixing generic types, the first species named by them should be taken as types of their genera ;

(t) all other things being equal, page precedence should obtain in selecting a type.

31.—(1) The division of a species into two or more restricted species is subject to the same rules as the division of a genus.

(2) But a specific name which undoubtedly rests upon an error of identifica¬ tion can not be retained for the misdetermined species even if the species in question are afterwards placed in different genera.

Example : Taenia pectinata Goze, 1782 = Cittotaenia pectinata (Goze), but the species erroneously determined by Zeder, 1800, as " Taenia pectinata Goze " = Andrya rhopalocephala (Riehm) ; the latter species does not take the name Andrya pectinata (Zeder).

IX. Rejection of Names

32.—A generic or a specific name, once published, can not be rejected, even by its own author, because of inappropriateness.

Example: Names like Polyodon, Apus, albus, etc., when once published, are not to be rejected because of a claim that they indicate characters contradictory to those possessed by the animals in question.

33.—A name is not to be rejected because of tautonymy, that is, because the specific or the specific and subspecific names are identical with the generic name.

Example : Trutta trutta, Apus apus apus.

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34.—A generic name is to be rejected as a homonym when it has previously been used for some other genusj of animals.

Example : Trichina Owen, 1835, nematode, is rejected as homo¬ nym of T. richina Meigen, 1830, insect.

35.—(1) A specific name is to be rejected as a homonym, when it has previously been used for some other species or subspecies of the same genus.

Example : Taenia ovilla Rivolta, 1878 (n. sp.) is rejected as a homonym of T. ovilla Gmelin, 1790.

(2) When, in consequence of the union of two genera, two different animals having the same specific or subspecific name are brought into one genus, the more recent specific or subspecific name is to be rejected as a homonym.

(3) Specific names of the same origin and meaning shall be considered homonyms if they are distinguished from each other only by the following differences :—

(a) the use of " ae ", " oe ", and " e ", as caeruleus, coeruleus, ceruleus ; " ei ", " i " and " y ", as chiropus, cheiropus ; " c" and " h as microdon, mikrodon ;

t Beside the special journals and special nomenclators of various groups, authors will find the following publications very valuable in determining whether any given subgenerie, generic or supergeneric name is preoccupied, and if authors will consult these works before publishing new names, considerable confusion and later change of names will be avoided : c. d. shekbork. Index animalium sive index nominum quae db A.D.1758, generibus et speciebus animalium imposita sunt. Societatibus eruditorum adiuvantibus a Carlo Davis sherborh confectus. Sectio I a halendis januariis, 1758 usque adfinem decembris, 1800. Cantabrigiae, 1902, 8°.

Continuation for 1801-1850 now being issued in parts. s. H. scuDDER. Nomenclator zoologicus. An alphabetical List of all generic names that have been employed by naturalists for recent and fossil animals from the earliest times to the close of the year 1879. In 2 parts; I. Supplemental list. II. Universal index. By Samuel H. Sctjddeb Washington, 1882, 8°. c. o. waterhouse. Index zoologicus. An alphabetical List of names of genera and sub¬ genera proposed for use in zoology as recorded in the Zoological Record, 1880-1900, and 1901—1910, together with other names not included in the Nomenclator zoologicus of S. H. Scudder. Com¬ piled + + + by Charles Owen Waterhouse, and edited by David Sharp. 1902 and 1928,8°. The Zoological Record, XXXVIII (et seq). Being records of zoological literature relating chiefly to the year 1901 (et seq). London, 1902, (et seq), 8°. Index to names of new genera and subgenera. Register zum zoologischer Anzeiger. Herausgegeben von J. V. Carus. Jahrgang 1-10 (1878-1887), 11-15 (1888-1892), 16-20 (1893-1897), 21-25 (1898-1902.) Leipzig, 1889, 1893, 1899, 1903, 8°. Nomenclator animalium generum et subgenerum. Now (1926 et seq) being issued in parts by the Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin.

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(b) the aspiration or non-aspiration of a consonant, as oxyryncus, oxy- rhynchus;

(d) by a single or double consonant; litoralis, littoralis ;

(e) by the endings " -ensis " and " -iensis " to a geographical name, as timorensis, timoriensis.

36.—Rejected homonyms* can never again be used. Rejected synonyms can be used again, in case of the restoration of erroneously suppressed groups.

Example : Taenia Oiardi Moniez, 1879, was suppressed as a synonym of Taenia ovilla Rivolta, 1878 ; later it was discovered that Taenia ovilla was pre-occupied (Taenia ovilla Gmelin, 1790). Taenia ovilla, 1878, is suppressed as a homonym, and can never be used again ; it was still-born and cannot be brought to life, even when the species is placed in another genus (Thysanosoma). Taenia Oiardi, 1879, which was suppressed as a synonym, becomes valid upon the suppression of the homonym Taenia ovilla Rivolta, 1878.

Recommendations.—(i) It is well to avoid the introduction of new generic names which differ from generic names already in use only in termination or in a slight variation in spelling which might lead to confusion. But when once introduced such names are not to be rejected on this account.

Examples : Picus, Pica ; Polyodus, Polyodon, Polyodonta, Polyo- dontas, Polyodontus.

(ii) The same recommendation applies to new specific names in any given genus.

Examples : necator, necatrix ; furcigera, furcifera ; rhopalocephala, rhopaliocephala.

(iii) If from the radical of a geographic name two or more adjectives are derived, it is not advisable to use more than one of them as a specific name in the same genus, but if once introduced, they are not to be rejected on this account.

Examples : hispanus, hispanicus ; moluccensis, moluccanus ; sinensis, sinicus, chinensis ; ceylonicus, zeylanicus.

*A homonym is one and the same name for two or more different things, Synonyms are different names for the one and the same thing.

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(iv) The same recommendation applies also to other words derived from the same radical and differing from each other only in termination or by a simple change in spelling.

(v) When homonyms are of the same date, whether by the same or by different authors, then any name proposed for a genus takes precedence over a name (its homonym) proposed for a subgenus. The same principle applies is applicable to homonyms of species and subspecies of identical date.

APPENDIX

A. (1) It is very desirable that the proposition of every new systematic group should be accompanied by a diagnosis, both individual and differential, of said group in English, French, German, Italian, or Latin.

(2) This diagnosis should state in what museum the type specimen has been deposited and should give the museum number of said specimen.

(3) It is recommended that in published descriptions of a new species or new subspecies, only one specimen be designated and labelled as " type ", the other specimens examined by the author at the same time being " paratypes ".

B. In publications issued in any other language than English, French, German, Italian or Latin it is very desirable that the explanation of figures be translated into one of these tongues.

C. (1) The metric system of weights and measures and the centigrade thermo¬ meter of Celsius are adopted as standard.

(2) The micron, (0.001 mm.), represented by the Greek letter p., is adopted as the unit of measure in microscopic work.

D. The indication of enlargement or of reduction, which is very desirable for the comprehension of an illustration, should be expressed in figures rather than by mentioning the system of lenses used.

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E. The indication of enlargement or reduction of an object is usually linear. The sign of multiplication is used for enlargement and the fraction for reduction.

Example : " x 50 " indicates that the object is enlarged fifty times;

" A " indicates that it is reduced to Troth.

(2) If it is desired to specify that the enlargement is linear, surface, or mass, this may be done as follows :— X 501 indicates linear enlargement; X 502 indicates surface enlargement; X 503 indicates mass enlargement.

F. Transliteration of Greek words

The following table indicates the manner in which Greek words should be transliterated:—

€ e (uaAeoff) Hyalea, not Hyalaea = e (7T€lptfv7)) Pirena, not Pirina

final nin = a (ireLprjvrj) Pirena, not Pirene

6 = th (TTJOVS) Tethys, not Tetys

i = i (/JaAlo ff) Balia, not Balea

K — c {lirTTOKprivri) Hippoerena, not Hippoehrenes £ X (£ivo $) Xenus, Xenophora

p = r (7TTepov) Pterum V = y (vfios) Hybolithus, not Hibolites

at — ae (At/x.vato ff) Limnaea, not Limnea av = au (yAaoKoff) Glaucus

€1 = i (Xei\os) Chilostomum, not Cheilostoma €V = eu (evpoS) Eurus

•—■ ot oe (oi/ceto) Dioeca, Dendroeca, not Dioica, Dendroica

ov — u?n (e^l7T7TtOv) Ephippium, not Ephippion final Off __ us (op.ot.X6 s) Euomphalus, not Euomphalos ov = u (Xovrrjpiov) Luterium, not Lotorium

yy = ng (dyyoLpela.) Angaria

yx = nch (ayxwrofjiov) Anchistomum, not Angistoma

' yK == TIC (ayKiarpov) Ancistrodon, not Agkistrodon

= rh Rhea P (pea)

€ = he (epftata) Hermaea, not Ermaea

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G. Transcription of Geographic and Proper Names

The geographic names of nations which employ the' Latin characters are to be written with the orthography of the country in which they originate.

The following paragraphs apply only to the geographic names of countries which have no true alphabet or which use letters that are different from the Latin alphabet.

Names of places, however, which have been established by long usage, preserve their usual orthography. Examples : Algiers, Moscow.

1. The vowels a, e, i, and o are pronounced as in French, Italian, Spanish or German. The letter e is never mute.

2. The French sound u is represented by ii with dieresis, as in German.

3. The French sound cm is represented by u, as in Italian, Spanish, German, etc.

4. The French sound eu is represented by oe, pronounced as in the French word mil.

5. The long sound of a vowel is indicated by a circumflex accent; the interrupted sound is indicated by an apostrophe.

6. The consonants b, d, /, j, h, I, m, n, p, q, r, t, v, and z are pronounced as in French.

7. The letters g and s always have the hard sound, as in the French words gamelle and sirop.

8. The sound represented in French by ch is designated by sh. Examples : sMrif, Kashgar. 9. Kh represents the harsh guttural; gh represents the soft guttural of the Arabs.

10. Th represents the sound which terminates the English word path (9 in Greek). Dh represents the sound which commences the English word those (£ in Greek).

11. Aside from such employment (9, 10) of the letter h modifying the letter which precedes it, h is always aspirated ; the apostrophe is therefore never used before a word commencing with h.

12. The semivowel represented by y is pronounced as in yole.

13. The semivowel w is pronounced as in the English word William.

14. The double sounds dj, tch, ts, etc., are indicated by letters representing the sounds which compose them. Example : Matshim.

15. The h is pronounced gn, as in seigneur.

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16. The letters x, c, and q are not used, since they are duplicates of other letters representing the same sounds ; hut q may serve to indicate the Arabic qaf and the soft aspirate may be used to represent the Arabic din.

An attempt should be made to indicate as exactly as possible, by means of the letters given above, the local pronunciation without trying to give a complete representation of all the sounds which are heard.

Text of two Resolutions adopted by the Ninth International Congress of Zoology, Monaco, 1913, commonly included in unofficial editions of the " Regies Internationales de la Nomenclature Zoologique "

CODE OF ETHICS

Without presuming to be the arbiter of points of general ethics, the Commission is persuaded that there is one phase of this subject upon which it is competent to speak, and in reference to this point it suggests to the Congress the adoption of the following resolution:

Whereas—^experience has shown that authors, not infrequently, inadvertently publish as new designations of genera or species, names that are preoccupied, and

Whereas—experience has also shown that some other authors, discovering the homonymy, have published new names for the later homonyms in question, be it therefore

RESOLVED—That when it is noticed by any zoologist that the generic or specific name published by any living author as new is in reality a homonym, and therefore unavailable under Articles 34 and 36 of the Rules on Nomen¬ clature, the proper action, from a standpoint of professional etiquette, is for said person to notify said author of the facts of the case, and to give said author ample opportunity to propose a substitute name.

SUSPENSION OF RULES IN CERTAIN CASES

RESOLVED—That plenary power is herewith conferred upon the Inter¬ national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, acting for this Congress, to suspend the Regies as applied to any given case, where in its judgment the

Original from and digitized by National University of Singapore Libraries xxviii Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature strict application of the Regies will clearly result in greater confusion than uni¬ formity, provided, however, that not less than one year's notice shall be given in any two or more of the following publications, namely, Bulletin de la Societe zoologique de France, Monitore Zoologico, Nature, Science (N.Y.), and Zoolo- gischer Anzeiger, that the question of a possible suspension of the Regies as applied to such a case is under consideration, thereby making it possible for zoologists, particularly specialists in the group in question, to present arguments for or against the suspension under consideration ; and provided, also, that the vote in Commission is unanimously in favour of suspension ; and provided, further, that if the vote in Commission is a two-thirds majority of the full Commission, but not a unanimous vote in favour of suspension, the Com¬ mission is hereby instructed to report the facts to the next succeeding Inter¬ national Congress ; and

RESOLVED—That in the event that a case reaches the Congress, as hereinbefore described, with a two-thirds majority of the Commission in favour of suspension, but without unanimous report, it shall be the duty of the President of the Section on Nomenclature to select a special board of 3 members, consisting of one member of the Commission who voted on each side of the question and one ex-member of the Commission who has not expressed any public opinion on the case, and this special board shall review the evidence presented to it, and its report, either majority or unanimous, shall be final and without appeal, so far as the Congress is concerned ; and

RESOLVED—That the foregoing authority refers in the first instance and especially to cases of the names of larval stages and the transference of names from one genus or species to another ; and

RESOLVED—That the Congress fully approves the plan that has been inaugurated by the Commission of conferring with special committees from the special group involved in any given case, and that it authorizes and instructs the Commission to continue and extend this policy.

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