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Journal of Substance Use Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713655978 Bad bars: A review of risk factors J. Green a; M. A. Plant a a Alcohol & Health Research Trust, Centre for Public Health Research, University of the West of England, Bristol BS 16 1DD, UK

Online Publication Date: 01 June 2007 To cite this Article: Green, J. and Plant, M. A. (2007) 'Bad bars: A review of risk factors', Journal of Substance Use, 12:3, 157 - 189 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/14659890701374703 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14659890701374703

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M. & GREEN, J. factors risk of review A bars: Bad ARTICLE REVIEW Use Substance of Journal orsodne ..Pat loo elhRsac rs,Cnr o ulcHat eerh nvriyo h etof West [email protected] the E-mail: of 8852. University 328 online Research, 0117 1475-9942 Health Tel: print/ISSN Public UK. 1465-9891 for 1DD, ISSN Centre 16 BS Trust, Bristol Research Hill, Health Blackberry & England, Alcohol Plant, M.A. Correspondence: injuries many and drinking in public violence people Giesbrecht other disorder, of 1985; and Storm, public lives bars & Single aggression, the that 1982; centuries with in Collins, for 1966; associated element (Cavan, evident frequently valued been are and has locales it important so, an Even been countries. long have Bars Introduction Keywords: O:10.1080/14659890701374703 DOI: ulcbr,in,tvrs ikfcos disorder. factors, risk taverns, inns, bars, Public ue20;1() 157–189 12(3): 2007; June , # 07IfraU Ltd. 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October of during density of geographical out and characteristics carried well location as the as patrons, such to characteristics, bar external and related as management evidence organization, included that examined particularly These review establishments. evidence, empirical licensed The available by journals. suggested peer-reviewed is sought what in exercise this of This of overview methodology. basis an imperfect the provide of not because to studies are exclude These it trials. did controlled Nor randomized literature. to restricted not was review This Methodology hspprst u oadestefrto hs aims. these of first the address to out sets paper This oietf roiisfrrdcn h eeso rbesascae ihlcne premises. licensed with associated problems of clubs; levels public licensed the and aggression, reducing bars intoxication, public for near priorities of and identify levels in to injuries low and drinking and age under high crime, with disorder, associated factors identify to .Gen&M .Plant A. M. & Green J. Downloaded By: [Drugscope] At: 13:04 10 October 2007 AS11Records 121 Records Records 100 7 Records 4 Records 73 Records 626 Records 106 Records Records 483 87 Records 64 Gateway NMAP/OMNI Records Gateway 12 SOSIG Records 7 Records PAIS 76 Records Records 201 237 PLANEX Professional: LexisNexis DrugScope Register SOCABS Research National – NHS Proceedings ISI Theses to Index IBSS HMIC Wise Community Records 503 – CINAHL data Child obtained records of BNI number the and searches ASSIA keyword r fo used Databases 1. Table pcn ffriuet euecodn,wis eoighde ra ofacilitate to areas hidden removing the and whilst establishments crowding, of design 2003). reduce Maguire, the in & to of violence (Brookman reducing note furniture supervision for controlling take This strategies of in should that 1997). important premises concluded spacing more Homel, been licensed be has around may & It establishment and size. (Macintyre an overall of crowding than layout behaviour and the due that movement design implies enclosed finding pedestrian with establishments inefficient Records. in 285 increased to behaviour aggressive that Records concluded 228 Records 108 Records 307 Records 221 abstracts: Studies Urban used: SAGE searches word single Indexes obtained: records of number and searches word single ETOH Index SOC Direct Science obtained PsychInfo records of number the MEDLINE and searches keyword title EMBASE and abstract for used Databases 2. Table H 6 Records 167 Records 0 Records 448 Records 92 Environment BHI Journals UK Search Statutes as4 Records Records 48 27 Records Records 284 359 Records 45 Records 12 Records Records 43 2 Records 9 Records 10 Records 30 28–33 vol edition Online 1 vol edition Print Licensing Bars Bar Taverns Tavern Inns Inn Hotels Hotel a bars Bad 159 Downloaded By: [Drugscope] At: 13:04 10 October 2007 160 nrae nlvrcrhssmraiy u eraei rvradmtryls mortality. with motorcyclist associated and were driver premises in decrease other a and but restaurants mortality, clubs, cirrhosis stores, liver licensed and taverns in in hotels, increases and in alcohol-related decrease increase number an of the a indicated types of This the and study Australia. on Western longitudinal in establishment (1989) outlets of Smith’s at of types occurred in type room different reported Cherpitel, emergency of is an effect encountered & at The problems violence club. Giesbrecht, by or caused Wells, for bar injuries location a of Macdonald, common 37% most that insult. the reported were (1999) alcohol-related clubs and from pubs that victimization found (2000) Williams and Teece type Establishment other patrons’ and modify to drinks used of policies of effect of effect effect the the the (‘bouncers’), and establishment, behaviour. staff entertainments, of of door type effect and the the of promotions, staff, effect bar the owner/manager, as the factors such includes Organization 3. Table factors in Organizational shown is of atmosphere and levels Evidence environment decreasing 2004). bar Teague, caused & internal crowding, McIlwain, to Hauritz, in related Carvolth, chairs, increases (Homel, and violence with and tables along aggression of comfort cleanliness lighting, and in ventilation improvements observed However, 1997). Homel, rhm&Hml 97.Feig fpyia icmot ihrdet rwigor crowding to due either (Homel discomfort, aggression physical to by of related cited the 1990, were Feelings hurt (Geen, seating, may aggression 1997). which to inadequate Homel, related levels, are noise & pollution excessive air poor Graham and and with noise 1994) ventilation, heat, Clark, poor Excessive to & ears. due (Homel be air may smoky irritants quality, Such behaviours. patrons’ the Row influence Skid in drab. appearance better be a to denoted tend red which because had bars, be who might patrons This those aggression. was and decreased bar violence patrons the bar of of Graham atmosphere observed types the had not. that who specific were found patrons They of aggressively, (2003). between attraction Collins differentiated act and The Quigley could found Leonard, incidents. (2000) they by Wells drink-related shown believed and to patrons West relevant Graham, where most tolerated. environments, be not permissive will that behaviour bad that 1995). message Lawrence, more & expected shabby (Leather is Violence untidy and 1998). are levels (Pearson-Woodd, that kept maintenance bars poorly in and and untidy cleanliness are which low bars seating theme, increased no with pleasant tables, associated de (Leonard, was of that patrons intoxication crowded between rows aggression Greater considered Dark, capacity, of 2003a,b) mood. severity is Quigley, the drinker’s indicate increase and a It to may Collins affect found this were 1969). also bars however, may noisy (Sommer, alcohol; and environments of drinking establishment effect unpleasant the mood-enhancing that de the of appearance, increase location, the list surroundings by affected price be can patrons and of selection The behaviour. their cr(rhm aRcu,Yta,Rs,&Gita 90.Voec ed oocrin occur to tends Violence 1980). Guistra, & Ross, Yetman, La-Rocque, (Graham, ´cor oefcoswti h a niomn a ecniee sirtnsta may that irritants as considered be can environment bar the within factors Some a provide bars furnished well attractive, that suggested have (1997) Homel and Graham also and bar a use who patrons of type affect can establishment the of atmosphere The .Gen&M .Plant A. M. & Green J. tal et 18)fudta e de red that found (1980) . cri Si o’br a soitdwith associated was bars Row’ ‘Skid in ´cor tal et ,19,ctdb rhm& Graham by cited 1992, ., ´cor Leonard Lawrence & Leather td aeLcto ehdlg ieo td ru yeo td ru yeo rbesTp frs factors risk of normally Leonard Type houses public All problems of Type sites 45 to visits 147 group study of Type Observation Homel group Australia study Sydney, of Size 1994 Clark & Homel Methodology Graham Location Date Graham atmosphere and environment bar internal Study the with associated factors Risk 3. Table tal et tal et al et tal et tal et 00Otro bevto aaa15icdnsof incidents 105 Canada Observation Ontario, 2000 . 03Bsdi New in Based 2003 . 03Bsdi New in Based 2003 . 95U intets 2Uiest tdnsEpcaino public 1 of Expectation students University 92 task Vignette categorized Establishments premises licensed 23 UK Observation 1995 Australia Sydney, 1992 90Vnovr aaaOsrain15Drinking 185 Observation Canada Vancouver, 1980 York York

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Treno, majority their gauging & more with as Mitchell, concerned intoxication cues (Gruenewald, less of were the they of level setting 61% bar own a rated In their they bar. to parties sobriety. a in fraternity cues when In than applied settings. important subjects different in that differently found (1995) Burroughs ui yewsue oietf lbtpsi ucl n rhms(05 td of study (2005) Graham’s and Purcell in types club identify to used hooliganism was the type replaced Music had attendees rave that argued (1999) Borel contrast In and hotels pubs, and bars events, music nightclubs, that suggesting evidence is There h s fbr n etuat a lobe ikdwt rnigaddriving and drinking with linked been also has restaurants and bars of use The and Williams problems. alcohol-related and intoxication foster may pubs and bars Some .Gen&M .Plant A. M. & Green J. ihcusaerpre oecutrlrenmeso noiae patrons, intoxicated of numbers large encounter to reported are Nightclubs rbesseiial soitdwt rnigi asadpb htare that pubs and bars in drinking with associated specifically Problems m 1998). ¨m, Downloaded By: [Drugscope] At: 13:04 10 October 2007 norg arn odikt xesi hr pc ftm n aiiae violence facilitated and time of space and to short crowding used permit a also were to in tended (Stockwell These increase drinks excess intoxication promotions. discounted to offering to that drink Premises found 1995). tend drink were (2001) (Stockwell, to violence hours’ Homel nightclub patrons and ‘happy and Lincoln to encourage 1985) bars. as related Graham, in by factors such related-problems cited major alcohol as Promotions 1980, increase patron. Souza, to and tend of Uhly day the Mendelson, groups of (Babor, times days, consumption specific specific on to offers other and or reductions price use establishments Many Reporter, promotion Alcohol Beverage and & the Shop (Dram Rylett, to events due the Douglas, danger to attributed a drive (Gliksman, as who were considered people volunteers been of 1988). These also number inexperienced have large problems. stadiums the by at to related bars patrons The 1995). and of Narbonne-Fortin, driving, serving drink over & injuries, Leather, fights, Cox, bars. Clarke, Event bars high Beale, some in intoxicated. that incidents violent severely for indicates alcohol rates being reoccurrence blood pubs. high research and high as very with that (1992) found rated patrons Stockwell, (1999) more pubs. Lawrence were Syed’s had or accidents indicates and bars & driving of This levels drink types Ovenden, for 1987). different establishments Jenkins, to Anderson, risk attracted & Gianatti, are (Snow patrons Rydon, of facilities groups and certain been that friendship had driving entertainment, However, drink for for parties. parks. arrested in private or those at parties, of more premises, most unlicensed drank that at found offenders drinking (1991) younger more Stockwell drinking whereas and reported lounges, Lang offenders employed or or bars educated in older, that found locales They drinking offenders. other with compared lounges, 1986). and predicted Landrum, bars be & in could drinking drivers (Snow drunk of convicted frequency of the drunkenness using of frequency The pubs. in drank oicesdcnupinb zc adolescents. Czech by & associated consumption drink Schleicher, been increased of Flora, Cse to has number and (Howard, premises Nespor the problems 2004). licensed but alcohol-related Gonzalez, and found alter, in They consumption not advertising Ontario. increased did Alcohol in with premises hours decreased. licensed happy charges in banning driving alcohol those of to effect of to the consumption drink on attracted that to reported be have wishing (1986) will those Adlaf drinkers, behaviours age problem drinks. under cheap to age that sell with predisposed which likely declining of establishments approval those is Department of It and level (US 2003). the intoxication, incomes with Hutton, low promotions, were & hour have Teenagers happy (Kara they 2005). of that approve Administration, to Safety fact found Traffic the Highway to National due Transportation, patrons, young among h trcino asadpb ocrantpso arn sdet h desire the to due is patrons of types certain to pubs and bars of attraction driving The drink between differences reported (1996) Barton and Lapham, Chang, rnspooincnrl aebe ugse NrigSadr,20) mr and Smart 2005). 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(Room, staff to and aggressive unable for be In magnets aggressive may pathway therefore highly 1998). patrons are intoxicated the the Leather, and that However, in & indicate themselves themselves. common may protect Lawrence, protect patrons were Clarke, to non-aggressive staff to aggressively Cox, reaction to react (Beale, Osgood, staff injury bars cases, and Bernard, in some on incidents (Graham, patrons Attacks violent when aggressive 2005). towards aggressively non-physically Purcell, least & or reacted Homel, aggressively they slightly however, behaved found non-aggressively; (1998) unfriendly. or and Pearson-Woodd rude aggressively were 2002). that Misner, staff employed and that pubs Levin in occurred occurred Chicago) (Hewitt, had predominately workers (in homicides violence tavern homicides of by consumption Workplace 48% found Alcohol 2003). in also taverns. were in Roberts, landlord frequently 1980; the most and (Marsh, occurred staff bar was aggression (Nusbaumer the staff predict drinking spent of bar heavy behaviours to time by patrons’ drinking with work The the associated 2002). at factor to Reiling, Drinking influential & due crowding. most the and aggression, be frustration to facilitate confrontational, Budd to found may and leading as service Richardson staffing viewed for 1997). inadequate queuing stereotypically (Lawrence, that situations are suggest conflict licensees (2003) with of dealing when behaviour especially and attitudes activity The another to attention patrons’ Staff the moving and by Snow rate drinking activities problems. of reduce introduction related 1981). the may (Clark, that alcohol- bar suggested been places a of also attract drinking has their in to risk It selected facilities. drivers appear and the Homel drink dancing entertainment convicted This patrons. for elevate young and that and restaurants. games, reported may hours (1987) and gambling, Anderson This opening music, clubs meals, patrons. that with entertainment, reported younger comparison of (1994) in was types Clark harm, differing and music and to alcohol-related Bach country due for of aggression. was risk tempo prevent high the and as that patrons bands. indicated speed. quality the drinking poor Montana but with interest in irritant, associated an to inversely study as acted found (1979) which because itself were Schaefer’s be music may of bands level This noise Better aggression. Homel the However and not irritant. intoxication was physiological a it less be had to considered activities is noise no with Bars study. 164 eaesafmyb iwda aytresadulkl ob bet oto unruly control to able be to unlikely and targets easy as viewed be behaviour. may staff female thsbe eotdta salsmnswt l eaebrsafhdls intoxication less had staff bar female all with establishments that reported been has It highly behaving were they if patrons towards aggressively most react to found were Staff Stockwell .Gen&M .Plant A. M. & Green J. tal et 19)rpre htngtlb,htl,adtvrswr considered were taverns and hotels, nightclubs, that reported (1992) . tal et ,18) oee,GiftsadHpis(01 on that found (2001) Hopkins and Griffiths However, 1980). ., tal et 18,ctdb ige&Pmry 99 found 1999) Pomeroy, & Single by cited (1980, . tal et 19)rpre that reported (1992) . tal et ’ (1980) .’s Downloaded By: [Drugscope] At: 13:04 10 October 2007 oeeprec,bigamngro atne,adbigepoe nact etebar only centre contrast, In city session. a training in brief a employed to being prior and knowledge increased bartender, of or predictors all manager were for a being Training behaviour. experience, drunk driving. more ignoring drink to preventing alternatives in constructive for emphasize role training should that their bartenders reported to emphasize male (1982) due should Sperr effective and exist bartenders cost Waring Differences female 1994). are servers. Streff, between schemes & and the (McKnight schemes that Rydon, drivers training between Stockwell, reported drinking that (Lang, with been associated manager suggested also risks and has also reduced licensee It was liquor 1995b). any It Lockwood, for 2005). and & condition prices a Andreasson, higher made & including be controls, (Wallin should availability findings responsible hours for These of support public. opening public the enforcement shorter low and over with 2001) contrast Collins, education in & favoured are Daly, (who Considine, Wiggers, police Smith, the serving; 2005b), however, the Purcell, indicating not, & behaviour, were patron staff for managers training. bar than management found but for responsibility (1999) need responsibilities, Wagenaar greater and felt legal Rothstein, servers were Jones-Webb, their that managers Toomey, with and Gehan, owners training. familiar that following be servers reported trained reduced 2002). (1985) to with and Bradbury premises found Andreasson, 1987) in 2003). rowdy Geller, more Berglund, & less & & initiated was (Russ (Johnsson Gripenberg, atmosphere servers levels The (Wallin, 1989). concentration trained (Saltz, alcohol that any intoxication servers blood and noted lower untrained consumed, been had patron Patrons did the the has by much It than where how cases 1995). and interventions compensation what (Norberry, of for number harm liable to The a held 1994). resulting in and (Light, were used patron alcohol been service the of now and refuse responsibility servers has Some server the servers intoxication, the 1985). share the between to of recognize (Fox, consumed used liability alcohol absorption to are of schemes amount alcohol skills The the of the effectively. for patron rate develop intoxicated the an to with manage contribute affect aim that servers that factors also provide issues, those to schemes safety and and aim health intoxication schemes law, Most the to and 1997). citations, alcohol (Saltz, regarding drinking many information with had associated premises death some McLean, (Wood, that irresponsible 1995). were Montgomery, found premises & some driving Davidson, within practices drink serving that highest aggression. and indicating the severe in 1997) to involved served (Stockwell, be problems patrons to of that likely predictor less suggest were high (2006) intoxication Perry, a Stockwell of & & be levels Wells, to McGovern, (Stockwell Osgood, found driving Wagennaar, drink Graham, was Forster, to patrons were violence Toomey, from managers Erickson, intoxicated (Wolfson, their ranging of serving Wagenaar, serve presence Over the (Toomey, over in 1996). to over-serve were who likely to Servers 2004). less likely with Lenk, intoxicated. servers, & particularly between is (Andreasson, Patrek, differ Fletcher, patrons who being does of over-serving person servers intoxication of a level of younger The degree to 2000). the 1996) alcohol Rehnman, regarding Beel, & serve & lenient Lindewald, Lang, to are Stockwell, servers (Rydon, illegal people many is intoxicated and serve it do servers countries many of However majority the In practices Serving rhm enr,Ogo,Hml n ucl 20a on htbigml,having male, being that found (2005a) Purcell and Homel, Osgood, Bernard, Graham, Jelley, (Graham, management and servers the by supported highly were schemes These and injury prevent to used crashes been have schemes road service’ beverage assaults, ‘responsible varied Many following offenders of locations drinking prior of Reviews tal et ,19;Sokel 97.However, 1997). Stockwell, 1993; ., a bars Bad 165 Downloaded By: [Drugscope] At: 13:04 10 October 2007 166 r nfetv ncnrligadmyb oelkl oices rbe eaiu rthe or behaviour problem increase they to that likely that more indicates be may research and some and controlling However, doors in the establishment. ineffective control the are to of ‘bouncers’) order called the (sometimes maintain staff employ establishments Many effected be staff will Door premises licensed in heavily drink 2001). of who Raspberry, rate those & little (Caetano and only is obviously consumption is there absolute of problems this, that goodwill the of found programme. risk (1987) view the and patron by Saltz In a unaffected intoxicated. enforced. serve were to are rarely consumption successful refusing they by are a money if laws be lose even to the can adopted server because a scheme been for benefit a sometimes schemes motivation that little of suggests have also of operation (2001) schemes Stockwell are The 1992). that (Stockwell, premiums. suggested prosecution against insurance been defence reduce of has effectiveness to Saltz, It the Pernanen, simply reduce 2004). Leonard, also Beel Gliksman, Toomey, may Purcell, drink and & staff Zibrowski, of number Osgood, Rydon, and the (Graham, managers or Stockwell, programs of levels in the Lang, alcohol turnover differences blood The no and high to found offences. with training patrons (1996) driving are little in Beel after reduction with premises and no or found authorities, Rydon, licensed (1998) Stockwell, other before Lang, many and identification care. of licensing of checking duty with motivations and a trouble Homel of primary avoid sense 2001). the and Perry, profitability that & Murray, maximize suggest Kilian, (1994) Gehan, Wagenaar, Clark (Toomey, training after ilnea steaodneo noiainoeal yle(97 rpsdta the that the proposed of (Homel (1997) responsibilities management legal of Wyllie the prevention of overall. the awareness of in intoxication lack important patron’s of as the staff. be avoidance by hampered may the refusals are managed schemes indicates is is service finding intoxication important as This and which 13. violence in of alternatives factor way with a the by intervention by non-alcoholic violence that that made physical of offering found refusals chance (1994) the of including increased or Clark 18% excuse and with patrons no Homel level, either intoxicated beverage. intoxication with use alcohol-free apparent directly, only an patron’s made staff offering (1999) were the Many Fletcher refusals to & service bar. reference Rothstein, of the with Fitch, patron (68%) in a Kilian, majority of patrons Wagenaar, the intoxication Toomey, other found of service. disturbing level of or the refusals more indicate served direct were to drinks servers clumsiness that counting and found speech over (2003) slurred use Reiling to and likely Nusbaumer Burns, serving. reduction, responsible drinking schemes higher age involvement community a under and have alcohol involving also 1994). of bars has strategies limitation (Holder, motel service strategies, intervention driving or beverage and larger hotel Responsible drinking in patrons. and involved intoxicated nightclubs, knowledge with been in encounters higher Staff of predicted received. frequency bar members. training staff centre the across city affect knowledge a of level at increased employed an indicating being training, and following manager a being n ute rbe ihrsosbesrieshmsi euigalcohol-related reducing in schemes service responsible with problem further One epnil evc cee ytesle a ernee nfetv u opoor to due ineffective rendered be may themselves by schemes service Responsible of effectiveness the reduce may servers by received training the in differences The should establishment of type the that proposed also (2003) Reiling and Nusbaumer .Gen&M .Plant A. M. & Green J. tal et ,19)a oecssfudn vrl infcn fetbfr or before effect significant overall no found cases some as 1992) ., Downloaded By: [Drugscope] At: 13:04 10 October 2007 hne aebe rpsdfrscrt esne Lse,Hdil,Hbs Winlow, & receives Hobbs, staff Hadfield, (Lister, security personnel all A security that for 1992). accountability ensure 2001). proposed Legal Violence, 2003). to been Nettleton, against have & established Maguire changes Council been 2003; (Brookes, also Community supervision and have (Victorian training schemes staff of door number the inadequate of equal reactions to likely is size, control as important management as This not and trouble. are training reactions. with skills control deal inadequate or to therefore diplomacy able that and be means would process therefore selection bouncers expectation and of Islander the type Pacific large control. to very maintain of due generally to is ethnicities reportedly them bouncers specific were enable Islander or will Pacific person characteristic of physical (1994) specific member a Clark’s a that that and of that Homel selection reason in The the as with. issues are people, start cultural characteristics of to these employed the range that was a likely staff reflect is and it could racism, however, communication. incidents; and findings as training, and well These context, 20 as general by severe. customers, type, violence bar and more of to bouncers related odds be both indicated the to of Australia increased in backgrounds tended bouncers out Islander incidents carried Pacific work Lawrence, study & these of the (Leather observational regarding presence requirements thought (1994) the bash’ of Clark’s that and ‘smash schools and or opposing Homel greet’ to and 1995). due ‘meet possibly either with is task, This manner. staff. superior of a member in incidents anticipate or or characteristics, reduce personality, and to either security discourage react have to cases to staff manage some of training they members in cases some that that other indicate indicating in aggression, categories aggression escalate the or Although encourage ugly. staff and bad, neutral, good, ti lolkl httewr ak hmevspoiecniin o ofit largely conflict, for conditions provide in behave themselves staff door tasks Wells all actual not manner. work the Clearly, same 2002). to the (Monaghan, 2004). the demands due Monaghan, that and 1998; exterior requests West, likely of tough & consisting Graham, also masculine dealing, (Wells, a is under to are require It they eye may risk personal blind work of type amount a dealers. Security turning as out. acting simply carry or door dealing, of by permitting minority Either for a in return that drug-dealing. interference in found in the payment (1998) relationship resenting receiving Morris involved staff Also, The door were matters. with disorder. their staff poor, as and was considered police they violence local what and alcohol-related staff reducing door customers.between of female to evaluation attitude predatory (2003) and sexist of a members had were 20 and they interviewed they male found (2003) predominately assaults) Clover and are masculine. (14 staff, staff stereotypically instances door Door as vilified it. the ignore be of to just tend half or do situation nearly the in inflame either and to assault were found of and perpetrators the patrons, were towards Violence, violence against Council initiated Community (Victorian often situations 1992). too violent to diffusing found force, in were staff ineffective unreasonable Door 1995). use Lawrence, & often (Leather behaviour problem for expectations ti ugse htasml ako riigo aaeetcnrli ieyt fetthe effect to likely is control management or training of lack simple a that suggested is It to react they how effect clearly does staff door the of characteristics the in differences The each not if establishment each between differs staff door of dress and manner style, The oee h eaiu fdo tf a edet h yeo okte r eurdto required are they work of type the to due be may staff door of behaviour the However Nettleton’s and Maguire in assault for arrested been had staff door of numbers High staff door the assault of instances 29) of (out three in that found (1994) Clark and Homel tal et 19)dsrbdfu aeoiso epne oincidents: to responses of categories four described (1998) . a bars Bad 167 Downloaded By: [Drugscope] At: 13:04 10 October 2007 168 elc g,gne,ehiiy oilcasadntoaiy h rniglvl n related and levels drinking The variations nationality. These and people. class of social groups ethnicity, different gender, amongst age, reflect enormously vary patterns Drinking characteristics factors. Patron 1999). organizational Midford, to & related (Boots studies schemes been of reported the also summary and utilize has a to drinkers It likely presents heavy driver. less 4 intoxicated risk, Table are with at found patrons riding be at male (2000b) and to that were intoxicated Moore suggested tend whilst and and driving, drivers drinkers Harding of designated heavier levels Caudill, as high at Also serve were intoxicated. who services those while the that driving of for users risk that high found (2000a) Moore and to chose well who as those patronage, and in concentrations alcohol decrease intoxicated. blood a whilst high and was with drive Montgomery, there patrons proportion of Wood, 1990–91, no proportion the year McLean, found the of the However, as They or over intoxicated. report patrons premises. whilst (1995) the licensed drive Davidson of to in concentration going material alcohol were blood promotional that average driving the drink in on anti differences reported (1994) of Davidson breath use & of Montgomery, the availability Wood, the McLean, included advertisements. have and methods testers other years. age and 18 the programmes, under is service is be responsible and age and to drinking appears staff 2000) legal patron for the a Pak, if though schemes & identification even require Hawkins, service 21, to of Schmidt, trend responsible current (Beirness, the the by prioritized in in shown drinking types are included age the checks under to been reduce due identification to have also Policies be premises establishments. may serving and licensed food intoxication to alcohol attracted on patron eating of of effects physiological the Toa yn,18) esitxcto n grsini on nbr hr full where residents bars local in found by is favoured aggression (Graham available and generally are intoxication snacks were free Less and 1980). beverages meals Byrne, non-alcoholic was & empties and (Thomas collecting food regularly served of importance injuries continued of severity The (1996). the so, Harbord differ. Even by resistance. to emphasized impact not lower contrast, of a In number found has the 1994/1995). it was increased as Mills, glassware members & toughened staff (Plant to that to Nichol injuries glasses appeared found also (2000) other and glasses Shepherd than Plant, Safety and durable establishments. Plant, Warburton more other by in and common than study stronger less glasses were pilot be safety injuries used A glass-related that grounds. non-accidental bars the and safety in among accidental to favoured Brickley, that so on was showed Shepherd, and glassware (1994) workers 1993). resistance toughened bar Kidner, that impact & of found high Hugget, also majority have (1994) (Shepherd, to Walker overall found & break was Gallaghar, of to and instead likely 1996) particles less (Single, fine was into glass the breaks of age responsibly. which of pieces alcohol 2003), under sharp Shepherd, serve functioning & and to (Coomaraswamy internal staff intoxication glassware of the training excessive the control being harm, example effectively one alcohol-related with to reduce drinking, introduced to been establishments have Policies Policies eintddie n aerd cee aeas enitoue.Cuil Harding Caudill, introduced. been also have schemes ride safe and driver Designated in involved been again have intoxicated whilst driving patrons reduce to Policies eiwo oa pno oad iesdpeie on htetbihet that establishments that found premises licensed towards opinion local of review A toughened or safety for need the promoted incidents violent in glassware of use The .Gen&M .Plant A. M. & Green J. tal et ,18) gi,ti fetmyb u to due be may effect this Again, 1980). ., ihrsn&Bd 03U neves2 82-erod on dl binge adult Young 18–24-year-olds 27 Interviews UK 2003 Budd & Richardson oe lr 94Sde,AsrlaOsrain 4 iist 7stsWti 6peie ilneSafitreto with intervention Staff Violence premises of 36 nights Within 1056 Observations sites 47 Canada to Toronto, visits 147 2005 Observations Australia Graham Sydney, & Purcell 1994 Clark & Homel Stevenson & Hawker Graham rhm18 Vancouver, 1985 Graham o oo 00UAOsrain2Br ra asand bars Urban Bars 2 Observation USA 2000 Sobol & Fox ah&Shee 99Mnaa S bevto as3br iie n3Friday 3 on visited bars 3 Bars 3 Observation USA Montana, 1979 Schaefer & Bach td aeLcto ehdlg ieo td ru yeo td ru yeo rbesTp frs factors risk of Type problems of Type group study of Type group study of Size Methodology Location Date Babor establishment. the of organization Study the with associated factors Risk 4. Table tal. et tal et 05Trno aaaOsrain89SafmmesSafmmesinvolved members Staff members Staff 809 Observation Canada Toronto, 2005 . 94Lno,U uvy14yugpol on epeaged people Young people young 104 Survey UK London, 1984 90UAEprmn 4MlsMlswodescribed who Males Males 34 Experiment USA 1980

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M. & Green J. v oterssta loo n the and alcohol that risks the to ¨ve Downloaded By: [Drugscope] At: 13:04 10 October 2007 aclnt n h motneo hsclageso ngiigsau,adi responding Graham in 2002). and Archer, status, & (Benson gaining insult in or aggression challenge physical a were to of those and importance the that 30 and under reported masculinity males, (2001) single lower were Green with premises and and licensed drinkers. male heavy intoxicated, in Purdie, be regular heavily McClure, to drinking likely emotional Watt, after more low injured was Roche, and group and the participants and incomes, two restaurant, than or to bar more likely a more parties, are both bars Macdonald in by impact. occurring drinking incidents Also that consumption. males, alcohol report involve involve (2002) a not Jelley with did and incidents and report Wells, female to the involved Graham, tended to and Females known places, to drinking. usually public been opponent, tended or had male bars Males who in participants females. strangers more and or or friends males four males, differences by other the & reported with on (Greenfield incidents report aggression report (2001) home physical Wells of his and Graham incidents at premises. between acceptable licensed the around more for and become enough in occur drink has to it man but man, a A bar young for a day. acceptable a at 1997). the less be Room, felt it fill become be to However, has or to or 1979). suggested it structure effects that (Pearson, was to unemployed suggested sociable profile patrons been and the abusers has these disorganized, non-religious, by Drinking alcohol and employed, drinking. used and resources, single, heavy be patron reported may economic tavern and premise frequent bars poor licensed in people a time men, with high that within most a found people spending consume (1994) reported Rossow respondents others, uneducated and educated Traeen with well home. less at living total and drinking their Pomeroy income, their of and proportion of low high Single proportion Female, a press). consume bars. educated in experience in well to Plant, income, intake and high & heavily male, Plant drink that to 1997; state females (1999) Plant, than (e.g. likely more problems be alcohol-related to friends, reported widely are with Males contact job. a aspirations. better have educational and on Gender had emphasis involved less and romantically place be to time to found also more more likely were had were they spent discos, Drop and However, and and loneliness, pubs friends, to Knibbe, less went closer Engels, experienced who and, consequences. years, up had negative growing 17–18 of aged in friends, part adolescents result to that attributed not report be may (1999) can age instances, young many a in at premises licensed in Patronage networks Social grsie aehnu,fc-aig ru oat,adfgtn o u eetemain the encouraged. or were accepted fun generally for was and making fighting itself emotional increased in which and stimulated, role aggression, more loyalty, and barroom a risks, group aggression for more played face-saving, motivations take of alcohol danger honour, to including that incidents willing Male report alcohol regarding risk, analysed aggressive. They of of years. (2003) aware anxiety effects 20–24 less Wells participants aged, the power reduced and males as by aggression, Graham here-and-now, well described addition, of as In the acceptance values, emotionality. permitted), macho on be and focusing would honour attributable be male violence to likely more concerns, (that were bars expectations in occurred that to patrons male between aggression of h eaiu fml arn a edet h ecie edt rv their prove to need perceived the to due be may patrons male of behaviour The which incidents violent of majority the for responsible be to reported are patrons Male tal et 19)fudta 7 fvoetijre netgtdocre at occurred investigated injuries violent of 37% that found (1999) . tal et 20)fudta incidents that found (2000) . a bars Bad 171 Downloaded By: [Drugscope] At: 13:04 10 October 2007 172 rnigecsiey lu 18)sae htlsin ihhayrlac nbr for bars on with reliance associated heavy Osmond, was Bein, with Page-Shafer, coping White, lesbians avoidant Greenwood, ‘alcoholism.’ that and from & risk states alcohol at (Hughes are (1988) use socialization bars to Glaus ‘gay’ likely excessively. more feature drinking were to they known settings, at 1999). areas Thornton, are in & people Mason, such crimes as Plant, that hate and Plant, suggesting settings, 1994; violent evidence social Wilsnack, as of compelling premised is risk licensed There alcohol-related on particular partners. to reliance prone meet reported more to the be to places may due patrons harm bar and transgender risks and bisexual, lesbian, Gay, reported orientation and Sexual has alcohol Britain press). in more in women consumed Plant, young & by bar, (Plant consumption the elsewhere alcohol in of elaborated rise been time The & aggressive less intoxicated. Collins, reported more spent women Miller, feeling that had (Parks, times the they herself at that to experiences found attention a (2000) Parks bar on calling 1998). intoxication, consumption the including and Zetes-Zanatta, alcohol behaviours leaving aggression to of and due provocation, effects be drinking of may sexual possible as victimization The of risk such 2003). likelihood the in, patron’s Parks, patron’s and female with engage & patrons associated they (Buddie female young be strangers of behaviours a presence with to social of the reported and experiences increase include are playing, These The to bar. pool premises 1999). the licensed found of Zetes-Zanatta, young in characteristics as & was environmental patrons well Parks female as victimization 1997; bars of Miller, in of aggression drinking & and history (Parks a visits (Pala, to a victimization of men Exposure frequency 2003). and with higher McFadden, a status construction age and the to equal Gough in due (Day, important for environment as femininities bar need considered class reported is the working is clubs modern to houses and of pubs attributed public in in been aggression Female women has 2004). in This consumption 1986). alcohol (Davies, in all premises. increase of licensed 17% An on that was investigated. alcohol This found of age. also of the consumption They years for injury. in 20 age than head occur legal less in people the to result involved then and premises consumption, licensed week in alcohol the Maoris, occurring males, of incidents assailants, involve end unknown to the events likely at brawls, Langley, hospitalization more evening were and incomes. and Zealand lower homicides fights New with that in unarmed those premises reported and licensed have in males and (1996) occurring in Fanslow mostly accident and occurred admission. hospital Chalmers, illness, to prior or single drinking attending accident been employed had by were victims males these clubs of and assault Hashemi 66% pubs that Macdonald and found of in also Fothergill assaulted They majority premises. men. been young had licensed the who in departments drank that emergency and report heavily drank (1990) 25, under meet male, to men al enabling self et for assertive, settings be common to also encouraged are are 2004). Bars men (Thompson, violent. which women necessary in if settings and, the reliant of principles masculine the efra 19)rpre hti ebaswr on orl nbr sapiaysocial primary a as bars on rely to found were lesbians if that reported (1998) Heffernan been also have patrons female of victimization and aggression behaviours, drinking The Stockwell harm. alcohol-related experience to likely more generally also are patrons Male to attributed been has parties college and bars at patrons male of aggression sexual The 19)fudta uhavreefcswr otcmo mn rneswowere who drinkers among common most were effects adverse such that found (1993) . .Gen&M .Plant A. M. & Green J. tal et 19)fudta nuiscue yvoec oprdwt hs caused those with compared violence by caused injuries that found (1999) . Downloaded By: [Drugscope] At: 13:04 10 October 2007 fgtigduki aswt let n owresada ato opn oat (Milne, loyalty company of part as problems. and requirement co-workers alcohol-related the and to to clients due with drinking contribute 2002). bars problem Portugal in with that drunk and associated premised getting report are Spain of licensed Japan (1992) in in in Lowe workers feasts drinking and collar Nunes-Dinis and of White patrons. bars cultures the many different of too the behaviours that drinking suggest the effects to evidence is There Culture imitating social to for vulnerable more need were high drinkers. contexts with other social patrons of in heavily behaviours that drink the found who (2001) those Kong and approval and Caudill effects. imitation and and age, violent anger patrons’ frequented by who the those that distinguished differentiates bars. report expression mainly non-violent (2003), anger were Collins and dependence, and agreeableness patrons However, alcohol Leonard by so. Female distinguished Quigley, mainly done expectancies. experience. differ were alcohol not to patrons not Male had from openness did it. violence who observed and bar patrons only those experienced had the had and who who of those violence patrons measures observed differentiated traits had personality in aggression-facilitating once who other if, those any determine between to or aggression. and experiencing with impulsiveness venues associated risk were Anger, traits high aggression-facilitating to the venues, individuals those attracting in traits facilitating aigagesv neti h arnepcsta loo nrae grsin(Lange, Leonard aggression by increases investigated alcohol that expects patron more as the perceived were was if expectancies 1997). behaviour outcome intent people’s alcohol Other aggressive intoxication. with Thrussell having before experiencing Wall, those risk-related powerful. to that be and related to reported aggressive appear was (2003), to aggressiveness Lalonde need causes agreeableness, the and by intoxication on moderated also that violence, (2002) lower belief alcohol-related Tedeschi on and scored the higher Corbett that and Quigley, scored found experience. also neuroticism, to openness expectancies and and aggression conscientiousness impulsivity alcohol temperament, and Leonard aggression scores this. angry increase do dependence itself also to high may may react itself with aggression they setting behaviour. increases how social aggressive alcohol the and increase and that them may expectancy affects Alcohol alcohol the establishment. how However, the affect within may occurring patron incidents the of personality The characteristics Personality and men in homosexual differences or no heterosexual found between (1993) abuse patterns to women. Bloomfield drinking likely contrast, or more were at In consumption men were alcohol heterosexuals. gay men that were gay concluded reported bar-going than further has and They partners alcohol (1988) abuse. covert sex alcohol Israelstam both of multiple that However risk and thought use. equal workers attendance polydrug intervention bar and alcohol gay alcohol that heavy frequent to that related found were (2001) Stall and Paul, h a a ecniee satatn iia ye fptosdet oeln or modelling to due patrons of types similar attracting as considered be may bar The h osblt httebrcaatrsisatatcranpto hrceitc was characteristics patron certain attract characteristics bar the that possibility The tal et 20c.Te netgtdteefc faggression- of effect the investigated They (2003c). . tal et 20b on htindividuals that found (2003b) . a bars Bad 173 Downloaded By: [Drugscope] At: 13:04 10 October 2007 174 hs arn h eual ii iesdpeiehv enfudt ea ikof risk at be to found patrons been bar that have reported premise (1986) Tanioka licensed problems. health a other visit and harm regularly alcohol-related who patrons Those patrons Frequent drinking problems. alcohol-related all of that Pomeroy, predictor drinking and reported a that (Single reported is been have do bars (1999) (Bruun, also drinkers in Ferby less & solitary alone has was Marshall, not than it It Welte, but consumption Marczynski, that 1999). However, of members 1999). concluded Pomeroy, levels other been higher that and gender also have more Single group groups has drink by consumption, It to not cited alcohol bar. member was 1959, in average group heavily stay a by drinking Sykes, of for affected An group permissible duration However was consumption. a average (1982). but of and of Sam size proportion composition level and group the the to by Semu, found to related (1993) affected Graves, is Schaefer related Graves, incident and which by was alcohol-related Rowley, and males, reported drinking consumption among of was group level bar seriousness size, that group settings. a drinking group drinkers found between in in association isolated stay (1983) stay of that length of Muthen extended found duration the & (1969) to due Wechsler, the Sommer groups, of Harford, 1978). in rest the people Barnes, with than on consistent less & influence rates consumed drinking strong Usher and the a (Barbara, behaviour to of was conform group patterns may & confederates that patrons Single Also so of by companions. norm, rate drinking group cited rate drinking (1975, patrons high of some the Marlatt especially that and that consumption possibility Caudill found the behaviours. indicates 1999) further imitating Pomeroy, group to a vulnerable of be part may as drinking of effect The as drinking seen Group as are 1989), considered 1988, taverns differences. Peterson, been & sexuality have of (McKirnan on and resource problems research functions and social related the friends alcohol others, social a by of indicated with as acquired the risk problems establishments the newly that over of increasing as use talk suggested as the and (1985) well However, relax desirable. socialize, Cutler as to parts and patrons important old are Storm allow establishments meet and drinking society, to highly that of a indicated have patrons (1962) also they Clinard alcohol; allowing acquaintances. consume to side places as used sociable purely not are premises Licensed (Mizell, worlds drinking social and whilst Patrons boisterous and loud becoming of culture the 1979). to attributed was spirits. drink more to found drank were workers workers non-manual manual The whereas Edinburgh. beer, in more bars of of pattern 2004). observation English Strang, (1977) the Duffy’s & and Wanigaratne, episode Keaney, per Conlon, consumption (McCambridge, population high drinking general of the frequent style with drinking more compared Irish mortality the and to morbidity due of levels high have England ihrtso ilnei asctrn owrigcasptosi h ot fteUSA the of south the in patrons class working to catering bars in violence of rates High & Miller, Kreitman, Plant, in in workers non-manual drinkers than more Irish consumed workers that Manual indicated Dublin and London in establishments of survey A .Gen&M .Plant A. M. & Green J. 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Aarhus nearby city streets and from the Ingemann-Hansen victims or problems, assault houses public centre of for City 46% risk it. with that higher associated found risks at of be types the may affect will establishments located is establishment an Where surrounding its Location bars. and area. to an establishment related in an establishments ‘risks’ of of with position density associated the geographical are and the factors neighbourhood include ‘external’ factors that evidence Such some is There the summarizes 5 Table characteristics. characteristics ‘regulars.’ patron External with bar associated often factors (2004) were risk Tewksbury drug to of related and illicit rate have Mustane of that increased be establishment. users may studies an problems licensed heavy to other a that with due those visiting found possibly that regularly that found is be to report may This attracted it increased (1992) infections. However uninhibited partners. transmitted Trocki feeling sexual sexually and social changing and ‘adverse drinking for Ericksen of volume risk risk high 2005). the high drunkenness, Rane, a going, high bar & have frequent to Patel, appeared (Gaunekar, also They 1992). outcomes’ health. Plant, mental & and Room Plant (e.g. physical 1991; view Costa, latter & the support Donovan, drink and to Jessor, smoke evidence 1983; who extensive Collins, those certainly because & is possibly There assaulted, risks. be more to take likely more were smokers and oee,Seesn rwradLe(98 on orlto ewe oaino an of location between relation no found (1998) Lee and Brewer Stevenson, However, to led has establishments the to relation in patrons or establishments some of location The thsas enrpre hthzrosdikr edt rn ln,i as aepoorer have bars, in alone, drink to tend drinkers hazardous that reported been also has It tal et ,20)adWcse,Le al aear Lee & Wagenaar, Hall, Lee, Wechsler, and 2003) ., a bars Bad 175 rhm&Wls20 aaaItriw 1MlsMlsae,20–24 aged, Males Males 21 18–60. aged Adults adults Interviews 1753 Canada Interviews 2003 Canada Ontario, Wells & Graham 2001 Wells & Graham factors risk of Type problems of Type group study of Type group study of Size Methodology Location Date Boscarino Bell characteristics. patrons Study the with associated factors Risk 5. Table adl alt 95UAEprmn 8mlsCleestudents College Graham males 48 Gaunekar Experiment Bay, Francisco San 15 aged Adolescents Rockville, 1992 Trocki & adolescents Erickson 2001 750 Kong survey & Longitudinal Caudill USA 1975 Zealand Marlatt New & Caudill 1997 Zhang & Casswell tal et 97UASre 752suet tdnsa American at Students students 17,592 Survey USA 1997 . tal et tal et tal et 00Otro aaaOsrain15icdnsof incidents 105 Observation Canada Ontario, 2000 . 05Ga ni neve 3 ae 5hzrosdrinkers, hazardous 75 males 234 Interview India Goa, 2005 . 95SnFacsoItriw91aut looisentering Alcoholics adults 921 Interview Francisco San 1995 .

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176 .Gen&M .Plant A. M. & Green J. al .Continued. 5. Table Plant Tewksbury & Mustane Sykes Marczynski Peterson & McKirnan Harford Greenwood td aeLcto ehdlg ieo td ru yeo td ru yeo rbesTp frs factors risk of Type problems of Type group study of Type group study of Size Methodology Location Date Graves Study tal et tal et tal. et tal. et 97Edinburgh, 1977 . 93UAOsrain19 arn rusadindividuals and Groups patrons 1996 Observation USA 1993 . tal et tal. et 99NwYr,UASre 06aut dlswohave who Adults adults 1076 Survey USA York, New 1999 . 04Suhr S uvy11 tdnsCleesuet addu s en a ‘regular’ bar a Being use drug Hard students College students 1218 Survey USA Southern 2004 99Mcia,UASre 40aut ooeulHayachland alcohol Heavy Homosexual adults 3400 Survey USA Michigan, 1989 93Bso,UAOsrain39ptosWti asHayalcohol Heavy bars 3 Within patrons 329 Observation USA Boston, 1983 01SnFacsoSre 2 on ae ooo ieulHayachland alcohol Heavy bisexual or Homo males young 428 Survey Francisco San 2001 92Acln,New Auckland, 1982

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a bars Bad 177 Downloaded By: [Drugscope] At: 13:04 10 October 2007 ouaindniywr h etpeitr rachlrltdpolm oprdwith compared problems and alcohol-related drinkers densities or heavy outlet of predictors premise prevalence abstainers, best off the of the prevalence that and were found on (1989) density both Borges population injuries. between and and reported Gruenewald, association populations, Treno, self greater an occasion. and and per found more densities (2001) drinking bar reported Johnson to greater population due with local injuries areas the pedestrian where been in that had more found pedestrian (2001) occurred the which Gruenewald collisions in and collisions Johnson, to due LaScala, injuries drinking. Garretsen pedestrian to and related directly Oers was Van densities. neighbourhood. per injuries outlet traffic and bars with of numbers in associated the between resulting intoxicated. associations found positively crashes (1993) whilst alcohol-related driving were that to damage reported related (1994) property inversely Dwyer were and densities They MacKinnon bar (2002). Scribner, driving so, and Treno frequency Even drinking and greater intoxicated. Johnson, to whilst related directly Gruenewald, social were by densities restaurant in reported that found was factor intoxicated as major whilst regarded a driving, was was city outlets of inner This concentration Milwaukee’s system. high breakdown. in The control community victimization. outlets loose driving crime of a high of concentration and to rates disorder the due greater that was with found neighbourhoods associated who strongly violence. (1995), less be DiIulio with to associated that, was found reported restaurants was (2002) of with bars Gruenewald density associated the clear were and of assault, 1995 Lipton a density and, However, the found 1960 violence. between, although (2004) Norway criminal Horel in in places and increases drinking Norstro Gorman of outlet violence. number Zhu, alcohol and the of density assaults. levels outlet with higher between that association associated found They were tavern. (1995). associated a density Dwyer not have (1989) and were not MacKinnon Pravatiner did Diego Scribner, block San and crime-ridden in Roncek most tavern the a Conversely, was and with crime. crime blocks levels serious city of an with crime residential had amount blocks most increasing city drunkenness that the residential of on reported on on bars that distribution concentration effect found the who (1991) increasing establishment’s and Maier and of houses Roncek by public reported effect geographic of the The indicated number 2001) offences. Kneale, the by between cited Sherwell, association and (Rowntree 1899 from maps 178 nieadi h rxmt fbr sdsusd uho hsdsuso fe luil,has plausible, often discussion injuries this of and Much disorder discussed. public is bars violence, of aggression, proximity which the in in and literature inside extensive an is There discussion and Conclusions 6: Table in summarized to are related Findings risks drinking. bar heavy and in characteristics increase external an between in African association increases with income, associated the that not found low was They bars predominantly Carolina. of North in prevalence licensed and located Mississippi over disproportionately in neighbourhoods institutions were American found stores and (2002) Roux liquor Diez businesses and Wing, that Morland, other and 2000) attracting Harris, & Krivo, difficulty (Peterson, premises have may problems, acl,Gre,adGunwl 20)fudta viaiiyo loo hog bars through alcohol of availability that found (2000) Gruenewald and Gerber, Lascala, and accidents car alcohol-related and density establishment between relationship The by reported was disorder social and density establishment between relationship The by reported was violence and establishments of density between relationship The ti losgetdta iavnae egbuhos osbypeipsdt increased to predisposed possibly neighbourhoods, disadvantaged that suggested also is It .Gen&M .Plant A. M. & Green J. e capita per as lieay nmlyet n ouaindensity. population and unemployment, illiteracy, bars, m(00 on hticessin increases that found (2000) ¨m Scribner Zhu LaScala Brink & Hansen Ingemann- Harford tal et Gruenewald td aeLcto Methodology Location Date establishment Study the of characteristics external the with associated factors Risk 6. Table Gallaher Freisthler . tal et tal et tal et 04Asi n San and Austin 2004 . tal et tal et tal et 00SnFrancisco, San 2000 . 03Bso,UASre 46suet tdnsae 18–24 aged Students students 8426 Survey USA Boston, 2003 . 95LsAgls S aaaayi of analysis Data USA Angeles, Los 1995 . 91NwMxc,UADt nlsso fatality of analysis Data USA Mexico, New 1991 . 05Nrhr California, Northern 2005 . 04Aru,DnakDt nlssof analysis Data Denmark Aarhus, 2004 02Clfri,UASre 86Dikr rnesotie from obtained Drinkers Drinkers 7826 Survey USA California, 2002

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a bars Bad 179 Downloaded By: [Drugscope] At: 13:04 10 October 2007 180 a rvddb h nvriyo h eto nln,Bitl h uhr ol ieto like would authors The Bristol. England, of West support the Additional of Council. Research University & the Education by Alcohol provided the was by funded was review This an in and considered Acknowledgements factors are risk evidence of current array 2007). of Green, wide implications & a (Plant policy of editorial studies The importance detailed in More studies possible outcomes. settings. for different the adverse scope in investigate is research new There usefully for injuries. and could traffic replicated road be and to neglect, area this and o abuse child sexual Oth use, disorder, drug bar. internal public seve the a consumed, that both of alcohol Heath, with clear characteristics associated 1991; is were external Raskin-White, violence, it and & and this, aggression (Pitman and intoxication, of countries countries, particular spite single different of In in regions patterns 1995). the drinking between and the carried cultures even of were drinking few most a between Moreover, Only USA. variations reports. the and language Canada English Australia, in outinWesternEuropeandnoneoriginatedfromelsewhere.Therearemarkedcultural to out reservation) confined carried were American was cited studies review Native This a be. from those not as away (such or bars centre atmosp to urban permissive travel more an and a in intoxicated, where restaurants), college, (including while from bars driving away of and associated accidents, density abuse were child the traffic assault as included such road and risks disorder hyperthermia, Finally, 5). public Table from (see suggesting factor death studies sexually risk two neglect, a conversely, of and, is groups drinking spread in solitary drink the that people and where so bars in use people, drinking young drug problematic patr and illicit heavy with aggression lighted associated drinking, diseases) heavy Sev transmitted as 4). Table (such (see nature risks the bouncers drin music, of factors of behaviour of associated speed the The and level intoxicated. type while of the driving to were rate found and was behaviour smoky, the contami- establishment disorderly an and intoxication, decorum,’ with tolerated, of levels, organization associated be noise The ‘permissive 3). high be Table would (see crowding, lighting, glasses violence dull drinking were untidiness, nated that conditions, risks expectation ventilated poorly an these surroundings, viol with unpleasant aggression, associated following: characteristics intoxication the wi aggression, to associated As related included factors 3–6. noted risk Tables often The in most violence. illustrated were that and are risks headings the these phy show, under tables these considered internal studies the of headings: findings characteristic patron main factors, organizational following behaviour. problematic evidence for Current the focus bars. a fact with be of will associated number bar factors’ a that ‘risk conclusion possible the of supports existence the to pap related This anecdotal. or impressionistic been oeo h idnsrpre bv a eapial oohrstig,btsm may some but settings, other to applicable be may above reported findings the of Some .Gen&M .Plant A. M. & Green J. eepeald(e al 6). Table (see prevailed here ne n xettoso ilne The violence. of expectations and ence, rfcosicue h aeadvlm of volume and rate the included factors er ncaatrsis uhsuishv high- have studies Such characteristics. on hitra a niomn n atmosphere and environment bar internal th n xenlcaatrsis h empirical The characteristics. external and s rhsstott xmn miia evidence empirical examine to out set has er esuetbr,gybr,br htadmit that bars bars, gay bars, student me r r soitdwt lvtdrssta a that risks elevated with associated are ors fnig rvn hl noiae,illicit intoxicated, while driving ffending, a tde aefudta aibe,in variables, that found have studies ral ih‘xenlbrcaatrsis’These characteristics.’ bar ‘external with hs atr aebe osdrdunder considered been have factors These rlsuishv niae htteeare there that indicated have studies eral fsafitretosadbhvor and behaviour, and interventions staff of ig eul fedn,ageso and aggression offending, sexual; king, ia hrceitc n atmosphere, and characteristics sical Downloaded By: [Drugscope] At: 13:04 10 October 2007 esn . rhr .(02.A tngahcsuyo ore fcnlc ewe on e ntecnetof context the US in men a young of between conflict Results of use: sources of marijuana study student ethnographic An college (2002). of J. 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