He MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE and the BULLETIN of the PAN-PACIFIC UNION

Home , Kanimbla (ferry), Kapiolani Park, Kosciusko (ferry), Oregon Country, Pacific Union

VNIV OF HAWAII r rOL. XXI. No. 3. 25 C COPY MARCH, 1921. IHMINIMMIIIIMMEMIMINE11111111E1119161111 J',M?$111 he MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE and the BULLETIN OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

UMLTN CLOSED DU 620 .hang, President of China, Honorary President of the Pan-Pacific Union and .M5 one of its financial supporters.

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Central Offices, Honolulu, Hawaii, at the Ocean's Crossroads. PRESIDENT, HON. C. J. MCCARTHY, Governor of Hawaii. ALEXANDER HUME FORD, Honolulu, Secretary-Director. The Pan-Pacific Union, representing the. lands about the greatest of oceans, is supported by appropriations from Pacific governments. It works chiefly through the calling of conferences, for the greater advancement of, and cooperation among, all the races and peoples of the Pacific. HONORARY PRESIDENTS Woodrow Wilson President of the United States William M. Hughes Prime Minister of Australia W. F. Massey Prime Minister of New Zealand Hsu Shih-chang President of China Arthur Meighen Premier of Canada Takashi Hara Prime Minister of Japan HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS Franklin K. Lane Ex-Secretary of the Interior, U. S. A. Dr L. S. Rowe Director-General Pan -American Union Prince J. K. Kalanianaole .legate to Congress from Hawaii Yell h Kung Cho IIIMister of Communications. Chi na Frances Burton Harrison The Governor-General of the Philippines The Premiers of Australian States and of British Columbia. The Governor-General of Java. The Governor of Alaska. The Pan-Pacific Union is incorporated with an International Board of Trustees, representing every race and nation of the Pacific. The trustees may be added to or replaced by appointed representatives of the different countries cooperating in the Pan-Pacific Union. The following are the main objects set forth in the charter of the Pan-Pacific Union: 1. To call in conference delegates from all Pacific peoples for the purpose of discussing and furthering the interests common to Pacific nations. 2. To maintain in Hawaii and other Pacific lands bureaus of information and education concerning matters of interest to the people of the Pacific, and to disseminate to the world information of every kind of progress and opportunity in Pacific lands, and to promote the comfort and interests of all visitors. 3. To aid and assist those in all Pacific communities to better understand each other, and to work together for the furtherance of the best interests of the land of their adoption, and, through them, to spread abroad about the Pacific the friendly spirit of inter- racial cooperation. 4. To assist and to aid the different races in lands of the Pacific to cooperate in local affairs, to raise produce, and to create home manufactured goods. 5. To own real estate, erect buildings needed for housing exhibits; provided and maintained by the respective local committees. 6. To maintain a Pan-Pacific Commercial Museum. and Art Gallery. 7. To create dioramas, gather exhibits, books and other Pan-Pacific material of educational or instructive value. 8. To promote and conduct a Pan-Pacific Exposition of the handicrafts of the Pacific peoples, of their works of art, and scenic dioramas of the most beautiful bits of Pacific lands, or illustrating great Pacific industries. 9. To establish and maintain a permanent college and "clearing house" of in formation (printed and otherwise) concerning the lands, commerce, peoples, and trade opportunities in countries of the Pacific, creating libraries of commercial knowledge, and training men in this commercial knowledge of Pacific lands. 10. To secure the cooperation and support of Federal and State governments, chambers of commerce, city governments, and of individuals. 1 I. To enlist for this work of publicity in behalf of Alaska. the Territory of Hawaii, and the Philippines, Federal aid and financial support, as well as similar cooperation and support from all Pacific governments. 12. To bring all nations and peoples about the Pacific Ocean into closer friendly and commercial contact and relationship. r flith.t art4. fir fgaga3tur.

CONDUCTED BY ALEXANDER HUME FORD Volume XXI. Number 3.

CONTENTS FOR MARCH, 1921.

Art Section—Honolulu Scenes A Honolulu Questionaire 217 With the Congressional Party in Nanking - - - - 225 By the Editor America in Japan 233 By 0. M. Poole, President, American Association of Yokohama The First American Consulate in Japan 235 By Dr. Henry Butler Schwartz The Story of British Columbia 237 By Irene Todd The Sacred Head-Hunters of the Pacific - - - - 243 By Dr. J. MacMillan Brown Yale in Hawaii 249 lo By Dean Wilbur L. Cross ';--;* -' Tasmania—Australia's "Playground" 253 By E. Temple "Via Panama" - - 257 By Ed Towse New Zealand's Yellowstone and Her Natives - - - 261 By Frank Parsons, Ph. D. Progress of the Philippine's 265 By J. Fitzsimmons Katoomba Days in Australia 269 From the Diary of H. A. Parmalee Settling Singapore 273 By Cuthbert W. Harrison San Francisco's Yesterdays 277 By William. A. Dandas The Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific Union - - - - - 282 New Series No. 17

Otire nth-Farifir i'1 agazitw Published by ALEXANDER HUME FORD, Honolulu T. H. Printed by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Ltd. Yearly subscriptions in the United States and possessions, $2.50 in advance. Canada and Mexico, $2.75. For all foreign countries, $3.00. Single copies, 25c. Entered as second-class matter at the Honolulu Postoffice.

Permission is given to republish articles from the Mid-Pacific Magazine. Honolulu is a modern American city of nearly seventy thousand population. Here all the races of the Pacific meet and mingle in perfect amity. Honolulu is at the cross roads of the ocean, and here the Pan-Pacific Conferences are held. U

4X,

These buildings have stood since the days of the horse vehicle. Honolulu has been an American city from the early years, even when grass houses formed a large part of the city of natives, whalers and missionaries. It is but six miles from the city of Honolulu to the famous Pali, or precipice. In a half hour auto ride you ascend to an elevation of twelve hundred feet to look out over a mountain and ocean vista unsurpassed in any land. The Royal Palm has been adopted in Honolulu as the ideal for grace and majesty in laying out avenues leading from the street to the home that is hidden amid a mass of sub-tropical foliage. The boy and the surf board are the chief attractions at Waikiki. Today the surf board is much larger than the small boy, as may be seen. In the olden days the board was not more than six feet in length, but it would ride before the largest waves. The Hula Girl is still to be met with in Honolulu. She is usually an acquaintance of the tourist, although the Hawaiians at their luaus, or native feasts, are still given to the enjoyment of the ancient hula-hula. The Hawaiian girl of today is often attractive in face and feature. Usually she is robed in a simple gown that is directly descended from the old Mother Hubbard that became the national dress of the Hawaiian women. Many of the private yards in Honolulu are veritable forests of sub- tropical growth. Coconut trees, ferns and creeping vines vie with each other in beauty. tr •

The ancient Hawaiian who does not speak English is occasionally met with in Honolulu. She wears the old Mother Hubbard and is simple in her tastes. Fish and poi are her chief delight.

4,* t5e._ There are many churches in Honolulu. The most picturesque of these is the cathedral of the Church of England, the tower of which is here seen half hidden by the branches of a monkey-pod tree.

9 llllllllll 1061111 The algaroba tree, brought to Hawaii from the Holy Land nearly a century ago, is the most common and useful of all of the trees in Hawaii. It is used for avenues that provide a gentle shade. Hawaii is a land of waterfalls. Within an hour's walking distance of Honolulu and even in the city limits are numerous beautiful cascades and waterfalls that men would travel many miles to see in any other land. Almost every native Hawaiian is a fisherman, and they may be seen on the Honolulu beaches and along the reefs plying the calling of their ancestors with net and spear and at night with glaring torches to procure the sea food that is their chief diet. One of the interesting customs of Honolulu is the decorating of visitors with leis, or ropes of flowers. An, hour before the steamer leaves such scenes as this are common on the busiest corners of Honolulu. Duke Kahanamoku, the world's fastest swimmer. makes his home in Honolulu and he may be seen daily in the surf at Waikiki on his surf board speeding before the waves that roll in at the Honolulu beach resort. Edited by Alexander Hume Ford. flith-Paritir filagaztur Official Organ of the Pan-Pacific Union.

Volume XXI. MARCH, 1921. Number 3.

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Honolulu Questionnaire Prepared for the Pan-Pacific Educational Conference and the Press Congress of the World 3le_

HERE IS HONOLULU? the wireless commercially, linking itself A delightful ocean voyage with all the other islands of the group W from San Francisco, at the by wireless, and having almost within cross-roads of the Pacific, 2,100 miles its city limits today three of the largest distant from California. The ferry fare radio stations in the world, that give the is about $110 each way. It is ten days daily papers columns of wireless news by boat from Japan and twelve days from both America and Japan. from Australia and New Zealand. How Can I Get Full Information About What Is Honolulu? Honolulu and Hawaii? A modern city of 70,000 population, Write to the Pan-Pacific Publicity the capital of Hawaii, which is a terri- committee, Honolulu, or to the Hawaii tory of the United States. Honolulu on Tourist Bureau which issues every kind Oahu Island, one of the group, was the of pamphlet on Honolulu and Hawaii. first city in the world to install a tele- The Pan-Pacific Publicity committee phone system, and the first city to use gathers and disseminates data concern- 217 218 THE MID-PACIFIC

A bit of Honolulu Harbor ing things Hawaiian and Pacific lands ental streets, much of interest is to be in general. It is composed of the news- seen. paper men and writers from all Pacific What of Honolulu at Night? lands residing in Hawaii. Honolulu is not a "night" city. There Is Honolulu a City of Grass Houses, are the motion pictures. and a roof garden, for dancing—moonlight auto rides, the Ukulele, and the Hula Dance? swimming, or torchlight fishing on the No. You must go outside of Hono- reefs. lulu to find a native grass house. There Is It Warm in Honolulu? are several ukulele factories in the city, The thermometer ranges from 57 de- and nearly all Hawaiians play the in- grees to 85 degrees during the year; a strument and sing Hawaiian songs. The trade wind is always blowing, and the hula may be seen, but there are many air is balmy. Usually the rain falls at elderly men, born in Hawaii, who have night and the days are clear. never seen the dance. What Is Waikiki? What Is the Best Way to See Honolulu? Waikiki is the swimming resort, There are hundreds of interesting twenty minutes from the city center by sights to be seen from the trolley cars, electric car. The main beach is in front and these give liberal transfers. Auto- of the Outrigger Canoe Club, open to mobiles, from $3.00 an hour up, will visitors as monthly guests. The wonder take you anywhere, while on foot in the of Waikiki is not its beach, but its bath- business section and in the nearby Ori- ing and surf-riding. There is but two THE MID-PACIFIC 219

Diamond Head from Mt. Tantaius feet of tide, and summer and winter tinct crater, as is Diamond Head, now a the temperature of the water remains at fortress. 76 degrees. Here is the home of the What Is the Best Time of the Year to surf-rider. Visit Honolulu? Can a Visitor Learn to Ride the Surf- Honolulu is both a summer and winter board? resort. In winter the thermometer ranges around seventy-five. and with the Many do. Beginners take their trade winds blowing, in summer, scarcely boards out a few hundred yards, where higher—far cooler than almost any sum- they can stand in water waist deep, and mer coast resort of the eastern United catch the waves. The real surf-riders States. paddle their boards out to sea, where the great rollers form beyond the reef, What Are the Attractions of the Sea- and come in standing on their boards for sons? half a mile if the surf is running high. The street festivities and dances at New Year's ; the great Mid-Pacific Car- Are There Active Volcanoes Near Ho- nival of the week of February 22nd ; Ka- nolulu? mehameha Day, June 11th, when the na- No. Kilauea Volcano is on the Island tive Hawaiians celebrate ; the Pan-Pa- of Hawaii, reached in eighteen hours by cific Pageant on Balboa Day, Septem- steamer. The hill directly behind the ber 17th ; and Regatta Day, the third city of Honolulu, Punchbowl, is an ex- Saturday in September. 220 THE MID-PACIFIC

A. mile long wall of might-blooming cereus

What Are Some of the Things One gorgeously colored fish in the world. Might See in an Hour or So in The Zoo in Kapiolani Park. Toward Honolulu? Pearl Harbor. The Bishop Museum, On foot—The business section; Fort containing the most complete Polyne- street ; the fish market ; the old Iolani sian collection in the world, including Palace of Kalakaua and Liliuokalani feather robes of Kamehameha. valued (now the capitol) ; the. statue of Kame- at a million dollars. hameha I. in front of the palace grounds ; —And by Automobile. the Judiciary Building behind it ; Pub- The Pali (Precipice) of Nuuanu, six lic Library, Kawaihao Church, Lunalilo miles from the City, an ascent of 1,200 Tomb, first frame building, the old feet, with mountains on both sides ; Royal Hawaiian Hotel (now the home Punchbowl Hill, overlooking the city ; of the Army and Navy Y. M. C. A.), from around Diamond Head to Moanalua the Pan-Pacific Club building on these gardens—a private estate turned into a grounds ; and the dioramas of Hawaiian wonderful tropical park ; Manoa Valley ; scenery. Pacific Heights, Round Top Road to And in several Hours on the Street Tantalus, and many other points of in- Car—Toward Waikiki, on the Line? terest. The Aquarium, the most unique of —What Are the Sports in Honolulu? its kind in the world, in Kapiolani Park. Golfing, surfing, polo, baseball. Vis- Here may be seen hundreds of the most itors may secure cards at the Country THE MID-PACIFIC 221

The golf course from the Country Club Club for golfing ,and there are free and Is Living High? good links at Moanalua ; cards may be Judge for yourself. Board is from had for surfing at the Outrigger Club ; $55.00 a month up ; average house rent there are polo ponies and meets, and from $40.00, servants a dollar a day and every nation of the Pacific maintains a board. baseball team in Honolulu. What Is the Island of Oahu? Is There Any Mountain Climbing? Oahu is the island in Hawaii on Yes. Three miles from the center of which Honolulu, the capital, is situated. the city is a rest house of the Trail & It is almost as large as Rhode Island. Mountain Club, 1,500 feet above the sea, and three miles beyond on one of What Are the Attractions of Oahuf„ the paths cut by this club you may stand Many and varied. There are beaches more than 3,000 feet above the sea, look- unsurpassed ; mountains more delectable ing over the entire island of Oahu. than any ; great sugar cane estates and From every part of Honolulu trails have vast pineapple fields (the most exten- been cut to the mountain tops. sive in the world), There is a round- What About Hotels and Boarding the-island auto run. and a railroad that skirts the sea. Houses? They are numerous. Good hotels at What Kind of Steamers Ply to Hono- five to eight dollars a day, and excel- lulu? ent boarding houses at $2.00 a day, Ocean "greyhounds." Hawaii, being American plan. at the Cross-roads of the Pacific, is the 222 THE MiD-PACIFIC

The Judiciary Building and Civic Center calling place of the Toyo Kisen Kaisha lemons, mountain apples, and the best and Pacific Mail steamers to and from flavored pineapples in the world. San Francisco, Japan, China and the Philippines ; the Canadian-Australian Can You See Sugar Cane Growing in Line's Palatial greyhounds from Van- Honolulu? couver to Australia and New Zealand, as Yes. The King Street car passes well as the Oceanic Line of steamers rice and taro fields ; there being no from San Francisco to Samoa and Aus- malarial mosquito, there is no malaria tralia; besides the local "ferry" boats of in Hawaii. the Matson Line. How Do You Get From Honolulu to Are There Good Schools in Honolulu? the Other Islands? Yes, excellent. There are numerous By the large steamers of the Matson public schools, the oldest private school Line, weekly, or by the frequent sail- west of the Rockies—Oahu Academy ings of the swift inter-island boats, that and College—High schools, and the Col- sail for Hilo—for the Volcano—twice lege of Hawaii. a week; to Kauai—the Garden Island —twice a week, and to Maui, on which Is Hawaii a Good Place to Rear Chil- is Haleakala—earth's largest extinct dren? crater—almost daily. In the Mainland universities, many of Are There Many Tropical Fruits in the the swimming and other athletic records Honolulu Markets? are held by white boys from Hawaii. Yes. Guavas, thirty varieties of There has never been a case of sun- bananas, coconuts, star-apples, water stroke in Hawaii, and children thrive. THE MID-PACIFIC 223

A bit of Honolulu's fish market

What of the Flora of Honolulu? and tuna fishing. Hawaii holds the It is wonderful. There are no fences ; world's record for the latter. instead, hedges of blossoming hibiscus, How Much Sugar Does Hawaii Raise? (of which there are 2,000 varieties) About 700,000 tons from sixty plan- crotons, or even the night-blooming tations and 60,000 laborers. Some three- cereus, the fence of this surrounding and-a-half million cases of canned pine- Oahu College being nearly a mile in apples are also shipped. length. Most of the tropical flowering Is the Royal Hawaiian Band Still Kept trees are a common sight in the yards Up? of Honolulu's residents. Yes, and gives daily concerts, also What of the Native Hawaiian Life in playing at the departure of the large Hawaii? steamers. It is passing away. One hundred What Is the Hawaiian "Lei?" (Pro- years ago there were 250.000 Hawaiians ; nounced "Lay"). today there are less than 25,000 pure A wreath of flowers usually placed Hawaiian ; while there are more than about the neck of the departing guest ; 100,000 Japanese, and but 25,000 whites, sometimes thousands of these are used including 11,000 in troops. at the departure of a popular steamer, Is There Game Fishing? everyone aboard being bedecked with Yes. Shark hunting far out by steam leis. The yellow lei is the lei of Hono- launch ; flying fish shooting from boats, lulu. 224 THE MID-PACIFIC

Can the "Colored Fish Be Seen In the Pan-Pacific gatherings to welcome dis- Market? tinguished men of all Pacific races, and Yes. It is one of the sights of the by maintaining a club house and com- city in the fish market, to see the many mercial museum, to which industrial rainbow-colored fish ,and here the Ori- exhibits are sent from every part of the ental and the Hawaiian meet in pic- Pacific. The Pan-Pacific Union has turesque garb to dispose of fish and poi called several important Pan-Pacific con- —the latter being the Hawaiian na- ferences, and is now advocating a Pan- tional food, made from the boiled root Pacific Peace Exposition. to be held in of the taro plant. Honolulu. Are There Many Parks in Honolulu? Are There Many Books On Hawaii? Yes. At Kapiolani Park at the Yes. In almost every library. In foot of Diamond Head, is the Honolulu there is an Hawaiian Histo- Aquarium, the zoo, the polo fields, and rical Society, with many books, and a the race track. It is a beautiful and department of Archives. extensive tropical park. On Nuuanu Is There an Oriental Quarter? Avenue are Liliuokalani Gardens, with Yes, containing Japanese tea gardens, two waterfalls, and there are numerous Chinese joss houses, Oriental curio small parks. stores :and bazaars, Buddhist temples, Are There Waterfalls Near Honolulu? Shinto shrines, and many things of interest to the student and the sightseer. Many. Several may be seen up Ma- noa Valley, and a tramp up Hillebrand Where Do the "Well-to-do" Live in Glen or Pablo Valley reveals some won- Honolulu? derfully beautiful falls and cascades, Usually far up one of the valleys, on there being six in each valley. the hills overlooking the city, on Paci- fic Heights, Alewa Heights, Kaimuki- How Is Honolulu Governed? on Tantalus, at an elevation of 2,000 By a Mayor and Board of Super- feet, or at Waikiki by the sea. Many of visors. The Mayor has always been a the "well-to-do" have both city and native Hawaiian. country residences. Can Everyone Vote in Hawaii? How Is the Honolulu Climate for the Anyone born in the United States or Aged? naturalized. Orientals cannot become It is eternal spring in Honolulu. The naturalized, but their sons born in Ha- thermometer never reaches ninety, and waii may vote. In time the Japanese never goes below fifty-five. It is the vote will doubtless be in the majority. most equable climate in the world. Is There Racial Prejudice in Honolulu? Average temperature yearly for 30 None. The children attend school to- years 75 degrees. gether, play baseball and swim together, How May I Keep in Touch With and in after life take their place in def- Honolulu? inite social spheres, but retaining their Subscribe to the "Mid-Pacific" Maga- friendly trust and confidence in their zine, and write to the Pan-Pacific Pub- schoolmates. licity Council. Does the Pan. Pacific Union Keep Up What Does "Aloha" Mean? this Acquaintance? "Uarewell," "love to you," "until we Yes, by bringing men together at meet again." Traveling third class in China

With the Congressional Party in Nanking By THE EDITOR

HEN the government at Peking tivation save the mounds of earth that arranged for a special train for rose like great Australian ant hills all W the Congressional party's use over the landscape. These mounds are in crossing China, it decided to see that the graves of ancestors. Five per cent everything of the best was provided. of China is taken away from the cultiva- Lingoh Wang with a reception commit- tors to be used as grave yards of those tee was sent to Shanghai to receive and who have gone before, for in China an accompany the Congressmen. cestor worship is still universal. The train de luxe was =made up of The train glided by walled cities over sleeping cars with a state room to each which tall pagodas stood like sentinels, Congressman, and the senator and fam- and so they were. Nowhere were isolat- ily were provided with a special car of ed houses encountered. For protection their own. There was a breakfast car the farmers in China live in walled vil- and a dinning car and an observation lages and go forth daily to till the fields. car. I think there must have been a It was only after leaving Nanking and waiter to each member of the party. At crossing the Yang-tse-Kiang that the any rate, hospitality could have gone no party was saddened by the sight of further. The ride from Shanghai to parched fields on which no rain had Nanking was through a country, every fallen for months. They could forsee foot of which was under.:intensive -cul-- the misery that was coming, but none 225 226 THE MID-PACIFIC

Lingoh Wang, the genial representative from the Foreign Office in Peking, who met the Congressional Party in Shanghai and conducted it across China. He was a universal favorite. THE MID-PACIFIC 227

The University of blanking could forsee that so many millions must that was to be used but for a day. There starve in this usually fertile region be- was not a nail in the structure, nothing fore help could possibly come from a but bamboo, bamboo columns, bamboo friendly outside world. lacings, and woven bamboo covering. But to return to Nanking. Both His This building seemed to be rain-proof, Excellency General Li Shun, Governor- and here the Hon. Stephen G. Porter, General of Kiangsu Province, and Hon. chairman of the Foreign Affairs Com- Chi Yao Lin, Civil Governor of Kiangsu mittee, caused the roof to be lifted by Province, had made up their minds to the cheers of the students when he sug- give a regal welcome to the party. They gested that the time was almost ripe when had sent to Nanking for one hundred the United States might send an am- automobiles which were brought up by bassador instead of a minister to Peking. train, and furniture for one hundred Nanking has always been the educational rooms, which was placed in the Teachers' center of China. From this modern College and that turned into a hotel or auditorium the visitors were taken to palace as you may call it for the accom- see the normal college and the teachers' modation of the guests. An interesting college and the university buildings in feature of the day in Nanking was an the old Chinese capital. Then they were entertainment given by the educational taken automobile through the nar- leaders of Nanking. Five thousand rowest streets, through which even a students on their vacation had returned Ford might scarce wend its way, to the to Nanking for the day, many of them old university where 30,000 students walking scores of miles. In a few days would gather every year to take their .they had built a great auditorium of examinations for political preferment. sawali that seated thousands. Each student had his own little cell in Sawali is a fine matting made of bam- which he remained for days preparing boo. Out of sawali and bamboo poles his papers for the contest. Many of had been constructed a great building these cells have been destroyed within 228 THE MID-PACIFIC

recent years to make room, for business name of Nanking is the fact that the buildings. The little 'foot-wide alley first provisional government of the re- ways are now overgrown with grass that public was installed and the first pro- is rooting up the pavements. The cells visional president was inaugurated here are dark and vacant, for modern China in Nanking. . has forgotten her old educational sys- The present-day population is approx- tem. It was the educational feature of imately 367,000. Of this, 407 are Euro- Nanking that interested the party most, peans and Americans and 184 are Japan- but the joint banquet given by the mili- ese. There are 2557 Protestant and 700 tary governor general and the civil gov- Roman Catholic Christians. ernor was the first really complete Chin Nanking is well known as an educa- ese official banquet that had been tend- tional center. It is thickly dotted with ered the party. There were wonderful schools, colleges and universities. Among fans and presents at the table for each the higher institutions of learning, the guest. And from the famous ancient following should be specially noted : potteries of Nanking wonderful vases The Nanking Teachers College, a gov- were brought forth, every one a treasure ernment institution, is one of the six in itself, and these properly inscribed Teachers' Colleges authorized by the were presented to each member of the government. It was founded five years party. ago. Among the founders of the insti- The second day in Nanking was given tution is Dr. P. W. Kuo, who is now oc- over to sightseeing the city and the cupying the presidential chair. Of the Ming tombs. 65 members of the faculty, 35 are re- The following account of Nanking is turned students from the United States from the leaflet especially prepared for and Europe, the great majority of whom the Congressional visitors : are graduates of American universities. The college is taking a lead in educa- "What Nanking is today is a symbol of tional progressiveness and aggressive- what it has been in the past. We see the ness. It is the first college in China to new civilization rapidly springing up, have coeducation, and the first summer yet there still remain enough ancient school is established there also, which relics that take us back to the glories is now in session with an enrollment of that were here once long ago. From the 1300 students or more ; 18 out of the 22 day of its birth, some 2000 years ago, provinces are represented in the student Nanking has occupied an important posi- body. tion in the history of this country. It is an interesting fact that the city was The University of Nanking, a union founded by the same emperor under Christian institution, is the oldest of the whose reign the Great Wall came into colleges in the city. It is conducted .existence. The Great Wall and the under the board of regents of the State Yangtze were then the northern and of New York and under the direct sup- southern limits of the empire. Although ervision of a local Board of Trustees. the city is old, it was not called Nanking The Water Conservancy College is a until the Ming Dynasty whose reign be- government institution, established for gan in the year 1368 a. d. The name the special purpose of studying the prob- means south ,(Nan) and capital (King), lems of river formation, flood preven- and it was called such because it is the tion, water power engineering, and the southernmost city that was ever made other kindred hydraulic problems. the capital of any dynasty. Another The College of Law, also a govern- thing that will contribute to the lasting ment institution, was founded in the first THE MID-PACIFIC 229

The remains of the Examination Halls year of the republic. Many of its grad- proach and anchorage to the largest uates are now occupying prominent posi- vessels on the Pacific. The total value tions in the various departments of the of the trade in 1918 was $215,974,655 government organ. gold. In the opinion of many, it is des- The Chinan Institution is a govern- tined to be one of the greatest ports in ment school, organized for the sole pur- China. pose of giving the Chinese children in The population of this'city was once a the South Sea Islands an opportunity of million and its walls inclosed a larger getting an education in their homeland area than' that of any other city wall in and in their native tongue. the country. It is twenty-two and one- Gin-ling, a missionary college, is the , half miles long and is built of brick and only girls' college along the Yangtze mortar without any dirt filling.. It valley. varies in height from forty to seventy . Nanking can also boast as the seat of feet. The thickness at the top varies the Science Society of China. It was from twenty-five to forty-five feet. The first organized by the students while bricks are stamped and show that var- they were studying in the United States, ious sections were erected by the popu- but now it is formally instituted in this lation of different districts. country. The Drum Tower — This massive The Nanking Young Men's Christian structure is approximately the geogra- Association has a membership of 1654 ; phical center of the city and was erect- raises locally a budget of $25,000; has ed in 1092 A. D. (400 years before the an employed staff of thirty-three, of discovery of America). This tower was whom three are Americans. built by Tai Dzu of the Ming Dynasty This city is the terminus of two rail- in preparation for a battle which took roads and will be the terminus of others place between him and a rebel. He beat which were delayed in building by the the large drum, which could be heard at Great War. It is a deep sea port capable a great distance, and which served as a of offering at any time of the year ap- sign for urging his soldiers to march 230 THE MID-PACIFIC

A pagoda on the Yang-tse-Kiang against the enemy. It was also used as the country. The halls here in Nanking a place for the study of geomantic data. were erected in 1375 and contained 27,000 The earliest European visitors to China miniature rooms, each one just large had made note of this tower. Marco enough to hold a man seated on a board Polo spoke it it in 1274 A. D. So did extending from wall to wall with a shelf Xavier in 1552 and Ricci in 1581. Fifty upon which to write during the three years ago, Mr. Duncan, the pioneer Prot- days and nights of rigid mental test. estant missionary to Nanking, took up During this period the contestant was his residence within the tower because not allowed to leave his room but was there was "no room for him elsewhere." served his meals by a caterer. Unfor- Confucian Temple — The Chao Tien tunately most of these structures have Gung is of comparatively recent con-, recently been torn down. However, struction. It was built after the des- there still remain a few thousand of the truction of a former Taoist temple which original cells. After successfully secur- stood on the same spot but was wrecked ing his degree of Hiu Tsai (equivalent in the Tai Ping rebellion about 1860. to the B. A. degree) in these provincial The present temple is said by many to halls, the aspirant for political position be one of the best examples to be found went to Peking for the Churen (M. A.) in China. and the Hanling (Ph.D.). To many the Examination Halls are The Ming tomb is the mausoleum of the most fascinating relic in China, for the Emperor Dai Dzum, founder of the it recalls and symbolizes the ancient edu- Ming Dynasty. The imperial body is cational, cultural and political system of buried in the hill back of the massive THE MID-PACIFIC 231

A portion of the wall of Nanking red brick structure at the foot. This where the emperor lived, from the Man- tomb and the surrounding region was chu city, where those of his own race once beautiful with stately forests and resided. imposing buildings but at present all General George Gordon (Chinese Gor- that can be seen of the ancient features don) was a commander of the govern- are the heavy brick entrances at the far ment troops that finally overthrew the end of the avenue of stone images mark- Tai Ping rebels. The visitor will notice ing the original approach to the tomb. on the sides of Purple Mountain and in Some of the ancient bridges also remain the plains below the remains of many but the other structures are recent and trenches and small fortifications which inferior. were the work of this general and his Under the direction of the Emperor army." Dai Dzum, palaces and government offi- It is wonderful how much can be seen ces were built in the eastern part of the in two days' sight-seeing in a Chinese city where the devastated district now city. Not the least interesting was the lies which is crossed on the way to the ride from the college building to the tomb. This widespread devastation of ferry across the Yang-tse-Kiang to both tomb and palace was wrought about Pukow where the train was to be board- 1850 by the Tai Ping rebellion, when ed for the ride to Peking. It was as authentic history tells us over thirty though we had dropped back a thousand million persons were slain. The great years and were being hurled through a gates still standing on the site of the civilization that seems to have no right ancient palaces were parts of a system to exist in these modern days. To sit in of walls separating the forbidden city, an automobile and look at China of a 232 THE MID-PACIFIC thousand years ago made one rub his was a delay in the start of the ferry boat, eyes. The great heavy trunks and bag- so that instead of leaving early in the gage were brought to the ferry boat on afternoon of the second day, it was well the shoulders of coolies, and as there were one hundred all told in the party, toward night before the train pulled out needless to say that in placid China there from the station for the Chinese capital.

A company of Chinese Boy Scouts America in Japan By 0. M. POOLE, President American Association of Yokohama

(The following are notes on the panies incorporated under state laws speeches made before the Congressional are liable to full taxation in that state Party at Y okahama, September 9, 1920, on their earnings in Japan less any Several hundred Americans banqueted taxes paid in Japan. So long as Japa- the congressmen, and the leading busi- nese taxation exceeds American there ness men addressed the party). is nothing due to the state. When the Federal incorporation cannot be reverse is the case, the difference must applied directly to companies in Japan be paid to the state. Federal incorpo- as we are under Japanese law and ex- ration would eliminate this extra pay- traterritoriality does not exist. Any ment and place American firms doing group of Americans desiring to do busi- business in Japan on the same basis as ness in Japan can incorporate as a Japa- any competitor of other nationality (such nese company and enjoy equable laws. as British China companies) who are However, were federal incorporation exempt from British home taxation. created in China many Americans here Another point is that Americans in- would prefer to incorporate as an corporated as American companies are American company in China and oper- enabled by their character to keep in ate in Japan as a branch of that com- closer touch with American business pany, enjoying the prestige of American men visiting the East and with Ameri- nationality though still operating under can enterprise seeking American repre- Japanese law. sentation here, than would be possible The exemption from home taxation if incorporated as Japanese companies. under the proposed federal incorpora- Present schools for foreign children tion scheme is of lesser value to com- in Japan carry on a precarious exist- panies in Japan than in China, because ence. While hundreds of thousands of Japanese taxation is heavy and would be dollars are sent out annually from incurred in any case. However, the America to various missions and soci- present situation is that American corn- eties for the education of Japanese 233 234 THE MID-PACIFIC children, there are no funds from our The consulate-general at Yokohama country for the education of American is likewise a tumble-down dwelling children. These children must scrape house, 52 years old. The land has been along with such haphazard schooling as owned by the United States government can be acquired in schools kept up for years past. The building was priv- merely by the joint effort of American ately owned until a few years ago when parents out here, whose means on the it was bought at auction by the then average are slender. As the colony is American consul for $500 and presented constantly changing, its support is ir- to the United States Government. Since regular and, inadequate. When Ameri- then the sums granted by congress for can business men sent out to carry repairs have fallen so far short of what American commerce into the Far East is necessary to keep the building stand- find on arrival that there are no proper ing that it is in a dangerous state of de- schools available for their children they cay. do not stay long out here, but throw up Diplomatic relations between Japan their positions and go back to America and the United States are constantly where their children have a chance of delicately poised ; but here, where the being educated. dignity of the United States should be Then again, if American boys would upheld more scrupulously than almost be educated here up to the age when anywhere else, our representatives are they can begin work, think what an ad- quartered in disreputable buildings vantage it would be to American con- which can only arouse feelings of concerns to have these boys start with a tempt. full knowledge of the Japanese language The staffs of both embassy and con- capable of doing business with the Japa- sulates are not paid enough to meet nese direct and above all with a com- conditions. The result is that good men plete and sympathetic understanding of resign. The career may attract, but the Japanese character, methods and cus- the pay makes it impossible to carry on. toms. Nearly all the troubles experi- It is highly necessary that properly enced by American firms arise through trained men should be detailed to the difficulties of interpretation and lack embassy and consulates and paid enough of understanding between their staff and to keep them permanently in the service. the Japanese customers. There is a conspicuous lack of senior Every attempt to establish a good men in the consular service qualified to school in Japan has met with financial fill the highest positions as they become vacant. In respect of personnel we are disaster. What we need is Govern- ment aid in the form of an educational at a great disadvantage as compared grant to be administered by the ambas- with our neighbors whose services are notable for the number of trained men, sador or consuls. masters of the language of the country Our embassy and consulates in Japan and of its customs, whose years of serv- are old, in disrepair and inherently un- ice qualify them as authorities in their suitable ; a disgrace to the dignity of sphere. the United States. The present cable service cannot cope The embassy at Tokio is a mere anti- with the tremendously increased volume quated wooden dwelling house without of communications between Japan and a room large enough to serve as a re- the United States. Where before the ception room for any function. Even war it took only twenty-four hours to more is the building unsuited to the cable to New York and receive a reply, conduct of business of the embassy. it now takes from four to six days. The first American Consulate in Japan tiz===m==o=:cccommcm:Oltr65.=====:c9gp- The First Consulate in Japan By HENRY BUTLER SCHWARTZ

SOLATED and approached and four days of that time, without see- through the narrow lanes of a ing an American vessel or receiving a 4 I very poor fishing village,"—thus letter from home or a dispatch from his Townsend Harris, the first American government. Consul to Japan, describes the Temple Commodore Perry deserves all the of Gyokusenji at Kakisaki, the first honors he has received, but it was one consulate of any foreign power in the thing to come with eight war vessels Japanese Empire. and all the pomp and circumstance with If quiet heroism can consecrate the which Perry wisely surrounded himself, spot which has witnessed it and make and quite another thing to land as did it worthy of pilgrimage, then to Amer- Townsend Harris and live alone, with- icans, at least, Shimoda deserves a visit ; out the protection of a single war vessel, for here on Thursday, September 4, 1856, among a people the majority of whom Townsend Harris raised the Stars and would have thought it an honor to as- Stripes, the first consular flag ever seen sassinate him. It was one thing, too, to in Japan, and here for eighteen months execute a preliminary treaty of friend- he lived alone with his secretary ; a year ship like Perry's and a vastly different 235 236 THE MID-PACIFIC thing patiently to train the proud offi- better known and appreciated in Japan cials of the Shogun's court to understand than in his native land. the meaning of a treaty and then, item In 1901 a monument was erected at by item, to evolve a document which Kuri-ga-Kama, near Uraga, to mark the served as the basis of all treaties until landing place of Perry ; but Shimoda is the end of the century. far off of the track of the ordinary tourist, and so far as I know, no memor- Four splendid quarto volumes made ial has ever been proposed for Town- known to the world the minutest doings send Harris, but certainly some memor- of Perry, but Harris' modest journals ial ought to be erected there to com- were kept by his own request, until memorate the heroism of Townsend twenty-five years after his death, and Harris and permanently to mark the site the facts of his life and character are of the first consulate in Japan.

The Americanized Japanese girl of today The beautiful city of Victoria, B. C.

The Story of British Columbia By IRENE TODD

AZING out across the gray rolling through the mountain passes, following Pacific and guarded by the sub- the courses of her broad, noble rivers G lime Canadian Rockies that to the ocean and bringing with them form its eastern boundary, is a stretch colonization and cultivation, two of of land three times the size of the Brit- these forming part of the great Cana- ish Isles, or approximately 381,000 dian National Railway system, which square miles of some of the richest is owned by the people of Canada. and most beautiful country in the Do- And today her old-time trading posts minion of Canada. It is British Co- are fine modern commercial centers; lumbia, the most westerly of her nine her valleys are being settled and cul- provinces—the one which but a cen- tivated into orchards, farms and gar- tury ago was a dense illimitable forest dens ; her giant century-old cedars and whose sleep was broken only by the firs, of which she has 182,750,000 acres, trample of the surf on the shore, the are falling before the lumberman's axe, singing of the wind in the treetops, the and millions of dollars' worth of her whoop of the red man, and the bicker- timber and its products are being ex- ings at her few lone trading posts. ported to foreign markets. Likewise, Since that time three transcontinental the weath of her indented seacoast and lines of railway have pierced their way salmon streams are being harvested,

237 238 THE MID-PACIFIC her salmon pack alone for 1919 island which now bears his name, was amounting to 1,393,256 cases ; her this land claimed by Great Britain. mountainsides are being tapped for In the meantime a dauntless and their hidden store of minerals, and not courageous fur trader, Alexander Mac- one of the provinces is making greater kenzie, of the North West Company of strides in development than she. Montreal, who in 1789 had reached the Although the history of the North Arctic by way of the Mackenzie, de- Pacific coast and the Pacific province cided to undertake the perilous journey has been comparatively peaceful, it is across the mountains through the great none the less interesting and romantic. unknown to the Pacific and arrived at As early as the sixteenth century these Burke's Channel a few weeks after waters were the mecca of the English, Vancouver had been surveying the Spanish, Dutch and Russian explorers coast at that point. Although he re- in search of the mythical Strait of An- ported it a land of great fertility, with nion, which was supposed to lead immense rivers teeming with fish and through the northern part of the con- mighty forests filled with wild fur- tinent from the Pacific to the Atlantic. bearing animals, the company thought All during the eighteenth century the it too remote and too difficult of ac- Spanish sailors from New Spain timor- cess to admit of profitable trade and ously felt their way along the Cali- left it untouched until, in 1805, they fornian shore and up the north Pacific decided to extend their line of posts Coast to Alaska, naming bays and from the Great Lakes to the mouth of headlands and obtaining immense the Columbia. catches of fish and sea otter. However, For this undertaking Simon Fraser, they failed to make a landing. This re- a youthful bourgeois of the Company, mained to be done by Captain James was chosen. He established four forts Cook, who, with his two quaint four- in the new territory which was then rigged sailing vessels, entered Nootka called New Caledonia, but the great Sound, on the west side of Vancouver river which he traversed and which Island in March, 1778. Here, in casting brought him to the coast in 1808 was anchor, the vessels were surrounded by not the Columbia. It was the river a fleet of canoes filled with Indians which now- bears his name and which decked out in feathers, skins and war is the largest river whose basin lies paint, all eager to exchange the pelts of entirely within the boundaries of the bears, wolves, foxes, martens and deer province, having a length of 790 miles for the goods the explorers possessed. and draining an area of 91,700 square Cook carried back to England impress- miles. At its mouth are now situated ing tales of the giant luxuriant timber the fine cities of New Westminster and growth of the country, its fine harbors, Vancouver, the fourth largest city in and the wealth of furs obtainable, and the Dominion, out of whose harbor soon an extensive fur trade on the float the ships of practically every na- North Pacific Coast sprang up. tion. Other explorers followed, but not While Fraser was exploring one part until 1795, when Captain George Van- of the province, another daring trader, couver had sailed through the Strait David Thompson, was at work estab- of Juan de Fuca, explored Puget Sound lishing posts on a tributary of the Co- and proceeded through the Gulf of lumbia River, now known as the Georgia and Queen Charlotte Sound, Thompson. He arrived at the mouth of finally sailing completely around the the Columbia in 1811, to find a post THE MID-PACIFIC 239

had already been established there by dustry of the island was laid, a market the Pacific Fur Company, organized by even at that time being found for it in John Jacob Astor of New York. In San Francisco. In this same year Van- 1813 this company was taken over by couver was raised to a colony, with a the North West Company, which in governor and fourteen justices of the time was amalgamated with the rival peace to administer its affairs, while fur-trading company, the Hudson Bay the Hudson Bay Company was given Company, in 1821, when the Imperial control of the land forever, subject Government passed an act giving the only to the domination of the British new company 'a monopoly of the entire crown. For this privilege they were to trade of the district, which was now pay an annual rent of seven shillings, known as the Company's Western De- settle upon the island within five years partment. a colony of British subjects, and dis- Soon trading posts spread all the pose of the land for colonization pur- way up the coast of the mainland, and poses at reasonable prices. However, in 1825 Fort Vancouver was estab- if in 1859, at the expiration of the lished as the headquarters of the West- Company's license of exclusive trade ern Department and rapidly became a with the Indians, the Government hive of industry. By 1836 a farm of wished, they might recover the island nearly 3,000 acres was under cultiva- by paying the company for their ex- tion in the vicinity of the fort, produc- penditure on it. ing wheat, barley, oats and vegetables. On the mainland the number of while an orchard of ten acres yielded posts was being increased, mission- abundantly. There were also two saw- aries with a few settlers were coming mills and two flour mills supplying the in from the East, ships from England company's needs and providing export brought distinguished visitors and set- trade with the Sandwich Islands and tlers, and in the South, in what was the Russian settlements to the north. known as the Oregon Country, Amer- This prosperity continued until 1842, icans from the Eastern States were when the headquarters of the Depart- trading and settling. But the newcom- ment was transferred to the south end ers in Oregon refused to submit to the of Vancouver Island, to the site of rule of the British Company, bringing what is now Victoria, the charmingly up the question of the international situated Capital of the province, with boundary, which in 1845 was settled a population of 55,000. as latitude 49 degrees. In 1859 the At Victoria a fort was soon built, British Government held an inquiry the land tilled, stock imported, and as regarding the Company's administra- "ships from England had orders to tion, after which their exclusive right sail direct to this port and then pro- over the mainland was revoked and ceed to the Columbia River with the British Columbia formed into a colony remainder," it gradually grew in im- by an act defining its boundaries, portance. By 1847 300 acres were un- north and south, the 60th and the 49th der cultivation, and that year two Rus- parallels, respectively, and east and sian vessels took from Victoria large west, the Rocky Mountains and the quantities of wheat, beef and mutton. Pacific Ocean. James Douglas, also By this time coal had already been governor of Vancouver Island, was discovered on the island, and in 1849 a made governor of the new colony, and fort was built at Nanaimo, where the a local legislature and administration foundation of the now great coal in- of justice provided. At this time the 240 T H E MID-PACIFIC

Company's rule on Vancouver Island to have been commenced at once, and also came to an end, being purchased that she was to enjoy the same pro- by the government for i57,000, while tection and immunities as the other the company was allowed to retain the provinces. fort property and certain town lots Since the completion of Canada's with several thousand acres in the vi- first transcontinental line of railway, cinity of Victoria. the Canadian Pacifi.c, in 1885, binding In 1853 there had been rumors of the Dominion together from the At- gold being found in the Columbia and lantic to the Pacific with bands of Fraser rivers, but when, in 1867, the steel, the growth of British Columbia Hudson Bay Company's steamer ar- has been almost phenomenal. In 1914 rived at San Francisco with a consign- came a second transcontinental line ment of gold for the United States with its terminus at Prince Rupert, mint, the news created the greatest this opening up the northern part of furore California had ever known. The the province, while the following year following year all kinds of adventurers saw the completion of a third trans- to the number of probably 25,000 left continental line, known as the Cana- for the new diggings in all sorts of dian Northern, with its western termi- craft, with only the vaguest idea of nus at Vancouver. These last two lines their destiny. The primitive streets of now form part of the great Canadian Victoria swarmed with the eager cos- National Railways system, comprised mopolitan crowd and shops and shan- of 17,400 miles of public-owned lines ties sprang up like magic. They rushed tapping all nine provinces of the Do- to the mainland, up the Fraser river, minion and touching all her best sea- where they soon occupied all the au- ports. riferous bars from Fort Hope to Lyt- Yet marvelous as has been her ton, the district now penetrated by the growth in the past, it is but a criterion Canadian National Railway's line to of what her future holds. With 1,600 Vancouver. Although there were many miles of Rocky Mountains practically disappointments, many fortunes were unexplored, and part of the same made and a great many of the prospect- range, which in Mexico and the United ors, realizing the wealth of the country, States has yielded metals of a value of settled there and laid the foundation well over $3,000,000. per mile of the of the great mining industry which length of the system ; with over 182,- now exists and which, although only in 000,000 acres of some of the largest its infancy, yielded over $33,000,000 in trees in the world, whose growth is 1919. twice the average for the continent ; In 1866 the Imperial Parliament with the richest fisheries in the Do- passed an act annexing Vancouver Is- minion ; with fertile valleys where land to British Columbia, and the two some of the best fruit in Canada is be- colonies were declared one, with Vic- ing produced, although as yet on a toria as the capital. In 1871 she en- small scale, and with an ideal climate tered the confederacy and formed one consisting of eight months of sunshine of the provinces of the Dominion of and warmth, the temperature for the Canada, one of the conditions of her winter months—the rainy season—for entrance being that the survey for a 80 miles inland rarely falling below line of railway, linking her up with zero, British Columbia is indeed a the eastern part 'of the Dominion, was veritable storehouse of potential wealth. THE MID-PACIFIC 241

While all this calls the settler and and will continue to call as long as the investor to the Pacific Province, it the majestic snow-clad mountains bring is the wondrous beauty of her coast the soul of man in tune with the In- that is traveled by the fine palatial finite, and the murmur of the pines, steamers of Canadian National Rail- the laughter of mountain. cataracts and ways and the sublime grandeur of her the lone mysterious beauty of nature mountain scenery that calls thousands lifts man above common clay and of tourists to her shores every year, makes him finer, better and nobler.

Among the giant trees of British Columbia 242 THE MID-PACIFIC

In days of old in the South Seas and even now in the Solomons, the head hunter was honored among the men. of his tribe. He was expected to have more than one head of his own to secure a wife. The Sacred Head in the Pacific

By J. MacMillan Brown, LL. D. =eg OST readers have some idea of and of Melanesia the skull was made headhunting as the pursuit of up to represent the fleshed head, and M certain primitive peoples, but was so preserved for purposes of divina- have little idea of its purpose and sig- tion. The Maoris smoked the head and nificance. In the Philippines, in Borneo so kept it from decay for years. The and Sumatra, and in the Solomon Isl- Celts used to make piles of the heads of ands, it was as serious and persistent as the slain ; and many Oriental peoples the baiting of the employer is now in all did the same ; Timur the Tartar, when civilized countries. In the Solomons the he reduced Bagdad, built 9o,000 of the hunters of Rubiana lagoon used to set heads of the conquered into a pyramid. out in great fleets of canoes to pillage Other warriors, like the North American the neighboring islands, not of their Indians and the Polynesians, found it produce, but of their heads ; the conse- more convenient to carry away the scalps quence is that Choiseul and Ysabel are of their enemies instead of their heads, now but sparsely peopled. In the Phil- as evidence of prowess. ippines and parts of the Malay Archi- Of course one of the reasons for the pelago the youth who could not bring a head being so singled out as the part of head of man, woman or child to the the body to be taken as trophy or record maid he wooed, had no chance of ac- or memorial, was that amongst the rec- ceptance; he must "lose his head" as ognizable parts it was the most easily well as his heart unless he brings the separable. But the main reason was head of somebody else in its place. In that it had a sanctity attached to it the Andaman Islands a widow wears amongst peoples in almost all stages of the skull of her husband hung from her culture. For as the sole seat of the four neck. In parts of British New Guinea most important of the senses, as well as

243 244 THE MID-PACIFIC of thought, the soul was supposed to re- European dead consist so often only of side in it; through the sutures of the busts. And throughout the civilized re- skull- the soul departs and may be religious world the nimbus aureole or halo turned again by the sorcerer. The Poly- round the heads of angels and sacred nesians especially counted the head as persons tells how widespread is the cult sacred, even though, like the primitive of the head and the belief in its sacred- Indo-Europeans, they looked upon the ness. abdomen as the source not only of the There are few items of old religions emotions but of the thoughts. But it or old superstitions but modern science was only the head of a chief, not that of can find a rational explanation' of, and a commoner. Women were not allowed not infrequently it finds a rational sub- to touch it. And the early voyagers stitute for them. No better instance ex- 'were amused at the refusal of chiefs to ists than its reanimation of the cult of go down into the cabins of their ships the head. Anthropology had not long lest a woman or a commoner should by begun to mould itself into a science be- any chance be on deck above their heads. fore it became apparent that there was Taylor in "Te Ika a Maui," in the chap- needed some physical test of race, and ter on Tapu, says : "The head of the one that would apply to the remains of chief was the most sacred part of the vanished and buried races. What could body ; if he only touched it with his be more natural than the head-form. Its fingers, he was obliged immediately to bony structure is fairly constant once apply them to his nose and snuff up the adult age is reached, and it is fairly per- sanctity which they had acquired by the sistent in the graves even of the far touch and thus restore it' to the part past. The French anthropologists seized from which it was taken ; for the same upon this as a fundamental fact on reason a chief could not blow the fire which they could build all their hypothe- with his mouth ; for the breath, being sa- ses as to existing and vanished races. cred, communicated his sanctity to it, They formulated various measurements and a brand might be taken by a slave of the skull, its cranial capacity, its or man of another tribe, or the fire length, breadth, height, its frontal form, might be used for other purposes, such its cheekbones, its nasal bones, its facial as cooking, and so cause his death." angle, so as to have indices that were Hence it was that the head of a chief comparable. For example, to find the was steamed and oiled and smoked to be cephalic or head index, the maximum kept as an heirloom, to be fondled and breadth of the skull was multiplied by wept' over as if it were the man himself, one hundred, and the result divided by just as the heads of enemy chiefs killed the maximum length of skull ; the higher in battle were similarly preserved and the number that resulted, the greater the stuck on poles in public places, to be exe- breadth of the skull, the lower the less. crated and insulted. In some parts of To make the comparisons valid an artifi- the Pacific a wooden image of the head cial division of the numbers was made ; was substituted. Away up in Dutch all below 75 were to be considered long- New Guinea this image received the headed (dolichocephalic), all above 80 breath of the dying man and was wor- short-headed (brachycephalic), and all shipped as containing the spirit of the between 75 and 80 medium-headed (me- dead. This may explain why the great saticephalic). The relation of the height stone images in Easter Island are only to the breadth gave an index that showed busts, and why memorials of the great how low and depressed or high and THE MID-PACIFIC 245

domed the skull was. The frontal index innumerable long heads I observed both showed the difference between low and living and dead. Later on in the New high foreheads. The index of the cheek- Hebrides I came across a similar phe- bones revealed the breadth or narrow- nomenon. In two small islands off the ness of the face. The nasal index show- southern coast of Malekula, I saw youths ed the difference between the negroid with their heads bandaged, and took flat nose and the caucasoid high and fine photographs of men with egg-shaped nose. The index of the facial angle heads. Later on in the Ellice group I marked the difference between the out- noticed that most of the people had this jutting jaw (prognathism) and the jaw peculiar shape of head. In French Oce- of the caucasoid face (orthognathism). ania I saw this prevailing and again I Thus was the cult of the head revived saw it in the Hawaiian group. I no- on new and scientific lines. And so ticed in the Hawaiian vocabulary that great faith was induced in its truth as there was a word "opa" meaning "to a test of the difference between race squeeze the head of a child." I enquired and race, avd between man and man, of the ethnologists at the Bishop Mu- that BertilAEI formulated the science of seum if this was the custom of the Ha- anthropometry as a practical aid to the waiians to mould the heads of the chil- police in tracing criminality. But it dren ; they had never heard of it, nor failed so often, and created such confu- had other Hawaiian scholars, of whom sion that it was abandoned for the more they enquired. But in Kauai, old resi- exact method of finger-prints. Anthro- dents told me that it was still the cus- pologists had also to expand their meth- tom ; and the Bishop Museum authori- od in order to make it sound. They had ties afterwards wrote me that they had to add measurement of the limbs, of the come across results of the custom. I stature, peculiarities of the bones of the was fully on the alert when I went to body and of the eyes and ears, the char- the Cook group. Some of my guides. acter of the skin, the tint of the com- had not heard of it when I pointed out plexion, and the texture and color of the extraordinary likeness of the heads the hair. With these additions and oth- not only of the children, but of the ers, which depend on posthumous dis- adults. It was the same flat back, dome- section, such as the size of the liver and topped, sloping-browed, round head, spleen, a fair approach has been made that I had seen in all the groups. to a science that can differentiate races Wherever I made enquiries amongst the with accuracy. natives, I got the same answer ; as soon When I started out on my travels as a child was born the gossips began over and around the Pacific I had un- gently massaging the sides and back of questioning faith in the head-form as the head and the brow so as to give it the ultimate test of race. But as I pro- the beautiful shape ; for without a doubt ceeded there arose in my mind doubts they counted the form of the head as and questions. In the public and private true an element in the ideal of beauty museums of South America, and in the as the features of the face. Away north innumerable upturned graves of Peru I in Penrhyn Island, the natives moulded recognized the long head as dominant ; the forehead of their children into the but a knowledge of the practice of the backward slope by the same method as Aymara in moulding the head of their the North American Indians ; they fixed children into the fashionable long form a board upon it. I have just had a note made me doubt the naturalness of those from French Oceania that the mould- 246 THE MID -PACIFIC

ing of the head there is produced by in spite of the frequent Roman or Jew- gentle stroking or pressure. And Mr. ish noses that have been observed in Po- Elsdon Best ( Journal of the Polynesian lynesians since ever Europeans entered Society, March, 1907) describes the the Pacific ; we may, in fact, conclude process amongst the Maoris soon after that this negroid form was not the nose the birth of the child the midwife pro- that Nature endowed most of them with ; ceeded to press the child's head between and one not infrequently sees a grotesque her hands, in order to cause the head to discordance between the flattened nos- assume a symmetrical form and to pre- trils and the convex bone of the nose. vent the child being "bid-headed'." "Oc- Had this negroid feature belonged to an casionally one of the child's grandpar- aboriginal race subdued by the Euro- ents would perform the functions of a pean-like invaders it could never have masseuse. After the above and con- passed into the Polynesian ideal of tinuing at intervals for a long time, beauty ; nor would it have been the only came the `toto' process or processes (in negroid feature in the race. It must this head-pressing may also be included) have belonged to the aristocracy, and all of which were done with a view to they must have acquired it by taking improving the child's appearance." In into their harems the Melanesian women the Cook group I came across a man they brought back from their western here and there who had not the fashion- raids. And this must have occurred be- able head ; and his neighbors expressed fore they left the fatherland, Hawaiki, pity for him that his mother had died in and scattered over the wide surface of childbirth or failed to do her duty. Neg- the Pacific. For they all entertain the lect of the beautifying of the head was ideal of beauty in which the round head doubtless the cause of the many long and flat nostrils form elements. heads and medium heads that I have I have now lost faith in the measure- seen in Polynesia. ment of heads or skulls, at least in Poly- It is tolerably clear that the custom nesia. In other regions, before I incline was universal amongst the Polynesians. to accept long-headedness or short-head- It is also clear that it was because they edness as an indication of race, I wish admired the round, domed head with to know whether the heads of the chil- sloping brow that they took such dren in the plastic stage are moulded ; trouble with the child's skull during the and even if they are not, I wish to know plastic stage, and that this was not the whether it is 'the custom of the mothers natural head-form. But it must have to lay their children in babyhood when been the natural head-form of some ra- asleep on their side or on their back ; cial elements that had come into the on this often depends the shape of the central Pacific ; else there would have head in adult life. I am much more in- been no model to follow in the moulding clined to find racial distinctions in the process. It also stands to reason that hair. There is no mistaking the tufty these invaders were conquering warriors, or corkscrew appearance of the negroid who constituted the new aristocracy ; it hair. And few would hesitate in recog- is never from the subjects that a people's nizing the hair of the mongoloid ; none ideal of beauty is taken, but from the who have ever seen a Chinese or Japan- superiors. But there is another feature ese but would differentiate the lank that is manipulated in babyhood ; it is sleekness of his hair from that of the the nose ; the nostrils are carefully flat- eaucasoid which tends to be wavy. The tened out as in negroid faces, and this scientific distinction is that the first in THE MID-PACIFIC 247 section . under the microscope is almost hiding-places ; and it is in these that crescentic, the second is round, and the there are handed down myths that evi- third is oval. In all the groups of Poly- dently refer to white aborigines. In the nesia it is clear to the eye even of the former they were worshipped as gods, superficial observer that the predominant and one of them, Lono, left and prom- character of the hair is wavy, never tuf- ised to return in the far future ; hence ty or lank. Of course, as in Europe, it it was that when Captain Cook arrived often seems straight without any trace in Kealakekua Bay, on the northwest of undulation ; but even then it can be coast of the largest island. Hawaii, he distinguished from the lankness of the was believed to be their god Lono re- mongoloid. Another unmistakeable turned, because he was fair. He was characteristic of the Caucasian section of worshipped and given a residence in the mankind is the capacity to have much great marae or temple of Lono. But it face hair; the negroid and the mongo- is New Zealand, as the most extensive loid may with long cultivation attain to and most mountainous and most forested a few straggly hairs that may be taken that supplies the clearest and fullest for moustache or beard. The Polyne- traces of a blond aboriginal race repre- sian can, if he will, have a vigorous sented as fairies hunting the mountains growth on his face, but the display of and forests and caves. There was one the fine art of tattooing made that un- fair-skinned race called "pakepakeha," fashionable, and shell-tweezers a neces- and when Europeans arrived they were sity. A third differentiation of the Cau- entitled "pakeha," which, to judge by casian from the two other divisions of the Niue "paea," means "a stranger," the human race lies in the tint of the and the Hawaiian native name for a hair ; however black his hair may seem Chinaman "pake," merely means "alien," there is an undertone of brown in it ; and was probably a primeval Polynesian whilst the mongoloid and negroid hair is word for a foreigner. Another blond race jet black. So it is with Polynesian hair ; was the "Turehu," who occupied the in spite of the thousands of years of Urewera mountains when the six canoes tropical sun-dye, examined closely, it has arrived, and who, according to the tra- not the raven blackness of the negroid traditions of the South Island, subdued or mongoloid, and most of the children former possessors, the Tutumaiao, who have bronzy hair up till puberty, whilst had before subdued the Kui, its recip- many families or individuals are distin- ients from Maui after he fished up the guished by their blond or red hair ; they land. And away up by the Bay of Isl- are called "urukehu" amongst the Ma- ands and Hokianga lived another light- oris, and have corresponding names in complexioned race, called Karitehe. The the other groups. newcomers, the Rarawa tribe, drove them into the forests and caves ; but Nor are the traditions of the Polyne- they seized some of the Karitehe mai- sians without reference to a blond- dens for wives and lost some of their haired, white-skinned ancestry. In the own maidens to the cave-dwellers, which smaller islands they would soon be slain means that they crossed, and the distinc- or absorbed, there being no forested or tion between them vanished. But there spacious heights in which a remnant must have been a race living in this far could hold out long. It is only in the north who had Melanesian blood in large islands like Hawaii and New them, for there is a larger trace of ne- Zealand that they could find refuges and groid features in the ancient skulls and 248 THE MID-PACIFIC bones of that region than in any other "they are supposed to have been of large part of Polynesia. size, and were regarded as giants," as It is, however, the Patupaiarehe that in the story of Hatupatu, who was seized gather to them the largest number of by a Patupaiarehe giantess called Kura- stories of a blond race. All of these are ngaituku. Yet they were seldom seen spoken of as supernatural, children of but in large numbers and only early in the mist, indistinct, fairies ; and that is the morning; they held long councils, evidently because the defeated people speaking and singing very loud, and would come out of their hiding places they made raids and carried off women. only in the obscurity of a fog, or night, They were not only white, but clothed and have methods of suddenly vanishing themselves in white. The Maoris when surprised ; they have all in the thought that albinos had Patupaiarehe stories of them definite traits that, in fathers ; and one of their tribes was spite of the halo of illusion thrown called Ngati-korako, or the children of around them, identify them as human. the albino. It is the Patupaiarehe that have both There can be no mistaking the signifi- most definitely human traits and most cance of these legends. Especially when supernatural atmosphere round them. added to the fact that Polynesian chil- This probably means that they stood out dren are often bronzy-haired; and that longest against absorption, and had to in all the groups there are light-haired resort to uncanny ways to make them- families and individuals called "kehu," selves feared at night when they ven- we cannot resist the conclusion that tured down from their places of refuge. there was at least one blond migration It was this fear of the supernatural that into Polyesia. Even in the smaller isl- protected them more than their forts, ands like Rarotonga there are traditions which were on hill-tops and palisaded of this. Last year, when the soldiers with interlaced kareao (supplejack) ; and were welcomed back from the front, an yet it must have been from them that ancient dance was revived, in which the the Maoris learned the art of fortifica- performers whitewashed themselves in tion, an art the newcomers would not order, they said, to make themselves like have needed had there been no aborigi- their ancestry. And not only in this nal capable not only of self-defence, but island but in others of the Cook group of attack. One of their special regions the tradition still holds amongst those was Coromandel ; but the Wanganui na- who keep up the old learning that their tives say that, when they arrived, on all ancestry came from a land where the the neighboring heights appeared their forts. They were all over the North trees were half the year without leaves Island wherever there were mountains and the people could walk on the water. or forests ; even yet the Maoris think Thus the hair and the complexion, rath- they haunt mountains like Pirongia in er than the head-form, added to the tall the Waikato and Ngongotaha above Ro- stature and the fine features, point back torua. Taylor in "Te Ika a Maui," says, to the northwest of Europe. Yale In Hawaii By DEAN WILBUR L. CROSS.

T was my good fortune to be in ands, the vast plantations of sugar cane Honolulu when people from all and pineapples, the commercial enter- Ithe Hawaiian Islands and guests prise of the inhabitants, and their char- from the mainland, from New England acter, and the mingling of unnumbered as well as from California, celebrated races without social prejudice. Visitors the one hundredth anniversary of the were impressed, too, by the schools and coming of the Missionaries. There other institutions of learning in the Isl- were addresses, plays, a pageant, a civic ands, and by the general interest in edu- and industrial parade, and numerous cational problems. Two days, for ex- other functions, which all together ample, were devoted mainly to addresses brought vividly before the imagination and conferences on what should be of a visitor the history of the Islands taught in the schools. It would be dif- from the first Kamehameha down to the ficult, I think, to find a place where peo- most interesting civilization of 1920. ple are more concerned for the moral Many took the sea journey to the Island and intellectual welfare of their chil- of Hawaii to see the volcano in action, with its lake of fire, which is one of the dren. Among the novelties was hearing most wonderful sights in this world. Japanese women speaking English with Everywhere hospitality reigned uncon- the proper New England accent, and to fined and triumphant. see them teaching boys and girls of all Visitors, of course, were impressed races to speak it in the same peculiar by the great natural beauty of the Isl- way.

249 250 THE MID-PACIFIC

Yale has most vital association with as "The Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum the Islands. Professor Hiram Bingham of Polynesian Antiquities, Ethnology, has recently told the story of how and Natural History." The buildings Yale men—three Yale athletes—led in consist of a group of exhibition halls, the establishment of the Mission. His a library, and a laboratory. The collec- own grandfather, the first Hiram Bing- tions from the Pacific Islands, made dur- ham, settled in Honolulu and gave the ing the last quarter-century, are already land for Oahu College. Asa Thurston, large and of exceptional value. On the whose great-grandson is now captain of staff are geologists, ethnologists, zoo- the Yale swimming team, founded the logists, and botanists with a corps of as- mission in the Island of Hawaii. As sistants ; while for special investigations thus indicated, the connection with Yale men are being supplied by the American has been finely maintained through the Museum and the Carnegie Institution. century. Three Yale men have been As the recognized center for scientific chief justices and two—Carter and interests in the Pacific, the Bishop Mu- Frear—have been Governors of the seum is also carrying on work in affilia- Islands. Others have held conspicuous tion with institutions in Japan, China, places in the government and many Australia, and New Zealand. have been leaders in finance and com- The Museum has an annual income merce. Arthur L. Dean, who received of $35,000 from real and personal prop- the doctor's degree from Yale, is Presi- erties originally placed in the hands of dent of the University of Hawaii ; John of the Trustees, and it will become the M. Hopwood, a graduate of the Divin- ultimate beneficiary of the income from ity School, is President of the Mid- an increasing fund now amounting to Pacific Institute ; Ernest C. Webster, $800,000. The two funds together will '04 S., is at the head of the Kameha- give the Museum about $70,000 a year, meha Schools. Albert F. Judd, '97, is most of which may be devoted to re- a member of the Board of Trustees of search ; and in addition to this sum the Bishop Museum ; and Professor Bayard Dominick, '94, of New York Herbert E. Gregory, '96, of the Yale City, has recently contributed $40,000 Faculty, is now on a leave of absence as to be expended for scientific exploration Director of the Museum ; while John R. in the Southern Pacific under the com- Galt, '89, is chairman or president of bined auspices of the University and various committees and associations the Museum. An expedition has been which deal with semi-educational prob- organized by Professor Gregory, who lems connected with social welfare work was chairman of the Pan Pacific Scien- throughout the Islands. At Honolulu tific Conference, called by the Pan- there is a flourishing Yale Alumni Asso- Pacific Union in Honolulu last summer, ciation of seventy or more members, to plan the specific work to be the first and this year there are fifteen boys from undertaken. Some of the questions which, the Islands registered as students at it is hoped, may be determined by explo- Yale. ration, writes Professor Gregory, are A happy incident of the centenary "Were the Incas of Peru and the Az- is an agreement whereby Yale is to co- tecs of Mexico part of an ancient Asi- operate for a series of years with the atic civilization? Are South and Cen- Bishop Museum at Honolulu in explo- tral America the original homes of a ration and scientific research in the Pa- people which spread westward across cific. The Museum is legally described the Pacific ? Did America, Africa, or THE MID-PACIFIC 251

Asia supply the Pacific Islanders with ferably for those who have received their food plants ? Did these Islands one of the higher degrees in science. In once form a continent, broken in recent turn the Trustees of the Bishop Museum geological times in to the present frag- will establish two assistants, tantamount ments, or were they always islands ?" to fellowships, of equal value, and will By the terms of the agreement be- make available for advanced students tween Yale University and the Bishop and the faculty of Yale University all the facilities of the Museum for study Museum, the corporation will release a and investigation. The Bishop Museum member of the faculty to serve as di- may thus become a scientific outpost for rector of the Museum for such a period the university among those pacific Isl- as may appear advisable to the parties ands where the elder Dana gathered concerned, and will also establish two his materials for that knowledge which fellowships, each yielding $1,000 a year, shed great lustre upon himself and upon for students of graduate standing, pre- Yale. 252 TIIE MID-PACIFIC "King Billy" and Iruganinni, the last Tasmanian aborigines, died in 1877.

Tasmania, Australia's Playground By E. TEMPLE.

ASMANIA, as "every schoolboy," of New South Wales ; and a few months we are afraid, does not know, after the first British occupants of the T geographically hangs pendant to island had formed their settlement they Australia somewhat as Ceylon does to were followed by a party of about 400 India. Its latitude (south) corresponds souls, principally prisoners and marines. with the situation of southern France These had first landed in Victoria, but, and northern Italy, and its climate is as finding that unsuitable, sail was set for charming as that of these two world- the south of Van Diemen's Land. famous resorts. So is its scenery. From That was 116 years ago, and though prison to playground is the metamor- time has taught us many things it is phosis of the century. When Tasmania strange how slow of education we really —then Van Diemen's Land—was orig- are. One bf the first things an infant inally settled in 1803, it was in order to learns is to feed itself, but Tasmania find a tighter gaol for the most danger- cannot yet quite do that. In 1919 ous of the 7,000 convicts of the colony there was a temporary stoppage of com- 253 254 THE MID-PACIFIC munication with the outer world, by total cost was approximately twice that reason of the double effects of a sea- amount. men's strike and quarantine restrictions. Operations against the blacks would The people were waiting for wheat, and not have been necessary at all except grocers' and drapers' shelves became for the cruelties of the "civilized" inter- empty of many commodities. Growling lopers. The character of the natives editorials were written, members of can be ascertained from the records of Parliament were cabling, and there was their first beholders, when they wan- a small twentieth century commotion. dered carefree over their beautiful coun- But even with a sailor's strike and a try and evinced the utmost friendliness quarantine cordon the marooned folk of in mixing with their new acquaintances. 1919 had better communication than The tales of their treatment at the their ancestors of 1806. Wheat was hands of ex-convicts and a section of then, too, needed by the population, but the colonists are too harrowing for the price paid in 1806 was £4 per bushel, print—as likewise are the details of the and flour was worth £200 a ton. "The terrible retaliation of the injured blacks. Government (says the history book), In a ,few years there was but a miser- unable to feed the prisoners, permitted able remnant roaming the mountain them to roam at large in search of fastnesses, and though belated efforts food." The settlers subsisted mainly were made to preserve the race the last on kangaroo flesh and rice. Relief did native died in 1882 at the age of 65. not come for four years, when a wheat ship arrived from India. In 1821 Macquarie Harbor was selected, on account of its isolation, as a The aborigines of Tasmania were a place for incarceration of the worst mild and benevolent race, and the occu- class of criminals. Few were the es- pation of the island contains no such capes from that inhospitable region— passages as occurred when lands like which is still after a hundred years of India and America were wrested from occupation unconnected by road with the original proprietors. True, there the other portions of the island. Of was in Tasmania an operation desig- the parties of escapees those who sur- nated the "Black War" (1830), but vived longest subsisted by murdering it was the most bloodless "war" in his- their companions for food. The prin- tory. A line of soldiers and civilians cipal settlement was on Sarah Island, was formed consisting of about 3,000 in the middle of Macquarie Harbor, persons, the object being to drive the where now but a few stones remain of hostile tribes into the southeastern cor- the unhappy buildings. In 1834 the ner of the island, a peninsula with a West Coast was abandoned in favor of neck some quarter mile wide. Governor Port Arthur, near Hobart, one of the Arthur, the general of the scheme, used most beautiful spots on God's earth. every endeavor to keep his forces in "It must have been nice," remarked a order; and it is said that the despatches junior essayist, "being a convict in such forwarded and received equalled those a pretty place." But Port Arthur, after of the allied armies during the European the cessation of transportation, was, too, war of the early nineteenth centry. And abandoned in 1877, and it is now de- the result? The capture—by accident— scribed as "Australia's only bona fide of one man and a lad. These cost the ruin," the Mecca of thousands of tour- country some £30,000 apiece, for the ists. THE MID-PACIFIC 255

Those bad old days have passed, and may. Tasmania's National Park, per- the stains are fast disappearing under haps the largest in the world in com- the polishings of time. From a prison parison to the size of the country, em- the island has become a play place. The braces several mountains, lakes uncount- income from the tourist business ranks able, magnificent forests, waterfalls, in importance amongst the primary in- fern glades, and all that goes to delight dustries. In the summer months—De- the eye of the tired city dweller. cember to March—Australia warms up, and there is a flitting south, tourists But this playground island is utili- tarian first. The richest tin mine in the and swallows moving simultaneously. world, the richest copper mine in the From Christmas onwards the island is British possessions, the tallest trees in en fete, hotels full, garages at high pres- the world, apples, timber, wool, hops— sure, bands busy, steamers plying, and the rivers and lakes that Tasmania once the holiday spirit pervading every- thought were merely scenic are now thing. amongst the island's revenue producers. Australian droughts and dust-storms The largest lake, 3,000 feet above sea find their limits sharply defined by level and in the geographical center of Bass Straits, and the February hot wind the island, has been harnessed for elec- which blows with such determination tricity, and now provides the cheapest , through mainland cities finds its ardour power in Australasia. The capital city cooled by its passage of the sea. Vic- is lit from this great lake, ioo miles torian "brickfielder" becomes Tasmanian away, and the wheels of manufacture "sea-breeze." And even the days called are being turned by it. The country, by courtesy "hot" in Tasmania are with its cheap electric power and the easily escapable by half an hour's trip finest harbor south of the line, will to the nearest mountain ; for the island fast become a most important manufac- state is the Switzerland of the south, turing center. Only the war has placed and on not one of its 26,000 square the brake on the wheels. miles can you stand without having a mountain for the background of your About 13,000 of Tasmania's sons—a view. These mountains are not very large proportion of the eligible males— high—some half dozen of them over went voluntarily to help their country's 5,000 feet—but many are snow-clad in mother in her hour of need. That they winter ; whilst for shape and appearance were brave sons is attested by the fact and coloring you may travel the world of the island in her patriotic rivalry and not find the peers to them. The with her neighboring states garnering wild west coast of Tasmania—many much the heaviest crop of V. C.'s in square miles yet labelled "unexplored" proportion to population. And in all —is worth all the journeying involved Tasmania's century of events nothing to see it, be the starting point where it has happened of which she is prouder. 256 THE MID-PACIFIC VIA PANAMA

By ED TOWSE

HIS is an international jaunt, (from Now we steam along the Mosquito the Hudson to Hawaii). There is Coast and raise such land marks as "in Tvoyaging through the Antilles, into the Name of God" and "The Utmost the Caribbean Sea, across the Isthmus Thanks be to God." In bestowing names of Panama, thence into Central America, for the early charts the Spanish navi- Old Mexico and along fabled Lower gators were profuse in acknowledg- California on to Hawaii. ments to the Deity. And here is the Getting away from that stirring Man- harbor of Colon, where are the won- hattan movie called New York, one derful new wharves built by the P. C. visits Philadelphia and Baltimore. C. This is the very center of that Boarding the S. S. Cuba we are car- mysterious territory comprising the puz- ried for 150 miles down old Chesa- zling area that well may be called the peake Bay into the Atlantic past Hamp- land of the backgrounds of American ton Roads and past Capes Hatteras and History. In this neighborhood were Henry, with good weather in a good organized and conducted the major oper- sea boat. In a few hours the gulf ations of that select band of super- stream is encountered. Then the waters lative adventurers headed by Columbus of romance are traversed. The eastern and including Cortez, Pizarro, Ponce de end of Cuba is the great sugar produc- Leon, Las Casas, Balboa and a score ing district of the island and the sky of others equally capable and courage- is darkened with the smoke from the ous if less famous. The conceptions mills. Guatanamo Bay, with a garrison and accomplishments of their various of marines, faces the waters in which enterprises were the greatest tasks of the Atlantic fleet frequently maneuvers. all times. We steam over the same waters Colum- Take Vasco Nunes Balboa. He bus so anxiously surveyed and closely stowed away in a barrel at Jamaica and approach the Island of San Salvador, was derisively known as the "Gentle- his first land. We see the sun rise man of the Cask." This man built and above the little twin republics of Haiti paved a road across the Isthmus 400 and San Domingo. It sinks beyond the years ago, constructed vessels of sev- two republics of Cuba and the United eral hundred tons burden on the Atlan- States. There is just a glimpse of Ja- tic side, transported' them in sections maica, the British black island that fur- over his road, put them together and nished the bulk of the labor for the sailed out upon the great ocean he dis- Canal. covered. It was this Balboa who for- 257 258 THE MID-PACIFIC

mulated the project of exploiting Peru of the Canal is simply to visualize it as and made considerable preparation to a bridge of water. Fail not, traveler, that end. He learned that the gold of to make the trip across the Isthmus by the people of Panama came from the rail. You will see something of the South and very sensibly proposed to native at home and something of the go directly to the source of supply. amazing bird and animal• life, not for- (Balboa had some modern views. He getting the edible giant lizard. In a said in one of his letters to his King: year ,or so there will be an auto road, "There is one great favor that I pray after all the decades since the days of your Royal Highness to do me, since the admirable Balboa. it is of great importance to your ser- Capt. Paul Fraatz heads the Cuba vice. It is for your Royal Highness to into the Bay of Panama, past Taboga, issue an order that no Bachillor of laws, the island summer resort of the Zone or of anything else unless it be of folks. This was a pleasuring place of medicine, shall come to these parts of Morgan, the bucanneer, who sacked terra firma, under a heavy penalty that the old city of Panama. Of this place your Highness shall fix ; because no of 50,000 or more there is left only bachillor ever comes here who is not a today a four-story tower, a few walls devil, and they all live like devils, and and foundations, part of a stone bridge not only are they themselves bad, but and some mole side. they make all others bad, having always contrivances to bring about liti- Corinto _ (Corinth) is Nicaragua's gations and villanies. This is very im- shipping point on the Pacific side of portant to the service of your High- this run, with a good harbor and wharf. ness in this new country.") It is a town of a couple of thousand, The Republic of Panama reserves the and Spanish only is spoken. Wild par- sovereignty of her two Zone cities, rots, parokeets and macaws make a Colon and Panama. Colon was for- fearful din morning and evening. Ma- merly called Aspinwall. These towns hogany is the common lumber here, are separated by streets only from the with cedar and rose wood almost as American cities of Cristobal and Ancon. plentiful. Really a very poor citizen The latter are dry, while a "cantina" thinks nothing of having for himself license across the road costs but ten a coffin that would cost two or three dollars "spig" a year. Shopping in hundred gold in the states. With a Colon and Panama is a delight. There stock of fresh fruit, fish, brilliantly are bewildering assortments of those plumaged birds and a few monkeys, we . genuine Panama hats from Ecuador and steam on to the Republic of El Sal- Columbia, and Panama has its bull rings vador. and its cock pits are numerous as the La Libertad is an open port. At the days of the year. There is here to the little pueblo we engage an American fullest that certain sort of life which auto for a drive to the capital—twenty spells a rapid journey to dust, to miles or so through coffee, sugar cane, daisies and to dreams. Here the for- dense forest and tiny villages. San Sal- bidden aigrette is a strong temptation vador has 60,000 people and is by long to the ladies. These feathers are very odds the most beautiful city of all beautiful and cheap. They are the Central America, as well as the most whitest things in all nature. prosperous. While nearly all of the An excellent method of coming to a buildings are of but two and three clear understanding of the mechanics stories they have architectural preten- THE MID-PACIFIC 259 sions and are of concrete, brick and One shops riotously with "Guat" cur- marble, with plenty of rich tiling. Again, rency. The hire of a saddle pony is Spanish is the language. But here we some ridiculous fraction of a peso. We have friends. Mr. S. Sol, minister to buy postals, fruit, dried turtle, pottery, Washington and Mr. Angel Guirola, lizards and a few parrots. At Corinto banker, have been fellow passengers. the American consul is Mr. Waterman The ladies of the party are most of Seattle. At San Jose de Guatemala charming and include one American we find in the office Mr. Savage as girl, Miss Laumeister. the agent. He is a Canadian. Both are fine men. We•had the good fortune The City of San Salvador at 5,000 at San Jose to make the. acquaintace of feet, is surrounded by hills, has fine Mr. Birone, the Pacific Mail agent and hotels and is really modern. But—but to gain a home luncheon. On the mole —the police are in dungarees and some in charge of the guard was an 0. Henry of the soldiers are barefoot. These are general, black face ornaments, sword, the slight characteristic variations that rifle and side arm. I did the German make the great big difference. For Mr. saluto and goose step and made a friend Guirola we discharge at La Libertad for life. At the postoffice it was sim- electric battery cars that are to be used ply great. I secured three sets of on the new railway between La Union and beautiful stamps with a total face value San Salvador. La Union will be the of $43.71 and paid for them with $1.50 most used port soon, as here there are real money. No wonder stamp dealers wharves, and lighters are unnecessary. More freight is left at Acajutla and a grow wealthy. few hundred bags of coffee are. taken Mazatlan, Mexico. is the last "foreign on. This was quite a town some years port." It is a thriving town of 20,000 ago, but earthquake and flood destroyed and English does here. There is a de- nearly all of it. There remains the old lightful drive around a group of hills. wave motor plant of the light works. Nearly all of the road has been built Current is now brought from Sonso- by an Improvement Club having in its nate, thirty miles inland. ranks all nationalities. Mazatlan has an San Jose de Guatemala is one of the iron foundry and is the merchandise most interesting points on the trip. Now distributing point for three large states in Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador of the Republic. They were having a and at Mazatlan. Mexico, the rate of municipal election and we picked up exchange is straight two for one. At some of the campaign literature and San Jose it may be anywhere from heard a few of the speeches—same old thirty-three to fifty-five for one. A bunk. Mr. Chapman of Arkansas and man with a couple of twenty dollar gold the Philippines is the American consul pieces could live in luxury around there here and is all that could be desired in for two months and maybe longer. For such an official. breakfast I order—in my best Spanish Say that Central America—the Paci- —fruit, eggs, coffee, cheese, bread. It fic side—was opened up about 400 years was a good meal and cigarettes were ago. It has progressed not a day more added. The charge is—well, well, she than ten years. But it is fascinating in smiled and grinned and laughed pret- its age, its manners and its people. The tily at the sight of a silver fifty-cent latter are kindly, hospitable and intelli- piece and gave me nine dollars and gent. The men are law abiding and some centavio plasters in change. the women are religious. It is the 260 THE MID-PACIFIC female population that throngs the won- Domingo at Panama or Santa Ana at derful groups of cathedrals in every San Salvador, erected to mark the erup- town from Panama to Mazatlan. A tion at one time of the two coastal vol- church that has less than 350 years canic peaks, still strenuously smoking. behind it is comparatively new. They American citizens do not require pass- are substantial structures of some de- ports for this trip. Show your income sign and sound material. Each has a tax receipt at booking office. Use zone feature such as the Plat Arch in San stamps at the Canal. DIY New Zealand's Yellowstone and Her Natives

By FRANK PARSONS, Ph.D.

ERHAPS it would be more fitting of New Zealand's excitable race of to speak of the. Yellowstone as rivers that swarm down the mountain p "America's Rotorua," for both sides, career in spasms through the districts are so rich in wonder that they woodland, gallop gaily over the plains, are worthy of comparison. and plunge into the sea. The beauty of Rotorua district is New Zealand's mountains, lakes, streams, and patches national wonderland. of forest, with the bright invigorating The Yellowstone has no such healing air and the geysers, pools, volcanoes and waters as New Zealand's hot pools, other curiosities give the region a pecu- which are probably the most powerful liar charm. and versatile medicinal springs in ex- The crust of the quaky district is so istence ; and the pink and white terraces thin and so unsettled in its habits, that were far more beautiful than the ter- you feel as though there were "little races of our mammoth hot springs ; but more than a sheet of paper between the geysers of the southern park do not you and Hades." Great cracks open and spout so high as ours. Most of them new boiling pools burst into business. do not spout at all, but have settled Clouds of steam and sulphurous fumes down into beautiful thermal pools, in rise from the pools. Rumbling and ex- some of which invalids may bathe most ploding is the order of the day. Small comfortably and with astonishing bene- earthquakes are common and now and fit. Some of the geysers, however, have then a volcano will blow off itg fur- not forgotten how to spout, and are naces in the Vesuvian fashion without ranked with those of Iceland and the previous announcement. In 1886 Mt. Yellowstone. Seen in the clear sunny Tarawera covered a number of Maori air the giant columns of water and villages sixty feet with cinders and mud. foam, mounting, swaying, blown by the wind into silver spray, and with attend- The bottom of the big lake was blown ant rainbows glittering in the light are out and in its place came a yawning sights that fascinate the artist and all crater which sent up a column of steam lovers of nature's poetry. Through the to a height of about three miles. The middle of this curious region runs the earth broke open and one of the cracks Waikato, the longest and most tranquil was nine miles long. 261 262 THE MID-PACIFIC

This eruption destroyed the famous medicinal properties, and there are also pink and white terraces, which were cold showers to bring you back to life formed by deposits of lime and silica after you have been boiled. The Gov- from the thermal springs flowing down ernment has control of the springs and the bluffs of Lake Rotomahana. They fixes the charges. And people who have were exquisitely beautiful, resembling tried them say that the charges are vast stairs of pink coral draped with moderate, and that the springs have the lace, on one side of the lake, and on the most wonderful healing properties in other side a similar formation in pure the world. The Government does not white. They rose to a height of sixty advertise that the waters will cure all or seventy feet and were surmounted diseases incident to humanity, but it in the background by azure and sea- comes as near to it as a conscientious green pools. These basins were filled Government could. with the clearest of hot water boiling Not the least of New Zealand at- and blue at the top and changing color tractions are the Maoris themselves. to a lighter hue as it fell from terrace They are an intelligent and lovable peo- to terrace. The water pattered in tiny ple. Some of the men are handsome, cascades over the jeweled walls of pink and the young girls are often pretty. and white, and when the sun shone the They have brown complexions with rosy hillsides seemed alive with falling dia- cheeks, luxuriant black hair, and beau- monds, pearls, emerals, and rubies. The tiful dark eyes. The women have their terraces are now being reformed and lips and chins and breasts tattooed with in the near future nature will probably inky scrawls. In the old savage days have rebuilt them in even finer form tattooing was carried to great lengths. than they were in the past. as we have seen in the early chapters. The geysers of the thin-skinned dis- The missionaries forbade the practice, trict remind the visitor of the Yellow- and as the Maoris were converted the stone, but the volcanoes and poisonous engraving of their faces and bodies be- gases and perpetual colic of the earth, came less frequent and extensive. The are ultra Yellowstonic ; it is the Yellow- Maoris who live in the geyser region stone raised to the hundredth power. do their cooking in the boiling pools or Its diabolical instability and fiery 'dispo- over a steam hole. No need to build sition leave only one place known to a fire ; a drygoods box or shoe box or history or fiction with which it can be soap box (they are not particular) sunk classed. in the mud over a steam hole makes a bake house always ready for business. The hot springs of the volcanic region Or meat, potatoes, etc., can be put in a constitute the favorite health resort of basket or a bag made of netted rope the South Pacific. The "Rachel Bath" and dropped in a boiling pool, with a has a temperature of 194 degrees, which string tied to it, to the basket or bag, is enough to cook Rachel if she stays in I mean, and fastened to a stake near long. Then there is the "Painkiller by. The women cook their meals and Bath," and the "Coffee Pot," which is even do their washing in these baby said to be a cure for rheumatism; and volcanoes. the "Blue Bath" and "Oil Bath" ; and the "Spout Bath" for members of Coun- The natives keep droves of pigs and cil, etc. Each bubbling pool has its raise great quantities of potatoes, for own peculiar individuality with its own boiled pork and potatoes are their chief THE MID-PACIFIC 263 food. They are very hospitable and al- crowded huts, the reek of which strikes ways invite strangers to dine. But or- one like a blow in the face. dinarily their food is whplesome and Some of the Maoris, however, have well cooked, though they are not hygie- good incomes from labor or the rentals of their lands, and live in modern com- nic in other particulars, social morality, fort. Handsome furniture and every drinking, smoking, clothing, etc. They comfort and convenience, and even such will wear a suit of clothes one day and a luxuries as a silver table service, can blanket the next, and sit smoking in be found in many Maori homes.

The great geyser of New Zealand 264 THE MID-PACIFIC Creating a new Philippines

Progress of the Philippines

By J. FITZSIMMONS. Before the San Francisco Foreign Trade Club

HAVE no doubt seen the Philip- get control of the Government ; to put pine Islands at their very worst, and down the uprising that they had started. I at their best, as I was there in the The next thing we did was to start an early days when I went over with the army of school teachers all over the Army of Occupation and spent almost Philippine Islands and an army of med- two years there at that time. I returned later in the early part of 1914 and spent ical men to stamp out the disease which all of the time there since then and have was pregnant in that country. been closely associated with the business Today there is a school house and a interests of the Islands during that time. well attended school in the remotest When we went over to the Philippine districts of the Philippine Islands. Islands in 1898, we found a distressful Today they have made what twenty looking class of people. Now what did years ago was a pest-laden country a we do ? The first thing we did was to country wherein any man can live.

265 266 THE MID-PACIFIC

What have we done in the Philippine panies and we were unable to get an Islands? We have given them the agency established in the Philippine Isl- same advantages that we give American ands ; and after telling them that there citizens in the United States. Today was $21,000,000 worth of business ready we can point to the Philippine Islands to be written with any company that with pride. One hundred years from would come there and take it over. This now we can point to our work in the has been a neglected field. A Filipino Philippine Islands with pride. company was recently organized, repre- Ten years ago we had Filipinos that senting over $5,000,000 for doing busi- were occupying clerical positions at ness in fire and marine insurance, with small salaries who today are million- entirely paid up capital—the entire aires. amount was paid up. I am very glad that the banking cor- Now, while we are talking about our porations are realizing the conditions of great American merchant marine it is the Far East. In my position I am the absolutely essential that we have bank- Bank Examiner for the Philippine Isl- ing facilities to go with our merchant ands ; I am also the Corporation Exam- marine. Formerly all of our clearing iner and the Insurance Examiner : I was done through London. This clear- know the inside workings of the business ing can be done through New York, if of the Philippine Islands. we have the proper banking facilities, The first combined bank statement and I am very glad to state that the that I made out at the end of 1915, the banks are wide awake and are going total resources were $35,500,000. At into the Orient and giving the people the the end of 1916, the total resources were facilities for doing business with them. $6o,000,000. At the end of 1917, the China has over 300,000,000 people total resources were $119,500,000. At there knocking at our door for trade. the end of June, 1918, the total re- They have more confidence in the sources were $161,5oo,000, and by the American people than they have in any end of 1919 over $2oo,000,000. other foreigner and if we handle them Now, this in itself is sufficient to properly we can control a large per- show you that there is some business centage of China's trade. being done in the Philippine Islands. Recently the great gate to Russia, at The agricultural production during Vladivostok, has been opened and there the past two years has increased over is no reason why the United States 25% in actual production—not value of should not control a large part of that production and it is true we have only trade, provided we go after it in the scraped the edges. proper manner. At the declaration of war, there was The rubber industry has been started $21,000,000 worth of insurance business in the Philippine Islands but it is only that had been written by German in- a few years old. They have demon- surance companies, which we required strhted that rubber can be produced them to cancel. During the period of profitably there. our occupation only two American com- The coconut oil industry amounts to panies have availed themselves of the over $18,5oo,000. They run tank trains opportunity of doing business in the from San Francisco to New York, and Philippine Islands—only two American they run tank trains from Tacoma to insurance companies. We cabled New New York City, carrying the products York to several leading insurance corn- of the. Philippine Islands. That is an THE MID-PACIFIC 267 industry which is not much more than the lumbermen are allowed to cut and five years old. When I first visited their use for timber. The lumbermen must plant they had a few small buildings. leave the young trees growing upon the Now it will take you a day to go through land, which is the proper method of all of their buildings—the buildings of conservation. This in itself has caused that one great factory. That is one of quite a little discussion and quite a little the small industries of the Philippines. difficulty, because almost all lumbermen, The Filipino will work. The Quar- naturally, want to strip all the trees off termaster of the army states in the Fili- and get the lumber in the easiest and pino Commission report that he prefers most inexpensive way. Consequently, they Philippine labor to Chinese or coolie la- object to anyone pointing out to them bor of early days. We do not deny that what trees they shall take. But this the Chinese are good laborers, but they system has been established in the Phil- will not stay. If you place a Chinaman ippine Islands and in this way they are in any country he is not going to be a going to be able to preserve their forests. laborer long. His natural work is to be The production of sugar has scarce- a merchant. You place him in any ly been touched. The Island of Cuba country and it is not going to be very has 225 large centrals producing over long until he has a pack, and in a little 300,000,000 tons annually, while the while a business of his own. For that Philippine Islands have only about seven reason, you can bring Chinese into a large centrals and they are producing country for laborers, but you can only about 400,000 tons per year. keep them for laborers for a short The conditions are equally good for time. the production of sugar in the Philip- I believe the development of the Phil- pine Islands as in Java or Cuba, and ippines is going on fairly rapidly. But there is sufficient labor to develop many with a country that is so rich in the large sugar centrals in the Philippine things that nature has given to it, it is Islands. impossible to develop all of them in a Hemp, cocoanut, tobacco and sugar few years' time. are the four large industries that are en- We have immense hardwood forests on nearly all of the Islands. That is in tirely undeveloped in the Philippines. charge of our Bureau of Forestry, which In addition to that the rubber, em- is conserving the forests by not allowing broidery and cloth industries are grad- them to be destroyed as they were in ually gaining each year, and it is all this country—by the lumbermen cutting being done by the people themselves. all the trees down and leaving mountains bare. Today we find them the best fed, the In the Philippines the Bureau of For- best. kept and the best taken care of estry goes in and marks the trees that Oriental in the Far East. 268 THE MID-PACIFIC

In the Blue Mountains of Australia, about Katoomba, are many waterfalls and cascades. Here, within three hours' rail ride of Sydney is to be found some of the world's most delectable scenery. Katoomba Days in Australia

FROM THE DIARY OP H. A. PARMALEE.

DING to be hot ; can see that, but be least painful, and making inquiries as finding that it is only about ten to direction, staretd to go in through a Gor fifteen minutes' ride to Med- long hallway, when an attendant halted low Baths, propose to try that. us and inquired if we had tickets. We arrived in due time and found it No ! We had no tickets ! Did not a very interesting place ; besides a few know that we required tickets. Where shops and fewer dwellings, the place could we obtain tickets ? I was hunting consists, solely of the "Hydro," so for a bath. Wanted to take that bath called—an immense hydropathic estab- right away quick, needed it sure. lishment, and the Saratoga of Austra- With that statement he said all right lia. Said to be modeled on the lines of and gave us further directions, and we Smedley's Matlock Baths or Derby- went ahead, and shortly came to a long shire. Have you any idea what they winding hallway, perfectly lighted, are ? I haven't. Never heard of them. and it seemed to me to miles of paint- Nevertheless it is a monstrous affair, ings, pictures, statuary, and all manner and ultra-fashionable and a sort of Ger- of things pertaining to art. It was a man Spa, I presume from what I have magnificent picture gallery. And it read of Baden and some of those places. was cool in here, and on the sides hun- The grounds are immense, having dreds of fine upholstered sofas and big eighty acres of golf links, and over easy chairs. 2,000 acres all told. It seems that hundreds flock here The main building is a two-story af- from the cities and surrounding country fair, and, oh ! how long, I could not es- to see the sights and bring their lunch timate ; hundreds of feet, however, and and spend little money at the restau- separate buildings clustered around it. rant of the establishment, and to reach Going into the office I looked over this class of people they charged a fee the list of the various kinds of baths, of a shilling or so, to inspect the picture and decided on one that seemed might gallery. 269 270 THE MID-PACIFIC

I had my electric bath and surviving table at which H. M. Queen Victoria the same, came forth and spent a de- had signed some important document lightful time looking at the paintings. pertaining to the history of Australia. We went to lunch and had to walk a The hall was seating many people who long distance through halls and cor- were having a social time. It was a grand ridors to reach the dining hall. We music hall. One side was occupied with found it packed full of humanity, and it a stage, curtains, flies, etc., pertaining was with great difficulty that we ob- to a stage. And there was a fine grand tained a seat. It was all fuss, display piano. We had songs, instrumental and glitter. People had come there to music and such things, all of these make a splurge, show off their fine rai- given impromptu by the various ment and jewelry, and to criticize and guests. Then there were a number slander each other, so it seemed, just of young ladies whom it was easy to as they always do at such fashionable guess were "actorines" from some play resorts. The food was served with house in the city out for a vacation, and great flourish of trumpets and every- to make conquests, etc. One went on thing ostentatious. the stage, dressed in hat and walking But we got our money's worth there costume, of course, gave us a song and in that picture gallery, and more too. dance with much coquetry and lifting of. Much more. skirts ; the song was very good of its kind, but it was easy to see that she Then we walked at the back of the was no novice. Then a few more pirou- building and there was a fine terrace, etted over the stage. Then a little girl green sward and artistic masonry para- and boy gave a song and dance from pets and rows of seats overlooking that "The Merry Widow," which was very vast and grand Kanimbla Valley, good and was more interesting from stretching out beneath us as far as the the obvious fact that the boy, especially, eye could see. That alone was worth was not trying to show off his good coming a long distance to witness. clothes for a rent in the bosom of his At this place they have a long build- trousers was quite conspicuous. ing fitted up with bedrooms with one Going out we took a short walk up side completely open to the air. It did a wagon road and back to the station, look so strange to walk along beside a arriving home about 5 p. m., with the block of dwellings with no fronts to satisfaction of knowing we had been to them and see all the furniture, etc., the "baths." You pronounce that "a" fully exposed to view. These were for very broad, please, as in "aw." open-air patients. And then there was Thursday, Dec. 31, the last day of the quite a little zoo collection, and alto- year. Well, it went out with a thaw cer- gether a very attractive place. The col- tainly, for I have just been looking over lection of paintings and art treasures the Sydney papers and found that at must have cost a fabulous amount. Wentworth it was 111 degrees in the In wandering through the labyrinths shade and at Sydney 96 degrees, but we came upon a large and lofty hall, this morning is a typical summer morn- with dome overhead with stained glass, ing such as we used to have back in walls pilastered and hung with large good old York state, and I am writing and grand paintings, the floor covered my notes underneath a shady bower on with seats of all kinds, sofas, small a rustic bench in the garden, with a tables all grandly upholstered, among "pussy cat" rubbing my elbows so that which I noticed a very elaborate writing I can scarcely write. THE MID-PACIFIC 271

We are expecting our mail this morn- immense valley far below us. Here ing so will not go out until it arrives. was the celebrated Grose Valley at our The mail train has arrived and to our feet, and stretching away far into great disappointment we received no space as far as we could see with the mail. It is now quite hot so A. thinks silver stream sparkling among the green that she will stay at home and do some trees, and we could well believe it, when needle work. told that that little stream, the River I found that I needed a "medicine Grose, was 2027 feet below us. It dropper" for my fountain pen, but do looked miles. We then started to go you know I could not find one in town. down, and at the start I could see that Went to• two drug stores ; beg pardon, this stairway which was hewn out of the should have said chemist shops, and to solid rock, meant "business," for it was all the shops where stationery is sold, a down drop from the word go. but nary a medicine dropper. Fawncy. There is a tradition that in early days Katoomba, Blue Mountains, Jan. i. a convict in evading his pursuers leaped Happy New Year ! Last eve, just be- over here to escape them. If this is fore going to bed, the "girls" called and true, there is not a shadow of doubt proposed that this morning we all but that he escaped arrest, neither can go to Blackheath on the 8:4o train. We there be doubt as to his physical condi- hesitated some time, for it seemed that tion when he lighted, for certainly his we could not wait for our letters. But mortal body would be at rest. they persuaded us, and so we started. This celebrated "leap", however, was It is hot, and the city has emptied its named after the surveyor •Lovett, in throngs and many of them are here in 1832, and not from the mythical bush- the mountains. These Australians are ranger. wise. They know a good thing. The Then the falls. How beautiful ! A train was crowded, but we managed to stream that plunges headlong over a get seats and arrived in due time. perpendicular wall of rock, dark tinted, In olden days Blackheath was a mili- on to a mass of boulders some 520 feet tary outpost, or station, and established below, white and misty as the driven with a view to keep strict watch over snow, sways as the wind blows to and travelers crossing the range. None was fro, like the veil of a bride. The strong allowed to cross without a pass, whether contrasts of color and the undulating bond or free, and none could cross ex- motion so produced imparted a very cept at Blackheath since it stands on a singular effect as well as charming, and narrow neck of plateau between the when the sun shines or rises to a cer- Kanimbla and Grose Valleys. tain altitude as it did on our return ; The lions of this place are the falls rainbows were playing round the fairy and "Govett's Leap", this latter being veil. the most wonderful and picturesque in We kept on, and down, making unex- all Australia, so it is claimed, and I can pected turns which we could not see be- well believe it. fore us at any distance, keeping the ex- We arrived at a sort of park in the pectations on the qui wive constantly as woods, with the usual assortment of what was to be the outcome, all of summer drink stands, tea houses and which contributed to the pleasure and such, and distributing our load of excitement, and coupling this with the billys and lunch baskets we started and pleasant and youthful voices of the soon found ourselves overlooking an "girls" made it a most charming walk. 272 THE MID-PACIFIC

We came to a lovely spot in a deep table and bench, but it was occupied by but narrow glen, a crystal brook rippling a party of ladies and gentlemen and and singing along at the bottom, over children, but should I have been there a pebbly bed, occasionally stopping long in charge of those children, I should enough to form clear and shining pools, have been exceedingly nervous, as the and upon our coming to a shelving and place was narrow, not guarded by any and overhanging rock, and also finding railing, and a sheer descent of—Oh, I do a log of wood that had been rolled there not know how many feet. Miles for all by some one under the rock for a seat, I could judge—away into the valley be- the cortege halted as with one accord ; low. But what a view ! I can not com- we believing in the rights of squatter pare it with anything I ever saw or read sovereignty, squatulated upon said log of, or have seen in pictures. And here and declared without one dissenting what a "scary" feeling comes over one, voice, "Now is the time, and this the and you venture cannily. You feel at place!" There was a hasty discarding one time that you are standing on the of hats and coats, careful placing of very "edge of things", at another on the hampers and sunshades, and a few very "top of things", at another as books were produced. though only the thinnest crust were The cool shade, the babbling brook at separating you from the "center of our feet, buzzing insects, the calm as- things". 01. this is the land of enchant- pect of all nature, denoted that a calm ment ! and peaceful rest was before us, when Returning we resumed the old path a sudden scream rent the somnolent at- and walked on a space from where we mosphere as a young lady made a fran- first entered at the foot of the first flight tic leap, skirts gathered in both hands, of stairs, then back, and up the stairs almost jumping into the glassy pool at and at the top rested for a time, then our feet. A "bloomin lizard dontcher- walked on again through the forest know." along the edge of the cliff, stopping often to rest and "view the landscape Those lizards are hideous, and enough o'er". Returning again to the starting to startle anyone. A mouse would be point, partaking of ginger beer, lemon- soothing beside one of these ; although ade (lemon squash), no tea, for a won- these lizards are perfectly harmless. The der, we chartered a conveyance and lizards soon became quite conspicuous were carried to the station and boarded and at last quite interesting. Apple the train for home, this time feeling cores would be thrown down and crumbs pretty good, as we had taken it very of bread, and we sat there watching moderately in comparison with other them eat and trying to carry away as tramps. much as they could. On arriving home we were in nervous After a good rest we took the back haste to receive our letters, for which track in search of adventure new. In we had given an order to our landlady returning we came to a .parting of the to the postmaster to obtain for us. We ways which we had not noticed particu- found them waiting for us. larly coming down, and hesitated for a We learned on arrival that there had time as which way to go, as both paths been a big bush fire around Wentworth were equally well trod. We took the Falls the day before, and while we con- right and climbing some stairs and a gratulated ourselves that we had seen twisting path we came to a sudden stop. them in their presential glory, still our We were at the end of that path. But hearts bled and were sorrowful to it was a beautiful ending. Under a large know that any of their beauties should overhanging rock, in deep shade, was a be in the least marred. A Malay village of a century ago

Settling Singapore3ingapore

By CUTHBERT W. HARRISON.

HE early history of Singapore Malayan Empire of Java and its de- rests upon tradition, and from this pendency Sumatra. It is believed that Tit seems to be established that, its more ancient name was Tamasek, but "leaving Sumatra, some Malays settled that is now utterly lost. in Singapore about 1360, under Sang However great be the ancient renown Nila Utama. It was a mere offshoot of the City of Singapore in local tradi- of the State of Palembang, Sumatra, tion, it was so little accounted of in later which did not last for any length of times that in 1703 the Raja of Johore time, but came to a sudden and terrible offered it to a Captain Hamilton, who end in the year of the great Javanese declined the present, though he remark- invasion, 1377." The legends connected ed that it was "a proper place to settle with the fall of the city of Singapore on a colony in, lying in the centre of trade this occasion suggest that it was effected and accommodated with good rivers and with terrible bloodshed. a safe harbour, so conveniently situated The name itself has inspired many that all winds serve shipping both to go and often fantastic attempts at explana- out and come into these rivers." tion by philologists, Malay and Euro- This description of Singapore has never pean. Nothing seems better than the been bettered, and it agrees with the re- obvious interpretation that Singapura is two Sanskrit words, that Singha is San- mark of an earlier Portuguese writer skrit for "lion" and Pura for "city," that to Singapore "resorted all the navi- that the word means City of the Lion, gators of the Western seas of India, and and that the name was magniloquently of the Eastern of Siam, China, Campa given to it to bring it good luck by and Cambodia, as well as of thousands Sanskrit-using settlers from the Hindu- of islands to the eastward." 273 274 THE MID-PACIFIC

So long as the Dutch held Malacca, possess. Our object is not territory, but which they did until 1795, there was no trade; a great commercial emporium object for them in founding another and a fulcrum whence we may extend great city on the Peninsula, though the our influence, politically, as circum- anchorages at Singapore were much su- stances may hereafter require. One free perior to those at Malacca, and the size port in these seas must eventually de- of ships was growing. But in 1818, stroy the spell of Dutch monopoly." threatened by the British with a loss of Meanwhile, the spell of His Netherlands their monopoly in the Peninsula, they Majesty's armaments at Batavia had occupied a post in Rhio, one of the isl- rattled the resolution of the Supreme ands visible from Singapore to the Government in Calcutta, who sent after south. At that time the British were al- Raffles a letter of countermand. This ready in Penang, so the position was he received after founding Singapore. that Penang was British, Malacca Dutch Penang sent him no assistance, and only and Rhio Dutch. Clearly it was expe- in 1822 did Great Britain recognize Sin- dient for Britain to cut in between Rhio gapore, for not until that date did its and Malacca. On the 19th August, Government realize that the "long long 1818, therefore,. Major Farquhar, sub- thoughts" of Raffles were destined to ordinate of Sir Thomas Stamford Raf- work out the commercial salvation of fles, made a treaty providing for mutual England in these seas. liberty of navigation and commerce in A Pirates' Happy Hunting Ground. the ports and dominions of Johore, Pa- hang, Linggi, and Rhio, and other places The subsequent history of Singapore subject to the Sultan of Johore, this in- is that of a growing commercial free cluding Singapore. Sir Stamford Raf-- port, but up to the invention of steam fles was at that time Lieutenant-Gov- the trade was much harassed by Malay ernor of Bencoolen (Sumatra). Prom piratical prahus which infested the Sin- there he wrote to the Honourable East gapore Straits, the islands, the coast of India Company in Bengal urging the ac- the Peninsula and the adjacent seas. quisition not of Singapore but of Ben- Piracy was in those days the only career tan (Bintang), an island opposite. He for a Malay of spirit, and it offered all spoke of a simple commercial station the glorious uncertainties of war, of with a military guard to force free trade sport and of commerce. It was no un- upon the Dutch or to collect the trade common thing in those days for 3hips under the British flag. He followed the and junks to sail to or from Singapore letter in person and returned as Agent and no man see them more. Attacked to the Most Noble the Governor-General, off some river-mouth trading settlement with the States of Rhio, Lingin and Jo- by Malay prahus, rowing thirty a side, hore to occupy some central station in often cunningly disguised as fishing the Archipelago. On February 6th, boats, or else when becalmed at sea and 1819, Raffles signed with Johore. pleni- openly set upon by native craft whose potentiaries the necessary treaty ceding lightness took advantage of the failing Singapore and hoisted the British flag breeze, the smaller Chinese, Indian and "on the site of the ancient maritime English trading craft ran risks which capital of the Malays." "It is a child of today seem almost incredible. When my own," he wrote, and "bids fair to be overpowered, their crews were either one of the most important (colonies) massacred or carried away into slavery, and at the same time one of the least or merely turned adrift, the ships gut- expensive and troublesome which we ted of every article of value and them- THE MID -PACIFIC 275 selves plundered of provisions, of water "mengamok" was the only outlet for and even of clothing, to die of privation, feelings outraged by oppression, cruelty, or to make if they could some not inhos- misfortune or insult. pitable harbour. Malay Hysteria. A Blow to Piracy. The British did what they could to Running amuck is very uncommon nowadays in Malaya, but it will always suppress piracy, but until the invention occur amongst Malays occasionally, for of steam vessels no real suppression was they are very prone to hysteria. The possible. The first encounter between history of "mengamok" is always the the paddle steamer Diana and a fleet of same, and the long and short of it is five pirate boats is on record. When the that the "pengamok" loses his temper Malays first sighted the steamer they with the world and falls into a bloody thought she was a sailing ship afire, so fury. Seizing the first available weapon they joyously sailed towards her, en- he attacks anyone whom he meets, man, couraged in the idea that she was help- woman or child, with equal ferocity, and less by the fact that she lay still and he kills and kills until he is himself waited for them. The first Malay prahu killed, or until he is captured, or until was allowed to range alongside and people to kill have made themselves so there sunk. This did not deter the oth- scarce that he cannot get at them. The ers, but when the ship afire began to sail desired end of a "pengamok" is death in towards them against the wind the pir- a furious fight, where he may end all in ates were horrified at such an unnatural an exaltation of mind. This end is in proceeding and began to disperse. The some sense heroic in circumstances "Diana" caught them up one by one, which admit no other remedy. But to and—there was a great killing of pirates. be carefully disarmed by entirely compe- Pirates "running amuck" and con- tent police, to be lengthily tried for com- victs, for it was a penal settlement for mon murder, and to be solemnly hanged India, were the chief drawback to Sin- by the neck until dead is an end so little gapore in those early days. The second desired by anyone and so certain nowa- was suppressed by the prohibition of days that the romance which to the Ma- weapon-carrying and by the better ad- lay mind once hung about "mengamok" ministrative conditions which obtained has faded, and running amuck is no there than in the Malay States, where longer a commonplace of Malaya. 276 THE MID-PACIFIC

The great thoroughfare of a metropolis on the Pacific coast of America is little different today from the leading thoroughfare of any world capital, for the Pacific has come into its own. San Francisco's Yesterdays

By WILLIAM A. DANDAS.

MONG the citizens of the new lecturer on literary and philosophical state of California in the fifties, therries. He took advantage of the op- A politics were turbulent from the portunity to weave into his discussions first. Out of the hot contention be- sound unionist and free labor doctrines, tween Broderick and Gwin for a United and did it with so much convincing States senatorship grew the famous clearness and fair-minded moderation, duel between Senator Broderick and that he probably contributed more than Judge Terry. It was fought just over any other one man to keeping Califor- the line in San Mateo county, and re- nia firm for the Union. His grave, in sulted in Broderick's death. Popular front of the church at Franklin and sentiment immediately canonized him as Geary streets, is one of the city's proud- the exponent of Free Soil principles, for est relics. the slavery question was becoming Though distant from the theater of acute and Broderick had been among the war, San Franciscans had early those that contended against slavery in been familiar with names that became California. famous in that struggle. In 1853 Sher- As the drama led up to the climax man swam ashore from a wreck and of the Civil War, efforts to draw Cali- became the San Francisco representa- fornia into secession became more and tive of a St. Louis, banking house. Far- more determined, but were defeated ragut was at Mare Island when the largely through the eloquence and tact Vigilantes were up. Hooker owned a of a Unitarian clergyman, Thomas ranch in Sonoma county, and with Starr King, of Boston and San Fran- Stoneman had made an unsuccessful ef- cisco. fort to run a sawmill at Bodega bay. King was a man of culture, and Fremont had a ranch in Mariposa among a people materially prosperous county. Halleck, Shields and Col. E. D. and intellectually starved he was soon Baker practiced law in San Francisco. in demand, up and down the state, as a McPherson was stationed on Alcatraz 277 278 THE MID-PACIFIC

Island during the early period of the and fur trad6r named Comstock, widely war. Lander, Buell, Ord, Keyes, known as "Old Pancake" from his fond- Heintzelman, Sumner, Hancock, Stone, ness for that article of diet and his no- Porter, Boggs, Grant and Albert Sidney torious inability to bake a good speci- Johnston had all been on the coast at men of it, stumbled on a quartz deposit various times. on the side of Mount Davidson in the As the Spanish war emphasized the Washoe range. He did not discover it. need of a canal at Panama, so the Civil The Comstock lode appears to have been War before it called attention to the discovered by a couple of Irishmen isolation of the Pacific Coast, and the named O'Reilly and McLaughlin, but need of a railroad to connect it with the Comstock argued them out of a share East., A young Connecticut engineer of it and gave his name to the lode. named Theodore D. Judah had been When the news got abroad there fol- called to California to build a line from lowed the greatest mining frenzy ever Sacramento to Placerville. The gran- known, and one that has not yet entirely deur of vision that seems to enchant subsided. Within thirty years the Com- the West came upon him and he dreamed stock mines produced $350,000,000 of a railroad across a continent. The worth of bullion and paid $130,000,000 dream seized Leland Stanford, Collis P. in dividends, mainly to San Francisco Huntington, Mark Hopkins, and Chas. share holders. and E. B. Crocker. They asked great This city was the focal point of the grants from congress, and the hard fever, although it infested the world. logic of the war came to their aid. On California passed through its early gold July 31, 1862, congress passed the Pa- mining days without a stock exchange, cific Railroad bill. Ground was broken for placer mining was a "poor man's in January, 1863. They built forty miles game" and required little capital ; but of snowsheds in the mountains and they shortly after the development of the carted water across the desert. In one Comstock began the Stock and Exchange place they had to haul their rails 740 Board was instituted in San Francisco miles by wagon. But they made it, and to facilitate the floating of mining com- drove the last spike at Promontory, in panies and to regulate dealings in their Utah, on May 10, 1869. shares. This was in 1862. It was a The blows of the silver sledge on the necessary provision against irresponsi- big spike of gold were repeated, stroke bility and wholesale fraud, and yet the, for stroke, on a big bell at the City Hall dealings soon took on the most violent in San Francisco. The road did not phases of the speculating mania, and reach this city until some time after- the whole community became involved, ward, but the effect was to link Cali- from the "tin-horn sport" to the clergy- fornia to the nation indissolubly, and the ," tan, from the washerwoman to the jubilation of the city was just as enthu- banker. siastic as though it had immediately be- Before the end of 1861 nearly one come the western terminus. hundred companies had been formed. By Telegraph communication with the 1876 there were three stock exchanges, eastern states was established in 1862. all thriving. Violent fluctuations of the A wonderful phase of San Francisco stock list could be produced by manipu- life and one that left an indelible Mark lated news and crooked tips from min- on local character was connected with ing operations that were going on be- the development of the mines in Ne- yond the state line and a thousand feet vada. In 1859 a Canadian ex-trapper underground. Giants fought, and finan- THE MID-PACIFIC 279 cially slew one another, for control of Adolph Sutro, United States Senators different mines. Discoveries of "bo- Stewart, Jones and Sharon (Fair also nanzas," or rich deposits, caused im- was a United States senator), W. C. mense jumps in price in a few hours. Ralston, E. J. Baldwin; and James R. At one time the aggregate paper values, Keene, who until his death in January, as quoted on the stock market, ran over 1913, was one of dominant figures of $700,000,000. the Wall Street market. Millionaires were made overnight . The conflagration of April 18 to 21, Strong banks were founded in the city 1906, burned 497 city blocks, or four to finance the mining and milling. Men square miles, out of the heart of the arose to financial power who had a bold city. From the Embarcadero, between grasp of affairs, and a startling breadth the foot of Taylor street and the foot of view, combined with an intense love of Howard, it swept southwestward to for the city where they had made their Van Ness avenue, got a block beyond, wealth, and the brightest dreams of its from Clay to Sutter, jumped Van Ness future power and beauty. again between Golden Gate avenue and They lavished money on such enter- Page street and burned three blocks prises as the Palace Hotel. They and westward, and at the same time swept the railroad magnates crowned Nob Hill the populous area south of Market with palaces whose walls were hung street as far southwest as Dolores and with the costliest tapestries and the most Twentieth. beautiful paintings, whose teak and Twenty-eight thousand buildings were ebony furnishings were inlaid with destroyed in three days. The railroads mother-of-pearl and ivory, and which carried two hundred thousand people made the name of that bit of hill-top out of town. The whole business dis- renowned all over the world. trict was a dreary waste of ashes in In 1872 there occurred a slump in which the only business done for weeks stocks in which prices dropped $60,000,- consisted in dragging safes out of the 000 in ten days. There was a general ruins and breaking them open in the rally of the list, and another decline, in hope of finding some of their contents 1875, of $100,000,000, of which $42,- unburned. 000,000 was lost in a single week. It would have been a thriving com- Gradually the excitement subsided, to munity by this time without the gold flame up again fitfully in 1886 and then mines, for Americans were beginning fall away once more. But the commun- to settle in California before the pres- ity had lived so long in an , atmosphere ence of gold was generally suspected, of enchantment that the glamor of those and agriculture and commerce would days has but increased with time, and have made San Francisco great. Order the real San Franciscan feels that his and security would in some way have city has passed through the golden ro- been evolved if not by the Vigilance mance that makes others commonplace Committee. The Comstock might never by contrast. have been discovered, and still San Among the memorable names Df the Francisco would have continued to time are those of the "Big Four" that thrive, beyond any other city of the built the Central Pacific Railroad— West. Huntington, Hopkins, Stanford and The Spanish galleons no longer trav- Crocker; and the battling giants of the erse their ancient route from Manila to Comstock, Mackay and Fair, Flood and Acapulco, but fleets of steel and steam O'Brien, Alvinza Hayward, D. 0. Mills, must pass on the same trail, back and 280 THE MID-PACIFIC forth between Europe and Asia. Des- fortifications, islands and processions of pite earthquake and fire, the city's com- majestic ships, is one of the inspiring mercial fabric stands on the surest of scenes of the western continent. As foundations—that of economic necessity. many as twenty-five steamers move Were there no San Francisco in exist- through it in. a day. It is the only ence men would have to begin and build breach through the Coast range moun- it now. tains of California. Beyond the Golden The beauty and grandeur of San Gate rises the huge bluffs and ridges Francisco's location have delighted of Mann county, their endless convolu- every visitor that has seen the region tions painted in subdued and harmoni- properly. With the possible exception ous earth colors. Up the ocean shore of Constantinople, no other city has can be seen long points of land running such a setting. It occupies the tip of a westward and making other bays. peninsula about six and three-quarters In San Francisco itself, at points al- miles across, almost surrounded by the most providentially disposed, rise • hills, Pacific Ocean on the west, San Fran- from 300 to over 900 feet in height, cisco Bay on the east and northeast, and, from whose summits superb panoramas along the north, the Golden Gate con- of the city, bay and ocean open to the necting the two. view. The basin of San Francisco bay is How these vistas have impressed one a magnificent amphitheater rimmed with of the most scholarly and discriminat- hills that rise here and there to moun- ing of travelers appears in the oft-quo- tain stature. In the bosom of this am- ted statement of James Bryce, former phitheater lies the bay, a gleaming sheet British Ambassador to the United dotted with islands and shining sails, States, and author, of the "American crisscrossed by busy ferry boats, and Commonwealth," who says : ploughed by stately ocean steamers or big square-riggers from "around the "Few cities in the world can vie with Horn." It is 65 miles long, from 4 to San Francisco either in the beauty or in 10 miles in width ; and into it the great the natural advantages of her situation ; rivers of California, the Sacramento and indeed, there are only two places in Eu- the San Joaquin, discharge the water rope—Constantinople and Gibraltar— that falls on the west slope of the Si- that combine an equally perfect land- erra Nevada mountains and the east scape with what may be called an equal- side of the Coast range, and in the cen- ly imperial position. tral valley section of the state, a region "The city itself is full of bold hills, 400 miles long and from 50 to 60 rising steeply from the deep water. The miles across. air is keen, dry and bright, like the air The Golden Gate is the outlet of this of Greece, and the waters not less blue. drainage area and the channel through Perhaps it is this air and light, recalling which the tides ebb and flow between the cities of the Mediterranean, that the bay and the ocean. It is about two make one involuntarily look up to the and three-quarters miles long, and one tops of these hills for the feudal castle and one-eighth miles in width, and, with or the ruins of the Acropolis, which one its rolling blue water, its lighthouses, thinks must crown them." BULLETIN TOH F E PAN-PACIFIC UNION

CONTENTS

New Series No. 17. March, 1921.

PAGE Aims and Objects of the Pan-Pacific Union 2 Pan-Pacific News 3 The Press Congress of the World 5 The Pan-Pacific Press Conference 6 The Pan-Pacific Educational Conference 7 The Pan-Pacific Scientific Research Council 9 A Pan-Pacific Fish University in Japan 12 Visualizing the Pacific to the World 13 --,., Letters from Congressmen 15 Good Roads in China 16

OFFICERS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION HONORARY PRESIDENTS Woodrow Wilson President of United States William M. Hughes Prime Minister, Australia W. F. Massey Prime Ministet, New Zealand Hsu Shih-Chang President of China Arthur Meighen Premier of Canada Takashi Hara Prime Minister of Japan HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS Franklin K. Lane Ex-Secretary Interior, U. S. A. Dr. L. S. Rowe Director-General Pan-American Union Prince J. K. Kalanianaole Delegate to Congress from Hawaii Yeh Chung Cho Minister of Communication, China Francis Burton Harrison Governor-General of the Philippines Thos. Riggs, Jr. Governor of Alaska The Governor-General of Java. The Premiers of Australian States. The Premier of British Columbia. President—Hon. C. J. McCarthy Governor of Hawaii Secretary-Director—Alexander Hume Ford Honolulu

Prince I. Tokugawa—President House of Peers, Tokyo President Pan- Pacific Association of Japan Tong Shao 11—Ex-Premier of China....Pres. Pan-Pacific Association of China

HONOLULU • Published by the Union 1921.

. --‘4. Pan-Parifir Union

Central Offices, Honolulu, Hawaii, at the Ocean's Crossroads. PRESIDENT, HON. C. J. McCARTHY, Governor of Hawaii. ALEXANDER HUME FORD, Honolulu, Secretary-Director. The Pan-Pacific Union, representing the lands about the greatest of oceans, is supported by appropriations from Pacific governments. It works chiefly through the calling of conferences, for the greater advancement of, and cooperation among, all the races and peoples of the Pacific. HONORARY PRESIDENTS Woodrow Wilson President of the United States William M. Hughes Prime Minister of Australia W. F. Massey Prime Minister of New Zealand Hsu Shih-chang President of China Arthur Meighen Premier of Canada Takashi Hara Prime Minister of Japan HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS Franklin K. Lane Ex-Secretary of the Interior, U. S. A. Dr. L. S. Rowe Director-General Pan-American Union Prince J. K. Kalanianaole Delegate to Congress from Hawaii Yeh Kung Cho Minister of Communications, China Frances Burton Harrison The Governor-General of the Philippines The Premiers of Australian States and of British Columbia. The Governor-General of Java. The Governor of Alaska. The Pan-Pacific Union is incorporated with an International Board of Trustees, representing every race and nation of the Pacific. The trustees may be added to or replaced by appointed representatives of the different countries cooperating in the Pan-Pacific Union. The following are the main objects set forth in the charter of the Pan-Pacific Union: 1. To call in conference delegates from all Pacific peoples for the purpose of discussing and furthering the interests common to Pacific nations. 2. To maintain in Hawaii and other Pacific lands bureaus of information and education concerning matters of interest to the people of the Pacific, and to disseminate to the world information of every kind of progress and opportunity in Pacific lands, and to promote the comfort and interests of all visitors. 3. To aid and assist those in all Pacific communities to better understand each other, and to work together for the furtherance of the best interests of the land of their adoption, and, through them, to spread abroad about the Pacific the friendly spirit of inter- racial cooperation. 4. To assist and to aid the different races in lands of the Pacific to cooperate in local affairs, to raise produce, and to create home manufactured goods. 5. To own real estate, erect buildings needed for housing exhibits ; provided and maintained by the respective local committees. 6. To maintain a Pan-Pacific Commercial Museum, and Art Gallery. 7. To create dioramas, gather exhibits, books and other Pan-Pacific material of educational or instructive value. 8. To promote and conduct a Pan-Pacific Exposition of the handicrafts of the Pacific peoples, of their works of art, and scenic dioramas of the most beautiful bits of Pacific lands, or illustrating great Pacific industries. 9. To establish and maintain a permanent college and "clearing house" of information (printed and otherwise) concerning the lands, commerce, peoples, and trade opportunities in countries of the Pacific, creating libraries of commercial knowledge, and training men in this commercial knowledge of Pacific lands. 10. To secure the cooperation and support of Federal and State governments, chambers of commerce, city governments, and of individuals. 1 1. To enlist for this work of publicity in behalf of Alaska, the Territory of Hawaii, and the Philippines, Federal aid and financial support, as well as similar cooperation and support from all Pacific governments. 1 2. To bring all nations and peoples about the Pacific Ocean into closer friendly and commercial contact and relationship.

PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN. 3 Pan-Pacific News HE Press Congress of the World The thanks of the Pan-Pacific Union invites publishers and editors of have been extended to the Pan-Ameri- T every land to meet each other in can Union in Washington for its helpful Honolulu on October 4. They will re- cooperation in bringing to main in session for ten days. Hawaii Pan- the attention of the Latin and the Pan-Pacific Union American Americans the purposes of The Press will do their share in en- Cooperation. the Pan-Pacific Educa- Congress of tertaining the visitors. It tional Conference and of the World is expected that a trip to the Press Congress of the World, which the ever-active volcano of are to be held in Honolulu during this Kilauea will be a part of the itinerary year. Dr. L. S. Rowe, formerly of the of entertainment for the visitors. There United States State' Department, is the will be a Pan-Pacific sec- new director-general of the Pan-Ameri- Pan-Pacific tion in the Press Congress can Union, and has sent the strongest Educational of the World. words of encouragement to the Pan- Conference. The Secretary of the In- Pacific Union, with assurances of his terior, having the United hearty cooperation and assistance. States Bureau of Education under his Recently Viscount Tadashira Inouye, direction, has made a courteous request member of the Japanese" Houseof Peers, to the Secretary of State that he issue leading educationalist in his country, and the invitations to the countries bordering vice-president of the Pan-Pacific Asso- on the Pacific 'to send delegates to the ciation of Tokyo, was the guest of honor first Pan-Pacific Educational Conference of the Pan-Pacific Union in Honolulu,. to be held in Honolulu, August 4 to 14. together with another distinguished Japanese educator, Dr. Muko Gunji, The educational leaders of every Pacific land are invited by the Pan-Pacific who for many years has sought to have Japan adopt the Roman alphabet. Both Union to attend this conference, and of the gentlemen assisted in the enter- they may be sure of a warm welcome and generous entertainment in Hono- tainment of the Congressional party lulu and throughout Hawaii. that visited Japan last summer. Viscount Inouye was constantly with The Pan-Pacific Scientific Research the party and took a leading part in or- Council is now appointed and organized. ganizing the Pan-Pacific Association in It will set the date for the second Pan- Japan. He is a distin- Pacific Scientific Confer- Japan and guished doctor of engi- Scientific ence, which will be called by the Pan-Pacific neering and an accom- Research the Pan-Pacific Union as Union. plished English schol- Council. soon as the scientists settle ar. It is expected that on the dates, probably in both he and Dr. Muko Gunji will return 1923. The Council has had generous to Honolulu in time to attend the Pan- letters of approval from scientific men Pacific Educational Conference, in which and organizations in every Pacific land. they are much interested. Its headquarters will be maintained at The hosts delegated to honor these the Ocean's-Cross Roads and will act as educators from Japan were Hon. C. a clearing house of information for those J. McCarthy, Governor of Hawaii ; who are seeking to solve the scientific Hon. Sanford B. Dole, first Pres- problems in Pacific lands. ident of the Republic of Hawaii ; 4 PAN - PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN.

Alexander Hume Ford, Secretary-Direc- Association to raise a million dollars to tor of the Pan-Pacific Union; Dr. A. L. build a sample auto road from Shanghai Dean, President of the University of to Peking. Hawaii ; A. L. Griffiths, President of Pan-Pacific associations are being Punahou Academy ; J. L. Hopwood, formed in Hangchow, a city of a million Principal of the Mid-Pacific Institute ; population, in Wusih, China, and in Frank L. Atherton, Director of the Y. other cities in the southern provinces. M. C. A.; George Denison, President of The work of establishing these or- the Honolulu Chamber of Commerce ; ganizations is being done by .the Shang- K. Naito, Japanese Vice-Consul ; Charles hai association, which has F. Clemons, Director of the University Pan-Pacific several thousand members. Club ; Dr. T. Harada, University of Progress The association there has Hawaii ; Dr. I. Mori, T. Onodera, Secre- in China. also created the first Chi- tary of the Japanese Chamber of Com- nese tourist bureau. merce ; B. M. Matsuzawa, W. E. Givens, The Shanghai association is one of Principal of McKinley High School ; Y. the most active of the Pan-Pacific or- Soga, editor of the Nippu Jiji ; W. R. ganizations, and is looking for an ex- Farrington, manager of the Honolulu ecutive whom it will pay $1000 a month. Star-Bulletin ; F. E. Blake, manager of From all parts of the world comes the Hawaiian Electric Company ; Sam news of activities started by the Pan- B. Trissel, editor of the Pacific Com- Pacific Union. Information has been mercial-Advertiser ; Dr. C. H. Edmond- received from Australia that as a result son of the Bishop Museum, and Gov- of the Pan-Pacific Scientific Conference ernor Myron T. Herrick. held here recently, the scientists in Ha- A little more than a year ago Harry waii and Australia are cooperating in B. Campbell, President of the Honolulu their respective lines, especially in ento- Foreign Trade Club, and manager of the mology. In New Zealand Professor Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Chilton, who was a delegate, is giving a office, was snapped up by series of illustrated lectures in Canter- Good the Dupont de Nemours bury college on Honolulu and the Ha- Roads for Company and stationed at waiian islands. Dr. Edmund 0. Hovey China. Shanghai. An ardent Pan- of the Museum of Natural History in Pacific man, he secured the New York writes he is giving a series Chinese representation of the Pan-Pa- of Hawaiian illustrated lectures there. cific Union, organized a Pan-Pacific As- That part of Latin America facing the sociation as a branch of the Union in Pacific Coast is awaking to the value Shanghai, got the biggest men in China of the Pan-Pacific Union. It is expected at its head, and thousands of members. that quite a number of Latin American He convinced the Chinese that the only delegates will attend both the Pan-Pa- thing that would bind their Republic cific Educational Conference in August together was "Good Roads," and he be- as well as the Press Congress of the gan a campaign through the Pan-Pacific World in October. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN. 5 The Press Congress of the World Honolulu, October 4 to 14, 1921 HE January "Congress Bulletin" cers to expect an attendance even of the Press Congress of the larger than would have been possible at T World makes announcement that Sydney. The Pacific Ocean countries the Press Congress of the World is to particularly are planning to send big meet in Honolulu Oct. 4 to 14. It says delegations. Word received from Con- in its leading article : gress members in almost every country "The Press Congress of the World of the world indicate that the sessions will hold its 1921 meeting in Honolulu, in Honolulu will be representative of Hawaiian Islands, U. S. A., from Octo- the many nations and of every field of journalistic endeavor." ber 4 to 14, inclusive. The Executive Committee of the Congress has accepted Its editorial column says : the invitation to meet in Honolulu presented by C. J. McCarthy, Governor of "The Press Congress of the World Hawaii ; Alexander Hume Ford, Secre- has for its purpose the service of jour- tary of the Pan-Pacific Union ; W. R. nalism and through journalism the Farrington, manager of the Honolulu service Of mankind. It seeks to extend Star-Bulletin, and L. A. Thurston, pro- acquaintanceship, to increase knowledge, prietor of the Pacific Commercial-Ad- promote news communication, dissem- vertiser. inate helpful ideas in journalism, elevate "The Government of the Philippines, journalistic standards, enlarge the use- through its Resident Commissioners in fulness of the profession of journalism. Washington, Jaime C. de Veyra and It will not interfere with any existing Isauro Gabaldon, invited the delegates press organization. It does not concern to an excursion to the Philippines fol- itself with questions of religion, politics lowing the sessions in Honolulu. The or government. Its programs will be Executive Committee has accepted this devoted to discussions of vital impor- invitation also, and arrangements are tance to the press. Its only interest is now being made for a voyage to start the service of journalism, which is itself at Honolulu shortly after the middle of a profession of public service. To that October. end, and in that interest, it invites the "Preparations for the meeting next the cooperation of all journalists every- October already are well under way. where." Negotiations that will give the delegates In Honolulu the Committee of Three, and other members attending conces- Wallace R. Farrington, business man- sions in transportation and hotel rates ager of the Star-Bulletin ; Lorrin A. are practically completed. The com- Thurston, proprietor of the Pacific Com- mittee in charge of arrangements in mercial Advertiser, and Alexander Honolulu is at work in preparation for Hume Ford, Secretary-Director of the the meeting. Pan-•Pacific Union, have met with the "The location of the Hawaiian newspaper men of the territory and Islands, the accessibility of Honolulu, committees have been appointed to un- and its general desirability as the seat dertake the care of the delegates when of the Congress sessions cause its offi- they arrive in Honolulu. 6 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN. THE PAN-PACIFIC PRESS CONFERENCE HE Pan-Pacific Press Conference My dear Sir : will become a department of the As you are aware, our invitation has T Press Congress of the World. been accepted and the World's Press This has been decided upon by Di. Wal- Congress will meet in Honolulu Octo- ter Williams, President of the Press ber 4 to 14. Dr. Walter Williams, Pres- Congress of the World, who writes as , ident of the Press Congress, has sug- follows to the secretary of the Pan-Pa- gested that we hold a Pan-Pacific sec- ,cific Union : tion, and I feel that this would be wise. January 18, 1921. I think especially the newspaper men of the Pacific should get together. Mr. Alexander Hume Ford, Pan-Pacific For instance, there has recently come Union, Honolulu, HaNn4ii. to us at the Pan-Pacific Union requests Dear Mr. Ford : from different editors of the Pacific for I thank you for your letters. I write cooperation in the press and newspaper today to Mr. Farrington regarding om- service of the Pacific. If we can get to- mittee organization and making other gether I think there is a strong possi- suggestions. Let me add further in re- bility that a drop-off news station can spect to your letters. be .maintained in Honolulu so that all I hope you can, through the branches dispatches; coming through Honolulu of the Pan-Pacific Union in various can be relayed to each country of the Pacific Ocean countries, help to bring Pacific, or to those countries that de- about the attendance of journalists, del- sire particular kinds of news. Java is egates and visitors to •the Congress, particularly keen to get in with the October 4 to 14. I think it would be other countries of the Pacific in main- wise to have a section of the Congress taining a newspaper distribution point devoted to Pan-Pacific journalism, and here at the Crossroads of the oceans, so to arrange it in the program. I am and this may be one of the topics we now drafting a tentative program for can take up for discussion. submission to our Executive Commit- I wish you would write me what you tee and will advise you at the first op- think of the plan of having a Pan- portunity regarding it. In this way we Pacific Press Department, and whether can not only promote the attendance at it might not be worth while for the the Congress, but perhaps be of much newspaper men of the Pacific to get to- help to journalism in Pacific Ocean gether in a permanent organization and lands. hold conferences once in a while. I am asking my secretary, Mr. Morris, The Press Congress of the World is to prepare for the Mid-Pacific Maga- a distinct Organization. The Pan- zine an article on the Press Congress, Pacific Union and the newspaper men its opportunities and purpose. You here are cooperating to make this con- should receive it at an early date. gress a great success, but the Pan- With cordial personal regard, Pacific Union is more directly interested in the newspaper and magazines Very sincerely, of the Pacific, and if we can be of any (Signed) WALTER WILLIAMS, service in coordinating the interests of President. these we should be glad to be of what- The Pan-Pacific Union, through its ever assistance we can. Secretary, has sent the following letter I would like very much to have your to the newspaper men of the Pacific : views on this subject. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN. 7 The First Pan-Pacific Educational Conference Is Called to Meet in Honolulu, August 11 to 21, 1921 ON. JOHN BARTON PAYNE, tem of each country—its organization, Secretary of the Interior of the purpose, machinery and methods. H United States, has made a for- 2. What are the outstanding educa- mal request to the Department of tional problems of each country? State that it issue an invitation to 3. What should be the ideals of edu- the governments of the countries bor- cation in each country ? dering on the Pacific to send delegates a. As to preparation for citizen- to the First Pan-Pacific Educational ship. Conference, which is called by the Pan- b. As to preparation for the voca- Pacific Union on dates set by Dr. P. P. tions. Claxton, United States Commissioner of c. As to preparation for individ- Education, August 4 to 14, in Honolulu, ual development, including health. at the at ean's cross roads. Dr. Claxton 4. How are these ideals affected by has forwarded the following suggestions forms of government and by the social to the local committee in Honolulu con- ideals of the respective countries ? How cerning the program : affected by geographical conditions, in- 1. Should be stated in the form of cluding natural resources ? 6 to 12 fundamental questions. Elements Included Outlined. 2. Delegates should be informed of the questions and come prepared to dis- 5. What elements should be included cuss them in detail. Possibly one person in the education of these countries to in each country should be detailed to serve international relations ? give specific consideration to each ques- a. Commercial relations ? tion. The person best qualified to dis- b. Political relations? cuss given questions should be deter- 6. What is taught in the schools of mined. each country in regard to the other countries of the group—as to resources, 3. After every formal paper there industries, commerce, people, civiliza- should be a semi-formal discussion by tion, ideals, government, etc.? delegates. (Round-table). a. What does a child know about 4. A committee on resolutions should these matters at the end of the ele- be appointed. mentary school period? At the end 5. During the first three days there of the high school period? At the end should be two sessions held daily. Dur- of the college period? ing the next five days there should be b. What attitude of mind toward but one session daily, giving time and the other countries will the child have opportunity for committee work and as a result ? for conferences among individuals. c. To what extent is it desirable During the last two days two sessions to teach the language and literature should be held daily. of given countries in the others? 7. By what means may the schools Tentative Questions. and other educational agencies assure the continuity and still further strength- 1. A brief statement of descriptive en the cordial relations existing among character covering the educational sys- the countries of the group ? 8 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN.

Adult Extension Courses. Dr. Henry E. Jackson, President of the National Community Board, expects 8. The extension of adult education to be in Hawaii to coordinate the work through community activities and other- at the ocean's cross roads and preside wise . over the community service section of 9. The need of research from the the Educational Conference. The chief standpoint of practical results in agri- endeavor of this organization is to make culture, homemaking, industry, com- every schoolhouse the center of commerce, etc. munity work. In this way the schools will be used in the evening for educa- 10. The preparation and pay of the tional extension work among adults. teachers of all grades. Letters are being received by the Pan- Dr. Claxton and his associates advise Pacific Union from leading educators the Pan-Pacific Union to follow up the from Alaska to Chile, and from Japan general invitation sent out, with invita- to New Zealand, expressing interest in tions, giving the outline of the scope of the proposed Pan-Pacific Educational the conference and urging attendance of Conference. This first Pan-Pacific Edu- delegates who may be particularly de- cational Conference it is expected will sired from each country. The follow- prepare the way and lay the foundation ing is the list of nations to which invi- for a series of similar conferences held tations requesting that delegates be sent perhaps biennially that will bring the to the first Pan-Pacific Educational Con- leaders in educational work of every Pa- ference are being forwarded from Wash- cific land to discuss further plans for ington. coordination and cooperation entirely United States, Canada, Mexico, Guat- around the great ocean. emala, Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Educators in every Pacific land are Costo Rica, Panama, Columbia, Ecua- cordially invited by the Pan-Pacific dor, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Siberia (Rus- Union to write to its secretary, making sia), Japan, China, French Cochin China, any suggestions they see fit in regard Siam, Netherlands East Indies (Java, to the scope of the First Pan-Pacific Sumatra), Australia, New Zealand, Fed- Educational Conference. Several very erated Malay States (British), Borneo. distinguished educators have written ex- Dr. Francis E. Holley has written to pressing a desire to attend this confer- the Pan-Pacific Union that he will spend ence, and such confidences are invited. some time in Hawaii and an effort will It is far better to have those as dele- be made to hold as a section of the edu- gates who really wish to come than cational gathering a Pan-Pacific Visual those who must be persuaded. Every Education Conference. Dr. Holley is educator in every Pacific country is in- the director of the Bureau of Commer- vited to communicate with the Pan-Pa- cial Economics in Washington. cific Union. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN. 9 The Pan-Pacific Scientific Research Council PAN - PACIFIC Scientific Re- M. Fraser, director Biological Station, search Council has been ap- Nanaimo, B. C., for Canada ; Dr. F. A pointed by the Pan-Pacific Union Omori, Tokyo Imperial University, for in conformity with its charter. This Japan ; and Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan, council will co-ordinate the work begun U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, by the first Pan-Pacific scientific conf^ - for the United States. A Hawaiian science, called by the Union and in session entist is to be appointed on, the hold- in Honolulu August, 1920. It also will over committee. outline and formulate the scope of the The dean of Hawaii scientists, a di- next Pan-Pacific scientific conference rector of the Pan-Pacific Union and di- which will be called by the Union to rector emeritus of the Bishop Museum, convene in Honolulu either in 1922 or has been appointed chairman of the Pan- in 1923. Pacific Scientific Research Council. The The Pan Pacific Scientific Research chairman, Dr. Herbert E. Gregory, and Council includes in its membership the the vice chairman, Dr. A. L. Dean, of hold-over committee of six from the the first Pan-Pacific Scientific Confer- first conference. This hold-over com- ence, have been asked to act as honorary mittee may be brought to Honolulu next chairmen of the council, supervising in summer to confer with the local council the next scientific conference the gather- in outlining the scope of the second Pan- ings that particularly interest the Bishop Pacific conference. Beside the local Museum and the University of Hawaii. members of the council, representing The Pan-Pacific Union appropriated each and every scientific body in Ha- $18,000 to cover the expenses of the waii, there are about fifty correspond- first Pan-Pacific Conference, including ing and advisory members, scientists in the printing of the proceedings, now in lands about the Pacific who have given press. It is expected that the second assurance of their hearty approval of conference being of much larger scope the work of the Pan-Pacific Union in will be proportionately more expensive, appointing the council and of their will- and the Council will be asked to prepare ingness to represent the Union in the and present a tentative budget. scientific section of its work. The following local scientists representing their respective bodies will The branches of the Pan-Pacific Union serve on the Scientific Research Coun- in Japan, the Philippines, Canada, Aus- cil : tralia, and in New Zealand have been requested by the central body in Hono- W. T. Brigham, A. M. Sc. D., chair- lulu to aid their local scientists in or- man ; anthropologist ; director emeritus ganizing committees in these countries. Bishop Museum. The Pan American Union is asked to as- Lawrence H. Daingerfield„ Ph. D., sist in a similar manner in the United meterologist, U. S. Weather Bureau. States and throughout Latin America. C. H. Edmondson. M. S., Ph. B., Ph. The members of the hold-over com- D., professor of biology, University of mittee from the first Pan-Pacific sci- Hawaii. entific conference are : E. C. Andrews, T. A. Jaggar, Jr., A. M., Ph. D., vol- chief of the Geological Survey, Sydney, canologist ; director Hawaiian volcano New South Wales, for Australia ; Dr. observatory. Charles F. Chilton, Canterbury College, H. L. Lyon, Ph. D., botanist ;H. S. Christchurch, for New Zealand; Prof. C. P. A. 10 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN.

C. S. Judd, M. S., botanist ; superin- calling through the Pan-Pacific Union, tendent forestry, Territory of Hawaii. the second Pan-Pacific Conference to Dr. I. Mori, Hawaiian Medical Asso- be held at the ocean's crossroads, and ciation. that a Pacific country other than the H. S. Palmer, A. B., geologist ; Uni- United States would be asked to name versity of Hawaii. an honorary chairman for the confer- J. F. G. Stokes, ethnologist ; Bishop ence. This subject was taken up in Museum. Japan last summer, and it is very likely 0. H. Swezey, entomologist ; H. S. P. that the premier of Japan will issue A. Experinient Station. through the Union, of which he is an Commander R. L. Walker, oceano- honorary president, the call for the sec- grapher, U. S. Naval Station, Pearl ond Pan-Pacific Scientific Conference, Harbor. the Pan-Pacific Union suggesting Dr. T. J. M. Westgate, botany ; director U. Omori of the Tokyo Imperial Univer- S. Experiment Station. sity as honorary chairman and again The president and secretary-director asking Dr. Herbert E. Gregory to as- of the Pan-Pacific Union members ex- sume the active chairmanship, as this officio. would probably meet the entire approval Seek Broader Scope of the scientific council. The council was appointed to act at This City the Center the suggestion of a number of scientists, delegates to the first Pan-Pacific Scien- Ten years ago when the first Pan- tific Conference, who believed that the Pacific Congress was held in Honolulu, scope of the next conference should be on motion from the representatives from on a far broader basis than the first, Australia and New Zealand, it was which was but preliminary to the series unanimously voted to make Honolulu the Pan-Pacific Union pledged itself to the Pan-Pacific Conference center on call at the ocean's crossroads. account of its position at the very cross- The entomologists desire a section in roads of the Pacific, and because of the the second conference under their di- many Pacific colonies residing together rection, the scientific agriculturists wish in perfect harmony in the city. For that their department, the medical men wish reason the central offices of the Pan- to gather their brothers to discuss the Pacific Union were established in Hono- scientific problems of health in the Pa- lulu and a charter taken out under the cific lands, while several other scientific laws of Hawaii. bodies desire attention given to their It is proposed to have the Oriental particular problems in the Pacific area. branches of the :Union promote Far The council will be expected to take Eastern scientific conferences, and the these matters up as it is composed of New Zealand and Australian branches, men who represent the different bodies Australasian conferences 'to which the of scientists. Pan-Pacific Union will assist in getting As set forth in the report of the delegates from every Pacific land. Every secretary-director of the Pan-Pacific three years a Pan-Pacific Scientific Con- Union trustees, when it was decided to ference will be called to convene here, work through Washington and appoint and it is expected that the Honolulu a leading American scientist as chair- body of scientists will undertake to dis- man of the first. Pan-Scientific Confer- seminate the information it gathers and ence, it was then intimated that' Japan collates ; this probably in time necessi- or some other land across the ocean tating a staff of salaried' scientific men would be asked to take the initiative in trained in research work. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN. 11

The Pan-Pacific Scientific Research The main purposes of the Pan-Paci- Council has been appointed with the fic Scientific Research Council, as set caution that its work shall carefully forth by the Union are : avoid ever bringing the Union under To organize, create and conduct an criticism as being used to promote or institute of learning that will gather and disseminate information of a sci- advertise any local scientific bodies in- entific character. terested in the solution of Pacific scien- To act for and co-operate with the tific problems. Pan-Pacific Union in calling and con- Already the Pan-Pacific Union has ducting its Pan-Pacific Scientific confer- received assurances of hearty co-opera- ences. tion from scientific research bodies in To gather, preserve and collate the other lands as well as from the ma- material and papers presented at or jority of the delegates who attended the connected with the Pan-Pacific Scientific first Pan-Pacific scientific conference. conference. It happens often that government ap- To correspond with scientific bodies propriations to the Pan-Pacific Union throughout the world, but more partic- for its conferences are made in blanket ularly with those interested in the solu- form, leaving it to the Union to appro- tion of the scientific problems of the priate the necessary expenses to cover Pacific area. either commercial or educational conferences. The scientific conference To co-operate with the Pan-Pacific comes under the latter head although Union in securing from the legislature, some of the scientists may be invited and commercial bodies, as well as from to attend the commercial conferences, individuals, the appropriations and funds especially those scientists who are mak- necessary for conducting the scientific ing a study of the lift habits and mi- conferences called by or through the grations of fish in the Pacific, for the Pan Pacific Union and in carrying on hope is growing that the commercial in- scientific research approved by the Pan- terests may be induced to found in each Pacific Union. Pacific country a college for the study The Pan-Pacific Union is incorporated of fish. A Japanese capitalist .has al- as an international body of trustees, the ready offered to found and maintain consuls in Honolulu from all Pacific such a college near Osaka on the Inland lands are on its board of management, sea, with the hope that others in each as are men of all Pacific races. The Pacific land may follow his example, un- heads of all Pacific governments are til finally there is a Pan-Pacific Fish among its officers and active workers. University established with branches around the ocean and a central service The Pan-Pacific Scientific Research station in Hawaii. At the Legislative Council will have their co-operation and Pan-Pacific Conference, the scientists support; and it is hoped that the second who understand the depredations made Pan-Pacific Scientific conference, called in the Pacific waters by unscientific com- by the Pan-Pacific Union, will forward mercial fishers, will find a welcome place, the excellent work done by the first for it is proposed to secure international conference. The Pan-Pacific Union will fishery laws for the whole Pacific area. do its share in backing the efforts of the In fact the different Pan-Pacific confer- scientists in Pacific lands to get together ences will overlap and co-operate with to work out the problems that are par- each other in many ways. ticularly their—and ours. 12 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN. A Pan-Pacific Fish University in Japan

(From the Commercial-Advertiser) he is financing to erect a number of buildings on the park in Osaka which HEN the Pan-Pacific Scientific will bear his name. The park juts out Conference was first discussed, into the inland sea and is surrounded by W the promise made by some of waters that teem with fish. The main the scientists was that they, with proper building on one side of the park is the backing, would be able to point out how aquarium. Nearby is to be the building the Pacific might be made to produce the that will be used for housing a library world's supply of fish food. on Pacific ocean research, especially with This statement was flung far and regard to the habits of fish. Near to wide by the Pan-Pacific Union, with the this is to be a three-story building which result that from every state of the Pa- will be used as a laboratory for the cific scientists interested in the habits of study of fish culture. Then there will fish are writing to the union and urging be another large building which will that it get the fishery scientists together house students from every part of Japan, again to take up a definite study of the who will take up the study of fish as migrations and habits of fish, that they their- life work. Mr. Hirabayashi has in turn may advise the governments of made an initial appropriation of $200,000 the Pacific what laws should be passed and will contribute as much more as may for the protection of young food fish, be necessary to make this university for that the kings of commerce may in time the study of the habits of fish of the be able to establish fisheries and put up Pacific ocean the most complete to be canneries that will preserve sufficient found anywhere. food from the Pacific ocean to feed the After two weeks in Hawaii these gen- world. tlemen will go, with letters of introduc- Japan has already taken active steps tion from the Pan-Pacific Union to the to assist in gathering this information. Pacific coast, where they will study the At the Pan-Pacific Union building re- methods that are there pursued for gain- cently three representatives of the mer- ing a better knowledge of fish and their chant -prince of Osaka called with in- habits in the Pacific ocean. troductions from Yosuke Matsuoka, consul general for Japan, and one of the directors of the Pan-Pacific Association At present there is something along in Tokio. These gentlemen, Dr. Kichiro the lines of a fish university in Seattle. Yuasa of the Waseda University library, It is to be hoped that similar institutions S. Nagata and J. Takenaka of Tokio, will be established in every Pacific coun- brought with them plans of a park in try and that jointly they will accom- Osaka, on which buildings are to be plish the solution of many of the prob- erected for the study of the fish of the lems of fish migration in Pacific waters. Pacific. • Here is something upon which the Pan- They had been directed by their chief, Pacific Scientific Research Council A. Hirabayashi, the multimillionaire of might well center its initiatory efforts— Osaka, to call on the Pan-Pacific Union the establishment of fishery colleges in for advice and cooperation in the plan all Pacific lands. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN. 13 Centering the Eyes of the World on the Pacific HE Pan-Pacific Union has begun resolutions, just passed by the commit- the collection of scenic, educational, tee, which read as follows : T and industrial films from every Whereas, The Bureau of Commercial Pacific land, these to be shown in all Economics of Washington, D. C., which countries of the world, that those represents many governments in visual abroad may secure through visual edu- educational work, has appointed the cation a better knowledge of the advan- Pan-Pacific Union as its receiving and tage of residence in Pacific lands. distributing agency for the Pacific ; The world will be taught that the therefore, Pacific Ocean is the future theater of Be it resolved, That this committee the world's commerce and that more begin at once the collection, first, of a than half the population of the globe series of Hawaiian films of an educa- live in lands in or about its waters. tional, industrial or instructive nature, The method being adopted in Ha- to be distributed throughout the world waii to secure films to be used abroad by the agencies of the bureau of com- for visually educating the world as to mercial economics, to be followed by a the advantages of Hawaii will be put similar collection from each Pacific in vogue by the Pan-Pacific Union in land for similar distribution. all Pacific lands, and as their coopera- Be it further resolved, That the co- tion is being asked in this work, the operation of all business and educa- following article from the Honolulu tional interests be enlisted in the col- Star-Bulletin of recent date is repro- lection of a library of educational mo- duced in order that the idea may be tion picture films, with the understand- made clear as to just what the Pan- ing that the negatives of these films be Pacific Visual Education Committee loaned to the bureau of commercial hopes to accomplish for the countries economics to be reproduced to the ex- in Pacific lands in the way of making tent of 10 positives from each reel of their attractions known to the world a thousand feet of film, at actual cost that attends motion picture exhibitions : price to this committee, and that free "Today letters signed by the Hon. of further expense to this committee Walter F. Frear, chairman of the Vis- these 10 positives from each reel of ual Education Committee ; Charles F. film be taken over by the bureau of Loomis of the Y. M. C. A. community commercial economics and other kin- work, and Alexander Hume Ford, sec- dred organizations for distribution and retary-director of the Pan-Pacific use through its agencies in the thea- Union, are being sent out requesting ters, colleges, schools and by open air certain organizations to participate in exhibits throughout the world. one of the most remarkable publicity Be it further resolved, That as the campaigns yet attempted for Hawaii actual cost of making each reel of Ha- and the Pacific, and it has the backing waiian film, allowing for 1000 feet of of Washington, D. C. The plan is to good effective film and 1000 feet of educate the entire world by the means discard, printing from the negatives of motion pictures as to the advan- 10 positives for circulation, will amount tages of Hawaii and all Pacific lands to some $1200, that the secretary of as a place of residence. the Pan-Pacific Visual Education Com- The story of what the Pan-Pacific mittee be instructed to enter into corre- Visual Education Committee expects spondence with the following firms and to accomplish can best be told in the organizations, requesting from each an 14 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN. appropriation of $1200 for the purpose are: Chairman, Ex-Governor Walter F. of procuring the negatives suggested Frear ; secretary, Charles F. Loomis, and having printed from them for cir- welfare leader in Y. M. C. A. work ; culation at home and abroad a mini- Dr. K. C. Leebrick of the University mum of 10 positives : of Hawaii ; Vaughan MacCaughey, Su- "The Hawaii Tourist Bureau, the perintendent of Public Instruction, Ter- Hawaii Publicity Committee, the Ha- ritory of Hawaii ; D. S. Bowman, head waiian Volcano Research Association, of welfare work for the Hawaiian the Hilo Board of Trade, the Hilo Au- Sugar Planters' Association; H. W. tomobile Club, the Hilo Ad Club, the Metcalf, visual education manager, garage companies, the Hilo Railway Army and Navy Y. M. C. A.; W. E. Company, the hotels of Hawaii, the Givens, principal McKinley High Parker ranch, the Inter-Island Steam School ; B. M. Matsuzawa, Japanese Navigation Company, the Matson Navi- leader of Y. M. C. A. work ; K. F. gation Company, the Hawaiian soci- Lum, Chinese secretary, Y. M. C. A.; eties, the Hawaiian' Board of Missions, D. H. Klinefelter, leader in Filipino the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Associa- mission work ; Frank Midkif, f, chair- tion, the Hawaiian Pineapple Associa- man Americanization Committee, Ho- tion, the Territorial Hotel Company, nolulu Post, the American Legion ; the other hotels of Honolulu, the Oahu Judge William Heen, ex-president Ha- Railway, the Honolulu Street Railway waiian Civic Club, with Governor C. J Company, the universities, colleges, McCarthy and A. H. Ford, Secretary schools, the Carnival Committee, the Pan-Pacific Union, ex-officio members. Pan-Pacific Union, the Honolulu Au- Plans Are Discussed. tomobile Club, the Honolulu Ad Club, In making its estimate of the cost Boy Scouts of Hawaii, the clubs, the of films for the Hawaiian library for Board of Agriculture, the Honolulu free distribution, the Pan-Pacific Vis- Chamber of Commerce, the Maui ual Education Committee has taken into Chamber of Commerce, the Chamber of consideration the expenses of the op- Commerce of Kauai, Lanai ranch, Mo- erator who makes the pictures, as well lokai ranch and other interests, the as the cost of the film that must be Portuguese societies, the Chinese Mer- discarded to secure the best results. It chants' Association, the Japanese is figured also that small bits of nega- Chamber of Commerce, the Japanese tives will be needed from each subject, community, the Filipino National As- and these, with appropriate titles, will sociation, the Korean National Associa- be loaned to the big film exchanges tion, the Hawaiian Board of Education, from which to make positives to send the American Legion or recruiting out to their circuits of theaters, either service, U. S. A., from interested in- in the weekly news or travel picture dividuals, and firms, from the Oceanic service, or when the films are flowing Steamship Company, from the Union in from other Pacific lands, it may be Steamship Company of New Zealand, that a Pan-Pacific weekly film may be the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, put on in the theaters, giving a score the Toyo Kisen Kaisha Company, the of feet or so of motion pictures from China Mail Steamship Company, the N. each Pacific land, including Hawaii. Y. K. Company, the Bernice Pauahi The Pan-Pacific Union now has the Museum, the Central Y. M. C. A." splendid cooperation of Washington Members of Committee. and is assured the support of most of The members of the Pan-Pacific Vis- the other governments of the Pacific ual Education Committee in Hawaii in its visual educational work. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN. 15 Two Letters From Congressmen ONGRESSMAN JOHN H. there are diverse interests, as between SMALL, who was a member of Japan and our country which could C the congressional party that visit- scarcely be otherwise as between two ed Hawaii and the Orient last summer, peoples who are rivals in trade and who has written a very interesting letter to are aggressive in their individual activi- the secretary of the Pan-Pacific Union ties, but I cannot see the slightest reason in which he says that he wishes many why the people of the two nations can- intelligent Americans could visit the not maintain friendly relations. My visit Orient and get the right perspective re- to Japan impressed me that a very large garding the many problems in that part element among intelligent Japanese wish of the world which affect the United to maintain friendly relations with us. States. He believes that there is not the I renew again my best wishes foi the slightest reason why the people of the continued success of the Pan-Pacific United States and Japan should not Union. I did not receive copy of the maintain friendly relatiOns, and that his last issue of the Mid-Pacific Magazine. visit to Japan convinced him "that a Very sincerely, very large element among intelligent Japanese wish to maintain friendly re- (Signed) JOHN H. SMALL lations with us." P. S.—Have just received copy of the House of Representatives U. S., magazine. Washington, D. C. December 4, 1920. Mr. Alexander H. Ford, Honolulu, T. H. By HON. STEPHEN G. PORTER My dear Mr. Ford : I am just in re- HE friendly interest I have taken ceipt of yours of the 27th ult., enclosing in the appropriation on the part copy of a letter which you are mailing T of the United States to the Pan- to some of our mutual friends in Japan Pacific Union, together with my public who are interested in the Pan-Pacific utterances in China and elsewhere should Union. I read both your letter and en- leave no doubt as to my staunch friend- closure with much interest. I really wish ship for the Pan-Pacific Union. Any many of our intelligent citizens could method by which the nations abutting visit the Orient. While in all matters I on the Pacific can be brought in closer endeavor to keep an open mind and to contact socially, commercially and poli- seek the truth, I must say that my trip tically will be helpful in ironing out the to China, and Japan particularly, re- differences that naturally arise from the moved some errors and gave me a clearer competition between sovereign nations. insight into the conditions which prevail in the East, and greatly emphasized my • The Pan-Pacific Union like the Pan- interest and friendship for the people of American Union will bring about more the Orient. For instance, there are many neighborliness which is always conducive characteristics about the Japanese which to friendship and good feeling. I admire. It is true they have their Very sincerely yours, racial peculiarities and their outlook upon the world may be a little different STEPHEN G. PORTER, from ours, but above all they are intelli- Chairman Foreign Affairs Committee gent, progressive and fair. Of course, of the House. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN. Good Roads for China

(From the Commercial-Advertiser.) into the cost for the building of these UN YAT SEN, Wu Ting Fang, roads and to devise means and ways Tong Shao Yi, Shi Yi, and C. T. whereby the necessary fund for the S Wang, all directors of the Pan- building of these roads could be secured ; Pacific Association in China, are now a lecture committee to use all means at ardent members of the Good Roads their disposal to acquaint the people in Wang, ex-delegate to Paris and the best this section wth the advantages to be baseball pitcher that Yale ever turned derived from the building of these roads out, is at the head of the Pan-Pacific through lectures, newspapers, magazines Committee on Good Roads for China. and leaflets ; and a survey committee to At a recent Pan-Pacific banquet in secure qualified engineers to make a pre- Shanghai attended by a thousand men liminary survey of the country through of various Pacific races, as well as by which these roads are to pass. Caucasian residents, a report of the "Over fifty persons have given their consent to serve on this committee of Good Roads Committee was read and adopted and unanimously approved. It one hundred. The three sub-committees are yet to be organized. was almost like an Ad Club gathering, For All of China! and •as Hawaii is in the throes of a "Secondly, the roads committee pro- Good Roads campaign of her own the pose to organize a Good Road Move- resolution is given in full, fathered as it ment for the whole country. Through is by one of the biggest men of his time, C. T. Wang: this movement a campaign for the construction of good roads in the country "The first step is to get organized a will be conducted. In view of the con- committee of one hundred members, gestion of transportation of bare neces which shall include the chairmen of all sities of life to the famine-stricken dis- the chambers of commerce in those tricts in the five north provinces, a great cities from Shanghai to Hangchow and opportunity is now waiting for us to from Shanghai to Nanking, the chair- organize and set to work for the bring- man and vice-chairman of the Kiangsu ing about of a GOOD ROADS MOVE- and Chekiang provincial assemblies, the MENT. chairman and vice-chairmen of the "We ask all the committee of the Pan- Kiangsu and Chekiang provincial educa- Pacific Association and other public- tional associations, the chairmen of the spirited citizens and foreign residents foreign chambers of commerce, the com- in our midst to assist us in bringing this missioners of customs, the commis- about. sioners of foreign affairs, and other "Thirdly, both to help the work of prominent business, industrial and edu- the committee of one hundred and the cational leaders in this part of the Good Road Movement, we wish to pro- country. pose that some time next year there "The object of this committee is to should be held in Shanghai or some advocate the building of two roads, one other place centrally located an ex- from Shanghai to Hangchow and the hibit and convention on road building, other from Shanghai to Nanking. say for a week, which the public will "To enable the committee to bring be asked to inspect and get informed this about the executive committee on the question. have appointed three sub-committees, "CHENGTING T. WANG, namely, a finance committee to study "Chairman Roads Committee." Advertising Section

Haleiwa, "The House Beautiful," at Waialua, 30 miles by auto from Honolulu and on a line of the Oahu Railway. The most ideal hotel in Hawaii. Honolulu from the Trolley Car

The Trolley Car at the Judiciary Building and Statue of ffamehameha "the Great." 2 THE MID-PACIFIC THE PACIFIC MAIL STEAMSHIP COMPANY

Consistent with its policy of super-service, the Pacific Mail Steamship Com- pany provides shore facilities to tourists and shippers no less attractive than are found on its modernized steamers. When in Hongkong, accept the Company's welcome at its headquarters shown above. THE MID-'PACIFIC 3 The Island of Kauai 1 TO SAN FRANCISCO AND JAPAN. The Matson Navigation Company, maintaining the premier ferry service between Honolulu and San Francisco, and the Toyo Kisen Kaisha, maintaining palatial ocean greyhound service between San Francisco and the Far East via Honolulu, have their Hawaiian agencies with Castle & Cooke, Ltd. This, one of the oldest firms in Hono- 24.Y/4./.f>phy lulu, occupies a spacious building at the „41,1 corner of Fort and Merchants streets, Honolulu. The ground floor is used as local passenger and freight offices of the Matson Navigation Company. The adjoining offices are used by the firm for their business as sugar factors and insurance agents ; Phone 1251. Castle & Cooke, Ltd., act as agents for many of the plantations throughout Ha- waii, and here may be secured much varied information. Here also the tourist may secure in the folder racks, booklets and pamphlets descriptive of almost Maps by courtesy of Castle cC Cooke, Ltd. every part of the great ocean. 4 THE MID-PACIFIC

Exterior.

Interior. The Home Building in Honolulu of the American Factors, Ltd , Plantation Agents and Wholesale Merchants. THE MID-PACIFIC. r The Island of Maui

HONOLULU NORMAL SCHO SCA:,

isi. PARED AND. CONR wilft5 I POT

AUt

Area M StaTote Ciilyork;' KAiiPO Length 481/bla. Breadth No ighest Elevotton coo32 Fe ar t:0'0,st Firma Crater in the Iiiviorti Popuicrion ave r ae5,000 rti4tance fro-al Ham:Aviv 741.1) IE Etevets S.or Plantations Seger ciicip Eor 19a1 10+114 te9,s.

Map by courtesy of Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd.

The firm of Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., ance Co., The Hoii,c. Insurance Cu. ()I (known by everyone as "A. & B."), is New York, The New Zealand Insuraik k looked upon as one of the most progres- Co., General A. F. & L. Assurance Cor- sive American corporations in Hawaii. poration, Switzerland Marine Insurance Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., are agents Co., Ltd. for the largest sugar plantation of the The officers of this large and progres- Hawaiian Islands and second largest in sive firm, all of whom are staunch sup- the world, namely, the Hawaiian Com- porters of the Pan-Pacific and other mercial & Sugar Company at Puunene, movements which are for the good of Ha- Maui. They are also agents for many waii, are as follows : other plantations and concerns of the Islands, among which are the Haiku W. M. Alexander, President ; H. A. Sugar Company, Paia Plantation, Maui Baldwin, First Vice-President ; J. Water- Agricultural Company, Hawaiian Sugar house, Second Vice-President and Man- Company, McBryde Sugar Company ager ; W. 0. Smith, Third Vice Pres- Ltd., Kahului Railroad Company, Kauai ident ; John Guild, Secretary ; C. R. Hem- Railroad Company, Ltd., and Honolua enway, Treasurer ; F. P. Baldwin, Direc- Ranch. tor; C. H. Atherton, Director ; W. R. This firm ships a larger proportion of Castle, Director. the total sugar crop of the Hawaiian Besides the home office in the $tangen- Islands than any other agency. wald Building, Honolulu, Alexander & In addition to their extensive sugar Baldwin, Ltd., maintain extensive offices plantations, they are also agents for the in Seattle, in the Melhorn Building ; in following well-known and strong insur- New York at 82 Wall Street, and in the ance companies : Springfield Fire & Ma- Alaska Commercial Building, San Fran- rine Ins. Co., American Central Insur- cisco. 6 THE MID-PACIFIC The Trust Company in Hawaii 1

In Hawaii the functions of a Trust with foreign markets and world condi- Company embrace a business of a very tions. wide scope. The Waterhouse Trust It has been slower to arrive in Hawaii, Company has made a specialty of real perhaps, than elsewhere in the United estate and has developed some of the States, but, it is a noticeable fact that the most prominent sections of Honolulu, day of the individual as Executor and many of which it still manages, so that Trustee is fast waning, and thinking the Tourist finds it of great assistance, men, men of brains and ability, are nam- when arriving in Honolulu, to get in ing Trust Companies in their wills to touch with its real estate department, handle their estates. This is due to the where he will receive expert, prompt and perpetual character of a Trust Company, courteous advice and service. its experience in every line of business, Another prominent qualification of this and the practical assurance that the company is its stock and bond depart- estate will not be wasted or dissipated. ment. It is not only particularly qualified The Waterhouse Trust Company handles to advise its clients as to local securities, some of the largest estates in the Terri- but, by means of correspondents in the tory and it particularly qualifies for these principal mainland cities is in close touch duties.

The Trent Trust Company, though a to handle the work of Manager of Es- comparatively young organization, is tates, Executor, Fiduciary Agent, and one of the most popular financial insti- Agent for Non-Residents. It has the tutions in the Islands. It was organ- following departments : Trusts, Invest- ized in .1907, with a capital of $50,000, ments, Real Estate, Rents, Insurance, since increased to $100,000. According and Safe Deposit. to the last statement its capital, un- The Trent Trust's offices are located divided profits and surplus amounted to on the ground floor of 921 Fort Street. $235,886.30, and its gross assets to the principal business thbroughfare of $1,074,224.60. The company is efficiently organized Honolulu. THE MID-PACIFIC

Banking in Honolulu ci)

The First Nationa__ of Hawaii at the corner of Fort and King streets, Hono- lulu. This bank is the de- pository in Hawaii of the United States Government.

The Bank of Bishop & Company, The Yokohama Specie Bank, Limited, Ltd., popularly known as the "Bank of a branch of the famous Japanese insti- Superior Service", and the largest bank tution, with a subscribed capital of yen 100,000,000, or about $50,000,000, in the Islands, was organized in 1858 and a reserve fund of yen 50,000,000, and until its incorporation in 1919. was occupies its magnificent building at the known as The Banking House of corner of Merchant and Bethel streets, Bishop & Co. It has a Paid up Cap- opposite the postoffice and Bishop & ital of One Million Dollars and a Sur- Co. It is the most up-to-date fire-proof plus Fund of $1.501,178-52. building in Hawaii, the interior being finished in bronze marble. The operations of the Bank began The Guardian Trust Company, Ltd., with the encouragement of the whal- is the most recently incorporated Trust ing business, at that time one of the Company in Honolulu. Its stockholders leading industries of the Islands, and are closely identified with the largest has ever been a power for Commercial business interests in the Territory. Its directors and officers are men of ability, and Industrial Progress. integrity and high standing in the com- The institution has correspondents in munity. The Company was incorporated in June of 19t1 with a capital of $100,000 all the principal cities of the world, and fully paid. Its rapid growth necessitated through its connections can handle any doubling this capital. On June 30, 1917, foreign or domestic business entrusted the capital of the Company was $200,000 surplus $10,000, and undivided profits to it. $53,306.75. Tt conducts a trlict companv Visitors are expected to use the business in all its various lines with Bank Service in any way suited to offices in the Stangenwald Building. Mer- chant Street. adjoining the Bank of Ha- their needs. waii. THE MID-PACIFIC

The Catton, Neill Building, Honolulu. Also the home of the General Electric Company in Hawaii. Honolulu is known around the world Halt a century is an age in the life 01 Honolulu. The first frame building is for the manufacture of sugar mill ma- not one hundred years old, and the first chinery. Much of this is made by Cat- hardware store, that of E. 0. Hall & ton, Neill & Co., Ltd., Engineers, who Son, Ltd., was not founded until the build and erect sugar mill machinery. The year 185o, but since then, on the com- works are on South street, Honolulu, manding corner of Fort and King streets, while the offices and salesrooms are lo- it has remained the premier hardware cated in a new concrete building on Ala- concern in Hawaii. The entire three- kea and Queen streets, erected recently story building is taken up with extensive for this purpose. Here are seen the dis- displays of every kind of hardware. One plays of the General Electric Co., of which floor, however, is given over to crockery Catton, Neill & Co., Ltd., are Hawaiian and kitchen utensils, while in the base- agents, as well as for the leading gas en- ment even a ship might be fitted out with gines, water wheels, steam plows, pumps, its hardware, cordage, and roping needs. co«,,lensers and tools manufactured in the This company is also agent for the Sher- United States. This is one of the oldest win-Williams house paints and represents eneineerinz firms in Hawaii. manv mainland hardware firms .

The Honolulu Construction & Draying Co., Ltd., owns more than one hundred and fifty vehicles ranging from Ford trucks and small wagons to five cubic yards dump trucks and drays, and trucks capable of hauling up to twenty-five tons. The company does a large percentage of the freight hauling, baggage, furniture and piano moving and storage business. Its quarries supply most of the crushed rock used in the construction of roads and large buildings on the Island of Oahu. It also manufactures concrete brick and pipe. The offices of the company are at 65 to 71 South Queen Street. THE MID-PACIFIC 9

THE HAWAIIAN NEWS CO. AND THRUM'S LTD.

The largest of the very fashionable shops in the Alexander Young Building, occupying the very central portion, is that of the Hawaiian News Company and Thrum's Ltd. Here the ultra-fashionable stationery of the latest designis kept in stock. Every kind of paper, wholesale or retail, is supplied, as well as printers' and binders' supplies. There are musical instruments of every kind in stock, even to organs and pianos, and the Angelus Player Piano, and this concern is constantly adding new features and new stock. The business man will find his every need in the office supplied by the Hawaiian News Company merely on a THE REGAL. call over the phone, and this is true also Occupying one of the most prominent of the fashionable society leader, places in the shopping district of Hono- whether her needs are for a bridge lulu the Regal Shoe Store, on Fort street, is a distinct credit to the Ameri- party, a dance, or just plain stationery. can progress in these islands. The stock The exhibit rooms of the Hawaiian News in this store has been carefully selected. Company are interesting

THE HAWAIIAN ELEC T RIC COMPANY, LTD.

In Honolulu electricity costs eight horse power to the Federal Wireless cents per kilowatt, for the first two Station, fifteen miles distant, besides kilowatts per month, per lamp, and six current for lighting all private resi- cents thereafter. From the Hawaiian dences in Honolulu, as well as for Electric Company plant, power is fur- operating its own extensive ice plant. nished to the pineapple canneries (the A line has also been built to furnish largest canneries in the world) to the light and power to the great army post extent of seven hundred horse power, of Schofield Barracks, twenty miles dis- with another two hundred and fifty tant from Honolulu.

The power house and ice plant.

10 THE MID-PACIFIC

FERTILIZING THE SOIL. Millions of dollars are spent in Hawaii fertilizing the cane and pineapple fields. The Pacific Guano and Fertilizer Com- pany, with large works and warehouses in Honolulu, imports from every part of the Globe the many ship loads of ammonia. nitrates, potash, sulphur and guano that go to make the special fertilizers needed for the varied soils and conditions of the islands. Its chemists test the soils and then give the recipe for the particular blend of fertilizer that is needed. This great industry is one of the results of successful sugar planting in Hawaii, and without fertilizing, sugar growing in the Hawaiian Islands could not be successful. This company began operations in Mid- way Islands years ago, finally exhausting its guano beds, but securing others.

The world's largest and most luscious pineapples at home on the uplands of Hawaii

ICKED ripe and canned right" is hours that same fragrant fruit is per- Pmore than a slogan. Strictly ad- fectly preserved in shining tin. hered to by the Hawaiian Pineapple There are fifty odd thousand acres of pineapples grown annually in Hawaii Packers' Association—ten corporations and the acreage increases yearly. This engaged in the growing and canning of season's pack amounts to approximately pineapples in the' Hawaiian Islands—it six million cases, the major portion of has won the palate of the world to what which is handled during the Summer is perhaps the most delicious product of months. There are twelve canneries, any land. Each morning sees the golden some of them turning out 35,000 cases a ripe fruit in the field and within a few day. THE MID-PACIFIC 11

THE BUILDERS OF HONOLULU. hama Specie Bank Building, Honolulu are engineers and constructors of build Honolulu still relies for building material on the mainland. For many years ings of every kind, from the smallest pri- the firm of Lewers & Cooke maintained vate residences to the large and imposing its own line of clipper schooners that business blocks. Being made up of some brought down lumber from Puget Sound of the most prominent men in the Islands with which to "build Hawaii." Today it is not surprising that it secures some the firm occupies its own spacious block of the large and important contracts. on King Street, where every necessity The Y. M. C. A. building in Honolulu needed for building the home is supplied. was the work of this firm. In fact, often it is this firm that guaran- tees the contractor, and also assures the With the wood that is used for building owner that his house will be well built and in Hawaii, Allen & Robinson on Queen completed on time. Things are done on Street, Phone 2105, have for generations a large scale in Hawaii ; so it is that one supplied the people of Honolulu and those firm undertakes to supply material from on the other islands ; also their buildings the breaking of ground until the last coat and paints. Their office is on Queen of paint is put on the completed building. Street, near the Inter-Island S. N. Com- A spacious and splendidly equipped hard- pany Building, and their lumber yards ware department is one of the features extend right back to the harbor front, of Lewers & Cooke's establishment. where every kind of hard and soft wood The Von Hamm-Young Co., Importers, grown on the coast is landed by the Machinery Merchants, and leading auto- schooners that ply from Puget Sound. mobile dealers, have their offices and store in the Alexander Young Building, at the The city's great furniture store, that of corner of King and Bishop streets, and J. Hopp & Co., occupies a large por- their magnificent automobile salesroom tion of the Lewers & Cooke Block on and garage just in the rear, facing on King Street. Here the latest styles in Alakea Street. Here one may find almost home and office furniture arriving con- anything. Phone No 4901. stantly from San Francisco are displayed The Pacific Engineering Company, on several spacious floors. Phone No . Ltd., with spacious quarters in the Yoko- 2111. 12 THE MID-PACIFIC and dealing directly with Rawley's Dairy, its ice cream, eggs and milks are pure and fresh almost hourly. For the shopper there is no more enticing cafe in Honolulu than the Quality Inn. The leading music store in Hawaii is on King and Fort Streets—the Berg- strom Music Company. No home is complete in Honolulu without an ukulele, a piano and a Victor talking machine. The Bergstrom Music Company, with its hig The Land of the Lanai. store on Fort Street, will provide you with these—a Chickering, a Weber, a The Halekulani, Hotel and Bunga- Kroeger for your mansion, or a tiny up- lows, 2199 Kalia Road, "on the Beach right Boudoir for your cottage ; and if you are a transient it will rent you a pi- at Waikiki." Famous hau tree lanai ano. The Bergstrom Music Company, along the ocean front. Rates, from $3.00 phone 2331. per day to $75.00 per month and up, The best thing on ice in Honolulu is American plan. Clifford Kimball. soda water. The Consolidated Soda Water Works Co., Ltd., 601 Fort Street, Phone 6101. • are the largest manufacturers of delight- Child's Blaisdell Hotel and Restaurant, ful soda beverages in the Territory. Fort Street and Chaplain Lane, Hono- Aerated waters cost from 35 cents a dozen lulu, occupies a modern concrete build- bottles up. The Consolidated Co. are agents for Hires Root Beer and put up a ing, the cleanest, coolest hotel in Hono- Kola Mint aerated water that is delicious, lulu—within two blocks of the center besides a score of other flavors. Phone of the shopping, business and amuse- 2171 for a case, or try a bottle at any ment district. In the restaurant, clean- store. liness, service and reasonable prices are Love's Bakery at 1134 Nuuanu Street, the main endeavor in this department. Phone 1431, is the bakery of Honolulu. We strive to give the maximum in food [ts auto wagons deliver each morning fresh from the oven, the delicious baker's and service at a minimum cost, and that bread and rolls consumed in Honolulu, we are doing so is attested to by our while all the grocery stores carry Love's constantly increasing patronage. Bakery crisp, fresh crackers and biscuits The Pan-Pacific. Gardens, on Kuakini that come from the oven daily. Love's Bakery has the most complete and up to street, near Nuuanu Avenue, constitute date machinery and equipment in the one of the finest Japanese Tea Gardens Territory. immaginable. Here some wonderful The Sweet Shop, on Hotel Street, op- Japanese dinners are served, and visitors date machinery and equipment in the Ter- are welcomed to the gardens at all times. posite the Alexander Young, is the one Adjoining these gardens are the wonder- reasonably priced tourist restaurant. Here there is a quartette of Hawaiian ful LiliuOkalani gardens and the series singers and players, and here at every of waterfalls. Phone 5611. hour may be enjoyed at very reasonable• The Quality Inn . on Hotel Street, prices the delicacies of the season. near Fort, is aptly named, not quite a The Alexander Young Hotel, in the business center, restaurant, it serves dainty lunches and the Moana and Seaside Hotels, at Waikiki, are splendid modern afternoon teas as well as light breakfasts. hotels. They are under the same man- Its candies and soft drinks are the best, agement. THE MID-PACIFIC 13 Progressive Honolulu

THE LIBERTY HOUSE. Fargo Express, being only twelve to fourteen days in transit, so that the fash- The Liberty House succeeds the firm ions on Fort Street are only a few days of B. F. Ehlers & Co., which was estab- behind those of Broadway. lished in Honolulu as far back at 1852, growing from small beginnings to be- The oldest established Dry Goods come the largest dry goods store in Ha- House in Honolulu is "Sachs'," situated waii. After an honored career under on Hotel Street near Fort. For over a the old name it bore for sixty-five years, quarter of a century this store has held on July 4th, 1918, the name was changed an enviable reputation for high-class to The Liberty House, and under this merchandise. The beautiful court dresses title in future will be known Hawaii's worn at the receptions and balls in the pioneer dry goods house.. days of the Hawaiian Monarchy were The Liberty House is in fact a de- made by this firm. Then, as now, Sachs' partment of the American Factors Co., was the rendezvous for ladies who de- Ltd. It conducts the retail dry goods sired the very best in Silks and Dress business of this concern and being backed Fabrics, Tapestries, Draperies, Linens, by one of the greatest financial pr-wers Laces and Millinery. in Hawaii, it can afford to carry the Stevedoring in Honolulu is attended largest stock and variety of dry goods to by the firm of McCabe, Hamilton and in the territory. Renny Co., Ltd., 20 South Queen Street. Recently The Liberty House has been Men of almost every Pacific race are reconstructed ; its spacious windows on employed by this firm, and the men of Fort Street, really extensive stages, are each race seem fitted for some particular used not only for remarkable displays of part of the work, so that quick and effi- dry goods and fashions, but also for cient is the loading and unloading of patriotic displays, dioramas of the war's vessels in Honolulu. progress, or realistic settings illustrating A monument to the pluck and energy the actual work of the Red Cross nurses of Mr. C. K. Ai and his associates is the on the field. War Posters sent from the City Mill Company,. of which he is Pan-American to the Pan-Pacific Union treasurer and manager. This plant at are displayed here as are exhibits from Queen and Kekaulike streets is one of the Pan-Pacific Commercial Museum, so Honolulu's leading enterprises, doing a that everyone stops at The Liberty flourishing lumber and mill business. House. Honolulu is so healthy that people The people of Hawaii know The Lib- don't usually die there, but when they do erty House through all its various floors they phone in advance to Henry H. Wil- and departments, it is the first place to liams, 1374 Nuuanu St., phone number attract visitors. This firm makes a 1408, and he arranges the after details. specialty of ladies' apparel and of bring- If you are a tourist and wish to be inter- red in ing the latest fashions to Hawaii. your own plot on the mainland, Williams will embalm you ; or he will ar- The year round silk and woolen suits, range all details for interment in Hono- skirts, waists and all the wearing apparel lulu. Don't leave the Paradise of the of women are rushed through at fre- Pacific for any other, but if you must, let quent intervals from New York by Wells your friends talk it over with Williams. 14 THE MID-PACIFIC

South Australia and Tasmania I

SOUTH AUSTRALIA. TASMANIA. From San Francisco, Vancouver and Tasmania is one of the finest tourist from Honolulu there are two lines of fast resorts in the southern hemisphere, but steamships to Sydney, Australia. ten hours' run from the Australian main- From Sydney to Adelaide, South Aus- land. Between Launceston and Melbourne tralia, there is a direct railway line on the fastest turbine steamer in Australia which concession fares are granted tour- runs thrice weekly and there is a regular ists arriving from overseas, and no service from Sydney to Hobart. visitor to the Australian Common- The island is a prolific orchard country and has some of the finest fruit growing wealth can afford to neglect visit- tracts in the world. The climate is cooler ing the southern central state of than the rest of Auitralia. Australia ; for South Australia is The lakes and rivers are nearly all the state of superb climate and unrivalled stocked with imported trout, which grow resources. Adelaide, the "Garden City to weights not reached in other parts of the South," is the Capital, and there is of Australia. a Government Intelligence and Tourist The Tasmanian Government deals Bureau, where the tourist, investor, or directly with the tourist. Hobart, the settler is given accurate information, capital—one of the most beautiful cities guaranteed by the government, and free in the world—is the headquarters of the to all. From Adelaide this Bureau con- Tasmanian Government Tourist Depart- ducts rail, river and motor excursions to ment; and the bureau will arrange for almost every part of the state. Tourists transport of the visitor to any part of are sent or conducted through the mag- the island. A shilling trip to a local nificent mountain and pastoral scenery of resort is not too small for the Govern- South Australia. The government makes ment Bureau to handle, neither is a tour travel easy by a system of coupon tickets of the whole island too big. There is a and facilities• for caring for the comfort branch office in Launceston performing of the tourist. Excursions are arranged the same functions. to the holiday resorts ; individuals or The Tasmanian Government has an parties are made familiar with the in- up-to-date office in Melbourne, at 59 dustrial resources, and the American as William Street, next door to• the New well as the Britisher is made welcome if Zealand Government office, where guide- he cares to make South Australia his books, tickets, and information can be home. The South Australian Intelligence and procured. The address of the Sydney office is 262 George Street, and Tasmania Tourist Bureau has its headquarters on King William Street, Adelaide, and the also has its own offices in Brisbane and government has printed many illustrated Perth. books and pamphlets describing the scenic For detailed information regarding and industrial resources of the state. A Tasmania, either as to travel or settle- postal card or letter to the Intelligence ment, enquirers should write to Mr. and Tourist Bureau in Adelaide will se- E. T. Emmett, the Director of the Tas- cure the books and information you may manian Government Tourist Dept., Aeqire. Hobart, Tasmania.

THE MID-PACIFIC 15

New South Wales

Mt. Kosciusko in January.

Austraiia's Holiday State. tourist, or provides such opportunities A warm Australian welcome awaits for pleasurable and diversified holiday. the tourist in Sunny New South Wales.. New South Wales is a Paradise for He is offered a wide and wonderful those in search of Health, Rest and choice of scenic attractions. Recreation. The Government Tourist Bureau is From Sydney or from New Castle, doing everything within its power to the two chief ports of the State the tourist from overseas may reach with- promote tourist travel within the State and make it more attractive. in a few hours at most, of rail travel, Your holiday arrangemehts can be such widely divergent scenic wonders as National Parks, the Blue Moun- made convenient and satisfying by the tains, the Seashore Resorts, the Trout staff of the Bureau who will be glad Streams, the Snowfields, the Limestone to furnish illustrated booklets, and pro- Caves, the Hawkesbury, the Illawarra, vide detailed information as to fares, the Northern Rivers, the Southern accommodation, transport, etc. They Highlands, the Lakes. District, the are public servants and their expert Tablelands, besides many places of his- services are yours for the asking. E. toric interest• H. PALMER, Director, New South Wales Government Tourist Bureau and No other country in the world has Resorts, Challis House (Opp. G.P O.), greater charm and attraction for the Sydney. 16 THE MID-PACIFIC Wonderful New Zealand

Native New Zealanders at Rotorua.

Scenically New Zealand is the world's throughout the Dominion for the benefit wonderland. There is no other place in of the tourist, for whom she has also the world that offers such an aggrega- built splendid roads and wonderful moun- tion of stupendous scenic wonders. The tain tracks. New Zealand is splendidly West Coast Sounds of New Zealand are served by the Government Railways, in every way more magnificent and awe- which sell the .tourist for a very low inspiring than are the fjords of Norway. rate, a ticket that entitles him to travel Its chief river, the Wanganui, is a scenic on any of the railways for from one to panorama of unrivalled beauty from end two months. In the lifetime of a single to end. Its hot springs and geysers in man (Sir James Mills of Dunedin, New the Rotorua district on the North Island Zealand) a New Zealand steamship com- have no equal anywhere. In this district pany has been built up that is today the the native Maoris still keep up their fourth largest steamship company under ancient dances or haka haka, and here the British flag, and larger than any may be seen the wonderfully carved steamship company owned in America, houses of the aboriginal New Zealanders. with her ioo,000,000 population, or in There are no more beautiful lakes any- Japan with her 50,000,000 population. where in the world than are the Cold New Zealand is a land of wonders, and Lakes of the South Island, nestling as may be reached from America by the they do among mountains that rise sheer Union Steamship Company boats from ten thousand feet. Among these moun- Vancouver, San Francisco or Honolulu. tains are some of the largest and most The Oceanic Steamship Company also scenic glaciers in the world. In these transfers passengers from Sydney. The Southern Alps is Mt. Cook, more than Government Tourist Bureau has commo- twelve thousand feet high. On its slopes dious offices in Auckland and Wellington the Government has built a hotel to which as well as the other larger cities of New there is a motor car service. Zealand. Direct information and pam- New Zealand was the first country to phlets may be secured by writing to the perfect the government tourist bureau. New Zealand Government Tourist Bu- She has built hotels and rest houses reau. Wellington, New Zealand.

kti.lps,11041),41,14 999 WAV.,11 .._•.. 11, WPJ • • • ■,143," 1,71'■71 %It • • • The Press Congress of the World • 4 HONOLULU, OCTOBER 4TH TO 14TH, 1921. • The Press Congress of the World will convene in Honolulu, October 4th to • 14th, 1921. There will be delegates from nearly every country of the globe. • 4 Several; hundred writers, editors and publishers representing the world's lead- • ing magazines and newspapers will gather at the Ocean's Cross-roads. Efforts will be made to induce those who attend this Congress in Hawaii to visit other • Pacific lands. The Pan-Pacific Union will be glad to receive and distribute among the delegates pamphlets and books from Pacific lands. There will be a Pan-Pacific Section of the Press Congress of the World.

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The Iolani Palace, now the Executive Building in Honolulu, in the old throne room of which will be held the sessions of the World's Press Congress, and those of the Pan-Pacific Educational Con- ference during the present year.

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Pan-Pacific Educational Conference . HONOLULU, AUGUST 11TH TO 21ST, 1921. 44 The Pan-Pacific Educational Congress will hold its session in Honolulu • from August 11th to 21st, 1921. The U. S. Bureau of Public Instruction in 4- Washington, D. C. is cooperating with the Department of State and the Depart- • 44 4-. ment. . of the Interior in calling this Conference. It is expected that the leaders in educational work from every Pacific land will be present at the conference to 4-• . take part in, its deliberations and plans for future cooperation of educational ef- . forts in the Pacific. ■ ■ I bilni""ffManlEMM==E1MUMM et• I aaaaa tra • r• • • • I I a lllll llllllll 11111 1111.111 1111

Viscount Tadashiro Inouye, Vice-President of the Pan-Pacific Associa- tion in Japan. He was recently entertained in Honolulu by Governor C. J. McCarthy and the Pan-Pacific Union: he is now touring America.

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