World War I Sources at the Hocken Collections
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The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Schriften Des Historischen Kollegs
The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Schriften des Historischen Kollegs Herausgegeben von Andreas Wirsching Kolloquien 91 The Purpose of the First World War War Aims and Military Strategies Herausgegeben von Holger Afflerbach An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org Schriften des Historischen Kollegs herausgegeben von Andreas Wirsching in Verbindung mit Georg Brun, Peter Funke, Karl-Heinz Hoffmann, Martin Jehne, Susanne Lepsius, Helmut Neuhaus, Frank Rexroth, Martin Schulze Wessel, Willibald Steinmetz und Gerrit Walther Das Historische Kolleg fördert im Bereich der historisch orientierten Wissenschaften Gelehrte, die sich durch herausragende Leistungen in Forschung und Lehre ausgewiesen haben. Es vergibt zu diesem Zweck jährlich bis zu drei Forschungsstipendien und zwei Förderstipendien sowie alle drei Jahre den „Preis des Historischen Kollegs“. Die Forschungsstipendien, deren Verleihung zugleich eine Auszeichnung für die bisherigen Leis- tungen darstellt, sollen den berufenen Wissenschaftlern während eines Kollegjahres die Möglich- keit bieten, frei von anderen Verpflichtungen eine größere Arbeit abzuschließen. Professor Dr. Hol- ger Afflerbach (Leeds/UK) war – zusammen mit Professor Dr. Paul Nolte (Berlin), Dr. Martina Steber (London/UK) und Juniorprofessor Simon Wendt (Frankfurt am Main) – Stipendiat des Historischen Kollegs im Kollegjahr 2012/2013. Den Obliegenheiten der Stipendiaten gemäß hat Holger Afflerbach aus seinem Arbeitsbereich ein Kolloquium zum Thema „Der Sinn des Krieges. Politische Ziele und militärische Instrumente der kriegführenden Parteien von 1914–1918“ vom 21. -
Warriors Walk Heritage Trail Wellington City Council
crematoriumchapel RANCE COLUMBARIUM WALL ROSEHAUGH AVENUE SE AFORTH TERRACE Wellington City Council Introduction Karori Cemetery Servicemen’s Section Karori Serviceman’s Cemetery was established in 1916 by the Wellington City Council, the fi rst and largest such cemetery to be established in New Zealand. Other local councils followed suit, setting aside specifi c areas so that each of the dead would be commemorated individually, the memorial would be permanent and uniform, and there would be no distinction made on the basis of military or civil rank, race or creed. Unlike other countries, interment is not restricted to those who died on active service but is open to all war veterans. First contingent leaving Karori for the South African War in 1899. (ATL F-0915-1/4-MNZ) 1 wellington’s warriors walk heritage trail Wellington City Council The Impact of Wars on New Zealand New Zealanders Killed in Action The fi rst major external confl ict in which New Zealand was South African War 1899–1902 230 involved was the South African War, when New Zealand forces World War I 1914–1918 18,166 fought alongside British troops in South Africa between 1899 and 1902. World War II 1939–1945 11,625 In the fi rst decades of the 20th century, the majority of New Zealanders Died in Operational New Zealand’s population of about one million was of British descent. They identifi ed themselves as Britons and spoke of Services Britain as the ‘Motherland’ or ‘Home’. Korean War 1950–1953 43 New Zealand sent an expeditionary force to the aid of the Malaya/Malaysia 1948–1966 20 ‘Mother Country’ at the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914. -
ANZAC Military Pharmacy, 1914-1918
Military Medicines: ANZAC Military Pharmacy, 1914-1918 Lee Ellen Doughty A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand 26 July 2019 Abstract Abstract Military pharmacy is a niche subset of the wider pharmacy profession. As a small component of the armed forces, the role encompasses unique military requirements beyond usual pharmacy practice. This thesis analyses the role and experience of New Zealand and Australian pharmacists who served as pharmacists during World War I (WWI), rather than as soldiers in combatant units. This history of the pharmacists of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) also provides a window into a little-recognised sector of the armed forces: supply and support. It argues that the role expectations of military pharmacists did not align with those of other serving health practitioners during the war, and that these disparities had their genesis in professional and social tensions within the civilian sphere. Historically, pharmacists have served as unseen or ‘silent’ specialist health professionals within military contexts. In this thesis, I consider social and cultural factors that shaped the wartime expectations of ANZAC military pharmacists throughout WWI. In particular, I examine the ‘invisibility’ of pharmacy, alongside perceptions of professionalism, educational pathway differences between pharmacists and other health practitioners, and the impact of social class and status on military rank. This analysis is based primarily on military and pharmacy records for WWI, together with period publications. A detailed database created for this thesis of all New Zealanders who served as pharmacists during the war provides case studies and conclusions to support the thesis. -
1 Battle Weariness and the 2Nd New Zealand Division During the Italian Campaign, 1943-45
‘As a matter of fact I’ve just about had enough’;1 Battle weariness and the 2nd New Zealand Division during the Italian Campaign, 1943-45. A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History at Massey University New Zealand. Ian Clive Appleton 2015 1 Unknown private, 24 Battalion, 2nd New Zealand Division. Censorship summaries, DA 508/2 - DA 508/3, (ANZ), Censorship Report No 6/45, 4 Feb to 10 Feb 45, part 2, p.1. Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Abstract By the time that the 2nd New Zealand Division reached Italy in late 1943, many of the soldiers within it had been overseas since early 1941. Most had fought across North Africa during 1942/43 – some had even seen combat earlier, in Greece and Crete in 1941. The strain of combat was beginning to show, a fact recognised by the division’s commanding officer, Lieutenant-General Bernard Freyberg. Freyberg used the term ‘battle weary’ to describe both the division and the men within it on a number of occasions throughout 1944, suggesting at one stage the New Zealanders be withdrawn from operations completely. This study examines key factors that drove battle weariness within the division: issues around manpower, the operational difficulties faced by the division in Italy, the skill and tenacity of their German opponent, and the realities of modern combat. -
The New Zealand Army Officer Corps, 1909-1945
1 A New Zealand Style of Military Leadership? Battalion and Regimental Combat Officers of the New Zealand Expeditionary Forces of the First and Second World Wars A thesis provided in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Wayne Stack 2014 2 Abstract This thesis examines the origins, selection process, training, promotion and general performance, at battalion and regimental level, of combat officers of the New Zealand Expeditionary Forces of the First and Second World Wars. These were easily the greatest armed conflicts in the country’s history. Through a prosopographical analysis of data obtained from personnel records and established databases, along with evidence from diaries, letters, biographies and interviews, comparisons are made not only between the experiences of those New Zealand officers who served in the Great War and those who served in the Second World War, but also with the officers of other British Empire forces. During both wars New Zealand soldiers were generally led by competent and capable combat officers at all levels of command, from leading a platoon or troop through to command of a whole battalion or regiment. What makes this so remarkable was that the majority of these officers were citizen-soldiers who had mostly volunteered or had been conscripted to serve overseas. With only limited training before embarking for war, most of them became efficient and effective combat leaders through experiencing battle. Not all reached the required standard and those who did not were replaced to ensure a high level of performance was maintained within the combat units. -
Having a Good War During a Bad Year: Herbert Hart in 1917
THE ENDURING IMPACT OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR A collection of perspectives Edited by Gail Romano and Kingsley Baird Having a Good War During a Bad Year: Herbert Hart in 1917 John Crawford New Zealand Defence Force Abstract To have ‘a good war’ may be defined as ‘making the most of the opportunities presented to one during wartime’. This article focuses on one man who had a good war between 1914 and 1918; with a particular focus on 1917. In 1914 Herbert Hart was a small-town solicitor and officer in the part-time Territorial Force. By the end of the First World War he was a much decorated and highly regarded brigadier-general. The factors that led to Hart having a good war and how they can be seen at work during his career in the New Zealand Expeditionary Force are assessed in this article. How having a good war and becoming a senior officer changed Hart’s experience of war on the western front and the trajectory of his life are also examined. Keywords Brigadier; First World War; Herbert Hart; good war; NZEF INTRODUCTION article the key factors that led to Hart and other men having a good war are outlined. The focus will be on For the British empire and its allies 1917 was a bad Hart’s career during 1917; how his experience of war year which saw the failure of major offensives on the on the western front changed during that year; and how western front and the collapse of the Russian empire’s having a good war changed the course of his life. -
US-World War I
World War One (The Great War) 1914 - 1918 http://www.bbc.co.uk/remembrance/img/gassed_446x251.jpg “Gassed,” John Singer Sargent (1919) Quick Overview The war began in August 1914 When war broke out, the U. S. declared itself neutral The U.S. entered the war on April 6, 1917 The fighting ended with a cease-fire agreement on November 11, 1918 Approximately 9 million soldiers were killed. At least 21 million soldiers were wounded. MAIN Causes of the War MILITARISM The Glorification of military power An Arms Race (Competition to build the most powerful weapons) took place - lead to fear MAIN Causes of the War Alliances Suspicions about other nations led to the formation of alliances Triple Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy Triple Entente Britain, France and Russia MAIN Causes of the War Imperialism Competition between European nations over land and resources created rivalries in Africa American imperialism in Latin America and Asia was also a source of concern & tension MAIN Causes of the War Nationalism A deep pride in one’s own country - believing that it is better than all nations European nations competed to prove the superiority of their cultures U.S. - “God’s Chosen People” http://web.viu.ca/davies/H482.WWI/poster.US.DestroyThisMadBrute.jpg Archduke Franz Ferdinand and His Family He was to be the next emperor of Austria-Hungary The Assassination Franz Ferdinand was killed by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo June 28, 1914 This event “sparked” war in Europe The Fighting Begins Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28, -
Chapter Six the War Grinds to a Gruesome End
Chapter Six The War Grinds to a Gruesome End 5 The Armistice came, the day we had dreamed of. The guns stopped, the fighting stopped. Four years of noise and bangs ended in silence. The killings had stopped. We were stunned. I had been out since 1914. I should have been happy. I was sad. I thought of the slaughter, the hardships, the waste, and the friends I had lost.1 —British sergeant-major Richard Tobin of the Army’s Royal Naval Division ussia’s withdrawal from the Great War in late 1917 was a major benefit to Germany and the other Central Powers. True, the Germans would have R to leave some manpower in place in the East in order to keep an eye on Ukraine, Poland, Finland, and Baltic states that it had received according to the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. But with Russia no longer a concern, Ger- man military commanders could still shift huge numbers of troops, guns, and other military resources to the Western Front, where the enemy remained for- midable. The only question that remained, according to German strategists, was whether this additional muscle would enable them to defeat reeling French and British armies before Americans troops began pouring into Europe. A Race Against Time for Germany In early 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm II remained Germany’s emperor and the offi- cial commander-in-chief of its military. In reality, however, the war had elevat- ed the country’s generals to positions of influence that eclipsed the Kaiser. From 1916 to 1918, in fact, Germany operated under an unoffical military dictator- 89 Defining Moments: World War I and the Age of Modern Warfare ship—a “silent dictatorship” in the words of some historians—led by two men, Chief of the General Staff Paul von Hindenburg and his deputy, First Quar- termaster-General Erich Ludendorff (see biography, p. -
The Impact of World War I
IMPACTIMPACT OF OF WORLD WORLD WAR WAR I I •• WorldWorld War War I I has has been been called called a a ““warwar with with many many causes causes but but no no objectivesobjectives..”” •• ThisThis profound profound sense sense of of wastewaste andand pointlessness pointlessness willwill shape shape EuropeanEuropean politics politics in in the the post post-- warwar period. period. NewNew Horrors Horrors for for a a New New Century Century •• TotalTotal WarWar •• IndustrialIndustrial weaponsweapons ofof massmass--killingkilling •• ExtremeExtreme NationalismNationalism •• CiviliansCivilians targetedtargeted •• Genocide:Genocide: TurksTurks slaughterslaughter ArmeniansArmenians •• CommunistCommunist RevolutionRevolution •• TerrorismTerrorism AftermathAftermath ofof WorldWorld WarWar I:I: ConsequencesConsequences SocialSocial:: •• almostalmost 1010 millionmillion soldierssoldiers werewere killedkilled andand overover 2020 millionmillion areare woundedwounded •• millionsmillions ofof civilianscivilians dieddied asas aa resultresult ofof thethe hostilities,hostilities, famine,famine, andand diseasedisease •• thethe worldworld waswas leftleft withwith hatred,hatred, intolerance,intolerance, andand extremeextreme nationalism.nationalism. WorldWorld War War I I Casualties Casualties 10,000,000 9,000,000 Russia 8,000,000 Germany 7,000,000 Austria-Hungary 6,000,000 France 5,000,000 4,000,000 Great Britain 3,000,000 Italy 2,000,000 Turkey 1,000,000 US 0 TheThe Spanish Spanish Flu Flu (Influenza) (Influenza) -- 19181918 •• StruckStruck inin thethe -
Of the Modern Age
1 1 Interior with a Table, 1921. Vanessa Bell. Oil on canvas. 21 /4 x 25 /4 inches. Tate Gallery, London. ©1961 Estate of Vanessa Bell. Courtesy of Henrietta Garnett. 1028 Tate Gallery, London/Art Resource, NY 1028-1042 UOU6-845482.indd 1028 1/29/07 1:43:43 PM UNIT SIX THE MODERN AGE 1901–1950 Looking Ahead When the twentieth century began, Britain was at the height of its power. During the next half century, the British endured bitter class conflict, two world wars, global economic depression, and growing demands for independence among the colonial peoples they ruled. This period of profound change also witnessed the emergence of powerful Modernist writers, who modified and broke with the forms and traditions of British literature. Keep the following questions in mind as you read: ▲▲▲ ▲ How did World Wars I and II impact British literature? How was class conflict represented in British literature? How did attitudes toward the British Empire begin to change during this period? What were some major characteristics of Modernism? OBJECTIVES In learning about the Modern age, you will focus on the following: • analyzing the characteristics of modern literature and how issues of the period influenced writers • evaluating the influences of the historical forces that shaped literary characters, plots, settings, and themes in modern literature • connecting modern literature to historical contexts, current events, and your own experiences 1029 11028-1042028-1042 UOU6-845482.inddUOU6-845482.indd 10291029 11/10/07/10/07 8:29:258:29:25 AMAM TIMELINE 1901–1950 BRITISH LITERATURE 1900 1920 1901 1914 1917 1920 Rudyard Kipling publishes Modernist journal Blast William Butler Yeats Wilfred Owen’s Collected Kim begins publication ▼ publishes The Wild Swans Poems is published at Coole 1907 1922 Rudyard Kipling wins Nobel 1918 Katherine Mansfield Prize in Literature Siegfried Sassoon publishes publishes The Garden Party Counter-Attack 1913 1922 George Bernard Shaw’s T. -
The 3Rd New Zealand Division and Operation ‘Squarepeg’
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. “With the utmost precision and team play”: The 3rd New Zealand Division and Operation ‘Squarepeg’ A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Arts (Defence & Strategic Studies) by Shaun Mawdsley Centre for Defence and Security Studies College of Humanities and Social Sciences Massey University 2013 ABSTRACT This thesis examines the influences and course of the 3rd New Zealand (NZ) Division’s preparations for Operation ‘Squarepeg’ in the Green Islands, in February 1944. It argues that as the largest New Zealand amphibious operation of the Second World War, ‘Squarepeg’ holds a key place in identifying the development of amphibious and jungle warfare doctrine within the New Zealand Army during the war. As such, it can indicate the abilities of the 3rd NZ Division to conduct combat operations in the South Pacific in 1944. The thesis shows that the New Zealand Army was unprepared for operations in the South Pacific, as it had neglected relevant inter-war developments. The hasty formation of the 3rd NZ Division in 1942, as a response to Japanese expansion in the South Pacific, served to highlight the challenges that the division and its commander, Major-General Harold Barrowclough, had to overcome. The studying of foreign doctrine to supplement the dearth of New Zealand material was vital for the 3rd NZ Division’s preparations for deployment. -
Sasha Massey St Patrick's College
THE Simpson PRIZE A COMPETITION FOR YEAR 9 AND 10 STUDENTS 2017 Winner Tasmania Sasha Massey St Patrick's College "The experience of Australian soldiers on the Western Front in 1916 has been largely overlooked in accounts of the First World War." To what extent would you argue that battles such as Fromelles and Pozières should feature more prominently in accounts of the First World War? It has been engraved into our national identity to commemorate the sacrifice of those who have participated in conflict, but perhaps one of the greatest tragedies of how we remember World War 1 is that details of battles on the Western Front have eluded the Australian public. Gallipoli, ANZAC Cove and Lone Pine usually dominate the national conversation on ANZAC Day, but the Western Front deserves greater recognition. The loss of a loved one on the Western Front is not an uncommon story, with approximately 45,000 Australian’s being killed.1 The Australian soldiers faced a monumental struggle in France and Belgium, with an immense death toll and unspeakable conditions. It is not only the conditions that were faced that justify the need for a more prominent commemoration of the battles on the Western Front, but they are also very important in the formation of the ANZAC spirit. When Australians think of the ANZACs, we think of tremendous courage, mateship and heroism, qualities that were displayed in abundance on the Western Front, especially at Fromelles and Pozieres. By preserving the legacy of those who served at Pozieres and Fromelles we can remember the lessons they taught us and strive for the qualities they demonstrated.