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THE STORY of BRITANNIA METAL by G

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THE STORY of BRITANNIA METAL by G E OL 562 COUNTRY LIFE-AUGUST 20. 1953 THE STORY OF BRITANNIA METAL By G. BERNARD HUGHES RITANNIA metal, being cheap, containing eventually became countless, but the iugredi­ no poisonous lead, and being more lustrous ents were approximately 90 per cent. tin, 8 per B than pewter, offered an opportunity for the cent. antimony and 2 per cent. copper. Antimony thrifty 19th-century housewife to dress her table is a brittle metal of a bluish-white colour which with innumerahle vessels possessing much of the does not tarnish or rust and was ohtained glitter and elegance of silver. To-day, the main principally from China. A method of hardening confusion is between old Britannia metal and Britannia metal was developed in 1844 by .T ames pewter, for both tend to mellow to much the Shaw, whereby it was heated in a bath of fat or same tones. But at the height of its success the oil, generally whalc oil. metal had virtually superseded pewter and, Britannia metal ingots were prepared in after about 1820, by improvements in manu­ two qualities: for rolling and for casting. The facturing technique, could abandon traditional ingots were made by melting the copper, then pewter forms and be presented in all the opul­ adding part of the tin and all of the antimony. ence of shape and surface ornament then The temperature was then reduced, for the admired in silver and Sheffield plate. melting point of the new alloy was considerably The pewterers themselves, increasing their lower than that of copper. Finally the remain­ profits at the customers' expense, hastened der of the tin was added and the resulting alloy. their virtual extinction by adding more and when thoroughly fused. was cast into ingots. more lead to their alloy, until the harmful Ingots intended for rolling contained an proportion of 40 per cent. might be present. increased percentage of antimony. An extensive Not· until 1907 did it become illegal to issue TEA-POT AND STAND OF VICKERS variety of goods were manufactured by either vessels made of such dangerous metal: a maxi" WHITE METAL FINELY DESIGNED stamping with dies, casting in moulds or mum of 10 per cent. lead was then specified. AND ENGRAVED IN THE STYLE OF spinning in the lathe. The beginning of pewter's decline may be CONTEMPORARY SILVER. Marked I. Viek- Some cast ingots-in 1840 they cost Is. 4d. traced to 1769, when] ohn Vickers, of Sheffield, ers. Late 1780s a pound-were rolled into sheets of suitable bought for five shillings a formula for making gauge by being passed repeatedly between a soft tin alloy so closely resembling silver in less suggestive of silver than the original heavy polished steel pressure rollers. Thin appearance that the casual observer would Vicl<ers metal. It was named Britannia metal. gauge metal was preferred because of its never differentiate between the two after they The absence of lead in its composition, combined greater area to the pound weight and lower cost had been made up and engraved. Sci highly did with its toughness, made this serviceable metal a of worldng. The earliest Britannia metal was TEA-SET WITH HOT-WATEH JUG MADE FHOM STAMPED BRITANNIA METAL ENlUCHED WITH APPLIED CASTINGS. About 1815 Vickers value his bargain that he at once set up a distinct advance on the pewter which it even­ shaped by stamping in dies; the parts were workshop to manufacture "Vickers \Vhite tually superseded. When polished, this silvery­ afterwards assembled by soldering. This compli­ Metal" goods, thus laying the foundation of an white metal, faintly tinged with blue, becomes cated and laborious process continued in use industry estimated to employ more than five highly lustrous. Standard quality Britannia until about 1820, when it was superseded by thousand people three-quarters of a century metal, if struck with a wooden rod, emits a clear hollow-ware produced from sheets by spinning later. ringing tone, enabling it to be distinguished in the lathe, a speedy process by which fine thin This new alloy, consisting principally of tin, easily from pewter. Britannia metal formul", discs of rolled llIetal were made to take any was possibly the "ne,,, metal in imitation of desired convex or globular form. This was silver, called Silvorum," manufactured in 1652 effected by the application of the ancient by .Major Purling, whom the Pewterers' Com­ potter's wheel to the plate, a process still in use pany immediately suppressed at a cost to and known as metal·spinning. This is the themselves of £14 49 . 9d. The once-powerful earliest use of the process noted in England, Pewterers' Company for centuries used every although Professor Flinclers Petrie found "evi­ endeavour to stifle competition. dence that metal-spInning was practised in . John Vickers's first appearance in the Home two thousand yea rs earlier. directories of Sheffield was delayed until 1787, A disc of Britannia metal rolled to a uni­ when he was described as a "Maker of Bits and form thickness was placen against a shaped Stirr\lpS plated with White Metal. He also wooden block or chuck rev')lving in a lathe. makes measures, tea-pots, caster frames, salt Pressure from a bright steel or hardwood tool, or spoOlis, etc., of the same metal." His output a bloods tone burnlsher, forced the thin plate included sugar-basins, creatn-jugs, tobacco­ against the wooden form until it took the boxes and beakers. The warc madc from this required shape. Articles made from two or more white metal was finely constructed and cn/{raved, parts were assembled by tin soldering, carried following the shapes of contemporary Sheffield out with the aid of a blow-pipe; decorative plate. Examples are now rare and always mounts were similarly attached. imprp.ssed beneath with the name l. VIC](ERS Complicated articles such as ornamental in small Homan capitals. candlestic1(s, tea-pot handles, feet and decor­ Shortly after 1790 Vic1<ers altered the ations were cast in brass moulds composed of composition of his alloy, possibly under pressure numerous sections fitted together and united from the Sheffield platers, to whom his ware was firmly by enclosing in plaster of paris, which was inevitably a formidable competitor. The result­ JUG WITH BODY. NECK AND LID easily hroken off and removed after casting. ing' alloy, composed of tin, antimony, coppcr SHAPED BY SPINNING BRITANNIA Such moulds were costly; a handsome tea-pot and bismuth, was harder, coarser textured and METAL IN A LATHE. About 1825 complete with spont, legs and relief ornaments COUNTRY LIFE-AUGUST 20. 1953 563 mighl reqllire a mOll Id consisting o f when the letlers were enlarged. After cigh h .·<.m parts alld costi ng as much as IH37 the slllall capitals were reverted £HO. The nlajorily o f l<,a-pots, however, to hv Yicl",rs's snccessors, Hulherford, were casl in pieces and hllilt "l' by Stacy, 'Vest and COlllpany, and the soldering. !'Iales, dishes alld olher words BHITANN1A PI.A CE !-i llEFFIEJ.D were silllplt.~ 'pieces were cast as sillgle added bclow. enti ties . J allies I>i XO II , est ablisl",d a I • t •• • • Arlicles in ilrilallnia 11Ic{,t1, whether Sheffield ill IHOt;, Ili ad" SOli'" ,,[ Lhe sl"n'lll'd, splln in th" I'll he or ""si, w"re Jin est .Brit.allnia lIl etal, illlpressillg it trilllnll'd with sl"d lools, linlil the with the Irlllllpel alld Ira 11 lIer IlIarl<. This IH:lOs slll<lolhing W'IS a h"nd-I'roccss, lirlll never 1Ilallllractured pewler. yt'l Stt'alll-drivt:n hllrrs lhen came inlo lIse, so close is Ihe reS(!llIlr lallec lo-day lhat the \\'are heing held againsl it roughly early examples often find lheir way revolvillg wooden wheel wilh a two­ into pewter coll ectiulls. I)ixun exhibi­ inc h rim covered with buff, it stout, ted excellent lea a nd coffee services at velvcty, dllll yellow leather of buffalo the Great Exhibition, alld lhe jury or ox-hide. I'or polishing lhe depths of reported: "They arc an imperfect rc('("sses, sHch as flutes , solid discs or imitatioll o f sil ver, but the forms \Va lnls or sea-horse leather were used, might be very ad vanlageously imi· two to six inches ill diameter and lated in that lIIetal. The worlunallshi" taperi ng lowards lhe rim. Ohjects IIn ­ is very good a lld it prize medal i!-i su i leel lo hll fli ng were \'11 hhed slll oolh award ed." with circular brllshes and a line hrownish A CANDEI.AJ\HA SlIlTE IN BUI'I'ANNIA METAl. CAST (>the!" maker:; who marked lheir sandohlain"d frolll the HiverTrenL AfLer Jo'HOM BHASS MOULDS. AbouI 1H2!> Brilallnia ware included I\irby, Smilh wil!-ihing and brushing' in boiling waler and Company, from In)7 ; Willialll wiLh soft soap and alkali, the lIlelal was hand­ Ilwans o( rollers or dies on which were sli'nk Hl)ldsworth , frolll 1800; John Parker frolll polished wilh soft soap, a little oil and powdered appropriate doLs or lines. IH21; J. Wolstenholllle, from IH28; 1'. Ashberry, rotlenslone. The parts in relief, such as appli ed UlltiI IH20 ilritallllia lIIetal tea-pots from 1830; Broadhead and Atkins (eight ornament, knobs Of hal1dles on covers, WCfe tellded to be snmll, owing to limitation of manu­ crossed arrows). frolll abou t 1832. Matthew fina ll y burnished with steel tools or silversmiths' facturing processes. Sections for building ]3oulton, of Birmingham, made 13ritannia blood stones. hollow-ware were chieAy produced by drop metal between 1795 and 1809. When a Spun Britannia Illelal was slrengthened and stamping, which enabled bodies to be d ecorated catalogue number or the word SHEFFIELD is given a Illorc finished appearance by spinning illexpensively with designs in relief.
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