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Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte Centro De Ciências Exatas E universidade federal do rio grande do norte centro de ciencias^ exatas e da terra departamento de f´ısica teorica´ e experimental programa de pos-graduac¸´ ao~ em f´ısica ESPECTROPOLARIMETRIA E ESPECTROSCOPIA DE ALTA RESOLUC¸ AO~ DE ESTRELAS ANALOGAS´ E GEMEAS^ SOLARES investigando a conexao~ entre a abundancia^ de l´ıtio, per´ıodo de rotac¸ao~ e idade das estrelas analogas´ e gemeas^ solares Tharc´ısyo Sa´ e Sousa Duarte natal-rn maio de 2016 Tharc´ısyo Sa´ e Sousa Duarte ESPECTROPOLARIMETRIA E ESPECTROSCOPIA DE ALTA RESOLUC¸ AO~ DE ESTRELAS ANALOGAS´ E GEMEAS^ SOLARES investigando a conexao~ entre a abundancia^ de l´ıtio, per´ıodo de rotac¸ao~ e idade das estrelas analogas´ e gemeas^ solares Tese de doutorado apresentada ao Programa de P´os- Gradua¸c~ao em F´ısica do Departamento de F´ısica Te´orica e Experimental da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte como requisito parcial para a obten¸c~aodo grau de dou- tor em F´ısica. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Jos´eDias do Nascimento J´unior natal-rn maio de 2016 Catalogação da Publicação na Fonte Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - Sistema de Bibliotecas Biblioteca Central Zila Mamede / Setor de Informação e Referência Duarte, Tharcísyo Sá e Sousa. Espectropolarimetria e espectroscopia de alta resolução de estrelas análogas e gêmeas solares: investigando a conexão entre a abundância de lítio, período de rotação e idade das estrelas análogas e gêmeas solares / Tharcísyo Sá e Sousa Duarte. - 2016. 161 f. : il. Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Terra. Departamento de Física Teórica e Experimental. Programa de Pós-graduação em Física. Natal, RN, 2016. Orientador: Prof. Dr. José Dias do Nascimento Júnior. 1. Estrelas - Tese. 2. Estrelas gêmeas solares - Tese. 3. Estrelas análogas solares - Tese. 4. Abundância de lítio - Tese. 5. Idade estelar - Tese. 6. Evolução estelar - Tese. I. Nascimento Júnior, José Dias do. II. Título. RN/UF/BCZM CDU 524.3 Para minha pequena Maria Tha´ısya Agradecimentos • A toda minha fam´ılia. • A` minha companheira Nath´alia,por seu incentivo e motiva¸c~ao,como tamb´empor sua paci^enciae toler^anciaao longo dessa caminhada. • Ao Professor Jos´eDias do Nascimento J´unior,por sua orienta¸c~ao,amizade, com- preens~aonos momentos dif´ıciese, acima de tudo, por mostrar que fazer ci^encian~ao ´euma tarefa f´acil,embora seja gratificante e fascinante. • Aos professores Jefferson Soares e Matthieu Castro, por todas as importantes con- tribui¸c~oesneste estudo e na minha carreira acad^emica. • A todos os meus colegas do DFTE/UFRN. • Aos meus colegas (amigos) do GE3, em especial os membros da velha guarda, Francys Anthony (Lord Cerberus), Bruno Lustosa (Brun~ao)e Ed-Ek. Todos eles tem uma parcela de contribui¸c~aonesse trabalho. • Aos membros do clube do fanfarr~ao- Cristov~ao(Fanfarr~ao),Nyladih (Russo), Jos´e Crisanto (Cabrunco), Pierre (Lambioia), William Jouse, Bruno Amorim (Asmo- ringa), Rozemberg, Chico, Tib´erio,Milton e Maria Lidu - pelos mais diversos as- suntos (ci^encia,pol´ıtica,economia, sa´ude, seguran¸ca,etc.) em torno de uma caneca de caf´e. • Aos funcion´ariosdo PPGF-UFRN, em especial a Silvestre e a ex-funcion´ariaCelina Pinheiro. • Ao CNPq/CAPES pelo apoio finaceiro . i Quem n~aotiver debaixo dos p´esda alma, a areia de sua terra, n~aoresiste aos atritos da sua viagem na vida, acaba incolor, inodoro e ins´ıpido,parecido com todos. C^amaraCascudo Resumo O interesse em se estudar os objetos similares ao Sol, estrelas definidas como do tipo solar, an´alogase g^emeassolares, carrega em sua ess^enciaa tentativa de encontrar outra estrela que sirva de refer^enciae, al´emdisso, proporciona `ainvestiga¸c~aoda din^amicaevo- lutiva da nossa estrela em fun¸c~aode diversos par^ametros.Neste contexto, utilizamos tr^es conjuntos distintos de dados observacionais, 170 estrelas referentes ao cat´alogodo BCool e observadas com os espectropolar´ımetros ESPaDOnS e NARVAL, 88 g^emeassolares do HARP S e 20 an´alogassolares do Kepler. A partir desses dados, investigamos, principalmente, as rela¸c~oesentre o per´ıodo de rota¸c~ao,a abund^anciade l´ıtioe a idade estelar. Para as estrelas do BCool e as g^emeas do HARPS utilizamos o per´ıodo de rota¸c~aoderivado da atividade cromosf´erica,j´apara as an´alogasdo Kepler o per´ıodo de rota¸c~aoempregado ´eproveniente da modula¸c~aofo- tom´etrica. A abund^anciade l´ıtiopara a maioria das estrelas do tipo solar e g^emeas foi coletada da literatura, enquanto que para as estrelas an´alogas,a abund^anciade l´ıtiofoi determinada utilizando modelos atmosf´ericosdo Kurucz e o c´odigoMOOG, no regime LTE. Em rela¸c~ao`asidades, utilizamos a t´ecnicada girocronologia para redetermin´a-las e, consequentemente, confront´a-lascom as idades isocronais. Nossos resultados apontam para uma lei de decaimento do tipo potencial entre o per´ıodo de rota¸c~aoe a abund^anciade l´ıtio.A correla¸c~aoentre esses par^ametrostorna-se mais n´ıtidapara as estrelas definidas como an´alogase g^emeassolares, mesmo o per´ıodo de rota¸c~aosendo determinado por mecanismos distintos. Em rela¸c~ao`asidades estelares, calculadas atrav´esde is´ocronase girocronologia, percebemos que elas divergem consi- deravelmente quando os objetos s~aomais velhos que o Sol. Este resultado tamb´em´e iii discutido por van Saders et al.(2016) e reflete a nossa limita¸c~aoacerca dos mecanismos controladores da evolu¸c~aoestelar. Nosso trabalho resultou em cinco publica¸c~oesem revistas indexadas, das quais, duas j´ase encontram em modo \in press", um submetido e os outros em fase final de reda¸c~ao. Palavras-chave: G^emeassolares. An´alogassolares. Abund^anciade l´ıtio.Per´ıodo de rota¸c~ao.Idade estelar. Evolu¸c~aoestelar iv Abstract The interest in studying the objects similar to the Sun, stars labeled as solar-type stars, analogs and solar twins, brings in its essence an attempt to find out another reference star and, furthermore, provides an investigation of evolutionary dynamic of our star as a function of various parameters. For this, we used three distinct samples of observable data, 170 solar-type stars from BCool catalog and observed with spectropolarimeters ESPaDOnS e NARVAL, 88 solar-twin stars of HARPS surveys, and 20 solar-analog stars from Kepler. From these data, we have investigated mainly the correlation among the rotation period, lithium abundance and stellar age. For the BCool stars and solar-twin from HARPS, we have used the rotation period determined through of chromospheric activity, in the case of Kepler solar analogs, the rotation period it is derived from photometric modulation. The lithium abundance for most of the solar-type and solar-twin stars have been collected from literature, while for the solar analogs, the lithium abundance were determined in the LTE regime using Kurucz atmospheric models and the MOOG code. For stellar age, we have used the gyrochronology method, which was calibrated using the Sun and a selection of open clusters, to redetermine them and comparing them with those derived from standard isochronal. Our results indicate that exist a decay law for the rotation period as a function of lithium abundance. This correlation becomes more clear for the solar-analog and solar- twin stars, even the rotation period being determined through distinct mechanisms for each case. For stellar ages, measured from standard isochronal and gyrochronology, we realized that they diverge considerably when the stars are older than the Sun. This result v has also been investigated by van Saders et al.(2016) and reflect our limitation about the stellar evolution and mixing mechanisms. Our work has resulted in five publications in indexed journals, two already in print format, one recently submitted and other in final stage of conclusion. Keywords: Solar twins. Analogs twins. Lithium abundance. Rotation period. Stel- lar age. Stellar evolution. vi Lista de Figuras 1.1 Diagrama esquem´aticodo interior solar....................4 1.2 Diagrama esquem´aticodo exterior solar....................7 1.3 Din^amicada atmosfera solar..........................8 2.1 Fauna estelar.................................. 11 2.2 Cronologia da evolu¸c~aosolar.......................... 15 2.3 Evolu¸c~aodas g^emeassolares.......................... 17 2.4 Per´ıodo do Kepler................................ 19 3.1 Largura equivalente de uma linha de absor¸c~ao................ 30 4.1 Distribui¸c~aode energia espectral para o Sol................. 35 4.2 Histograma da distribui¸c~ao de luminosidade para as 88 estrelas g^emeas.. 37 4.3 Modelo evolutivo da profundidade do envolt´orioconvectivo......... 41 4.4 Histograma dos valores de massa e MZC para as 88 g^emeassolares..... 42 4.5 Histograma de log(RHK0 ) e per´ıodo de rota¸c~ao................ 44 4.6 Histograma de (B-V) e n´umero de Rossby.................. 47 4.7 Histograma da A(Li) para as 88 g^emeassolares............... 50 4.8 A(Li) para o Sol................................. 51 4.9 A(Li) para uma g^emeasolar.......................... 52 4.10 Histograma da idade estelar para as 88 g^emeassolares............ 53 5.1 Diagrama HR para as 170 estrelas frias do tipo solar do BCool....... 60 5.2 Zoom no diagrama HR das estrelas do BCool................ 61 5.3 Perfil LSD da estrela Kappa Ceti....................... 64 5.4 Perfil LSD da estrela Kappa Ceti....................... 65 5.5 C´alculodo campo atrav´esdo LSD....................... 65 5.6 Histograma do Prot para as estrelas do tipo solar do cat´alogodo BCool.. 67 5.7 Per´ıodo de rota¸c~aocomo fun¸c~aoda massa para as estrelas do do BCool.. 68 5.8 Per´ıodo de rota¸c~aocomo fun¸c~aoda massa para as estrelas do do BCool.
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