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Hydrology and Water Use for Salmon Streams in the Thompson River Watershed, British Columbia

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Hydrology and Water Use for Salmon Streams in the Thompson River Watershed, British Columbia j•—'111 Scientific Excellence • Resource Protection & Conservation • Benefits for Canac .ans Excellence scientifique • Protection et conservation des ressources • Benefices aux Canadiens DFO L b ary MPO - Bibliotheque 1111II 11 11 11 II 08001013 Hydrology and Water Use for Salmon Streams in the Thompson River Watershed, British Columbia Kenneth M. Rood and Roy E. Hamilton Fraser River Action Plan Department of Fisheries & Oceans 555 West Hastings Street Vancouver, B.C. V6B 5G3 1995 Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 2297 Fisheries Peches 11+1 and Oceans et Oceans Canada ■ 11111111 111111111W Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Manuscript reports contain scientific and technical information that contributes to existing knowledge but which deals with national or regional problems. Distribu- tion is restricted to institutions or individuals located in particular regions of Canada. However, no restriction is placed on subject matter, and the series reflects the broad interests and policies of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, namely, fisheries and aquatic sciences. Manuscript reports may be cited as full publications. The correct citation appears above the abstract of each report. Each report is abstracted in Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts and indexed in the Department's annual index to scientific and technical publications. Numbers 1-900 in this series were issued as Manuscript Reports (Biological Series) of the Biological Board of Canada, and subsequent to 1937 when the name of the Board was changed by Act of Parliament, as Manuscript Reports (Biological Series) of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Numbers 901-1425 were issued as Manuscript Reports of the Fisheries,Research Board of Canada. Numbers 1426 1550 were issued as Department of Fishefies and the Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service Manuscript Reports. The current series name was changed with report number 1551. Manuscript reports are produced regionally but are numbered nationally. Requests for individual reports will be filled by the issuing establishment listed on the front cover and title page. Out-of-stock reports will be supplied for a fee by commercial agents. Rapport manuscrit canadien des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques Les rapports manuscrits contiennent des renseignements scientifiques et techni- ques qui constituent une contribution aux connaissances actuelles, mais qui traitent de problemes nationaux ou regionaux. La distribution en est limit& aux organismes et aux personnel de regions particulieres du Canada. 11 n'y a aucune restriction quant au sujet; de fait, la serie reflete la vaste gamme des interets et des politiques du ministere des Peches et des Oceans, c'est-A-dire les sciences halieutiques et aquatiques. Les rapports manuscrits peuvent 'etre cites comme des publications completes. Le titre exact parait au-dessus du resume de chaque rapport. Les rapports manuscrits sont résumés dans la revue Resumes des sciences aquatiques et halieutiques, et ils sont classes dans l'index annuel des publications scientifiques et techniques du Ministere. Les numeros 1 a 900 de cette serie ont ete publies a titre de manuscrits (serie biologique) de l'Office de biologie du Canada, et apres le changement de la designation de cet organisme par decret du Parlement, en 1937, ont ete classes comme manuscrits (serie biologique) de l'Office des recherches sur les pecheries du Canada. Les numeros 901 a 1425 ont ete publies a titre de rapports manuscrits de l'Office des recherches sur les pecheries du Canada. Les numeros 1426 a 1550 sont parus a titre de rapports manuscrits du Service des peches et de la mer, ministere des Peches et de l'Environne- ment. Le nom actuel de la serie a ete etabli lors de la parution du numero 1551. Les rapports manuscrits sont produits a l'echelon regional, mais numerotes l'echelon national. Les demandes de rapports seront satisfaites par l'etablissement auteur dont le nom figure sur la couverture et la page du titre. Les rapports epuises seront fournis contre retribution par des agents commerciaux. Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2297 1995 HYDROLOGY AND WATER USE FOR SALMON STREAMS IN THE THOMPSON RIVER WATERSHED, BRITISH COLUMBIA by Kenneth M. Rood' and Roy E. Hamilton 2 Fraser River Action Plan Department of Fisheries & Oceans 555 West Hastings Street Vancouver, B.C. V6B 5G3 1 Northwest Hydraulic Consultants Ltd. #2 - 40 Gostick Place North Vancouver, B.C. WM 3G2 2 Consultant 1138 Handsworth Road North Vancouver, B.C. V7R 2A8 © Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1995 Cat. No. Fs 97-4/2297E ISSN 0706-6473 Correct citation for this publication: Rood, K.M., and R.E. Hamilton. 1995. Hydrology and water use for salmon streams in the Thompson River Watershed, British Columbia. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2297: 164 pp. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables v List of Figures vi List of Appendices vi Abstract vii Resume viii Foreword ix 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Purpose of the Study 1 1.2 Scope of the Study 1 1.3 Report Structure 2 2. FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SALMON STREAMS 3 2.1 Hydrometric Data in the Thompson Basin 3 2.1.1 Other Sources,of Hydrometric Data 3 2.1.2 Reference Point' for Flow Characteristics 4 2.2 Gauged Salmon Streams 4 2.2.1 Period of Record for Calculating Flow Characteristics 4 2.2.2 Adjustments for Regulation of Water Survey of Canada Flow Records 4 2.2.3 Annual Flow Characteristics 5 2.2.4 Seasonal Flow Characteristics 6 2.3 Measured Flows on the Gauged Salmon Streams 6 2.4 Ungauged Salmon Streams 7 2.4.1 Estimation of Flow Characteristics 7 2.4.2 Flow Characteristics of Ungaued Streams 7 2.4.3 Limitation of Flow Characteristics Estimated from Regional Analysis 8 3. LAND USE 9 3.1 Logging 9 3.2 The Effect of Logging on Hydrology 9 3.2.1 Forest Harvesting and Streamflow Quantities 9 3.2.2 Forest Harvesting and Flood Flows 10 3.2.3 Forest Harvesting and Sedimentation 10 3.3 Agricultural Land Use 10 3.4 Physiography 11 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS continued 4. WATER LICENCES 13 4.1 Classification of Water Licences 13 4.1.1 Consumptive Licences 13 4.1.2 Non-Consumptive Licences 13 4.2 Licensed Versus Actual Water Use 14 4.2.1 Domestic and Waterworks Licences 14 4.2.2 Irrigation Licences 14 4.3 Calculation of Licensed Demand 15 5. SENSITIVITY INDICES FOR THE SALMON STREAMS 17 5.1 Summer Water Demand 17 5.2 Summer and Winter 7 day Low Flows 17 5.3 Peak Flows 18 5.4 Logging 18 5.5 Sensitive Streams - North Thompson HMA 19 5.6 Sensitive Streams - South Thompson - Shuswap HMA 20 5.7 Sensitive Streams - Thompson - Nicola HMA 22 6. TECHNICAL AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR THE SALMON STREAMS . 23 6.1 Introduction 23 6.2 North Thompson HMA 24 6.3 South Thompson - Shuswap HMA 27 6.4 Thompson - Nicola HMA 30 7. REFERENCES 33 iv LIST OF TABLES 1. Definitions of Flow Characteristics 37 2. North Thompson Habitat Management Area -- Salmon Streams 38 3. South Thompson - Shuswap Habitat Management Area -- Salmon Streams. 40 4. Thompson - Nicola Habitat Management Area Salmon Streams . 43 5. Storage North Thompson HMA 44 6. Storage -- South Thompson - Shuswap HMA 46 7. Storage — Thompson - Nicola HMA 49 8. Sensitivity Indices North Thompson HMA 50 9. Sensitivity Indices -- South Thompson - Shuswap HMA 52 10. Sensitivity Indices -- Thompson - Nicola HMA 55 LIST OF FIGURES 1. Water Survey of Canada Gauges and Habitat Management Areas 59 2. Classification of British Columbia Water Licences 60 LIST OF APPENDICES A. Mean Annual Hydrographs. A 1 B. Distribution by Month of Annual 7 Day Low Flows B 1 C. 7-Day Low Flow Frequency Curves C 1 D. Mean Annual and Greater Floods in the Salmon Streams D 1 E. Regional Hydrology of the Thompson River Watershed E 1 vi ABSTRACT The Fraser River Action Plan (FRAP) is developing plans for environmentally sustainable salmon production in streams of the Fraser River watershed. This report focuses on the Thompson River watershed, which includes three Habitat Management Areas (HMA): the South Thompson- Shuswap, the North Thompson, and the Thompson-Nicola HMAs. The Thompson River is a major tributary of the Fraser River. The watershed drains plateau, highland, and mountain regions to the east of the Fraser River. Hydrology and water use in eighty salmon streams and reaches of the Thompson River are discussed. The hydrologic regimes and the effects of human development on the regimes are emphasized. Ten indices use hydrologic, water use, and land use data to rank habitat sensitivity of the streams. Some indices express the level of human activity. Some express the state of the stream and its ability to resist change. The most useful indices reflect summer water use, compare low and peak flows to mean flow, and indicate the extent of forest harvesting in the watersheds. The most sensitive streams are those that are most affected by human activity and those naturally sensitive to human impact. Forest harvesting and agricultural activities have the greatest potential impact on stream flows. There are some water withdrawals for urban and industrial use, but amounts are small compared to irrigation use and stream flows. In the North Thompson HMA, the most important issues affecting stream flows are developing water storage, managing forest harvest rates, and controlling sediment and erosion. Several northern watersheds have had 20 to 40% of the area logged. In the south, summer flows are low on many small streams. In southern watersheds, licenced water demands can reduce summer stream flows. Streams in the Thompson-Nicola HMA have large basins and considerable water storage available, so large water demands do not affect summer flows.
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