DOCSLIB.ORG

Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018 Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018 ISBN 978-92-4-156563-9

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018 Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018 ISBN 978-92-4-156563-9 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT ON ALCOHOL AND HEALTH REPORT GLOBAL STATUS Global status report on alcohol and health 2018 Global status report on alcohol and health 2018 Global status report on alcohol and health 2018 ISBN 978-92-4-156563-9 © World Health Organization 2018 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC- SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specic organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see http://www.who.int/about/licensing. Third-party materials. If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, gures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. General disclaimers. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specic companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arising from its use. Printed in Switzerland. CONTENTS FOREWORD .........................................................vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................. viii ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...............................................xii 1. REDUCING THE HARMFUL USE OF ALCOHOL: A KEYSTONE IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ......................................2 1.1 Alcohol in the context of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development ......................................................2 1.2 Alcohol and SDG 2030 health targets .................................3 1.2.1 Reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health .........5 1.2.2 Infectious diseases ............................................6 1.2.2.1 Risky sexual behaviour and sexually transmitted infections .....7 1.2.2.2 Viral hepatitis ...........................................7 1.2.2.3 Tuberculosis ............................................8 1.2.3 Major noncommunicable diseases ................................8 1.2.3.1 Cardiovascular diseases ..................................8 1.2.3.2 Cancers ...............................................8 1.2.3.3 Liver diseases ..........................................9 1.2.4 Alcohol and mental health ......................................10 1.2.4.1 Alcohol intoxication .....................................11 1.2.5 Injuries, violence, homicides and poisonings .......................12 1.2.5.1 Injuries ...............................................12 1.2.5.2 Traffic injuries..........................................12 1.2.5.3 Aggression and violence .................................12 1.2.5.4 Homicides ............................................13 1.2.5.5 Alcohol poisoning ......................................13 1.3 Alcohol and inequalities – across countries and within society ...........14 1.3.1 Drinking versus abstention: variations by socioeconomic level within a society and across societies .............................14 1.3.2 Variations in amount and pattern of drinking by status within a society ..14 1.3.3 Patterns of change in drinking with economic development in a society . 15 1.3.4 Health harm from alcohol use: less for more affluent drinkers .........15 1.3.5 “Harm per litre” is greater for the poor than for the affluent in a given society ............................................16 1.3.6 “Harm per litre” and socioeconomic development of societies ........18 1.4 Alcohol and use of other psychoactive substances .....................19 iii Global status report on alcohol and health 2018 2. GLOBAL STRATEGIES, ACTION PLANS AND MONITORING FRAMEWORKS ...................................................24 2.1 Global strategies and action plans ..................................24 2.1.1 Regulation of alcohol and other psychoactive substances at international level ..........................................24 2.1.2 Global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol (WHO, 2010) .....25 2.1.3 Alcohol in global strategies and action plans on NCDs and mental health ................................................27 2.2 Global monitoring frameworks .....................................28 2.2.1 Global and regional information systems on alcohol and health ........29 2.2.2 The NCD Global Monitoring Framework ...........................30 2.2.3 Tracking progress in achieving the sustainable development goals ......31 2.3 Key indicators for global monitoring frameworks on alcohol and health ...31 2.4 National monitoring systems and their key components ................32 3. ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION .........................................38 3.1 Levels of consumption .............................................38 3.1.1 Current drinking and abstention rates .............................39 3.1.2 Total alcohol per capita consumption (APC) ........................41 3.1.3 Total alcohol per capita consumption (APC) among drinkers ...........42 3.1.4 Unrecorded alcohol consumption ................................43 3.1.5 Trends in current drinking and abstention ..........................44 3.1.6 Trends in total alcohol per capita consumption (APC).................45 3.1.7 Trends in total alcohol consumption among drinkers .................46 3.2 Patterns of drinking ...............................................46 3.2.1 Most consumed beverages .....................................46 3.2.2 Heavy episodic drinking (HED) ..................................47 3.3 Factors that have an impact on alcohol consumption ...................49 3.3.1 Alcohol use in young people ....................................49 3.3.2 Alcohol use in women .........................................54 3.3.3 Economic wealth .............................................56 3.4 Projections of alcohol consumption up to 2025 ........................58 4. HEALTH CONSEQUENCES .........................................62 4.1 Changes in our understanding of the health consequences of alcohol consumption .....................................................63 4.2 Alcohol-attributable mortality and the burden of disease ................63 4.2.1 The alcohol-attributable burden of infectious diseases ...............67 4.2.2 The alcohol-attributable burden of noncommunicable diseases ........69 4.2.2.1 Malignant neoplasms ...................................69 4.2.2.2 Diabetes mellitus ......................................71 4.2.2.3 Alcohol use disorders, alcohol poisonings and fetal alcohol syndrome ............................................72 4.2.2.4 Epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders ...............73 4.2.2.5 Cardiovascular diseases .................................73 4.2.2.6 Digestive diseases .....................................75 4.2.3 The alcohol-attributable burden of injuries .........................76 4.2.4 Factors that have an impact on health consequences ................78 4.2.4.1 Impact by age .........................................78 4.2.4.2 Impact by gender ......................................80 4.2.4.3 Impact by economic status ..............................82 4.3 Trends in the alcohol-attributable health burden, 2010−2016 .............84
Load more

Recommended publications
  • DIN Rpt FINAL
    Saint Lucia National Drug Information Network 2009 Annual Report July 2009 Compiled by Dr Marcus Day 1 Saint Lucia National Drug Information Network, (NATDIN) 2009 Annual Report July 2009 This is not an official document of the OAS. This document has not been formally edited. It is meant for discussion only. The contents of this report represent the data submitted to the Drug Information Network. The author noted the challenges in obtaining data, analysis of existing data and the findings of research into the nature and extent of the drug problem in Saint Lucia for the period ending 2009. As this is the first report of its kind the data reported on will be cumulative to date. In the future it is the intention to prepare an annual report using only data from the previous year. The compilation of this report was funded by OAS / CICAD This document was prepared by Dr. Marcus Day, Director of the Caribbean Drug and Alcohol Research Institute, Castries, Saint Lucia For further information contact: Mr. Clement Edward Saint Lucia Substance Abuse Advisory Council Secretariat Ministry of Health Saint Lucia 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents.................................................................................................3 Acknowledgements..............................................................................................5 Executive summary..............................................................................................6 Introduction..........................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Alcohol & Controlled Substances Policy
    SECTION 5: SPECIAL CAMPUS POLICIES There are certain policies and guidelines that must be adhered to by all students so that everyone may live comfortably and safely in the University community. Please remember all students are obliged to obey federal, state, and local laws. Alcohol and Controlled Substances As an institution of higher education, LRU requires all students to comply with federal, state and local laws related to the use of alcoholic beverages, narcotics and other drugs. LRU further requires all students to comply with NCAA guidelines concerning the use of drugs, including the NCAA prohibition on the use of anabolic steroids and stimulants by student athletes. Where to Go for Help: Lenoir-Rhyne University’s Counseling Office offers individualized assessment, substance abuse counseling and education for students, available upon request, to assist with any alcohol or substance abuse problems. For assistance dealing with substance abuse issues, individuals should contact one of the following: Student Health Center 828.328.7181 or 828.328.7959 Jenny Smith, University Counselor 828.328.7252, [email protected] Policy Statement: The University prohibits the unlawful possession of alcohol and illicit drugs by students, either on University property or at any University-sponsored activity. This prohibition extends to activities sponsored by groups or organizations related to the University; and it extends to off-campus professional activities, including professional conferences, where attendance by students is sponsored, wholly or in part, by the University or by organizations related thereto. Furthermore, the University reserves the right to discipline members of the University community who, in other situations, whether on campus or off, are found to be in violation of federal, state and local laws related to the use of controlled substances.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Africa's Manufacturing Sector: a National Validation Workshop on November 12Th 2013
    Eastern Africa’s Manufacturing Sector Promoting Technology, Innovation, Productivity And Linkages SEYCHELLES COUNTRY REPORT October 2014 EASTERN AFRICA’S MANUFACTURING SECTOR Promoting technology, innovation, productivity and linkages SEYCHELLES COUNTRY REPORT October 2014 EASTERN AFRICA’S MANUFACTURING SECTOR - SEYCHELLES COUNTRY REPORT THE AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP The production of this report has been coordinated by the African Development Bank (AfBD). Designations employed in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion of the institution concerning the legal status of any country, or the limitation of its frontier. While efforts have been made to present reliable information, the AfDB accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequences of its use. Vice President: Zondo Sakala Regional Director (EARC): Gabriel Negatu Lead Economists: Stefan Muller, Abraham Mwenda Chief Regional Economist and Task Manager of the Report: Tilahun Temesgen Senior Country Economist: Susan Mpande Copyright 2014 – AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP Photo Credits: AfDB photo files. PUBLISHED BY African Development Bank Group – Eastern Africa Regional Resource Centre (EARC) Khushee Tower Longonot Road, Upper Hill Nairobi, Kenya Phone: (254) 20 2712925/26/28 Fax: (254) 202712938 Email: [email protected] Website: www.afdb.org TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary..................................................................................................................................................................ix Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................................xii
    [Show full text]
  • Results of a Randomized Trial of Web-Based Responsible Beverage
    Results of a Randomized Trial of Web -based Responsible Beverageggyg Service Training: WayToServe. org G. Woodall, University of New Mexico Center on Alcoholism , Substance Abuse , and Addictions (();,CASAA); R. Saltz, Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley; D . Buller , Klein -Buendel, Inc., Golden , CO; R . Starling , University of New Mexico CASAA; and P. Stanghetta, Paula Stanghetta Associates, Kitchener, ON, Canada &HQWHURQ$OFRKROLVP6XEVWDQFH$EXVHDQG$GGLFWLRQV &$6$$ 8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZ0H[LFR KWWSFDVDDXQPHGX •PiPremises were assessed at blibaseline, iditimmediate post- ,1752'8&7,21 training, 6monthpost-training, and one-year post-training 5(68/76 intervals. Pseudo Patron (PP) assessments were employed Research indicates that alcohol use and misuse is the third to assess whether apparently intoxicated patrons would be A 2 (level of training) x 4 (time of assessment) repeated leading cause of preventable death in the United States served in premises at each of the four time assessment measures analilyysisof variance was conddducted on the data, (Mokd ad et al., 2004). The NtiNationa lHigh way TffiTraffic SftSafety points. At each assessment point, the PP/observer teams and found significant main effects for training (F(1, Administration ((,NHTSA, 2010) found that fatalities due to would visit each establishment twice. The purpose of 264)=5.55, p=.019), time of assessment (F(3, 792)=34.07, drunk driving (BAC .08+) accounted for approximately 32% of conddiucting two viiisits was to reduce the possibility of p=.0001) and asiiifitgnificant tiitraining by time itinteracti on all traffic deaths in 2009. On average, a person is killed in an collecting anomalous data per a single visit to an (((F(3,792)=2.88, p=.035).Plaaednned t-tests (one -taaed)iled) at each alcohol related driving crash every 50 minutes in the United establishment.
    [Show full text]
  • Alcohol and Health
    TABLE OF CONTENTS Alcohol and Health: Current Evidence ALCOHOL AND HEALTH MARCH-APRIL 2005 OUTCOMES Does Alcohol Consumption Increase the Risk of Ischemic ALCOHOL AND HEALTH OUTCOMES Stroke?, 1 Alcohol May Increase Oral Mu- Does Alcohol Consumption Increase the Risk of Ischemic Stroke? cosal Transmission of HIV, 1 Prior studies of the association between alco- beverage types did not significantly Alcohol Intake, Survival, and hol consumption and ischemic stroke have affect risk. Quality of Life, 2 produced inconsistent results and have limita- • The risk of ischemic stroke was low- tions. To address these issues, researchers est, though not statistically significant, Does Alcohol Consumption assessed alcohol intake and prevalence of inci- in people who consumed 1–2 drinks Decrease the Risk of Coronary dent ischemic stroke (412 cases identified) in on 3–4 days each week (RR 0.7 com- Artery Calcification?, 2 38,156 male health professionals, aged 40–75 pared with those who abstained). years, over a 14-year period. Comments: Although this study reported • In analyses adjusted for potential con- some benefit from red wine use, its clearest founders, the risk of ischemic stroke finding was the increase in risk of ischemic INTERVENTIONS among drinkers versus that of nondrinkers stroke with increasing alcohol consumption, increased as alcohol consumption in- starting at 1–2 drinks per day. The com- Disulfiram or Naltrexone for creased (relative risk [RR] 1.0 for <1 drink plexities associated with beverage type and Alcohol Dependence?, 3 per day, RR 1.3 for 1–2 drinks per day, pattern of use, as indicated in these findings, and RR 1.4 for >2 drinks per day, P=0.01 highlight the challenge in making recom- Talking About Alcohol in Pri- for trend).
    [Show full text]
  • The Seychelles National Alcohol Policy 2014
    Drug And Alcohol Council The Seychelles National Alcohol Policy 2014 June 2014 Acknowledgements The National Policy owes its existence to a wide range and number of decimated individuals who took the time to attend workshops and meetings and to review the document at its various stages to make amends and recommendations. The drafting team is ever indebted to them for their commitment and dedication to see the task completed. A special thank you also goes to the members of the Drug and Alcohol Council for the final review of the document. Drafting team: Benjamin VEL Consultant Yvana THERESINE Director Drug and Alcohol Council Marinette BONIFACE Research Officer Drug and Alcohol Council © DAC (June 2014) 1 Table of Contents List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ..................................................................................................... 3 Preamble ............................................................................................................................................. 4 Policy statements regarding alcohol in Seychelles ................................................................................ 6 Aims of the National Alcohol Policy 2014 ............................................................................................. 8 Priority Areas for Action ...................................................................................................................... 9 Policy Statements for Each Priority Area .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Seychelles
    REPUBLIC OF SEYCHELLES MINAMATA INITIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT 2016 Document title Minamata Initial Assessment Report 2016 Document short title MIA Report Date 15th Mar 2017 Consultants AAI Enterprise Pty Ltd Lead Consultant, Mr Cliff Gonzalves, and Inventory Team, Ms Janet Dewea, Mrs Shirley Mondon and Ms Elaine Mondon First draft contributions from Mr Dinesh Aggarwal. Second draft contributions from Dr David Evers, Dr David Buck, and Ms Amy Sauer. Acknowledgements We would like to thank everyone who participated in the development of this document, including experts at the UNDP. Cover page photos by Mr. Cliff Gonzalves and the late Mr. Terrence Lafortune. Disclaimer This document does not necessarily represent the official views of the Government of Seychelles, the United Nations Development Programme, the Global Environment Facility, or the Secretariat of the Minamata Convention on Mercury. 2 Table of Contents ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................. 7 Foreword (draft) .................................................................................................... 9 Executive Summary ................................................................................................. 10 I. Results of the national mercury Inventory .............................................................................................. 10 II. Policy, regulatory and institutional assessment ...................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Washington State Liquor Control Board Field Licensing Education and Outreach Unit Liquor License Information Packet
    Washington State Liquor Control Board Washington State Liquor Control Board Field Licensing Education and Outreach Unit Liquor License Information Packet LIQ1240 REV 5/14 Welcome and Congratulations This packet is designed to provide helpful information about your liquor license and responsible alcohol sales. Keep it handy so that you can refer to it when you have questions. This packet does not cover all the information needed to comply with all state laws regarding the sale of alcohol. Where to Get Additional Information Contact Licensing Customer Service at 360-664-1600 for changes to, or questions about, your current license including: • Changes to your approved floor plan, including adding a sidewalk café or patio • Changes to when or where minors are allowed • Changes to the Added Activities form you submitted with your application • Change of ownership • Change of location • Change of trade name • Adding Endorsements to your current license Enforcement Officer: ___________________ Contact number: ________________ For up to date information on: • MAST Classes and Online Verification of MAST Permits • Current/Proposed Laws (RCWs) and Rules (WACs) • Information about Classes Taught by Enforcement Officers • License Renewal Information • Special Event Licenses and Banquet Permits • Responsible Vendor Program • Current Licensee FAQs Please visit the WSCLB website at http://www.liq.wa.gov. Washington State Liquor Control Board Field Licensing Education and Outreach Unit Liquor License Information Packet Page1 Required Liquor License
    [Show full text]
  • All Night Long: Social Media Marketing to Young People by Alcohol Brands and Venues
    All night long: Social media marketing to young people by alcohol brands and venues Professor Christine Griffin, Dr Jeff Gavin and Professor Isabelle Szmigin July 2018 AUTHOR DETAILS Professor Christine Griffin, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, [email protected] Dr Jeff Gavin, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, [email protected] Professor Isabelle Szmigin, Birmingham Business School, University of Birmingham, [email protected] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research team would like to thank those young people who gave up their time to participate in the focus groups and individual interviews. We would like to thank Alcohol Research UK for funding this research, and especially James Nicholls for his enthusiastic support. We would also like to thank Jemma Lennox, Samantha Garay, Lara Felder and Alexia Pearce for their invaluable work on the project. This report was funded by Alcohol Research UK. Alcohol Research UK and Alcohol Concern merged in April 2017 to form a major independent national charity, working to reduce the harms caused by alcohol. Read more reports at: www.alcoholresearchuk.org Opinions and recommendations expressed in this report are those of the authors. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 1 Background and aims ......................................................................................................... 1 Methods ...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Management of Alcohol Use Disorders: a Pocket Reference for Primary Care Providers
    Management of alcohol use disorders: A pocket reference for primary care providers Meldon Kahan, MD Edited by Kate Hardy, MSW and Sarah Clarke, PhD Acknowledgments Mentoring, Education, and Clinical Tools for Addiction: Primary Care–Hospital Integration (META:PHI) is an ongoing initiative to improve the experience of addiction care for both patients and providers. The purpose of this initiative is to set up and implement care pathways for addiction, foster mentoring relationships between addiction physicians and other health care providers, and create and disseminate educational materials for addiction care. This pocket guide is excerpted from Safe prescribing practices for addictive medications and management of substance use disorders in primary care: A pocket reference for primary care providers, a quick-reference tool for primary care providers to assist them in implementing best practices for prescribing potentially addictive medications and managing substance use disorders in primary care, endorsed by the College of Family Physicians of Canada. This excerpt is a guide to talking to patients about their alcohol use and managing at-risk drinking and alcohol use disorders. We thank those who have given feedback on this document: Dr. Mark Ben-Aron, Dr. Peter Butt, Dr. Delmar Donald, Dr. Mike Franklyn, Dr. Melissa Holowaty, Dr. Anita Srivastava, and three anonymous CFPC reviewers. We gratefully acknowledge funding and support from the following organizations: Adopting Research to Improve Care (Health Quality Ontario & Council of Academic Hospitals of Ontario) The College of Family Physicians of Canada Toronto Central Local Health Integration Network Women’s College Hospital Version date: December 19, 2017 © 2017 Women’s College Hospital All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome (AWS) in the Acute Care Setting
    Visionary Leadership for Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurses Around the World I N T E R N A T I O N A L S O C I E T Y O F P S Y C H I A T R I C - M E N T A L H E A L T H N U R S E S Position Paper, October 2000 Assessment and Identification Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome (AWS) in the Acute Care Setting Background Alcoholism is a chronic, neurobiological disorder that leads to a variety of healthcare problems often leading to acute care hospitalization. It is not surprising that alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS), is a common occurrence in acute care patients. AWS is a potentially life threatening condition, often coupled with co-morbidities that can adversely affect the outcome of treatment. The focus of this position paper is to address the acute care patient who is at risk for or has developed AWS. Therefore, the recommendations are directed to the patient with alcohol withdrawal. However, many acute care patients are suffering from polysubstance abuse and a strong denial system (patient and family) which often produces either a complex or unexpected withdrawal syndrome presentation. Those patients require immediate referral to addiction or psychiatric nurse/physician specialists in the medical center due to the complex nature of their addiction and possible withdrawal state. The goals of this ISPN position statement are to: promote nursing and medical care that is evidence-based, promote an environment that addresses early identification and aggressive treatment of AWS that is effective and safe, and decrease the use of automatic chemical or mechanical restraints in the treatment of patients with AWS.
    [Show full text]
  • Alcohol and Health
    DRINK AND DRUGS NEWS – WIDER HEALTH SERIES ALCOHOL AND HEALTH e all know that alcohol is linked to health problems; important messages from this supplement is to get people to check in however, the range and scale of those harms is far wider with their GP. However, knowing what some of the symptoms look like, than many of us think. In particular, drinking very heavily and having a sense of what kinds of questions to ask, is invaluable. As with brings with it a number of serious physical risks. This all things, early intervention is essential to preventing potentially tragic Wspecial supplement, which Alcohol Research UK is proud to be sponsoring, consequences down the line. Therefore, the advice contained here will be provides a clear and detailed overview of those risks, as well as advice for of enormous help to anyone working with individuals facing health risks people likely to encounter such problems in their day-to-day work. from their drinking and, of course, to those individuals themselves. As this supplement shows, heavy drinking can cause more than Dr James Nicholls, director of research and policy development, Alcohol liver damage. Its impact on mental health, hypertension, and cancer Research UK risk are only now becoming widely recognised. The revised ‘low risk’ guidelines of 14 units per week for men and women reflect this growing Supported by awareness and are based on a comprehensive analysis of the full range of conditions associated with alcohol consumption. Of course, many people reading this supplement will be dealing with individuals drinking at far higher levels than those set out in the guidelines, and here the risks become very significant.
    [Show full text]