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Authorized adaptation from the edition, entitled A History of Asia, 7th edition, ISBN 978-0-205-16855-2, by Rhoads Murphey, published by Pearson Education © 2014.

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Printed and bound by Clays Ltd. in The United Kingdom. A History of Asia, Global Edition Table of Contents

Cover Dedication Brief Contents Contents Contents by Country or Region List of Maps List of Documents Preface Authors Note to the Reader About the Author A Note on the Spelling ofAsian Nam es and Words Map: Monsoon Asia Chronology Introduction: The Monsoon and the Way it Shaped Asia Geography Population Densities Common Cultural Patterns Agriculture Social Hierarchy The Study of Monsoon Asia Questions Chapter 1: Prehistoric Asia Early and Paleolithic Cultures The Neolithic Revolution Origins of Civilization in The Indus Civilization Relations with The Cities of the Indus Decline and Fall The Aryans Aryan Domination Agricultural Origins in Southeast Asia Peoples and Early Kingdoms of Southeast Asia Prehistoric and Japan Table of Contents

Early Asian Commercial and Cultural Networking Questions Chapter 2: Asian Religions and Their Cultures Hindu Beliefs and Writings Reincarnation in India and Its Spread Eastward A Closer Look: Gautama Buddha Reading Across Cultures: The Divine Couple and the Human Family Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism and Mencius The Confucian View Daoism Judaism and Christianity in Monsoon Asia in Asia Shinto Asian Religions: Some Reflections Questions Chapter 3: The Societies of Asia Social Hierarchies Caste and the Social Order in India Social Hierarchy in Southeast Asia The Family Marriage and Sexuality Sexual Behavior Child Rearing The Status of Women Education, Literacy, and the Printed Word Material Welfare Values Law, Crime, and Punishment Questions Chapter 4: The Civilization of Ancient India The Rise of Empire: Mauryan India The Invasion of The Maurya Dynasty Pataliputra and the Glory of Mauryan India Table of Contents

A Closer Look: The Emperor , Beloved of the Gods Kushans and Greeks Southern India and the City of Madurai Ceylon The Guptas and the Empire of Life and Culture in the Guptan Period The Collapse of the Guptas Women in Ancient India The Indian Heritage The Gupta Legacy in the Bay of Region Questions Chapter 5: The Civilization of Ancient China The Origins of China The Shang Dynasty The Warring States A Closer Look: Confucius, the Sage The Qin Conquest Qin Authoritarianism The Expansion Under Han Wu Di China and Rome Wider Trade Patterns Han Culture The Collapse of the Han Order A Closer Look: Cities in Ancient China Reading Across Cultures: Han Civilization in Han Achievements Questions Chapter 6: The Advent of Muslim Rule in Early Islamic Influence in Northern India The Islamic Advance into Northern India The A Closer Look: Notable Sultans: Ala-ud-din Khalji Sikander Lodi Southern India Temple Builders and Rival Kingdoms The Cholas Vijayanagara: Empire of Victory Table of Contents

Questions Chapter 7: Early and Medieval Southeast Asia The Setting Origin of Peoples The Eastward Reading Across Cultures: Conversions to Islam Indianized Southeast Asia Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam A Closer Look: : City of Monumental Splendor Vietnam: Expansion to the South Medieval Pagan and Thai Ayudhya A Closer Look: Zomia: A New Concept in Political Geography Malaya, Indonesia, and the Philippines Reading Across Cultures: Borobudur Melaka and the Entry of the West Questions Chapter 8: China: A Golden Age Reunification in China The Splendor of the Tang A Closer Look: Changan in an Age of Imperial Splendor Cultural Brilliance and Political Decay The Song Achievement Wang Anshi: Reform and Retreat The Southern Song Period Innovation and Technological Development The Mongol Conquest and the Yuan China Chinese Culture and the Empire Questions Chapter 9: Early, Classical, and Medieval Japan and Korea Japan Ties with Korea and the Tomb Builders Mythical The Uji The Link with China Taika, , and Heian Chinese and Buddhist Art Buddhism and Literacy The Shoen System Table of Contents

Heian Culture A Closer Look: (Lady Murasaki) Art and Gardens Kana and Monastic Armies Pressures on the Environment The Period Ashikaga Japan Maritime Contacts Between Medieval Japan and the Korea Paekche, , and Koguryo Choson Questions Chapter 10: The Rise and Fall of the Mughals in South Asia The Mughals in India Babur and the New Dynasty Akbars Achievement A Closer Look: Akbar, the Man Jahangir and The Reign of : Repression and Revolt Sects and Rebels: Rajputs, Sikhs, and Marathas The Mughals and India A Closer Look: Commerce at the Mughal Port of Surat The Connection Nomadic Lifestyle Nomad Warriors Reading Across Cultures: : A Brief History Questions Chapter 11: New Imperial Splendor in China: The Ming and Early Qing Dynasties The Founding of the Ming A Closer Look: Hongwu: The Rebel Emperor The Ming Tributary System Ming Maritime Expeditions Reading Across Cultures: Piracy in Southeast Asia Prosperity and Conservatism Commerce and Culture Elite Culture Popular Culture A Closer Look: Imperial : Axis of the Ming World Table of Contents

Factionalism and Decline The Manchu Conquest China Under the Manchus Prosperity and Population Increases Kangxi and Qianlong Questions Chapter 12: Tokugawa Japan The Tokugawa Unification The Era of the Warlords Tokugawa Rule The Expulsion of Foreigners Culture and Urbanization Reading Across Cultures: Japanese Overseas Trade in the Tokugawa Era A Closer Look: Edo and the Floating World A Closer Look: Hokusai, Master Artist Strains in the Tokugawa System Foreign Pressures for Change Questions Chapter 13: European Penetration of the Asiatic World Independent Development The Portuguese in Asia Motives for Expansion Voyages of Exploration The Portuguese Commercial Empire The Spanish in the Philippines Trading Bases in Asia Reading Across Cultures: The Manila Galleon Trade Christians and Spices A Closer Look: : Missionary to the Ming Court The Russian Advance in Asia Japans Christian Century The Dutch in Asia The English in Asia The English in Seventeenth-Century India Questions Chapter 14: India in the Colonial Era The Mughal Collapse Westerners in India Table of Contents

The Early English Presence Territorial Bases The Mughal and Post-Mughal Contexts Anglo-French Rivalry and the Conquest of Bengal A Closer Look: and the Beginnings of British India The Establishment of British Rule From Trading Company to Government The Reasons for British Hegemony The Orientalists and the Bengal Renaissance A Closer Look: Calcutta, Colonial Capital From Tolerance to Arrogance India and the War between Britain and China, 18391842 The Revolt of 1857 The Consolidation of the in India British Imperial India Modern Growth The Colonial System A Closer Look: New Delhi: Indian Summer of the Raj The Rise of Indian Nationalism Questions Chapter 15: The Triumph of Imperialism in Asia The New Imperialism Conflicting Interpretations Economics and Empire The Decline of The Qing New External Pressures The Opium War China Besieged Traders and Missionaries The Taiping Rebellion Attempts at Reform Treaty Ports and Mission Schools The Boxer Uprising Choson Korea in Decline Rejection of Foreign Ideas Foreign Contention for Korea Japan Among the Powers Directed Change Economy and Government Japanese Imperialism Table of Contents

A Closer Look: Ito Hirobumi: Meiji Statesman Colonial Regimes in Southeast Asia The British in Burma and Malaya French and Dutch Colonialism Independent Siam Overseas Chinese Imperialism and Americans in Asia Imperialism and Cultural Change Reading Across Cultures: Imperialism and Asia The Legacy of Western Control Questions Chapter 16: Anticolonial Struggle in India and China The Fall of the Qing, 18601911 Self-Strengthening New Humiliations Efforts at Reform Chaos and Warlordism Sun Yat-sen and Yuan Shikai A Closer Look: Prominent Figures in the May Fourth Movement China in the 1920s and 1930s Marxism and Soviet Help The Nanjing Decade A Closer Look: Shanghai: The Model Treaty Port India Under Colonial Rule Economic Change The New Middle Class Mass Welfare Agriculture and Population Some Comparisons The Beginnings of Indian Nationalism Reading Across Cultures: The Rise of Asian Nationalism World War I Enter Gandhi Postwar Repression India Moves Toward Independence Gandhi and Mass Action Retrospect Questions Chapter 17: Japan and the Struggle for Asia, 19201945 Japan in the 1920S: Taisho Democracy and Its Fate Table of Contents

Japans Economy and Military Reading Across Cultures: The Interwar Years Growing Influence of the Military The War in China The Failure of the Second United Front and the Fall of Nanjing Maos Guerrilla Strategy A Closer Look: Chongqing: Beleaguered Wartime Capital Japan and the War in Europe The Rise of Southeast Asian Nationalism The Plantation System Nationalist Political Organizations The Outbreak of the Pacific War Burma and India Questions Chapter 18: Revival and Revolution in Japan and China The Revival of Japan Occupation and Americanization Economic and Social Development A Closer Look: Tokyo and the Modern World Japans Relations with Its Former Enemies Japans International Role Economic Slowdown and Political Gridlock, 1991 to the Present China in Revolution Communist Strength and Guomindang Weakness Reconstruction and Politicization The Great Leap Forward The Sino-Soviet Split The Cultural Revolution A Closer Look: Jiang Qing and the Gang of Four Achievements and the Future Renewed Demands for Liberalization Economic Growth and International Prestige China, Taiwan, and Overseas Chinese Questions Chapter 19: Korea and Southeast Asia: Decolonization, ,and After Korea Under Japanese Rule Division and War Korea Since 1960 Table of Contents

Southeast Asia Since World War II Vietnam 30 Years of War Bloody Cambodia Laos: The Forgotten Country Reading Across Cultures: The Rediscovery and Restoration of Angkor Burma, , Malaya, and Burma (Myanmar) Thailand Malaya and Singapore Indonesia The Philippines Regional Cooperation in ASEAN Questions Chapter 20: The Making of Modern South Asia Partition and Independence Partition The Kashmir Conflict Bangladesh and Sri Lanka Nepal India After Independence India Under Nehru India Under Indira Gandhi The Sikhs Indira Gandhis Successors India Today A Closer Look: Female Leaders of South Asia Indian and South Asian Achievements and Shortcomings Economic Development: Effects on Caste and Ethnicity Reading Across Cultures: India and the Global Market Rural Development Some Threats to Development Questions Chapter 21: Contemporary Asia Population Growth Pollution Urbanization Table of Contents

Economic Growth Rates Cultural Traditions in Modern Asia A Country-by-Country Survey China Japan Southeast Asia and Korea Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Central Asia Questions Index