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A DICTIONARY of PHOTOGRAPHY.— for the Professional and Amateur Photographer

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A DICTIONARY of PHOTOGRAPHY.— for the Professional and Amateur Photographer NYPL RESEARCH LIBRARIES I IIIIIIIIIIIIIIMII II nil III I 3 3433 07208923 2 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/dictionaryofphotOOwall The Scovill Photographic Series. Hriee, Per Copy. No. I.—THE PHOTOGRAPHIC AMATEUR.— By J. Trull Taylor. A Guide to the Young Photographer, either Professional or Amateur. (Second Edition.) Paper covers $o 50 Library Edition i 00 No. 2.- THE ART AND PRACTICE OF SILVER PRINTING.—By H. P. Robinson and Capt. VV. de W. Abney, R.E., F.R.S. (Third Edition.) Paper covers 5° Library Edition 75 No. 3.—Out of Print. No. 4.—HOW TO MAKE PICTURES.— By Henry Clay Price. (Fourth Edition.) The A B C of Dry-plate Photography. Paper covers 50 Library Edition 75 No. 5.—PHOTOGRAPHY WITH EMULSIONS.— By Capt. W. de W. Abney, R.E., F.R.S. A treatise on the theory and practical working of Gelatine and Collodion Emu'sion Processes. (Second Edition.) Paper covers, 75 Cloth bound i 00 No 6.— Out of Print. No. 7. THE MODERN PRACTICE OF RETOUCHING NEGATIVES-As practiced by M. Piguep6, and other celebrated experts. ^Fifth Editions . 50 Library Edition 75 No. 8.-THE SPANISH EDITION OF HOW TO MAKE PICTURES. -Ligeras Lecciones sobre Fotografia Dedicados a Los Aficionados. Paper covers, 50 Cloth bound i °o No. g.-TWELVE ELEMENTARY LESSONS IN PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEM ISTRY.— Presented in very concise and attractive shape. (Second Edition. Paper covers 50 Cloth bound 5° No. 10—Out of Print. No. II.—Out of Print. No. i2.-HARDWICH'S PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMISTRY.-A manual of photo- graphic chemistry, theoretical and practical. (Ninth Edition.) Edited by 200 J. Traill Taylor. Leatherette binding No. 13. -TWELVE ELEMENTARY LESSONS ON SILVER PRINTING. (Second Edition). Paper covers 5° PHOTOGRAPHERS -A series of No ,4 -ABOUT PHOTOGRAPHY AND is added European interesting essays for the studio and study, to which Paper covers. $o 50 Rambles with a Camera. By H. Baden Pritchakd, F.C.S. Cloth bound ^^ Dr. M. No. .5.-THE CHEMICAL EFFECT OF THE SPECTRUM.-By J. Eder. Paper covers ^5 •~-- *° Cloth bound • • MAKING BY PHOTOGRAPHY -By H. P. Robinson. No .6 -PICTURE popular form and Author of Pictorial Erfect in Photography. Written in 75 finely illustrated . Paper covers Library Edition ^ PHOTOGRAPHY.- Prof. No 17 -FIRST LESSONS IN AMATEUR By Randall Siaulding. A series of popular lectures, giving elementary (Second Edition). instruction in dry-plate photography, optics, etc. Paper covers ^5 Library Edition '5 No. 18.—Out of Print. No iQ—THE MAGIC LANTERN MANUAL.-(Third Edition.) By W. I cloth bound Chadwick. With one hundred and live practical illustrations ; 75 Sinclair, M.D. No 20 -DRY-PLATE MAKING FOR AMATEURS -By Geo. L. Pointed, practical, and plain. Leatherette binding 5<> PHOTO- No 21 -THE AMERICAN ANNUAL OF PHOTOGRAPHY AND ' GRAl'HIC TIMES ALMANAC FOR iSSy.-lSecond Edition). Paper cover (postage, twelve cents additional* 5° °o Library Edition ' No 22—PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTING METHODS.-By the Rev. W. H. BuRBANK. A Practical Guide to the Professional and Amateur Worker. 00 (Second Edition.) Cloth bound < No 23.-A HI.^TORY OFPHOTOGR.\PHY. -Written as a Practical Guide and an Introduction to its Latest Uevelopmeiits, by W. Jerome Harrison, F.G.S., and containing a frontispiece of the author. Cloth bound 1 uo No 24 -THE AMERICAN ANNUAL OF PHOTOGRAPHY AND PHOTO- GRAPHIC TIMES ALMANAC FOR i838.—Illustrated. Second Edition. Paper iby mail, twelve cents additional) 5° Library Edition (by mail, twelve cents additional) 1 00 to the prepar- No 25 -THE PHOTOGRAPHIC NEGATIVE. -A Practical Guide ation of sensitive surfaces by the calotype. albumen, collodion, and gelatine processes, on glass and paper, with supplementary chapter on development, bound i 5° etc . by the Rev. W. H. Burbank. Cloth No. 26. -THE PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTRUCTOR.— For the Professional and Amateur. Being the comprehensive series of Practical Lessons issued to the students of the ChauUuqua School of Photography. Revised and enlarged. Edited by W. 1. Lincoln Adams, with an Appendix by Prof. Charles Ehrmann. Paper covers 75 Library Edition i 25 No. 27.— LETTERS ON LANDSCAPE PHOTOGRAPHY— By H. P. Robinson. Finely illustrated from the Author's own photographs and containing a photogravure frontispiece of the Author. Cloth bound i 50 No 28.-THE AMERICAN ANNUAL OF PHOTOGRAPHY AND PHOTO- GRAPHIC TIMES ALMANAC FOR 1889. Finely illustrated. Paper (by mail, 12 cents additional) 50 Library Edition 100 .No. 29. -THE PROCESSES OF PURE PHOTOGRAPHY.— By W. K. Burton and Andrew Pringle. A sUndard work, very complete and freely illus- trated. Paper covers 2 oo Library Edition 2 50 No 30.-PICTORIAL EFFECT IN PHOTOGRAPHY.-By H. P. Robinson. A new edition. Illustrated. Mr. Robinson's first and best work. Cloth bound 1 50 No. "(I.- A DICTIONARY OF PHOTOGRAPHY.— For the Professional and Amateur Photographer. By K. J. Wall. Illu.strated. Cloth bound i 50 : A DICTIONARY PHOTOGRAPHY FOR THE PROFESSIONAL AND AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHER. E. J. WALL CONTAINING CONCISE, EXPLANATORY ARTICLES, ILLUSTRATED BY SPECIALLY PREPARED DIAGRAMS. NEW YORK THE SCOVILL &. ADAMS COMPANY, 423 BROOME STREET. ?. THl NEW YORK MJBLIC UBRARY 41)746xo COPYRIGHTED PREFACE. WHEN the worker in photography is desirous of teaching himself the art, he naturally turns to the standard text-books in order to prevent frequent failures and mistakes. Many of the books published upon photography are too far advanced to be of any service, except to those who are well versed in chemistry and optics. It was to override this great difficulty that at the instance of the Editor of the Amateur Photographer I contributed to that paper the Dictionary OF Photography. It was published through a series of numbers, and, at the earnest request of many subscribers, the Editor prevailed upon me to issue the Dictionary in book form. As far as possible the information has been brought up to date ; it is written throughout in the plainest language at my command, and is, I trust, practically a complete encyclopaedia of photography. I shall feel grateful if those finding errors in cal- culations or formulae will communicate with me through the publishers, in order that in subsequent editions corrections may be made. PREFACE. I have to thankfully acknowledge help and advice from many workers in the art-science of photography, and I confidently leave the result of my labours and their co-operation to await the verdict of the public, and dedicate the Dictionary to all who *• Hold as 'twere the mirror up to Nature." E. J. WALL. London, 1SS9. DICTIONARY OF PHOTOGRAPHY. Aberration. A term applied to the lens to denote the varia- tion between the foci of rays of light which are transmitted through the centre of the lens and those which are transmitted through or near its margin ; also to denote the separation or decomposition of light by the surface of a lens, so that the constituent rays are not all brought to the same focus. The first is called Spherical, the latter Chromatic aberration. To spherical aberration is due that fuzziness or want of sharpness near the margins of the focussing screen in uncorrected lenses. To the latter is due the annoying defect of lenses when the chemical and visual foci do not coincide, when the camera, after focussing, must be racked in towards the lens—from one-thirtieth to one-fortieth of the focal length is the usual run—before the plate is exposed. Both are corrected by combining lenses differing in form and in the kind of glass of which they are made. Accelerator. A term applied to any substance which is used to shorten the duration of development and to obtain the impres- sion of the slightest impact of actinic light. Thus, in alkaline pyro development the alkali is the accelerator, and with ferrous o.xalate, hyposulphite of soda, common salt, perchloride of mer- cury have been recommended. A few drops of a weak solution of hypo have a wonderful effect in bringing up detail in an instantaneous negative. Common salt has also a beneficial! effect, especially with positive bromide papers, bringing up the detail evenly and gradually before the shadows can become blocked. The addition of hypo and chloride of soda to ferrous oxalate developer is stated to materially shorten the time of exposure, but it is doubtful whether the action is not rather limited to producing a visible image of every ray of light, which may not be the case with ordinary development. I ; 2 DICTIONARY OF PHOTOGRAPHY. Achromatic, when applied to a lens, signifies that it has been corrected for chromatic aberration, and that the images projected by it are unaccompanied by fringes of various colours. The correction is usually effected by combining two glasses having differing refractive powers, as, for instance, a convex crown-glass lens, with a concave flint glass, or by enclosing a flint meniscus between two concavo-convex. There are several methods, but the latter is the usual method employed for the rapid class of lenses now so much in vogue (see Lens). For the theory involved in rendering lenses achromatic, see Decomposi- tion OF Light. Acids may be defined as compounds of hydrogen whose atom or atoms of hydrogen are replaceable by metals, or by radicles having metallic characteristics, and the compound resulting from such substitution is termed a salt. Acetic Acid. Formula, HQHjOa ; molecular weight, 60 synonym, purified pyroligneous acid. Prepared from wood by destructive distillation and subsequent purification. There are three commercial strengths. Glacial Acetic Acid contains 99 per cent, of acid and i per cent, of water. Its specific gravity varies from 1-065 to ro66. When cooled to 34 dcgs. F. it solidifies into a mass of crystals, and remains solid till the heat is raised to 48 degs.
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