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Why the Civil War Happened and What We Can Learn from It Day 2

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Why the Civil War Happened And What We Can Learn From It Day 2 83 WHAT WE’LL COVER IN THIS COURSE ▪Day One: Setting the stage: - the late 1790s through the 1830s or so ▪Day Two: 1840 through mid-1850s ▪Day Three: Late 1850s-spring of 1861 Karen McPherson Spring 2021 84 84 Significant Political Challenges Faced by the United States Karen McPherson Spring 2021 85 85 Political Challenges ▪Balance of Power ▪Federalism ▪Funding the Government ▪Slavery ▪Foreign Policy Karen McPherson Spring 2021 86 86 branches Karen McPherson Spring 2021 87 87 Constitution Article I, Section 8 Karen McPherson Spring 2021 88 88 Events Connected with these Challenges ▪Balance of Power and Federalism – ▪Alien and Sedition Acts, 1797 ▪Nullification (emerges again in 1828) ▪War of 1812 ▪Slavery and ultimately, Civil War Karen McPherson Spring 2021 89 89 Karen McPherson Spring 2021 90 90 Events Connected with these Challenges ▪Financing the Government ▪Hamilton’s Economic Plan 1790s ▪Clay’s “American System” 1815 and beyond ▪Tariff problems – 1828 ▪Nullification Crisis – 1832-33– again ▪Panic of 1837 – re-chartering National Bank Karen McPherson Spring 2021 91 91 Karen McPherson Spring 2021 92 92 Events Connected with these Challenges ▪Balance between Slave and Free States ▪Missouri Compromise – 1820 ▪Texas – 1821-1844 ▪Compromise of 1850 ▪Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) Karen McPherson Spring 2021 93 93 Foreign Great Britain Policy France Spain United States Vacant Russia Karen McPherson Spring 2021 94 94 Events Connected with these Challenges ▪International Affairs – Britain, Spain, France, Mexico ▪ XYZ Affair – 1795 (France) ▪ Louisiana Purchase – 1803 (Spain and France) ▪ Embargo – 1807 (Britain) ▪ War of 1812 (Britain) ▪ Westward Expansion (Spain, Britain) ▪ Tensions and ultimate war with Mexico Karen McPherson Spring 2021 95 95 POLITICAL RESPONSES Karen McPherson Spring 2021 96 96 1854-present Democrats vs. Republicans 1824-1852 Democrats vs. Whigs 1796-1824 Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans Karen McPherson Spring 2021 97 97 TRIANGLE OF CONFLICT: 1800-1850 INDUSTRIALIZATION WESTWARD SLAVERY EXPANSION Karen McPherson Spring 2021 99 99 THE Daniel Webster “GREAT (Maine/Massachusetts) TRIUMVIRATE” (Industrialization) John C. Calhoun Henry Clay (S. Carolina) (Virginia/Kentucky) (Slavery) (Expansion) Karen McPherson Spring 2021 100 100 “Enormously powerful, intensely ambitious, the very personifications of their respective regions--Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, and John C. Calhoun represented the foremost statemen of their age. In the decades preceding the Civil War, they dominated American congressional politics as no other figures have.” Karen McPherson Amazon Review Spring 2021 101 101 Karen McPherson Spring 2021 102 102 Karen McPherson Spring 2021 103 103 Karen McPherson Spring 2021 104 104 Karen McPherson Spring 2021 105 105 Karen McPherson Spring 2021 106 106 FROM 1850—1861 1.Compromise of 1850 5. 1857 – Dred Scott 2. 1852 – “Uncle Tom’s 6. 1858 – Lincoln-Douglas Cabin” Debates 3. 1854 – Kansas-Nebraska 7. 1859 – Raid on Act and “Bleeding Kansas” Harper’s Ferry 4. 1856 – Caning of Charles 8. 1861 – Ft. Sumter Sumner Karen McPherson Spring 2021 107 107 COMPROMISE OF 1850 1. California admitted as a free state. 2. Utah and New Mexico organized under popular sovereignty 3. Texas ceded its claim to parts of the New Mexico territory; the US government would cover Texas’s $10 million war debt. Karen McPherson Spring 2021 108 108 COMPROMISE OF 1850 4. The slave trade is abolished in the District of Columbia, but slavery itself would continue. 5. Congress strengthened the Fugitive Slave Act by requiring citizens of any state, slave or free, to assist in the capture and return of runaway slaves. Karen McPherson Spring 2021 109 109 Impact of Fugitive Slave Act Karen McPherson Spring 2021 110 110 Karen McPherson Spring 2021 111 111 Uncle Tom’s Cabin -- 1853 ▪ Author – Harriet Beecher Stowe ▪ 1811 – 1896 ▪ Religious family, Cincinnati ▪ Married Calvin Ellis Stowe in 1836 ▪ Supported Underground Railroad ▪ Inspired to write Uncle Tom’s Cabin by the grief she felt at the loss of her son, Samuel Charles Stowe, in 1849 at the age of 18 Karen McPherson Spring months2021 112 112 Impact of Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Brought home the horrors of slavery to people who lived in the North • Coupled with Fugitive Slave Act, made slavery a moral problem for everyone Karen McPherson Spring 2021 113 113 ELECTION OF 1852 Party Democratic Whig Free Soil Nominee Franklin Pierce Winfield Scott John P. Hale Home State New Hampshire Virginia (W&M) New Jersey Running Mate William R. King William R. Graham George W. Julian Electoral Vote 254 42 0 States Carried 27 4 0 Popular Vote 1,607,510 1,386,942 155,210 Percentage 50.8% 43.9% 4.9% Karen McPherson Spring 2021 114 114 1852 Election Map Karen McPherson Spring 2021 115 115 1854 KANSAS-NEBRASKA Act • Sponsor – Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas • Wanted to build a railroad west from Chicago • Hard to attract settlers to Kansas and Nebraska • Proposal: Nebraska would be a free state, Kansas a slave state • Final Act in 1854: popular sovereignty would Karen McPherson Spring 2021 determine status of slavery in both states 118 118 Kansas-Nebraska Act Karen McPherson Spring 2021 119 119 CONSEQUENCE – “BLEEDING KANSAS” • Vote conducted by people living in each territory at the time of the vote • Nebraska – a done deal. • Kansas – problem • Borders Missouri, a slave state • Above 30°36” – Missouri Compromise Line Karen McPherson Spring 2021 120 120 “BLEEDING KANSAS” CONTINUED Two competing territorial legislatures were established in Kansas • One pro-slavery, one anti- slavery • Henry Ward Beecher sends rifles – “Beecher’s Bibles” – to Kansas “Sack of Lawrence” – 1856 – Free Soil Capital Karen McPherson Spring 2021 122 122 IMPACT OF KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT AND “BLEEDING KANSAS” • Split the Whig Party into Northern and Southern factions • Southern Whigs were swept into the Democratic Party • Northern Whigs joined with other anti-slavery groups to form Republican Party • Administration of President Franklin Pierce did not Karen McPherson stepSpring 2021 in to settle this conflict 123 123 IMPACTS OF “BLEEDING KANSAS” • Brutal guerrilla war in Kansas. • By the end of 1856, over 200 people would be gunned down in cold blood. • Property damage reached millions of dollars. Karen McPherson Spring 2021 124 124 Karen McPherson Spring 2021 125 125 IMPACTS OF “BLEEDING KANSAS” • Federal troops were sent in to put down the fighting, but they were too few to have much effect. • Kansas was a prelude to the bloody catastrophe that engulfed the nation only 5 years later Karen McPherson Spring 2021 126 126 CANING OF CHARLES SUMNER -- 1856 • Sumner’s Senate speech: “The Crime Against Kansas” • personal attack on SC Sen. Andrew Butler • Rep. Preston Brooks (Butler’s cousin) beat Karen McPherson Sumner with a gold-headed Spring 2021 cane 127 127 CANING OF CHARLES SUMNER -- 1856 • Brooks resigned his seat, returned to SC to seek reelection; • He was overwhelmingly re- elected • people throughout the south sent him gold-headed canes • Sumner did not return to the Senate for several years Karen McPherson Spring 2021 129 129 ELECTION OF 1856 ▪ State of Play in 1856 ▪ Whig Party -- GONE ▪ Democratic Party: the South plus pro-slavery elements in the North ▪ New Republican Party: various factions against the expansion of slavery ▪ No one was really against slavery itself ▪ “Know-Nothings”: anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic, Karen McPherson Spring 2021 Populist Party 130 130 ELECTION OF 1856 Party Democratic Republican Know-Nothing Nominee James Buchanan John C. Fremont Millard Fillmore Home State Pennsylvania California New York Running Mate John C. William L. Dayton Andrew J. Breckenridge Donelson Electoral Vote 174 114 8 States Carried 19 11 1 Popular Vote 1,836,072 1,342,345 873,053 Percentage 45.3% 33.1% 21.5% Karen McPherson Spring 2021 131 131 Karen McPherson Spring 2021 132 132.
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