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Highlighting Some Important Gemstones in Ancient Egypt (From Predynastic Till End of Graeco-Roman Period)

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Highlighting Some Important Gemstones in Ancient Egypt (From Predynastic Till End of Graeco-Roman Period) Highlighting some Important Gemstones in Ancient Egypt Tarneem Bayoumy, Zainab Elsokaily JFTH Vol. 17, Issue 2 (2020) ISSN: 2314-7024 E-ISSN: 2682-2180 Highlighting Some Important Gemstones in Ancient Egypt (From Predynastic till end of Graeco-Roman Period) Tarneem Bayoumy Associate Professor - Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Matrouh University, Egypt Zainab Elsokaily Associate Professor - Higher Institute of Tourism and Hotels, El Seyouf, Alexandria Abstract Throughout history many cultures have used their uses, sources, religious significance stones, metals and gems as key elements in and color symbolism. The study ends with a their religious and spiritual systems as well main conclusion. as decorative items. Among these were the ancient Egyptians who made excellent use Keywords: Gemstones, Ancient Egypt, of gemstones as early as the predynastic Graeco-Roman period, Lapis Lazuli, period and continued during the Graeco- Turquoise, Carnelian Roman period. Gemstones were used primarily in jewelry, amulets and decorative Introduction items, besides their religious significance The gemstones of ancient Egypt are mainly and healing properties. This study focuses defined by including all rocks, minerals, and on three of the most common gemstones in materials used in jewelry, amulets, seals, Ancient Egypt; Lapis Lazuli, Turquoise, and and other small decorative items. They are Carnelian. The paper aims at displaying the usually identified on the basis of their uses of these three stones, sources, religious macroscopic characteristics like color, glaze, contexts and symbolism of their colors in and crystal form (Harrell, 2012). These Ancient Egypt, which could help tour guides stones were carved into beads, inlay, explain in museums and scenes related. The amulets, cylinder seals, small vessels, study starts with a main introduction of scarabs and small figures, window frames, gemstones and then it displays these three collars, and amulets (Heywood, 2010). stones in ancient Egypt in regards to their Among the various amulets were the heart, names in Ancient Egyptian language, and in Dd pillar and wDAt. Gemstones were also Greek and Latin, used as pigment and medicament (Harris, 1961). In the history of the production of precious stones Hellenism was a very important period for setting up direct trade with the very important sources of gems in The Scientific Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Alexandria University, Vol. 17 , Issue 2 (2020) 179 Highlighting some Important Gemstones in Ancient Egypt Tarneem Bayoumy, Zainab Elsokaily North-Eastern Iran, Afghanistan, India, and Aims of the study Ceylon, which meant that its sources of - Displaying the uses of Lapis Lazuli, supplies were increased in Egypt during this Turquoise and Carnelian, their sources, period. This does not mean, however that historical background, religious the knowledge of gems in earlier times was significance, and color symbolism in ancient not considerable (Forbes,1950). Ancient Egypt. Greek civilization divided gems into males - Seeking for similarities and development and females according to the depth or of Lapis Lazuli, Turquoise, and Carnelian in lightness of their color (King, 1860). Ancient Egypt in regards to their sources, Between the second and the fourth centuries uses, gods related and symbolism of color. AD many Alexandrian treatises on the - Reaching a main conclusion in regards to magic properties of precious stones were the previous stones in Ancient Egypt which written. Among these are the Orphic poem could help tour guides in their explanation “on Gems” (λιθικά) (latin De Lapidibus), to objects related. “about Rivers and Mountains”, General words related to gemstones in the “ὶῶὶὄἔί” Ancient Egyptian Language attributed to Pseudo- Plutarch, the treatise aAt (wb I, 165/ 13f) includes both metals and written by Damigeron and Cyranidi semi- precious stones. attributed to Hermes Trismegistus. The aAt wDH (wb I, 165/21) a term for artificial material now maintained in museums of gemstones ancient Egyptian gemstones is not fully XAt (wb III, 360/11-15) is a word for quarry representative of gemstone use for all ms- aAt (wb II, 138/9) a word for jeweler or periods since most ancient Egyptian tombs gem-cutter were robbed in antiquity and the principal nSdy (wb II, 342/18) meaning worker in items robbed were metals especially gold precious stones and gemstones. Our main source of ar – dXwt (wb I,.208/11- wb II, 342/18) information of gemstones are tombs mostly words for small stones and pebbles, it might royal and elite, also lists of minerals also be used as a term of all gemstones mentioned in the Chester Beatty papyrus, at collected in the form of pebbles Edfu and Dendera temples and elsewhere. gmw (wb V, 169/13) a word used for Harrell identifies 38 gemstones varieties precious stones used by the ancient Egyptians (Harrell inr n DbA, DbA (wb V, 556/11) meaning to ,2012). This paper is concerned with three adorn or decorate, so inr n DbA might mean of these gemstones in ancient Egyptian decorative stone period: Lapis Lazuli, Turquoise, and Lapis Lazuli Carnelian. The reason why these three Description and Uses gemstones were particularly chosen was due to their frequent appearance and their Lapis Lazuli was the most important among importance proven by their mention in lists Egyptian stones in Ancient Egypt. It is a and texts as the study will reveal. dark opaque blue phosphate of iron and Aluminum rock (Shaw& Nicholson, 2000). It is depicted as baskets of blue blocks both large and small (Urk IV, 638: 1098). Its The Scientific Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Alexandria University, Vol. 17 , Issue 2 (2020) 180 Highlighting some Important Gemstones in Ancient Egypt Tarneem Bayoumy, Zainab Elsokaily position in offertory lists shows that it was Lapis Lazuli. Lepsius gives HsbD a wide the most valuable of all the semi-precious range of meaning including Sapphirus stones and comes after gold and silver (Cyanus) and Caeruleum (Lepsius, 1877). (Shortland & Zakrzewski, 2015). They were Probably identical with the Greek carved into beads, inlay, amulets, cylinder and and with the Latin seals, small vessels, scarabs and small Cyanus and Sapphirus Richter,2006). figures and collars. To improve the sight, Wendel takes HsbD as a term for the blue one of the remedies in the Ebers Papyrus stones in general and Lapis Lazuli in mentions the combination of Collyrium with particular (Wendel,1888). HsbD was incense and real Lapis Lazuli (Cyril, 1930). undoubtedly the most highly prized of all In the Graeco-Roman Period they were used the semi-precious stones and regularly mainly in producing seals (Museum,2010). follows nbw (gold), HD (silver) in the Seals carved from semiprecious stones had enumeration of minerals (Chassinat, 1932). long been used in Greece, but under the Ptolemaic royal court, gem- carvers Also, tfrr as Lapis Lazuli (wb produced exceptional works to magnify the V, 300/2-3), tfrrt (wb V, monarchy. Lapis Lazuli was also used in 300/1) as Lapis Lazuli land. HsbD mAa Ptolemaic culture in rings and in sculpture implies that imitation Lapis was also known, (Roman.AD 1-200, Spier, Potts & and an expression HsbD iryt does in fact Cole,2018). Lapis Lazuli is also known for occur (Harris, 1961). The name Lapis Lazuli its healing properties. It was used as a cure which means “blue stone “is derived from for eye diseases. The stone was to be the ancient Persian word “Lazhuward” washed with cold water before and after the which meant blue (Ahsion& Simmons, treatment, and could be heated over the eye 2007). Theophrastus and Pliny the elder in order to get rid of all foreign materials. described the stone that they called The stone was also supposed to detect Sapphirus as being dotted with golden spots, poison, to elevate the thoughts towards but this description refers more to lapis heaven and for memory enhancement, and lazuli. It is blue and is only rarely tinged to promote virtuousness. Greeks and with purple. Lapis Lazuli of the color azurite Romans also used it for serpent bites, is regarded as a male variety (PL.,37-119- circulatory diseases, pregnancy, in the 20, Rickard,2015). Solinus says that when treatment of epilepsy, and skin troubles put in the mouth it is colder than other (Nammu, 2018). The Romans believed that stones (Forbes,1966). it was an aphrodisiac. The gemstone remains in use today in Crystal healing Historical background Lapis Lazuli is well known since the therapies (History Bytez,2016). Predynastic period, during the Gerzean The designation of Lapis Lazuli in the period there is hardly a cemetery from that ancient Egyptian language and in Greek period that has not produced Lazuli beads and Latin (from Gerza itself in the north to Bahan just In the Ancient Egyptian language, Lapis south of the first cataract). It was however not in common use at Naqada where out of Lazuli was called HsbD (wb 2000 graves Lapis Lazuli was only found in III, 334/1-13) which has been accepted as two (Payne,1968). The Tôd treasure, The Scientific Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Alexandria University, Vol. 17 , Issue 2 (2020) 181 Highlighting some Important Gemstones in Ancient Egypt Tarneem Bayoumy, Zainab Elsokaily discovered in 1936 in Egypt contains a huge Lapis Lazuli was brought also to Egypt as set of raw blocks of Lapis Lazuli and beads. tribute from various localities like Assur, The treasure was found in the basement of a Babylon, Syria, Cyprus and others ( Urk IV, temple dedicated to the worship of Montu, 668; 669, Urk IV 668;701, Urk IV , 669; 30 kms south of Luxor (Giudice& Angelici 688 ; 744 , Urk IV , 708 respectively ).HsbD & Re, Alessandro & Gariani ,2016). The nfr n bbr , HsbD n tfrr were probably names silver bracelets of queen Hetepheres from of trading stations of Lapis Lazuli on the the Old Kingdom, 4th dynasty was inlaid route from Badakhshan (Harris, 1961).
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