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Nonmarine Bivalves from the Lower Permian (Wolfcampian) of the Chama Basin, New Mexico Spencer G

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Nonmarine Bivalves from the Lower Permian (Wolfcampian) of the Chama Basin, New Mexico Spencer G New Mexico Geological Society Downloaded from: http://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/56 Nonmarine bivalves from the Lower Permian (Wolfcampian) of the Chama Basin, New Mexico Spencer G. Lucas and Larry F. Rinehart, 2005, pp. 283-287 in: Geology of the Chama Basin, Lucas, Spencer G.; Zeigler, Kate E.; Lueth, Virgil W.; Owen, Donald E.; [eds.], New Mexico Geological Society 56th Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook, 456 p. This is one of many related papers that were included in the 2005 NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebook. Annual NMGS Fall Field Conference Guidebooks Every fall since 1950, the New Mexico Geological Society (NMGS) has held an annual Fall Field Conference that explores some region of New Mexico (or surrounding states). Always well attended, these conferences provide a guidebook to participants. Besides detailed road logs, the guidebooks contain many well written, edited, and peer-reviewed geoscience papers. These books have set the national standard for geologic guidebooks and are an essential geologic reference for anyone working in or around New Mexico. Free Downloads NMGS has decided to make peer-reviewed papers from our Fall Field Conference guidebooks available for free download. Non-members will have access to guidebook papers two years after publication. Members have access to all papers. This is in keeping with our mission of promoting interest, research, and cooperation regarding geology in New Mexico. However, guidebook sales represent a significant proportion of our operating budget. Therefore, only research papers are available for download. Road logs, mini-papers, maps, stratigraphic charts, and other selected content are available only in the printed guidebooks. Copyright Information Publications of the New Mexico Geological Society, printed and electronic, are protected by the copyright laws of the United States. No material from the NMGS website, or printed and electronic publications, may be reprinted or redistributed without NMGS permission. Contact us for permission to reprint portions of any of our publications. One printed copy of any materials from the NMGS website or our print and electronic publications may be made for individual use without our permission. Teachers and students may make unlimited copies for educational use. Any other use of these materials requires explicit permission. This page is intentionally left blank to maintain order of facing pages. th NewNONMARINE Mexico Geological Society,BIVALVES 56 Field ConferenceFROM THEGuidebook, LOWER Geology ofPERMIAN the Chama Basin, 2005, p.283-287. 283 NONMARINE BIVALVES FROM THE LOWER PERMIAN (WOLFCAMPIAN) OF THE CHAMA BASIN, NEW MEXICO SPENCER G. LUCAS AND LARRY F. RINEHART New Mexico Museum of Natural History, 1801 Mountain Road NW, Albuquerque, NM 87104 ABSTRACT.—The Welles quarry is an Early Permian (Wolfcampian) vertebrate fossil locality developed in a pond deposit in the El Cobre Canyon Formation of the Cutler Group near Arroyo del Agua, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico. We describe an extensive assemblage of thin-shelled, freshwater bivalves from the quarry preserved as external and (rarely) internal casts. Typical preservation is with the paired valves wide open (~180o), the hinge intact, and exterior surfaces facing upward. The clams are equivalved, inequilateral, and elongate oval in shape. Ligaments are external and opistodetic, hinges are straight and edentate, and adductor muscle scars are absent or not preserved. Length ranges from ~ 1 to ~ 23 mm. Umbones are slightly inflated and located at ~ 0.25 of length from the anterior end. Ornamentation consists only of concentric growth ridges. Two variants, one with a rounded posterior end, and the other more blunt, may represent sexual dimorphs. Allometric height-to- length ratio (≈ 0.45) and overall morphology are essentially identical to the Late Permian anthracosiid Palaeanodonta paral- lela (Amalitzky), known from South Africa and Russia. However, due to the large temporal and geographic range differences between P. parallela and the Welles quarry specimens, we provisionally assign them to P. cf. P. parallela. This is the first report of Palaeanodonta from the Permian of North America, a substantial extension of its stratigraphic range from the Middle Perm- ian to nearly the base of the Permian and suggests that too little is known of late Paleozoic nonmarine bivalves for them to be of great biostratigraphic utility. INTRODUCTION able for examination in our sample. Considerable lateral com- pression of the fossils is evident and probably occurred during In 1877, David Baldwin discovered fossil vertebrates in Lower compaction of the muddy shale matrix. Many of the impressions Permian strata of the Cutler Group near Arroyo del Agua, Rio show evidence of crushing before the dissolution of the shells Arriba County, New Mexico. Subsequent collecting in the early (Fig. 2D). We believe that the width of the specimens has been part of the 20th Century, especially by field parties from the Uni- artificially reduced, so we do not include it in the morphomet- versity of California at Berkeley, revealed numerous bonebeds rics. Two morphological variants are present. One morph shows southeast of Arroyo del Agua that are now among the classic Early a relatively blunt posterior (Fig. 2F) and probably represents the Permian vertebrate fossil localities in North America (Langston, female form. The other more rounded-posterior morph (Fig. 2G) 1953; Romer, 1960; Berman, 1993). One of these localities is the may represent the males, as in Recent freshwater clams (Johnson, Welles quarry (Fig. 1), a pond deposit that has produced fossils 1947). of fish (Xenacanthus and Progyrolepis), amphibians (Chenopro- The Welles quarry bivalves correspond to the description, diag- sopus, Eryops, Zatrachys and Platyhystrix) and stem reptiles and noses and illustrations of Palaeanodonta parallela (Amalitzky) in pelycosaurs (Diadectes, Sphenacodon and Ophiacodon). Spiri- the literature. Thus, they are equivalved, inequilateral and elon- form coprolites are common in the quarry and probably pertain gated, and they have parallel postero-dorsal and ventral margins, to xenacanth chondrichthyans. The Welles quarry also yields an a vertical to slightly obliquely truncated posterior end, are unor- extensive assemblage of bivalves described here. In this article, namented, have umbones at ~0.25 of length, lack ornamentation NMMNH = New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Sci- except growth rings and have a hinge structure that is straight, ence, Albuquerque. edentate and opistodetic, with external ligament (cf. Amalitzky, DESCRIPTION AND IDENTIFICATION During the summer of 2002, we collected several hundred bivalves from the Welles quarry (NMMNH locality 4825). The clams are preserved as high-quality impressions and casts and are cataloged in the NMMNH collections (P-38771 through P- 38790). The fossils frequently occur as isolated individuals but more often in clusters (Fig. 2A). Generally, the valves are attached at the external hinge and are wide open. A few individuals are preserved in dorsal view (Fig. 2C). Internal casts (steinkerns) have been prepared out of a few individuals that were preserved with their valves closed (Fig. 2D). Shell fragments are rare, and when they do occur they are thin and poorly preserved. Internal shell characteristics such as the crossed lamellar structure seen in the Palaeomutelidae can be FIGURE 1. Index map and generalized stratigraphy showing location of important diagnostic features (Silantiev, 1998) but are not avail- Welles quarry. 284 LUCAS AND RINEHART FIGURE 2. Selected specimens of Palaeanodonta cf. P. parallela from the Welles quarry. All scale bars are in mm. A, NMMNH P-38772, high density cluster of shells. B, NMMNH P-3878B, an individual bivalve in typical preservation aspect (approximately same scale as F). C, NMMNH P-38787, an individual preserved in dorsal view. D, NMMNH P-38789, an internal cast (steinkern). E, NMMNH P-38778, a rare internal mold showing the edentate hinge structure. F, NMMNH P-38785, an individual with the “blunt posterior” morphology, possibly the female form. G, NMMNH P-38781, an individual with the “rounded posterior” morphology, possibly the male form. NONMARINE BIVALVES FROM THE LOWER PERMIAN 285 1895, pl. 13, figs. 5-6b; Cox, 1936, pl. 5, figs. 2-4; Papin and distributions (modes 1 through 8 in the plot). Straight line fits to Doroshenko, 1974, fig. 1; Bradshaw, 1984, fig. 3; Gusev, 1990, p. these components show that they are normally distributed and 183, 188, pl. 9, figs. 21-23). The Welles quarry bivalves are read- that the modes have been correctly resolved. ily distinguished from Anthraconaia, the genus of late Paleozoic The mean values of the resolved modes were then overplot- freshwater bivalve most similar to Palaeanodonta, by the more ted on the growth ring measurement curve (Fig. 4A). The prob- pronounced umbones and the not-as-elongate and not-as-promi- ability plotting method agreed remarkably well with the growth nently rounded anterior lobes (cf. Eagar, 1962, pl. 47; Eagar and ring data and retrieved two additional size classes that show the Peirce, 1993, fig. 4). approach to the growth asymptote. The age of the largest indi- Morphometric analysis also supports assignment of the Welles vidual (assumed to be at or near the asymptote) is somewhat arbi- quarry bivalves to Palaeanodonta parallela. Complex morpho- trarily assigned to 10 years, but could be higher. metric techniques that measure shell curvatures have been pro- Growth in the bivalves appears to fit the standard von Berta- posed for late Paleozoic freshwater bivalves (Papin and Dorosh- lanffy (1938) equation, enko, 1974), but few comparative data exist in this format. We -k•t apply the height-length (h/l) metric, which is ubiquitous in the lit- L(t) = AL•(1-e ) erature and, according to Gusev (1990), is the single most signifi- cant diagnostic. We thus compare h/l of the most morphologically where L(t) is length as a function of time, AL is the growth asymp- similar Late Carboniferous and Permian nonmarine bivalves to tote, k is the growth constant, and t is time in years. The small the Welles quarry specimens in a bivariate plot (Fig.
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