DOCSLIB.ORG

DRAFT 2020 ANALYSIS of IMPEDIMENTS to FAIR HOUSING CHOICE CITY of HOUSTON Sylvester Turner, Mayor

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
DRAFT 2020 ANALYSIS of IMPEDIMENTS to FAIR HOUSING CHOICE CITY of HOUSTON Sylvester Turner, Mayor DRAFT 2020 ANALYSIS OF IMPEDIMENTS TO FAIR HOUSING CHOICE CITY OF HOUSTON Sylvester Turner, Mayor HOUSING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT Tom McCasland, Director Language Assistance Those who are not able to speak, read, write or understand the English language may call 832.393.0550 to request translation assistance with documents, events or other information from the Housing and Community Development Department. The representative will put you on hold and contact an interpreter to help with your call. Asistencia de idioma Las personas que no pueden hablar, leer, escribir o entender el idioma inglés pueden llamar al 832.393.0550 para solicitar asistencia con la traducción de documentos, eventos u otra información del Housing and Community Development Department. El representante lo pondrá en espera y le comunicará con un intérprete para ayudarle con su llamada. Hỗ Trợ Ngôn Ngữ Những người không có khả năng nói, đọc, viết hoặc hiểu Tiếng Anh có thể gọi điện đến số 832.393.0550 để yêu cầu hỗ trợ dịch tài liệu, sự kiện hoặc thông tin khác từ Housing and Community Development Department. Người đại diện sẽ để quý vị chờ máy và liên hệ với thông dịch viên để trả lời cuộc gọi của quý vị. Table of Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 8 Purpose of the Report ................................................................................................................................................ 8 Sources and Methods ................................................................................................................................................ 9 Summary of Findings ............................................................................................................................................... 10 2. Community Participation Process ............................................................................................................ 11 Surveys .................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Stakeholder Engagement ........................................................................................................................................ 12 Community Engagement ......................................................................................................................................... 13 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................... 14 3. Assessment of Past Goals and Actions ................................................................................................... 15 3. Community Profile ................................................................................................................................... 35 Demographic Profile ................................................................................................................................................ 35 Income Data ............................................................................................................................................................ 52 Poverty..................................................................................................................................................................... 60 Employment ............................................................................................................................................................. 65 Public Transportation System .................................................................................................................................. 72 Housing Profile ........................................................................................................................................................ 74 4. Community Amenities and Hazards ......................................................................................................... 86 Analyzing Community Asset Indicators .................................................................................................................... 86 Fair Housing Concerns ............................................................................................................................................ 97 5. Segregation, Integration, and Concentration ........................................................................................... 98 Residential Segregation by Race/Ethnicity .............................................................................................................. 98 6. Private Sector Lending Practices ........................................................................................................... 111 Home Mortgage Lending Practices ........................................................................................................................ 111 Banking .................................................................................................................................................................. 121 Fair Housing Concerns .......................................................................................................................................... 124 7. Public Policies ....................................................................................................................................... 125 Local Plans ............................................................................................................................................................ 125 Economic Development and Housing Initiatives .................................................................................................... 129 Development Regulations ...................................................................................................................................... 132 Other City Policies or Practices Related to Fair Housing ....................................................................................... 135 Houston Housing Authority .................................................................................................................................... 140 State and Federal Regulations and Other Policies Related to Fair Housing ......................................................... 143 Fair Housing Concerns .......................................................................................................................................... 146 8. Fair Housing Profile ............................................................................................................................... 147 Legal Framework ................................................................................................................................................... 147 Fair Housing Education and Enforcement Organizations ...................................................................................... 149 HUD Fair Housing Complaints ............................................................................................................................... 150 Local Fair Housing Information .............................................................................................................................. 158 Fair Housing Concerns .......................................................................................................................................... 165 Disaster Recovery in Houston ................................................................................................................... 166 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 166 Research on Natural Disasters and Protected Classes ......................................................................................... 166 Impacts of Recent Disasters .................................................................................................................................. 167 Harvey Recovery Programs ................................................................................................................................... 169 Fair Housing Concerns .......................................................................................................................................... 172 10. Identification of Impediments to Fair Housing Choice Fair Housing Action Plan .................................. 173 Impediment #1: Discrimination in Housing ............................................................................................................. 174 Impediment #2: Lack of Knowledge about Fair Housing ....................................................................................... 176 Impediment #3: Lack of Housing Affordability and Options ................................................................................... 177 Impediment #4: Lack of Accessible Housing for Persons with Disabilities ............................................................ 179 Impediment #5: Lack of Income / Lack of Funding ................................................................................................ 181 Impediment #6: Segregated Housing Patterns Based on Race, Ethnicity, and Economic Status ......................... 183 Impediment #7: Lack
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pitzer Names Wischmeyer 'Continuing Studies7 Head Previn Notes Musical
    Pitzer names Wischmeyer an all-student 7 newspaper 'Continuing Studies head By CLARK CHAMBERLAIN planned for the summer of 1968. Thresher Reporter The program will assist participants 52 years the Baker master Carl R. Wischmeyer in bridging the gap between their earlier will resign his college post at the end formal education and the rapidly chang- of the spring semester to become director ing scientific and technological discip- of a new Office of Continuing Studies, lines, according to Wischmeyer. said University President Kenneth Pit- Such fields as computer technology or zer in a surprise announcement last econometrics could be covered under such night at the annual Baker Night dinner. a program, he said. Actual subjects cho- No choice has been made on a re- sen will be those in which particular Rice placement as Baker master, Pitzer said. faculty members specialize, Wischmeyer The new office will organize inten- added, emprasizing that no final de- sive, short-term courses designed to cisions have been reached on what cour- thresnef counter the problem of professional ob- ses to offer. vol. 55 no. 12 honston, texas thuvsday, december 7, 1967 solescence. Initial course offerings are As director, Wischmeyer will be faced with organizing the entire struc- ture of the new program. He will primarily concern himself SCEP outlines plan to investigate with the industrial and acadc-mio groundwork necessary to es- academ science and math courses tablish the project rather than By LAI HA KAPLAN Cohen reported that there will problems of course content, he Thresher Reporter be an effort to eliminate the said.
    [Show full text]
  • Presented on Selected Characterstics of Minority Persons in Houston and Parts of Harris County
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 094 023 UD 014 334 AUTHOR Lede, Naomi W.; Dixon, Hortense W. TITLE Urban Minority Groups in Houston: Problems, Progress, and Prospects. A Statistical and Analytical Study. INSTITUTION Texas Southern Univ., Houston. Urban Resources Center. SPONS AGENCY Departm.ant of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 29 Mar 73 NOTE 468p.; Charts on pages 146-163 of this document will not be clearly legible due to print size in the original EDRS P:ICE MF-$0.75 HC-$22.20 PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS Age Groups; *City Demography; Economically . Disadvantaged; Employment Statistics; Family Income; High School Graduates; Marital Status; *Minority Groups; Populatico Trends; Racial Distribution; Socioeconomic Status; *Statistical Analysis; *Urban Population IDENTIFIERS *Texas ABSTRACT This document is cne of a series about the conditions of blacks and other minorities f.L. Houston, Texas. Statistics are presented on selected characterstics of minority persons in Houston and parts of Harris County. document is designed to provide data in an organized and systematic *.:ay by bringing together in one convenient source socioeconomic facts about the minority community and by keeping the document constantly up to date through more current reports. Data for the central, city and some suburban rings in close proximity to Houston proper are given when this type of distinction appears to be significant. The major areas treated in this report are: general socioeconomic characteristics, populetip.n and distribution, family and household size, education, employment and income, housing, poverty, politics, health, economic develippment statistics, and other pertinent data on minority problems and accomplishments. The preparation of the volume was guided by three major concerns: the assessment of problems; a review of progress or accomplishments in the light of civil rights legislation; and a general projection of future needs and prospects.
    [Show full text]
  • 2011 Contributions Phoundation for the Pursuit of Happiness Is a Private, Non- Profit 501(C)3 Organization Dedicated to Preserving the U.S
    1 Youth Emergency Service, Inc., dba The Phogg 2011 Contributions Phoundation for the Pursuit of Happiness is a private, non- profit 501(c)3 organization dedicated to preserving the U.S. Youth Emergency Service, Inc. Constitution and the protection afforded by the U.S. Declaration of Independence and Bill of Rights, especially The Phogg Phoundation for the right to pursue happiness and our right to privacy. the Pursuit of Happiness Please network with other YES, Inc. grantees on this PO Box 13549 Austin, TX 78711 list! You will find allies across issues and geographical e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] boundaries. www.Phogg4.com In addition to specific memorial gifts, all of our YES, Inc., Board of Directors work is dedicated, in loving memory, to former board members and Phogg Phounders Roland O. DeNoie and Michael Kleinman, President Susan Ramsey, former Mayor of Austin and YES board Roland D. DeNoie founder Jeffrey M. Friedman, to former YES board member Mariann Garner-Wizard Walter ("Terry") Falk, and to our late sister in struggle, Matthew Kleinman Marilyn Jean Buck. Robert E. Lee, Jr. -ALL POWER TO THE PEOPLE! Sandra Ackermann -DARE TO DREAM, DARE TO WIN! JUSTICE FOR 9/11 Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth www.ae911truth.org I love agitation and investigation 2342 Shattuck Ave., Suite 189 Berkeley, CA 94704 and glory in defending unpopular (510) 292-4710 truth against popular error.” Demanding a real investigation of the Sept. crimes – James A. Garfield • What caused the collapse of the third skyscraper, WTC 7? (which was not hit by a plane) • Were the twin towers and WTC 7 brought down by explosives? (See "The Case for Demolitions" - WTC7.net) ANTI-WAR, PEACE NOW! Veterans for Peace “If everyone demanded www.VeteransForPeace.org peace instead of another Dennis Lane, Executive Director 216 S.
    [Show full text]
  • Halve the Gap by 2030: Youth Disconnection in America's Cities
    HALVE THE GAP YOUTH DISCONNECTION BY 2030 IN AMERICA’S CITIES KRISTEN LEWIS and SARAH BURD-SHARPS 2013 GAP: 30.3 2013 GAP: (PERCENTAGE POINTS) (PERCENTAGE 15.7 GAP IN YOUTH DISCONNECTION RATE RATE DISCONNECTION IN YOUTH GAP 2030 2030 TARGET: TARGET: 7.9 15.2 Racial/ethnic groups Neighborhood clusters Patrick Nolan Guyer | CHIEF STATISTICIAN & CARTOGRAPHER Diana Tung | REPORT DESIGN TO DOWNLOAD THIS REPORT, PLEASE VISIT MEASURE OF AMERICA WWW.MEASUREOFAMERICA.ORG/HALVE-THE-GAP-2030 of the Social Science Research Council Contents Overview..........................................................……………………………………………………………….........3 Introduction..................................……........…..….………………………………………………………………………....5 What Do the Numbers Show?.................................................................………........…………………….....11 Factors Associated with Youth Disconnection..........................................................…………………....19 The Way Forward.................................................................……………………………………….…………….....23 Metro Area Close-Ups….....……………………………….………………………....................................................30 1. Boston 14. New York 2. Minneapolis–St. Paul 15. Los Angeles 3. Washington, DC 16. Dallas–Ft. Worth 4. San Diego 17. San Antonio 5. San Francisco 18. Tampa–St. Petersburg 6. Pittsburgh 19. Miami 7. Denver 20. Atlanta 8. Seattle 21. Portland 9. Chicago 22. Phoenix 10. Houston 23. Charlotte 11. St. Louis 24. Detroit 12. Philadelphia 25. Riverside–San Bernardino 13. Baltimore Endnotes…..………………………………………………………......................................................................105
    [Show full text]
  • Local Identities Global Challenges
    THE ROLE OF THE MEXICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY 63 The Role of the Mexican American Community in the Production of Urban Space in Houston, Texas BARRY ESPINOSA-OROPEZA Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Houston is the fourth largest metropolitan area in our urban settlements are organized and built, in- the United States. It is also one of the most cultural- forming how different social groups (in terms of ly diverse cities in America. As such, Houston can be race, culture, ethnicity, gender, age, etc.) relate to presented as a paradigm of the twenty-first century space. Yet, among urban researchers there are dif- multicultural city in the United States. Yet Houston ferent views as to how this relation occurs. Some, remains largely understudied1, in particular, with re- for example, view it as a cause and effect situation, lation to the way ethnic and cultural minorities par- where social structure is the cause and spatial con- ticipate in the production of its urban space. This figuration is the effect. Others believe this spatial research is intended to help fill this gap, focusing configuration to be more the aggregate result of in- in one of the largest ethnic groups in Houston, the dividual decisions. Given the brevity of this paper, Mexican-American population. For this purpose, I and the extensive research already existing, I will conduct a socio-semiotic analysis of one of the old- not go into detail on these subjects.3 Yet, I would est Mexican neighborhoods in the city: ‘El Segundo like to comment, if only briefly, on a third viewpoint: Barrio’.
    [Show full text]
  • Colleges That Offer Education Degrees in Texas
    Colleges That Offer Education Degrees In Texas Monarchical Gregg equipped true. Inkiest and bumpkinish Angelico charring so fantastically that Normie unsnapping his smytries. Macro Bailie cowls repressively while Gav always disannuls his humpy tear-gases insipiently, he wifely so far. Many requests to the page offers reimbursement for in that are available We are not the career connections and businesses or courses designed to uncover the colleges that offer in education degrees on the state technical education teaching foundation offers four degree is funded on. Who qualifies for housing assistance in Texas? 60-plus online Texas colleges offer any degree programs 0-plus provide. Other financial needs of colleges that. Preparation for certification to teach in long public schools of Texas is offered through majors in Biology life is Chemistry English language arts History. In a private practice in american politics, eagle online colleges that offer education degrees in texas universities are offered online by the professors do the workforce but in a teaching degree in texas college training for five regional. College of Education University of Houston-Clear Lake. The university in astronomy and adolescence therapy or expected total includes questions in degrees can get details are. It's doable to live comfortably on less than that If do want the live one an updatedmodern spot inside another loop 1 bed I'd say like for disgust to add anywhere from 1200. College of Education The University of Texas Permian Basin. We emit a comprehensive color of four degree vocational-technical adult continuing education and got school programs in delivery formats that address.
    [Show full text]
  • The Inauguration of David W. Leebron
    ^ The Inauguration of David W. Leebron The Inauguration of David W. Leebron The Beginning ofHis Presidency ofRice University Copyright © 2006 by Rice University Houston, Texas Photography by Tommy LaVergne and Jeff Fitlow, Rice University Design and Production by Web and Print Communications, Rice University Printed by Charles P. Young, Houston, Texas 2006 Table of Contents Foreword 7 Part I: The Inauguration 9 David W. Leebron: A Biographical Sketch 11 The Official Summons 14 The Inaugural Proceedings 15 The Investiture 18 Community Celebration 32 Delegates of Institutions of Higher Learning 39 Delegates of Learned and Professional Societies 44 Letters and Certificates of Congratulations 45 Inaugural Committee and University Marshals 48 Part II: Historical Background 49 A Brief History of Rice University 51 The Presidents of Rice University 52 Rice University Board of Trustees 54 The Presidential Search Process 55 The Presidential Search Committee 56 The "White Paper": The Context of Rice University 57 Part III: Transition—Looking to the Future 67 A Process for Change 69 The Call to Conversation 70 A Vision for Rice University's Second Century 81 Endorsement by the Board of Trustees 84 Photographs follow page 38. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from Lyrasis members and Sloan Foundation funding http://www.archive.org/details/inaugurationofdaOOrice Foreword The inauguration of a new president is a signal event in the Hfe of any university, for such occasions allow an opportunity not only to celebrate past accomplishments but also to suggest new goals and fresh agendas for the future. Inaugurations at Rice University have always been especially memorable events because the entire history of the institution represents the living out, the gradual fulfillment, of a remarkable vision of the university's purpose articulated by its first president, Edgar Odell Lovett, at its formal opening in 1912.
    [Show full text]
  • The Uhd Noyce Teacher Scholarship Program
    From laboratory to classroom Dr Bradley Hoge coordinates the University of Houston-Downtown’s pioneering Noyce Teacher Scholarship Program. With the goal of encouraging more science graduates to go into teaching, the Program is an important step towards improving science education in Texas been cited. However, surveys of teachers through the Natural Sciences Department leaving the profession show that salary is not and teacher certification through the Urban ranked as the primary reason. They usually cite Education Department. The UHD-Noyce DR BRADLEY HOGE a lack of cooperation with parents and school Program accepts students from the SA who are administration in dealing with student discipline, in either their junior or senior years. and a lack of control in their own curriculum. Students fulfil their obligations Why was the UHD-Noyce Teacher to the Program by participating Scholarship Program created for UHD in teacher training activities College of Science and Technology Scholars and research both during Academy (SA) members? the academic year and the summer. During The UHD-Noyce Teacher Scholarship Program the academic year, was designed to be an integral part of the UHD students participate in College of Sciences and Technology SA. The SA classroom observations at one of programme at UHD has dramatically increased our collaborating middle or high retention and graduation rates for science schools, work with children on majors at UHD, most notably among minority specific experimental exercises How did you become involved in STEM and female students. In each graduating class, and prepare an academic topic education? the numbers of students entering science- in science during their two years related fields, especially graduate schools and participation in the Program.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Educational Options in Milwaukee Public Schools James Kenneth Nelsen University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
    University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations August 2012 From No Choice to Forced Choice to School Choice: A History of Educational Options in Milwaukee Public Schools James Kenneth Nelsen University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the Other Education Commons, and the Other History Commons Recommended Citation Nelsen, James Kenneth, "From No Choice to Forced Choice to School Choice: A History of Educational Options in Milwaukee Public Schools" (2012). Theses and Dissertations. 12. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/12 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FROM NO CHOICE TO FORCED CHOICE TO SCHOOL CHOICE: A HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL OPTIONS IN MILWAUKEE PUBLIC SCHOOLS by James K. Nelsen A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History at The University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee December 2012 ABSTRACT FROM NO CHOICE TO FORCED CHOICE TO SCHOOL CHOICE: A HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL OPTIONS IN MILWAUKEE PUBLIC SCHOOLS by James K. Nelsen The University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, 2012 Under the Supervision of Dr. Amanda I. Seligman Americans cherish freedom and value local control of education. The issue of “school choice,” a movement that supports publicly funded tuition vouchers for students who attend private schools, appeared on the public agenda in the 1980s and has remained a controversial topic into the twenty-first century.
    [Show full text]
  • HCC at Work Building Tomorrow’S Workforce
    SPRING 2012 HOUSTON COMMUNITY COLLEGE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION & FOUNDATION STUDENTS OPPORTUNITY ADVANCEMENT RECOGNITION HCC AT WORK BUILDING TOMORROW’s WORKFORCE See Inside: HCC Foundation 2011 Annual Report HCC Has A WELCOME MessaGE frOM HCC’S ChaNceLLOR STUDENTS OPPORTUNITY ADVANCEMENT RECOGNITION SOAR is published by the Houston Community College Alumni Association and the HCC Foundation, “From cosmetology to in collaboration with the HCC Communications Department. We greatly appreciate the participation of those who allowed us to share their stories. radiography to petroleum Executive Director, HCC Foundation KELLY J. ZUNIGA, Ed.D., CFRE engineering technology, Director, Foundation Development and HCC is preparing Communications CYDNEY PETErs 7 5 320 756 875 Houstonians for success in , Director of Advancement Services SOPHIA COREY HCC Chancellor Dr. Mary S. Spangler their careers and beyond.” Coordinator, Alumni Relations LaUREN STroMAN Reasons to Give Contributing Writers Dear Friend, MarcUS CHAMBERLAND AMY YEATTS Welcome to our spring edition of HCC’s alumni magazine, SOAR. This special Contributing Photographers double issue includes our HCC Foundation 2011 Annual Report and an update on JESSIca HAM fundraising successes. MIGUEL RIVEra We are pleased to spotlight in our cover story the many workforce programs here HCC student Alan Lim ’13 is at HCC. The College is leading the way in Texas with twenty-five of our workforce among our 75,000+ students, programs achieving exemplary status. From cosmetology to radiography to of which more than 5,000 received associate degrees, petroleum engineering technology, HCC is preparing Houstonians for success certificates or their GED from in their careers and beyond. You will be pleased to hear we are the number one HCC this spring.
    [Show full text]
  • Fifth Ward and Denver Harbor: Black and Brown Conflict, Solidarity, and Shared Oppression in East Houston
    San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks NACCS Annual Conference Proceedings 2012: 39th Annual: NACCS@40 - Chicago, IL Mar 15th, 5:00 AM - 7:00 AM Fifth Ward and Denver Harbor: Black and Brown Conflict, Solidarity, and Shared Oppression in East Houston Stephanie Arguera University of Texas at San Antonio Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/naccs Part of the Gender and Sexuality Commons, and the Race and Ethnicity Commons Arguera, Stephanie, "Fifth Ward and Denver Harbor: Black and Brown Conflict, Solidarity, and Shared Oppression in East Houston" (2012). NACCS Annual Conference Proceedings. 6. https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/naccs/2012/Proceedings/6 This Conference Proceeding is brought to you for free and open access by the National Association for Chicana and Chicano Studies Archive at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in NACCS Annual Conference Proceedings by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Fifth Ward and Denver Harbor 1 Fifth Ward and Denver Harbor: Black and Brown Conflict, Solidarity, and Shared Oppression in East Houston Stephanie Arguera University of Texas at San Antonio Fifth Ward and Denver Harbor 2 Connecting the Dots: A self-awareness Like every other morning at 7:45AM, the concrete, slender hallways of my elementary school were crammed with tiny chattering learners from beige brick to beige brick. In my uninspired navy dress and white polo uniform, I inched into a corridor packed with my schoolmates on my way to class, becoming one with the sea of dark, blurry faces in matching low-cost garb.
    [Show full text]
  • HIV-1 Transmission Epidemiology in a Racially/Ethnically
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Methodological synthesis of Bayesian phylodynamics, HIV‑TRACE, and GEE: HIV‑1 transmission epidemiology in a racially/ethnically diverse Southern U.S. context Kayo Fujimoto1,9*, Justin Bahl2,9, Joel O. Wertheim3, Natascha Del Vecchio4, Joseph T. Hicks2, Lambodhar Damodaran5, Camden J. Hallmark6, Richa Lavingia1, Ricardo Mora6, Michelle Carr6, Biru Yang6, John A. Schneider7, Lu‑Yu Hwang8 & Marlene McNeese6 This study introduces an innovative methodological approach to identify potential drivers of structuring HIV‑1 transmission clustering patterns between diferent subpopulations in the culturally and racially/ethnically diverse context of Houston, TX, the largest city in the Southern United States. Using 6332 HIV‑1 pol sequences from persons newly diagnosed with HIV during the period 2010–2018, we reconstructed HIV‑1 transmission clusters, using the HIV‑TRAnsmission Cluster Engine (HIV‑TRACE); inferred demographic and risk parameters on HIV‑1 transmission dynamics by jointly estimating viral transmission rates across racial/ethnic, age, and transmission risk groups; and modeled the degree of network connectivity by using generalized estimating equations (GEE). Our results indicate that Hispanics/Latinos are most vulnerable to the structure of transmission clusters and serve as a bridge population, acting as recipients of transmissions from Whites (3.0 state changes/ year) and from Blacks (2.6 state changes/year) as well as sources of transmissions to Whites (1.8 state changes/year) and to Blacks (1.2 state changes/year). There were high rates of transmission and high network connectivity between younger and older Hispanics/Latinos as well as between younger and older Blacks. Prevention and intervention eforts are needed for transmission clusters that involve younger racial/ethnic minorities, in particular Hispanic/Latino youth, to reduce onward transmission of HIV in Houston.
    [Show full text]