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Urban Social Geography Urban Social Geography An Introduction Urban Social Geography An Introduction Paul Knox and Steven Pinch Urban Social Geography 6th Edition An Introduction The sixth edition of this highly respected and long-running text builds and improves upon the successful structure, thought-provoking writing style and clear presentation of previous editions. Tracing urban social geography through its theoretical underpinnings to current Paul Knox and Steven Pinch debates, this new edition takes account of recent critical work while also presenting the foundations and development of the subject. It explicitly relates key issues to contemporary cultural and economic life in cities, producing coverage that is stimulating, relevant and engaging for students. 6th Edition Key Features • Written in a lively and accessible style • Highly illustrated throughout with new photographs and informative diagrams and tables • Key questions and concepts for each chapter help you identify and apply the key themes • Chapter summaries provide revision and reflection opportunities • Suggested reading encourages further investigation • Extensive glossary of key terms, highlighted in the text and elaborated upon at the book end 6th New to this edition • New and updated boxed features identifying key thinkers, debates and trends Edition • Updated coverage of recent key developments affecting urban social geography, including: the credit crunch; French urban riots; Hurricane Katrina; mass immigration in western cities; the impact of the Internet, and the future of suburbia • Updated key film lists provide pointers for cinematic coverage of urban social geography, and there are new sections on urban-based novels Paul Knox and Steven Pinch • Companion website containing annotated weblinks, essay questions and project assignments, at www.pearsoned.co.uk/knox This text is essential reading for students of urban geography, social geography, planning, and sociology, and will be of key interest more broadly within human geography and the social sciences. Paul Knox is University Distinguished Professor and Senior Fellow for International Advancement at Virginia Tech. His recent books include Small Town Sustainability (with H. Mayer), Urbanization (with L. McCarthy), Metroburbia, USA and The Geography of the World Economy (with J. Agnew and L. McCarthy). Steven Pinch is a Professor in the School of Geography at the University of Southampton. His recent research has focused on the urban geography of design industries. Currently he is studying innovation in social enterprises and the ways in which the centennial anniversary of the sinking of the steamship Titanic is being memorialized in various cities throughout the world. Cover image © Getty Images www.pearson-books.com CVR_KNOX7638_01_SE_CVR.indd 1 27/8/09 14:44:33 A01_KNOX7638_06_SE_FM.QXD 20/8/09 13:43 Page i Urban Social Geography Visit the Urban Social Geography, sixth edition Companion Website at www.pearsoned.co.uk/knox to find valuable student learning material including: ➤ Links to relevant sites on the web ➤ Project assignments for further investigation and practice ➤ Essay questions .. A01_KNOX7638_06_SE_FM.QXD 25/8/09 8:37 Page ii We work with leading authors to develop the strongest educational materials in geography, bringing cutting-edge thinking and best learning practice to a global market. Under a range of well-known imprints, including Prentice Hall, we craft high quality print and electronic publications which help readers to understand and apply their content, whether studying or at work. To find out more about the complete range of our publishing, please visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk .. A01_KNOX7638_06_SE_FM.QXD 25/8/09 8:37 Page iii Urban Social Geography An Introduction Sixth edition Paul Knox University Distinguished Professor, College of Architecture and Urban Studies, Virginia Tech and Steven Pinch Professor of Geography, University of Southampton .. A01_KNOX7638_06_SE_FM.QXD 12/21/09 7:00 AM Page iv Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk First published 1982 Second edition 1987 Third edition 1995 Reprinted 1996, 1998 Fourth edition 2000 Fifth edition 2006 Sixth edition published 2010 © Pearson Education Limited 1982, 2010 The rights of Paul Knox and Steven Pinch to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. ISBN: 978-0-273-71763-8 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Knox, Paul L. Urban social geography : an introduction / Paul Knox and Steven Pinch. – 6th ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-273-71763-8 (pbk.) 1. Sociology, Urban. 2. Human geography. 3. Cities and towns. I. Pinch, Steven. II. Title. HT151.K57 2009 307.76—dc22 2009026462 10987654321 13 12 11 10 09 Typeset in 9.75/13pt Minion by 35 Printed and bound in Malaysia (CTP-PJB) The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests. .. A01_KNOX7638_06_SE_FM.QXD 20/8/09 13:43 Page v Contents A guide to using this book xiv Acknowledgements xv 1 Social geography and the sociospatial dialectic 1 Key questions addressed in this chapter 1 1.1 Different approaches within human geography 1 The quantitative approach 1 The behavioural approach 2 The structuralist approach 2 Poststructuralist approaches 3 The study of urban social geography 3 1.2 The sociospatial dialectic 5 1.3 The macro-geographical context 5 A changing context for urban social geography 6 Economic change and urban restructuring 6 The imprint of demographic change 9 The city and cultural change 13 Political change and the sociospatial dialectic 13 Chapter summary 14 Key concepts and terms 14 Suggested reading 14 International journals 15 2 The changing economic context of city life 17 Key questions addressed in this chapter 17 2.1 The precapitalist, preindustrial city 17 2.2 The growth of the industrial city 20 Early models of the spatial structure of industrial cities 21 Marx and the industrial city 22 Fordism and the industrial city 23 Keynesianism and the ‘long boom’ of Fordism 24 v .. A01_KNOX7638_06_SE_FM.QXD 20/8/09 13:43 Page vi Contents 2.3 The contemporary city 27 Neo-Fordism 27 Urban change under neo-Fordism 29 Postindustrial society under neo-Fordism 30 Globalization 33 Knowledge economies and the informational city 34 2.4 Conclusions 37 Chapter summary 37 Key concepts and terms 38 Suggested reading 38 3 The cultures of cities 40 Key questions addressed in this chapter 40 3.1 What is culture? 40 The materiality of cultures 41 Shared meanings 41 Diversity and difference 41 Identities 43 3.2 Post colonial theory and the city 43 Hybridity 45 The social construction of culture 46 3.3 Space, power and culture 47 Foucault and the carceral city 47 The social construction of space 48 Space and identity 49 3.4 Postmodernism 51 Postmodernism in the city 51 Romantic capitalism: the aestheticization of consumption 54 3.5 Conclusions 55 Chapter summary 57 Key concepts and terms 57 Suggested reading 58 4 Patterns of sociospatial differentiation 59 Key questions addressed in this chapter 59 4.1 Urban morphology and the physical structure of cities 59 House types, building lots and street layouts 60 Morphogenesis 60 Environmental quality 65 vi .. A01_KNOX7638_06_SE_FM.QXD 20/8/09 13:43 Page vii Contents 4.2 Difference and inequality: socio-economic and sociocultural patterns 67 Studies of factorial ecology 70 Patterns of social well-being 73 Intra-urban variations in the quality of urban life 75 The geography of deprivation and disadvantage 75 Chapter summary 82 Key concepts and terms 83 Suggested reading 83 5 Spatial and institutional frameworks: citizens, the state and civil society 84 Key questions addressed in this chapter 84 5.1 The interdependence of public institutions and private life 84 Citizenship, patriarchy and racism 86 The law and civil society 86 The changing nature of urban governance 88 Spaces of neoliberalization 89 Green politics 92 5.2 De jure urban apaces 92 Metropolitan fragmentation and its spatial consequences 92 Fiscal imbalance and sociospatial inequality 93 Fiscal mercantilism 94 5.3 The democratic base and its spatial framework 96 The spatial organization of elections 97 Malapportionment and gerrymandering 97 The spatiality of key actors in urban governance: elected officials and city bureaucrats 97 Bureaucracy and sociospatial (re)production 98 The parapolitical structure 98 Business 99 Labour 99 Citizen organizations and special interest groups 99 Homeowners’ associations: private governments 101 Urban social movements 103 5.4 Community power structures and the role of the local state 104 Regime theory 104 Structuralist interpretations of the political economy of contemporary cities 105 The local state and the sociospatial dialectic 106 Regulation theory and urban governance 107 Redefining citizenship 110 vii .. A01_KNOX7638_06_SE_FM.QXD 20/8/09 13:43
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