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Diversity, Species Composition and Habitat of the Genus Dictyota J.V

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Diversity, Species Composition and Habitat of the Genus Dictyota J.V Diversity, Species Composition and Habitat of the Genus Dictyota J.V. Lamour. and Canistrocarpus De Paula & De Clerck in the Peninsular Thailand Anuchit Darakrai A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Ecology (International Program) Prince of Songkla University 2012 Copyright of Prince of Songkla University Diversity, Species Composition and Habitat of the Genus Dictyota J.V. Lamour. and Canistrocarpus De Paula & De Clerck in the Peninsular Thailand Anuchit Darakrai A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Ecology (International Program) Prince of Songkla University 2012 Copyright of Prince of Songkla University i Thesis Title Diversity, Species Composition and Habitat of the Genus Dictyota J.V. Lamour. and Canistrocarpus De Paula & De Clerck in the Peninsular Thailand Author Mr. Anuchit Darakrai Major Program Ecology (International Program) Major Advisor: Examining Committee: ………………………………….. ……….…………………...…Chairperson (Asst. Prof. Dr. Anchana Prathep) (Prof. Khanjanapaj Lewmanomont) …………….……….…………….............. (Asst. Prof. Dr. Anchana Prathep) …………………………………………… (Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kitichate Sridith) The Graduate School, Prince of Songkla University, has approved this thesis as partial fulfillment of the requirements for Master of Science Degree in Ecology (International Program) ……………………………….…… (Prof. Dr. Amornrat Phongdara) Dean of Graduate School ii ชื่อวิทยานิพนธ ความหลากหลาย องคประกอบชนิด และแหลงอาศัยของสาหรายทะเลสี น้ําตาลในสกุล Dictyota J.V. Lamour. และสกุล Canistrocarpus De Paula & De Clerck ในคาบสมุทรของประเทศไทย ผูเขียน นายอนุชิต ดาราไกร สาขาวิชา นิเวศวิทยา (นานาชาติ) ปการศึกษา 2554 บทคัดยอ การศึกษาครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงคเพื่อสํารวจความหลากหลาย องคประกอบชนิด และแหลงอาศัยของสาหรายทะเลขนาดใหญในสกุล Dictyota J.V. Lamour. และสกุล Canistrocarpus De Paula & De Clerck ในคาบสมุทรของไทย ผลการศึกษาความหลากหลาย พบสาหรายทั้งสองสกุลจํานวนทั้งสิ้น 8 ชนิด อยูในสกุล Dictyota จํานวน 6 ชนิด คือ D. bartayresiana J.V. Lamour., D. ceylanica Kütz., D. ciliolata Sonder ex Kütz., D. friabilis Setch., D. grossedentata De Clerck & Coppejans และ D. stolonifera E.Y. Dawson และอยูในสกุล Canistrocarpus จํานวน 2 ชนิด คือ C. cervicornis (Kütz.) De Paula & De Clerck และ C. crispatus (J.V. Lamour.) De Paula & De Clerck โดยเปน สาหรายที่มีการรายงานเปนครั้งแรกในประเทศไทยจํานวน 2 ชนิด คือ D. grossedentata และ D. stolonifera สาหรายชนิดที่มีการแพรกระจายสูงสุดในการศึกษาครั้งนี้ คือ C. cervicornis อุทยานแหงชาติหาดขนอม – หมูเกาะทะเลใตเปนพื้นที่ที่มีความหลากหลายของสาหราย Dictyota และ Canistrocarpus สูงสุดและพบทุกชนิดที่เคยมีการรายงานในทะเลอาวไทย เกาะ ลันตาใหญและเกาะตะลิบงเปนพื้นที่ที่มีความหลากหลายของสาหราย Dictyota และ Canistrocarpus สูงที่สุดของชายฝงตะวันตกและมีชนิดที่พบเหมือนกัน องคประกอบชนิดของ สาหราย Dictyota และ Canistrocarpus ที่พบในชายฝงตะวันออกและชายฝงตะวันตกของ คาบสมุทรของไทยมีความคลายคลึงกัน 85.71% การศึกษาครั้งนี้พบสาหราย Dictyota และ Canistrocarpus อาศัยในแนวปะการัง แนวหาดหินและแหลงหญาทะเล โดยจํานวนชนิดที่พบ ในแตละแหลงจะมีความแตกตางกันขึ้นกับแนวเขตของแนวปะการัง การเปดรับคลื่นของหาดหิน และแหลงหญาทะเล ซึ่งสามารถแบงออกไดเปนแหลงอาศัยที่ตางกัน 5 แบบ ไดแก บริเวณ ปะการังแนวราบ บริเวณปะการังแนวลาดชัน หาดหินรับคลื่น หาดหินอับคลื่น และแหลงหญา ทะเล องคประกอบชนิดของสาหรายในแตละแหลงอาศัยสามารถแบงไดเปน 2 กลุมที่มีสมาชิกไม ซ้ํากัน และแตกตางกันอยางมีนัยสําคัญทางสถิติ โดยการถูกกินจากสัตวกินพืชและความแรงของ iii กระแสน้ํานาจะเปนสองปจจัยหลักที่ควบคุมและรักษาความแตกตางขององคประกอบชนิดในแต ละแหลงอาศัย มีแนวโนมวาคาบสมุทรไทยนาจะเปนตัวขัดขวางการแพรกระจายของสาหราย D. grossedentata และ D. stolonifera เขาสูชายฝงตะวันออกของคาบสมุทรไทยในชวงที่ ระดับน้ําทะเลเกิดลดต่ําและกลับเพิ่มสูงครั้งลาสุดในตอนปลายยุคไพลสโตซีน iv Thesis Tile Diversity, Species Composition and Habitat of the Genus Dictyota J.V. Lamour. and Canistrocarpus De Paula & De Clerck in the Peninsular Thailand Author Mr. Anuchit Darakrai Major Program Ecology (International Program) Academic Year 2011 ABSTRACT This study was to investigate diversity, species composition and habitat of marine macroalgae in the genus Dictyota J.V. Lamour. and genus Canistrocarpus De Paula & De Clerck in the Peninsular Thailand. The results showed a total of 8 species were found in this study. Of these, 6 species belong to Dictyota: D. bartayresiana J.V. Lamour., D. ceylanica Kütz., D. ciliolata Sonder ex Kütz., D. friabilis Setch., D. grossedentata De Clerck & Coppejans and D. stolonifera E.Y. Dawson; and 2 species belong to Canistrocarpus: C. cervicornis (Kütz.) De Paula & De Clerck and C. crispatus (J.V. Lamour.) De Paula & De Clerck. This study has added 2 new records to marine flora of Thailand namely D. grossedentata De Clerck & Coppejans and D. stolonifera E.Y. Dawson. The most common species in this study was C. cervicornis. Hat Khanom – Mu Ko Tha Lae Tai National Park had highest species richness of Dictyota and Canistrocarpus in this study and all species reported in the Gulf of Thailand were found in this area. Both Ko Lanta Yai and Ko Talibong had highest species richness of Dictyota and Canistrocarpus of the west coast. There was 85.71 % similarity of species composition of Dictyota and Canistrocarpus between the east coast and the west coast of the Peninsular Thailand. In this study, Dictyota and Canistrocarpus inhabited in coral reef, rocky shore and seagrass bed with number of species varied along coral reef zonation, degrees of wave exposure in rocky shore and seagrass bed, which were defined as 5 habitats: reef flat, reef slope, wave-exposed rocky shore, wave-sheltered rocky shore and seagrass bed. Species compositions among 5 habitats can be divided into 2 groups with non-overlapping members. Herbivory and water motion might be 2 major factors controlling and maintaining differences in v species compositions. In addition, it was likely that the Peninsular Thailand might act as a barrier obstructed dispersal of D. grossedentata and D. stolonifera into the east coast of the Peninsular Thailand during sea level transgression in the late Pleistocene. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I am sincerely grateful to Assistant Professor Dr. Anchana Prathep, my supervisor, for inspiration, support and guidance throughout this work patiently. I would like to express my gratitude to Professor Khanjanapaj Lewmanomont and Associate Professor Dr. Kitichate Sridith for their time and valuable guidances. I am grateful to Professor Dr. Eric Coppejans and Professor Khanjanapaj Lewmanomont for great experiences, knowledge and English practice during our two workshops on seaweed and seagrass. I would like to thank Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Natural History Museum and Professor Khanjanapaj Lewmanomont, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University for kindly lending me their specimens. Special thanks to Mr. Piyalap Tuntiprapas and Ms. Supattra Pongparadon whom kindly offered me both specimens’ collections and in situ photographs. I am grateful to every single member of Seaweed and Seagrass Research Unit who always warmly give me happiness and teamwork. This work was supported by the TRF/BIOTEC Special Program for Biodiversity Research and Training grant BRT T_352007. This work was partially funded by Graduate School, Prince of Songkhla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla and Research Assistantship 2007, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University. My last but never ending thanks is to my family who never understand what I am studying but always give me support. I love you guys always. Anuchit Darakrai vii CONTENT Page Content viii List of tables x List of figures xi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Review of literatures 4 Research questions 20 Research objectives 20 Chapter 2 Materials and Methods 21 The study site 21 Specimen collection and laboratory study 24 Morphometrics study 25 Statistical analysis 32 Chapter 3 Results 33 Diversity of Dictyota J.V. Lamour. and Canistrocarpus 33 De Paula & De Clerck in the Peninsular Thailand Distribution of Dictyota J.V. Lamour. and Canistrocarpus 43 De Paula & De Clerck in the Peninsular Thailand Key to species of Dictyota and Canistrocarpus in 45 the Peninsular Thailand Description of the species 46 Habitat of Dictyota J.V. Lamour. and Canistrocarpus 65 De Paula & De Clerck Species compositions of Dictyota J.V. Lamour. and 77 Canistrocarpus De Paula & De Clerck Chapter 4 Discussion 80 Species Diversity 80 Diversity difference and role of the Peninsular Thailand 80 Effect of environmental factors on difference of species 85 compositions viii CONTENT (Continued) Page Chapter 4 Morphometric and identification to species of Dictyota 87 and Canistrocarpus Further study 88 Chapter 5 Conclusions 89 References 91 Vitae 99 ix LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Comparison of vegetative and reproductive characters of 13 Dictyota, Canistrocarpus and Rugulopteryx 2. Summary of habitats of Dictyota and Canistrocarpus 16 3. Summary of Dictyota and Canistrocarpus species reported in Thailand 18 4. Principal Components Analysis of morphological characters 36 measured on Dictyota and Canistrocarpus specimens 5. Summary of species occurrence of Dictyota and Canistrocarpus 38 in the east coast and the west coast of the Peninsular Thailand from collections during 1976 – 2011 6. Summary of Dictyota and Canistrocarpus occurrences and 39 abundances from survey sites both the east coast and the west coast of the Peninsular Thailand 7. Summary of Dictyota and Canistrocarpus and their habitats 65 8. Bray-Curtis similarity matrix of species compositions between 78 the east coast and the west coast of the Peninsular
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