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PNAAF098.Pdf &*9"Ck "N A USE OHLY e 11181OvnoPe. SmCuve*. BA6LWSTCH 75 DIC INPUT UIT L A., P I*SVil 0. suJsJcSI Drml2 t aod ecorUics (.LAS, PSCATIND" EfthP F"wmo1 t msistac-Nii 7LWVL AND SMi0IOTLE A frmork for U.S. assistance in southern Africa; country resource qer: Nmibia L AUTWlOMWI Wilooi,S.C. 446OCUMEMT OATV SNU0 OF PAG92 - .ATi7 MU.MAER 1977 117p. ,0C 2W330.9R9.-F7R 7. PIF ARMCS OGANIZATIOW NAME ANO ADDRESS Berger 6. SUPPL.MWTAW VOT9 (4-gp0 'mf , Ps6Weob*. A ves0Dftl S. ASVTRACT Sponsored by the Office of Eastern and Southern African Affairs, under contract with A.I.D., this paper includes social, geographic, economic, and political information to provide back­ ground on the issues and opportunities for economic assistance to the countries of Southern Africa through and following the periods of transition in Zimbabwe and Namibia. This report is a profile of Namibia and includes a general background discussion of geography, demography and culture, and history. An economic overview describes the salient features of the economy and the dynamic, of Namibia's economy. Sectoral analyses include agriculture, mining, fishing, manufacturing, water, transportation, power and communication, employment and manpower, education, government, and health services. Namibia, or South-west Africa, is a large, very dry country with one of the highest per capita Gross Domestic Project (GDP) figures on the African continent. The economy of Namibia is based on the extraction of resources fur export. The primary sectors, mining, agriculture and fishing, contribute about half of the GDP and provide the basis for the expanding service and government sectors. The mining sector dominates the economy. Led by diamond production from t.e largest and richest gemstone deposits in the world, the industry has diversified to copper, lead, zinc, uranium, and several other minerals. Namibia has enjoyed large infusions of external funds over the past decade and a half, as South Africa has attempted to install a modem transport and water infrastruc:ure. Both the African and the white groups gin from the water, power and road networks. Addi­ tional sizable investments will be required if the physical and climatic problems are to be dealt with. Extensive secondary, post secondary and agricultural training programs will also be required. I11. PRICE or DOCUMENT I. DESCRIPTORS IS. PROJECT NUM1I99 8D0;2mic analysis Social ind1ications 1. CONTRACT "uNDEm Foceign aid Southern Africa ACM/ar-C-113 o! nEibia IL TP OP DOCUMEUT pirtcbr gialygis _ _ _ _ _ _ AI10.1 a-yo Reference - ,IVud r -C - .TZ 3~cj f Room 1656 18 This paper was prepared to provide background infor­ mation on the issues and opportunities for economic assistance to the countries of Southern Africa thru and following the periods of transition in Zimbabwe and Namiibia. It includes Social, Geographic. Economic. and Political information. February 1977 9 Premaed by: TTransiton In Southern Afnra Tuk Force Southern Africa-- - - - &MeMNAMIBIA &Bureau, USAID A PRAMWUORK FOR U.& AKIrTANCE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA COUNTRY RESOURCE PAPER NAMIBIA Subnmitd by THE OFFICE OF EASTERN AND SoUTHERN AFRICA AFFAIRS BUREAU FOR AFRICA AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Mrch 177 Pmp"wnd under Cotract AID/afr-C.1 132 Work Order 14 By: Sephin C.wilson LOUIS BERGER INTERNATIONAL, INC. 100 H ltudSs ere Orww Now MNNA - u OFlo ONTEmNT A. y .IO .......................1.1 S. O6MOGRAPY ANO CULTURE ...... .. 14 1. P m................. .14 C. HISTORY ...................... 14 11. inoamc ovEmvIEW .......................... 1- A. SALINT FEATURESOF THE ECONOMY .......... 11-1 1. Grows Donesic Product .................... 11-1 2. Dualsm ..... ......................... 11-2 3. Srucawa ofProduction ....... .......... 114 4. The Institutionul Structure .................. 11-7 S. The Public Secto ........................ 11.7 6. The BankinglyS m ....................... 114 7. Owvwdip PFutm of the Mwmm of Production .... 114 " Fomrin Trdk ........................... 114 . Prim Date ............................. 1-10 3. THE DYNAMICS OF NAMISIA°S ECONOMY ......... 11.10 1. Growh Trend .......................... 11-13 2. SGsorl Chanes ......................... 11-13 3. Inm avwnt ............................. 11-13 11. DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ...................... 111-1 IV. SICTORAL ANALYSIS AGRICULTJRE ............ .................. IV-1 A. THESETTING ............................ IV41 . LVESTOCK .............................. IV4 1. SosCattle............................IV4 2. Dairyl ............................. IV4 3. Karakul Shep .......................... IV.7 4. Animai Me SIrvim ..................... IV4 C. CROP PRODUCTION AND FOOD SUPPLIES ......... IV-5 0. SUSISTENCE AGRICULTURE .................. IV-10 E. SOIL..................................... IV.13 F. PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS .................. IV.14 G. SUMMARY AND PRW S ................... IV.15 mING ................................ IV-19 A. THE SETTING .................... ...... lg B. OWNERSHIP PATTERNS .................... IV-20 C. COMMODITIES ............................. IV.20 1. Dium o b ............................. IV-20 2. Copper ............................... IV-24 3. Lod and Znc. .......................... IV.24 4. UtsIkm.................................. IV.24 5. Mihwdl Fuus ........................... IV.24 6& OtwrM*isa u.........................V.26 D. TRENDS ANO PROBLEMS ..................... IV.2 APPNX 1 - THE C01OM101MOP MNNQ ............ IV-= TAMLE O cm MNl I P MlIm . ......... ...... 1 A. HISTORY...... .. ..... V­ m. II0PORTANCETO THEilECO MY .............. IV-31 C. GOVERNMINT CONSERVATION MAISURE...... IV-34 0. FUTURE PROS........................PECT IV34 - MANUFACTURING ............................ IV A. THE SETTING .................. uIV- I. ' CONSTRAINTS AND PRO(PIEC 3 ................ IV. WATER ....................................... IV- A. THE SETTING .............................. IV-31 0. CO (S ................................... IV-30 C. CUNENE WATER PLAN ....................... IV42 TRANSPRTATION .............................. IV.44 A. - OADS ................................... IV.44 3. RAILWAYS ..................... .......... IV4 C. AIR TRAVEL .............................. IV47 0. OCEAN PORTS ............................. IV47 IL SUMMARY AND PROSPECTS ................... IV4 POWIR AND COMMUNICATION ..................... 4V69 A. POWER ................................... IV." I. COMMUNICATIONS .......................... |V.50 EMPLOYMNT AND MANPOWER .................... IV4 A. THE SETTING ............................. IV42 B. THE OUTLOOK ............................. IV.54 EDUCATION ................................... IV.e GOVERNMEN ................................. IV-44 A. SOUTH AFRICAN GOVERNMENT ................ IV44 U. THE SOUTH WEST AFRICA TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATION .......................... IV47 C. HOMELANDS OR BANTUSTANS ................. IV-70 D. OTHER POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS ............ IV-73 HEALTH ERV'CES .............................. IV-74 A. HOSPITALS AND CLINICS ..................... IV.74 U. MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS ................... IV.74 C. TRANSPORT AND LASORATORY SERVICES ....... V.7 0. PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICES .............. IV.76 E. NUTRITION .............................. IV-77 ESIJOGRAPHY GENERAL BACKGROUND " Physical Features " Demography • Culture * Education " Politics NAMIBIA Currency Exchange Rate. (Rand) 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 Rand Per US$ .7163 .7199 .7153 .7215 .7174 .7194 .7680 .7631 .6711 .6897 .7321 .1700 US$ Per Rand 1.396 1.389 1.398 1.386 1.394 1.390 1.302 1.277 1.490 1.4S0 1.366 1.150 Sources INF, International Financial Statistics I.1 X. =MU As amibia, also Xmmem as South West Africa, is a large arid and sem-arid countzy on the extreme southuestern coast of Africa. .Xt is ,sapoximately the sise of Texas and Louisiana ombned, yet its population is below oe million. Coion boundries are shared with the RepublIc of South Africa on the south, Botswana oan the east, Zmbia in the exr sem northeast, and Angola in the north. Namibia also has an extended coastline facing the South Atlantic Ocean. The dominant feature of the country is its extrem dryness. In canon with other Southern Hemispheric deserts in Peru, Chile and Australia, its vest coast is washed by a cold ocean current (the Benguela) while prevailing winds are from the east. Under these conditions, any moisture for precipitation must travel from the opposite side of Africa across a large land mass before it can be deposited. The bulk of the country receives less than 15 inches of rain annually, and almost half of the land averages less than 6 inches of rain a year. Noisture problems are exacerbated by high evaporation rates, hard soil which inhibits absorption or sandy soil where rain soaks through too quickly, fierce brief storms, and a short and unpredictable rainy season. 1. Physicial Features Topographically, th, country can be divided into four geeral regions: the Namib, the Central Plateau, the Owambo regiin, and the lalahari. The Namib is a dry, desolate strip extendirq from 50 to 80 miles inland from the Atlantic coast and ccmprisini 15 percent of the total area of Namibia. While there is no outstandinq relief other than large sand dunes, the elevation rises rapidly as the desert proceeds inland. The Zamib is characterized by very scant vegetation and close to no precipitation (usually belbw 2 inc6es annually). Near the coast, however, dense fog prevails throughout the year. This is a result of interaction between cold ocean air
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