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SEDIMENTATION and FOSSILS of the MOJCZA LIMESTONE -.: Palaeontologia Polonica

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SEDIMENTATION and FOSSILS of the MOJCZA LIMESTONE -.: Palaeontologia Polonica SEDIMENTATION AND FOSSILS OF THE MOJCZA LIMESTONE JERZY DZIK and ANDRZEJ PISERA Dzik, J. and Pisera, A. 1994. Sedimentation and fossils of the M6jcza Limestone.­ In: J. Dzik, E. Olempska, and A. Pisera 1994. Ordovician carbonate platform ecosys­ tem of the Holy Cross Mountains. Palaeontologia Polonica 53, 5--41. On the south Polish pre-Caledonian Malopolska microcontinent, after its complete peneplanation in the Late Arenig, deposition of the extremely stratigraphically con­ densed M6jcza Limestone Formation continued during the whole mid-Ordovician. The formation, 8 meters thick, is composed ofbiosparites (grainstones to packstones), sandy at the base, and contains dispersed ferruginou s ooids. The global regressive eustatic event in the Late L1 anvim has its expression in a hiatus of locally varying duration, depending on the thickness of the sediment cover removed by submarine erosion. The basal Caradoc transgression is expressed by faunistic changes in the central part of the area, suggestive of a warming of the climate, but in marginal parts it initiated deposition of the fine clastic Zalesie Formation. This facies appeared in the type section of the M6jcza Limestone not before the Latest Caradoc. Possible influen­ ces of the Gondwana late Ordovician glaciations are recorded in faunal changes within the M6jcza Limestone and the Zalesie Formation. Late Ashgill regression seems to be the cause of the reappearance of carbonates or coarse clastics close to the top of the Ordovician , even in deeper parts of the area. Key wo r d s: Ordovician , paleogeography, stratigraphy, Poland. Jerzy Dzik and Andrzej Pisera, Instytut Paleobiologii PAN , Aleja Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa , Poland. Revised version received 5th June, 1993. 6 JER ZY DZIK and ANDRZEJ PISERA CONTENTS Introdu ction . 6 Ackn owledgem ent s . .6 Facies distribution in the Ord ovician of the Holy Cro ss Mountain s . 7 Fossils and stratigraphy of the Holy Cross Mountains Ordovi cian . 8 Spatial distribution of the M6jcza Limestone facies . 10 Paleogeograph y of the area . 13 Lithologic unit s of the Ord ovician in the Malopolska Massif 17 Wysoczki Chalcedo nite Form ation 17 Miedzygorz Form ation . .. .. 17 Buk6wka San dstone Formation 18 M6jcza Limestone Form ation . 18 Zalesie Formation ...... 20 Lithol ogical characteristics and sedimentary histor y of the M6jcza Limestone 20 Faunal changes at the base of the M6jcza Limestone 24 Th e trilobite bed fossils . 24 Distribu tion of phosphatized trilobit e rem ain s 29 Brachiopods . 31 Sponges (including recept acul ites). 34 Age correlation of the M6jcza Limestone . 34 Eve nt biozon ation of the M6jcza Limestone 34 Th e M6jcza eustatic discontinuity 37 References .. .. ... 38 INTRODUCTION The Ordovician of the Holy Cross Mountains is of special interest because of its crucial paleogeo­ graphic location. Thi s area represents the margin and the only exposed part of the subsurface Malo­ polska Massif. In the pre-C aled onian epoch it is consid ered to have formed, together with the Upper Silesia Massif, a separate microcontinent (OZIK 1978, 1990) located between Baltica and the mid-Eu­ ropean Variscan massifs of Gondwanan affinities. Although faunal assemblages in the Holy Cross Mountains Ordovician are generally Baltic, there were also influences of the Celtic province faunas of Wales, the Armorican Massif and the Sudetes, as well as of the cold-water Gondwana faunas of Thuringia and the Moldanubicum (OZIK 1990). Our intere sts are mostly focused on the highly fossiliferous and stratigraphically condensed car­ bonate rock s of the area , the M6jcza Limestone Formation . Its distribution in time and space is review ed below and the type locality section is described in detail. This introductory contribution, containing also a review of macrofossils, is followed in the volume by separate descriptive papers presenting the results of more detailed studies of the major groups of fossils represented in the M6jcza Limestone. Although the formation does not represent a carbonate platform in the strict sense (see WILSO N 1975 ), being representative of rather deeper and colder water environment, we use this term because of the extensive occurrence of carbonate deposits over wide areas of the submerged Malo­ polska microcontinent. Acknowledgements. - We are thankful to Dr. Wieslaw BEDNARCZYK (Institute of Geological Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw ) for his highly critical comments on the manu­ script of this paper. Special thanks are due to Or. Richard A. FORTEY (The Natural History Museum, London) for his thorough review of this paper, several useful suggestions concerning eu static and paleob iogeographic interpretation s, and for improving the Engli sh language of the text. Or. David A.T. HARPER (University College, Galway, Ireland) has also read the manu script. Mrs. Grazyna OZIEWINSK A took photographs of macrofossils. SEDIMENTATIO N AND FOSS ILS OF THE MOJCZA LI MESTONE 7 FACIES DISTRIBUTION IN THE ORDOVICIAN OF THE HOLY CROSS MOUNTAINS The Ordovician rocks in the Holy Cro ss Mo untains are gene rally poorl y ex posed and there are only a few localities where a significant part of the Ordovician rock column ca n be studied without spec ial excava tions (Text-fig. I). Becau se of the co mp licated tectoni cs and inadequ ate description s (in the "pre-conodont epoc h"), data from several boreh oles, drilled in the 50 's, that reached the Ordovician, are of limited importance. How ever, even co nside ring thi s sca rce ev ide nce , it is clear that within the area thr ee facies belt s can be recognized. The earliest known outcrops of the Ordovician represe nt the central belt , extending from Kielc e at WNW to Sand omi erz at ESE , named the " Kie lce facies region" by CZARNOCKI (1928). It is characterized by a coarsely clastic lower part of the sys tem, a strong ly conde nse d ca rbonate middle part and a thin marly cover at its top. Th e clastic lower part , trad itionall y ca lled the Buk owka Sandstone, ow ing to its thickness and res istance to erosion represent s the best exposed part of the Ord ovician in the Holy Cross Mo untains, and is known from several exposures (BEDNARCZYK 1971). Close to Sandomierz it cro ps out in the quarry at Mie dzygorz (PI. 4; SAMSONOWI CZ 1916 ; TOMCZYK 1954). Init iall y the strata were considered there to be Oevon ian in age (ZEUSCHNER 1869), which is und erstand able in that they are overturne d and the sands tones apparently res t on the Silu rian grapto lite shales. At this locality, stratigraphic ally below the Bukowka Sand stone, a thick sequence of conglom­ erates and dark glauco nitic sandstones (Mie dzygorz Beds) occ urs , wh ile near Kielc e this part of the sequence corresponds to sandstones with only a thin layer (at the most 0.6 m, the Biesak quarry) of a basal conglomerate (CZARNOCKI 1928; BEDNARCZY K 1964 ). In the Buk6wka quar ry a thin interca­ lation of marly limestones separating the two Early Ordovician formations was formerly exposed (CZARNOCKI 1928). Th e Bukowka Sand stone in all its co mplete ex pos ures is ove rlai n by the M6jcza Limestone. It was first reported by ZEUSC HNER ( 1869) fro m Miedzygorz and identi fied as Ordovician in its type localit y by GORICH (190 I). The M6jcza Limestone (PI. I), is about 8 m in thi ckn ess in Mojcza, and is stro ng ly sandy close to its base, with rare glauco nite grai ns co ntributing to the clastic frac tion there, higher up it becomes organode trital, with gra ins coated with phosph atic envelopes, and contains ferru ginous oo ids (PI. 2). Th is lithology continues above the bentonite layer (RYKA and TOMCZYK 1959) occ urring in its middl e part (PI. 3). About 3.9 m above the bentonite, it is repl aced by argillaceous limestones with marl s interbedded (PI. 3). In the Miedzygorz quarry (PI. 4) the M6jcza Lim estone is dolomitized. The argillaceous limestones. and marl s with Ashgi ll conodonts topping the sec tio n at M6jcza represent a subse quent lithologic 'unit , the Zalesie For mation, which is better developed in the sec ond fac ies belt,'following the Kielc e one from the So uth. The best ex pos ure of the Ordovician in this area is that at Zales ie Nowe near Lagow (Text-figs 1- 2) but more or less fragmentary parts of the sys tem are known also from several other localities in the Lagow area. CZARNOCKI ( 1928) co ined the term "Lagow facies region " from the name of this town. The Early Ordovician is dominated there, not by coarse clastics, but by mud stones interbedd ed with chalcedo nites . At Zalesie, the Ordovician starts with a thin layer of pebbles, a few centimeters in thickness, overlain by about thr ee meters of shales , and then mudstones and chalcedo nites about 4.5 m thick (CZARNOCKI 192 8). In a nearby locality, Chojn6w 0 6t, a few centimeters thick clay interca lation occ urs just above the conglomerate bed , whi ch contains an ass emblage of co nodo nts corresponding to that in the cha lcedo nite fro m Wysoczki. In both these localities sandstones closely simi lar to the Buk 6wka Sandstone occ ur above the mudstones. The borehole Mokradle in the area (BEDNARCZYK et al. 1966) revealed that, as in Bukowka, these two form ations are separated by a carbonate intercalation (Tex t-fig. 3). Above the Buk6wka Sandstone at Zalesie the M6jcza Limestone occ urs (now its outcrop bein g covered by debris) but it passes into marls and shales much earlie r stratigra phically than at M6jcza or Miedzygorz.
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