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Home , Andrew Butler, Bleeding Kansas, Caning of Charles Sumner, Charles Sumner, James Buchanan, Nullification crisis

Why the Civil War Happened And What We Can Learn From It Day 2

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WHAT WE’LL COVER IN THIS COURSE

▪Day One: Setting the stage: - the late 1790s through the 1830s or so ▪Day Two: 1840 through mid- ▪Day Three: Late 1850s-spring of 1861

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Significant Political Challenges Faced by the Karen McPherson Spring 2021 85 85 Political Challenges ▪Balance of Power ▪ ▪Funding the Government ▪ ▪Foreign Policy Karen McPherson Spring 2021 86 86

branches

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Constitution Article I, Section 8

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▪Balance of Power and Federalism – ▪, 1797 ▪Nullification (emerges again in 1828) ▪ ▪Slavery and ultimately, Civil War Karen McPherson Spring 2021 89 89

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Events Connected with these Challenges

▪Financing the Government ▪Hamilton’s Economic Plan 1790s ▪Clay’s “American System” 1815 and beyond ▪Tariff problems – 1828 ▪ – 1832-33– again ▪Panic of 1837 – re-chartering National Bank Karen McPherson Spring 2021 91 91 Karen McPherson Spring 2021 92 92

Events Connected with these Challenges

▪Balance between Slave and Free States ▪ Compromise – 1820 ▪Texas – 1821-1844 ▪ ▪-Nebraska Act (1854)

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Foreign Great Britain Policy France Spain

United States

Vacant

Russia

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▪International Affairs – Britain, Spain, France, Mexico ▪ XYZ Affair – 1795 (France) ▪ Louisiana Purchase – 1803 (Spain and France) ▪ Embargo – 1807 (Britain) ▪ War of 1812 (Britain) ▪ Westward Expansion (Spain, Britain) ▪ Tensions and ultimate war with Mexico Karen McPherson Spring 2021 95 95

POLITICAL RESPONSES

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1854-present Democrats vs. Republicans

1824-1852 Democrats vs. Whigs

1796-1824 Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans

Karen McPherson Spring 2021 97 97 TRIANGLE OF CONFLICT: 1800-1850

INDUSTRIALIZATION

WESTWARD SLAVERY EXPANSION Karen McPherson Spring 2021 99 99

THE “GREAT (Maine/) TRIUMVIRATE” (Industrialization)

John C. Calhoun (S. Carolina) (Virginia/) (Slavery) (Expansion)

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“Enormously powerful, intensely ambitious, the very personifications of their respective regions--Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, and John C. Calhoun represented the foremost statemen of their age. In the decades preceding the Civil War, they dominated American congressional politics as no other figures have.”

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FROM 1850—1861 1.Compromise of 1850 5. 1857 – Dred Scott 2. 1852 – “’s 6. 1858 – -Douglas Cabin” Debates 3. 1854 – Kansas-Nebraska 7. 1859 – Raid on Act and “” Harper’s Ferry 4. 1856 – Caning of Charles 8. 1861 – Ft. Sumter Sumner Karen McPherson Spring 2021 107 107 COMPROMISE OF 1850

1. admitted as a free state. 2. and New Mexico organized under 3. Texas ceded its claim to parts of the ; the US government would cover Texas’s $10 million war debt.

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COMPROMISE OF 1850

4. The slave trade is abolished in the District of Columbia, but slavery itself would continue. 5. Congress strengthened the Fugitive Slave Act by requiring citizens of any state, slave or free, to assist in the capture and return of runaway slaves.

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Impact of Fugitive Slave Act

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Uncle Tom’s Cabin -- 1853

▪ Author – ▪ 1811 – 1896 ▪ Religious family, Cincinnati ▪ Married Calvin Ellis Stowe in 1836 ▪ Supported ▪ Inspired to write Uncle Tom’s Cabin by the grief she felt at the loss of her son, Samuel Charles Stowe, in 1849 at the age of 18

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Impact of Uncle Tom’s Cabin

• Brought home the horrors of slavery to people who lived in the North

• Coupled with Fugitive Slave Act, made slavery a moral problem for everyone

Karen McPherson Spring 2021 113 113 ELECTION OF 1852

Party Democratic Whig Free Soil Nominee John P. Hale Home State New Hampshire Virginia (W&M) New Jersey Running Mate William R. King William R. Graham George W. Julian Electoral Vote 254 42 0 States Carried 27 4 0 Popular Vote 1,607,510 1,386,942 155,210

Percentage 50.8% 43.9% 4.9%

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1852 Election Map

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1854 KANSAS-NEBRASKA Act • Sponsor – Senator Stephen A. Douglas • Wanted to build a railroad west from Chicago • Hard to attract settlers to Kansas and Nebraska • Proposal: Nebraska would be a free state, Kansas a slave state • Final Act in 1854: popular sovereignty would

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CONSEQUENCE – “BLEEDING KANSAS” • Vote conducted by people living in each territory at the time of the vote • Nebraska – a done deal. • Kansas – problem • Borders Missouri, a slave state • Above 30°36” – Line

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“BLEEDING KANSAS” CONTINUED

Two competing territorial legislatures were established in Kansas • One pro-slavery, one anti- slavery • sends rifles – “Beecher’s Bibles” – to Kansas “Sack of Lawrence” – 1856 – Free Soil Capital Karen McPherson Spring 2021 122 122 IMPACT OF KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT AND “BLEEDING KANSAS” • Split the Whig Party into Northern and Southern factions • Southern Whigs were swept into the Democratic Party • Northern Whigs joined with other anti-slavery groups to form Republican Party • Administration of President Franklin Pierce did not

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IMPACTS OF “BLEEDING KANSAS”

• Brutal guerrilla war in Kansas. • By the end of 1856, over 200 people would be gunned down in cold blood. • Property damage reached millions of dollars.

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Karen McPherson Spring 2021 125 125 IMPACTS OF “BLEEDING KANSAS”

• Federal troops were sent in to put down the fighting, but they were too few to have much effect. • Kansas was a prelude to the bloody catastrophe that engulfed the nation only 5 years later

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CANING OF -- 1856

• Sumner’s Senate speech: “The Crime Against Kansas” • personal attack on SC Sen. • Rep. (Butler’s cousin) beat

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CANING OF CHARLES SUMNER -- 1856

• Brooks resigned his seat, returned to SC to seek reelection; • He was overwhelmingly re- elected • people throughout the south sent him gold-headed canes • Sumner did not return to the Senate for several years

Karen McPherson Spring 2021 129 129 ELECTION OF 1856

▪ State of Play in 1856 ▪ Whig Party -- GONE ▪ Democratic Party: the South plus pro-slavery elements in the North ▪ New Republican Party: various factions against the expansion of slavery ▪ No one was really against slavery itself ▪ “Know-Nothings”: anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic,

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ELECTION OF 1856

Party Democratic Republican Know-Nothing Nominee John C. Fremont Home State California Running Mate John C. William L. Dayton Andrew J. Breckenridge Donelson Electoral Vote 174 114 8 States Carried 19 11 1 Popular Vote 1,836,072 1,342,345 873,053

Percentage 45.3% 33.1% 21.5% Karen McPherson Spring 2021 131 131

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