The Health of Auckland's Natural Environment in 2015
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THE HEALTH OF AUCKLAND’S NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IN 2015 TE ORANGA O TE TAIAO O TAMAKI MAKAURAU Find out more: phone 09 301 0101 or visit aucklandcouncil.govt.nz HE MIHI Ko Ranginui e tū iho nei te matua e whakamarumaru Ranginui, our sky father, provides our shelter nei i a tātou. from above. Ko Papatūānuku e takoto ake nei te whaea i ahu Our earth mother, Papatūānuku, from whence all mai ai tātou te tangata, te papa e noho nei hei people originate, provides the foundations upon tūrangawaewae mō tātou katoa. which we stand. Ko Tāne e tū rangatira mai nei hei whakahaumaru Tāne, god of the forests, stands as our protector. i te tangata. Tangaroa, god of the seas, helps to calm us. Ko Tangaroa hei whakaāio i te iwi. Tāwhirimātea, god of winds, provides the air Ko te hā o Tāwhirimātea hei hā ora ki te tangata. we breathe. Ka heke, ka heke, ki a tātou te tangata. We trace our descent from these gods. Haere te wā, haere te wā, ka tini te tangata, ka mahue Over time, we have multiplied, outgrowing our i a tātou ngā hononga ki te rangi, ki te whenua, ki te surroundings and forsaking our familial links to the ngahere, ki te moana. sky, to the land, forests and seas. Nō tātou te haepapa kia tiakina te taiao, hei We have a responsibility to care for our environment, whakamana i ngā whakareanga o mua, hei oranga to honour past generations and provide for those yet anō mō ngā whakareanga ā muri nei. to come. Kia mārama tātou ki ngā pānga o te tangata ki ngā We must understand how we as people have huringa taiao. Mā roto noa mai i te pūtaiao me te changed our environment. Only through science mātauranga e whakaorangia anō ai te mauri me te and knowledge will we be able to restore its mauri wairua o te taiao. and wairua. Kua eke te wā e tū ai te tangata hei kaitiaki i te Now is the time for us all to stand up as kaitiaki for whenua, i te ngahere, i te moana. Nō tātou katoa our land, forests and seas. It is a responsibility we te haepapa – hoake! must all share – let us uphold it! Tuia ki te rangi Bind the domain of the upper realm Tuia ki te whenua Bind the domain of the land Tuia ki te moana Bind the domain of the seas Tuia te here tangata Bind the tapestry of life which affirms our connection E rongo te pō, e rongo te ao to the natural world and to one another Tīhei mauri ora! Let there be life! 2 State of Environment Report 2015 STATE OF ENVIRONMENT REPORT 2015 Contributing authors: Craig Bishop Laura Buckthought Marcus J. Cameron Megan J. Carbines Fiona Curran-Cournane Mike E. Hudson Edda Kalbus Todd J. Landers Alison Reid Nick Reid Regan Solomon Melanie Vaughan Nick W. Waipara Jarrod W. Walker Bianca R. Wildish Shanju Xie The authors would like to acknowledge Elizabeth Connor for her valued contribution to this report. 3 2015 FOREWORD...... ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................................................................................................7 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................................9 Case study: ecosystem benefits ......................................................................................................................................16 CLIMATE............. .......................................................................................................................................................................................................21 Auckland's climate ...............................................................................................................................................................22 Temperature indicator ........................................................................................................................................................24 Rainfall indicator............ .......................................................................................................................................................28 Sea level rise indicator ........................................................................................................................................................31 In summary.......... ...................................................................................................................................................................34 Case study: long-term data ..............................................................................................................................................35 AIR......................... .........................................................................................................................................................................................................37 The air we breathe ...............................................................................................................................................................38 Benzene pollution indicator ..............................................................................................................................................40 Particulate matter indicator .............................................................................................................................................42 Nitrogen dioxide pollution indicator .............................................................................................................................50 Case study: the success story of lead ...........................................................................................................................52 Case study: vehicle emissions ..........................................................................................................................................58 In summary.......... ...................................................................................................................................................................66 Case study: student voice .................................................................................................................................................67 LAND.................. ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................71 The land we live and rely on ............................................................................................................................................72 Land cover indicator ............................................................................................................................................................76 Birds indicator ........................................................................................................................................................................81 Pest animals indicator.........................................................................................................................................................86 4 State of Environment Report 2015 CONTENTS Indigenous plants indicator ..............................................................................................................................................91 Pest plants indicator ............................................................................................................................................................96 Soil health indicator ......................................................................................................................................................... 101 Trace element soil indicator .......................................................................................................................................... 108 Case study: Kauri dieback ............................................................................................................................................... 112 Case study: urban forest ................................................................................................................................................. 115 In summary........ .................................................................................................................................................................. 122 Case study: better urban design .................................................................................................................................. 125 WATER................. .................................................................................................................................................................................................140 Our rivers, our lakes, our seas ....................................................................................................................................... 141 River flow indicator..... ...................................................................................................................................................... 143 Water consumption indicator......................................................................................................................................