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A History of Asia GLOBAL EDITION A History of Asia SEVENTH EDITION Rhoads Murphey Head of Learning Asset Acquisition, Global Managing Editor: Denise Forlow Edition: Laura Dent Senior Operations Supervisor: Mary Fischer Editor in Chief: Ashley Dodge Operations Specialist: Mary Ann Gloriande Acquisitions Editor, Global Edition: Sandhya Ghoshal Cover Image: © bitan310/Shutterstock Project Editor, Global Edition: Daniel Luiz Digital Media Project Manager: Tina Gagliostro Senior Manufacturing Controller, Production, Full-Service Project Management and Composition: Global Edition: Trudy Kimber Mohinder Singh/Aptara®, Inc. Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsonglobaleditions.com © Pearson Education Limited 2015 The rights of Rhoads Murphey to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled A History of Asia, 7th edition, ISBN 978-0-205-16855-2, by Rhoads Murphey, published by Pearson Education © 2014. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners. ISBN 10: 1-292-05888-9 ISBN 13: 978-1-292-05888-7 (Print) ISBN 13: 978-1-292-06983 - 8 (PDF) British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 14 13 12 11 10 Typeset in Minion Pro by Mohinder Singh/Aptara®, Inc. Printed and bound by Clays Ltd. in The United Kingdom. A History of Asia, Global Edition Table of Contents Cover Dedication Brief Contents Contents Contents by Country or Region List of Maps List of Documents Preface Authors Note to the Reader About the Author A Note on the Spelling ofAsian Nam es and Words Map: Monsoon Asia Chronology Introduction: The Monsoon and the Way it Shaped Asia Geography Population Densities Common Cultural Patterns Agriculture Social Hierarchy The Study of Monsoon Asia Questions Chapter 1: Prehistoric Asia Early and Paleolithic Cultures The Neolithic Revolution Origins of Civilization in India The Indus Civilization Relations with Sumer The Cities of the Indus Decline and Fall The Aryans Aryan Domination Agricultural Origins in Southeast Asia Peoples and Early Kingdoms of Southeast Asia Prehistoric China Korea and Japan Table of Contents Early Asian Commercial and Cultural Networking Questions Chapter 2: Asian Religions and Their Cultures Hinduism Hindu Beliefs and Writings Reincarnation Buddhism in India and Its Spread Eastward A Closer Look: Gautama Buddha Reading Across Cultures: The Divine Couple and the Human Family Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism Confucianism Confucius and Mencius The Confucian View Daoism Judaism and Christianity in Monsoon Asia Islam in Asia Shinto Asian Religions: Some Reflections Questions Chapter 3: The Societies of Asia Social Hierarchies Caste and the Social Order in India Social Hierarchy in East Asia Southeast Asia The Family Marriage and Sexuality Sexual Behavior Child Rearing The Status of Women Education, Literacy, and the Printed Word Material Welfare Values Law, Crime, and Punishment Questions Chapter 4: The Civilization of Ancient India The Rise of Empire: Mauryan India The Invasion of Alexander the Great The Maurya Dynasty Pataliputra and the Glory of Mauryan India Table of Contents A Closer Look: The Emperor Ashoka, Beloved of the Gods Kushans and Greeks Southern India and the City of Madurai Ceylon The Guptas and the Empire of Harsha Life and Culture in the Guptan Period The Collapse of the Guptas Women in Ancient India The Indian Heritage The Gupta Legacy in the Bay of Bengal Region Questions Chapter 5: The Civilization of Ancient China The Origins of China The Shang Dynasty The Zhou Dynasty Warring States A Closer Look: Confucius, the Sage The Qin Conquest Qin Authoritarianism The Han Dynasty Expansion Under Han Wu Di China and Rome Wider Trade Patterns Han Culture The Collapse of the Han Order A Closer Look: Cities in Ancient China Reading Across Cultures: Han Civilization in Vietnam Han Achievements Questions Chapter 6: The Advent of Muslim Rule in South Asia Early Islamic Influence in Northern India The Islamic Advance into Northern India The Delhi Sultanate A Closer Look: Notable Sultans: Ala-ud-din Khalji Sikander Lodi Southern India Temple Builders and Rival Kingdoms The Cholas Vijayanagara: Empire of Victory Table of Contents Questions Chapter 7: Early and Medieval Southeast Asia The Setting Origin of Peoples The Eastward Spread of Islam Reading Across Cultures: Conversions to Islam Indianized Southeast Asia Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam A Closer Look: Angkor: City of Monumental Splendor Vietnam: Expansion to the South Medieval Pagan and Thai Ayudhya A Closer Look: Zomia: A New Concept in Political Geography Malaya, Indonesia, and the Philippines Reading Across Cultures: Borobudur Melaka and the Entry of the West Questions Chapter 8: China: A Golden Age Reunification in China The Splendor of the Tang A Closer Look: Changan in an Age of Imperial Splendor Cultural Brilliance and Political Decay The Song Achievement Wang Anshi: Reform and Retreat The Southern Song Period Innovation and Technological Development The Mongol Conquest and the Yuan Dynasty Yuan China Chinese Culture and the Empire Questions Chapter 9: Early, Classical, and Medieval Japan and Korea Japan Ties with Korea and the Tomb Builders Mythical Histories The Uji The Link with China Taika, Nara, and Heian Chinese and Buddhist Art Buddhism and Literacy The Shoen System Table of Contents Heian Culture A Closer Look: Murasaki Shikibu (Lady Murasaki) Art and Gardens Kana and Monastic Armies Pressures on the Environment The Kamakura Period Ashikaga Japan Maritime Contacts Between Medieval Japan and the Continent Korea Paekche, Silla, and Koguryo Choson Questions Chapter 10: The Rise and Fall of the Mughals in South Asia The Mughals in India Babur and the New Dynasty Akbars Achievement A Closer Look: Akbar, the Man Jahangir and Shah Jahan The Reign of Aurangzeb: Repression and Revolt Sects and Rebels: Rajputs, Sikhs, and Marathas The Mughals and India A Closer Look: Commerce at the Mughal Port of Surat The Central Asia Connection Nomadic Lifestyle Nomad Warriors Reading Across Cultures: Women in Asia Iran: A Brief History Questions Chapter 11: New Imperial Splendor in China: The Ming and Early Qing Dynasties The Founding of the Ming A Closer Look: Hongwu: The Rebel Emperor The Ming Tributary System Ming Maritime Expeditions Reading Across Cultures: Piracy in Southeast Asia Prosperity and Conservatism Commerce and Culture Elite Culture Popular Culture A Closer Look: Imperial Beijing: Axis of the Ming World Table of Contents Factionalism and Decline The Manchu Conquest China Under the Manchus Prosperity and Population Increases Kangxi and Qianlong Questions Chapter 12: Tokugawa Japan The Tokugawa Unification The Era of the Warlords Tokugawa Rule The Expulsion of Foreigners Culture and Urbanization Reading Across Cultures: Japanese Overseas Trade in the Tokugawa Era A Closer Look: Edo and the Floating World A Closer Look: Hokusai, Master Artist Strains in the Tokugawa System Foreign Pressures for Change Questions Chapter 13: European Penetration of the Asiatic World Independent Development The Portuguese in Asia Motives for Expansion Voyages of Exploration The Portuguese Commercial Empire The Spanish in the Philippines Trading Bases in Asia Reading Across Cultures: The Manila Galleon Trade Christians and Spices A Closer Look: Matteo Ricci: Missionary to the Ming Court The Russian Advance in Asia Japans Christian Century The Dutch in Asia The English in Asia The English in Seventeenth-Century India Questions Chapter 14: India in the Colonial Era The Mughal Collapse Westerners in India Table of Contents The Early English Presence Territorial Bases The Mughal and Post-Mughal Contexts Anglo-French Rivalry and the Conquest of Bengal A Closer Look: Robert Clive and the Beginnings of British India The Establishment of British Rule From Trading Company to Government The Reasons for British Hegemony The Orientalists and the Bengal Renaissance A Closer Look: Calcutta, Colonial Capital From Tolerance to Arrogance India and the Opium War between Britain and China, 18391842 The Revolt of 1857 The Consolidation of the British Empire in India British Imperial India Modern Growth The Colonial System A Closer Look: New Delhi: Indian Summer of the Raj The Rise of Indian Nationalism Questions Chapter 15: The Triumph of Imperialism in Asia The New Imperialism Conflicting Interpretations Economics and Empire The Decline of The Qing New External Pressures The Opium War China Besieged Traders and Missionaries The
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