Colonial Transformation and Asian Religions in Modern History Colonial Transformation and Asian Religions in Modern History Edited by David W. Kim Colonial Transformation and Asian Religions in Modern History Edited by David W. Kim This book first published 2018 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2018 by David W. Kim and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-0559-6 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-0559-9 CONTENTS List of Tables and Figures ......................................................................... vii Acknowledgements .................................................................................... ix Preface ........................................................................................................ xi Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Part One: South Asia Chapter One ............................................................................................... 10 From Colony to Post-Colony: Animal Baiting and Religious Festivals in South Punjab, Pakistan Muhammad Amjad Kavesh Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 30 Nīlācala: The Mountain of Desire, Death and Rebirth Paolo E. Rosati Chapter Three ............................................................................................ 54 (In)complete Rebellion: M. G. Ranade and the Challenge of Reinventing Hinduism Alok Oak Chapter Four .............................................................................................. 74 The Mahābhārata as Celebrity Political Text? Gregory Millett Bailey Chapter Five .............................................................................................. 95 Karma Yoga: An Ideal of the Performance of Action in the Bhagavad Gita Taritwat Chaihemwong vi Contents Chapter Six .............................................................................................. 110 Two Women Reformers: The Brahmani of Kaushika-Dharmavyadha- Legend in the Mahabharata and Rani Rashmoni of Calcutta; A Comparative Study Supriya Banik Pal Part Two: Southeast Asia Chapter Seven .......................................................................................... 140 Buddhist Art of 9th-Century Champa: Đồng Dương Ann R. Proctor Chapter Eight ........................................................................................... 163 Religious Pentecostal Evangelisation of Politics Has Begun: Evidence from the Grassroots Practitioners Joel A. Tejedo Part Three: East Asia Chapter Nine ............................................................................................ 186 A Socio-Religious Volunteerism: The Australian NGO Movement during the Korean War (1950-1953) David W. Kim Chapter Ten ............................................................................................. 210 The Meaning of “New Religion” in Japan: The Presence of Tenrikyo and the Meiji Era Midori Horiuchi Chapter Eleven ........................................................................................ 230 Re-Interpreting Hansai: Burnt Offerings as the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Gwyn McClelland Chapter Twelve ....................................................................................... 261 Coming Down the Mountain: Transformations of Contemplative Culture in Eastern Tibet Elizabeth McDougal Contributors ............................................................................................. 290 Index ........................................................................................................ 293 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Part One: South Asia Chapter One Map 1: Showing festivals in different areas of South Punjab, Pakistan Chapter Six Figure 1: Rani Rashmoni Figure 2: Front page of the Asiatic Journal Figure 3: Death News of Rajchandra in the Asiatic Journal Figure 4: Seal with signature used by Rani Rashmoni Figure 5: Early image of Dakshineswar Temple © British Library Board Photo 247/2 (1) Part Two: Southeast Asia Chapter Seven Figure 1: Đồng Dương Pedestal from the Vihara, 9-10th Century, Cham Museum, permitted by Trang Ky Phuong Figure 2: Remains of a Structure at Ðồng Dương, December 2015 Figure 3: Door Guardian, Đồng Dương, 9-10th century, sandstone, h. 200 cm, Cham Museum, permitted by Trang Ky Phuong Figure 4: Tara, (replica) 9th century, bronze, h. 115 cm, Cham Museum, permitted by Trang Ky Phuong Chapter Eight Table 1: Summary of the Demographic Information of the Respondents viii List of Tables and Figures Part Three: East Asia Chapter Nine Figure 1: The aircraft carrier HMAS Sydney in Korean waters 1951-1952 © the Sea Power Centre, Australia Figure 2: Catherine (second from left) and Helen Mackenzie (third from left) with medical staff in front of the Il-Sin Christian Hospital in September 1952, public domain Figure 3: The prisoner of war (POW) from North Korea interviewed by an UN military officer, public domain Chapter Ten Figure 1: Kagura Service from the cover of the Reference Materials for The Life of Oyasama Chapter Eleven Figure 1: Panorama Shiki Nagasaki Kankou Annai Zu 151 Figure 2: Nagai Takashi, 1946, mourning his wife, Midori, public domain Figure 3: Landscape of Silence: the burnt-out remains of survivor Fukahori Jōji’s home, near Yamazato Primary school, Urakami Figure 4: Statue of Pope John Paul II, erected at Megumi no Oka Genbaku Hōmu Chapter Twelve Figure 1: Gebchak Nunnery at 4,500 metres in Nangchen, Kham (Eastern Tibet) Figure 2: A typical-looking Tibetan housing resettlement on the Tibetan Plateau Figure 3: A newly constructed monastic college in Eastern Tibet Figure 4: The elderly yogin, Pema Dorje, teaching the nature of mind to a Gebchak nun © Caterina DeRe and Elizabeth McDougal ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project (Colonial Transformation and Asian Religions in Modern History) was originally motivated through casual conversations with Asian religion and society scholars at the School of Culture, History, and Language at the Australian National University. The idea was carried on by hosting an international conference on Asian Religion from 7-9th April 2016. There were over one hundred scholars at the conference. As it was so successful, a second conference will be organised in 2018. As a result of the conference, this volume, in a pioneering perspective, introduces the various phenomena of religious transformation in a multi-cultural community to enhance the social concept of religion in the history of religions. The study draws from studies of the religious culture of South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia as well as the ideological subjects of animal baiting, Sanskrit mythologies, the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), religious philosophy (within Hinduism), the Mahābhārata, the Bhagavad Gita, women, Champa Buddhist art, Pentecostalism, religious volunteerism, Tenrikyo, the Nagasaki Catholic community, and Tibetan Buddhism. This research is financially sponsored by the Academy of Korean Studies (AKS: Korean Government). The Coral Bell School of Asia Pacific Affairs and the School of Culture, History, and Language (CHL) of the Australian National University generously offered their research facilities. The Korea Foundation (KF) provided fieldwork support (the Korea Foundation’s Field Research Fellowship) for six months in Busan, South Korea. This project would not have been possible without the financial and organisational assistance of the funding agencies and the research institutions. For their assistance, I would like to thank Suemin Kwak, Research Grant Officer, the Academy of Korean Studies (AKS), Korea, and Sean Downes, Senior Research Development Officer (Bell School/CHL), Research Services, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, and Yeunhye Park, Korea Foundation (KF). Professor Simon Haberle, Director of Culture, History, and Language, Australian National University (ANU) showed a special interest through the favour of providing University research sources and research space. Professor John Powers (FAHA: Fellow of the Academy of Humanities in Australia, ANU), as the academic advisor, helped me in many ways, including official and administrative issues, and University x Acknowledgements access. Professor Robert Cribb, Department of Pacific and Asian History, Australian National University (ANU), supported my research by advising on internal academic developments. Prof MaComas Taylor, Dr Peter Friedlander, Dr Barbara Nelson, and Dr Ruth Gamble, who together organised the first ANU Asian Religion conference, shared their experiences of Indian and Nepal religious studies to deepen my understanding of the life of the indigenous religions in the region of South Asia. Mr Anthony Chan, the research assistant of the university, solved most of the practical issues for my academic activities. I am grateful to Professor Iain Gardner (FAHA: Fellow of the Academy of Humanities in Australia) and Emeritus Professor Gary Trompf (the Personal Chair in the History of Ideas), the School of Letters, Arts, and Media, the University of Sydney