REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION

ISSN: 2146-0353 ● © RIGEO ● 11(1), MARCH, 2021 www.rigeo.org Research Article

Environmental Knolwledge and Deterioration Factors on Natural Resource Management: A Geographical Perespective Study on Indigenist’s Communities in Indonesia and Malaysia

Mohd Haizam Saudi1 Pitalis Mawardi Baging2 Widyatama University, Bandung, Indonesia Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia Mohd Khairul Amri Kamarudin3 Ahmad Shakir Mohd Saudi4 Geography Study Program IKIP PGRI Pontianak, Jl. Ampera No 88, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia Pontianak, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia Noorjima Abd Wahab5 Mohd Ekhwan toriman6 Universiti Kuala Lumpur, 43650, Bangi, Selangor Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Khairul Nizam Maulud7 Firdaus Mohamad Hamzah8 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,

Nurul Shafini Shafurdin9 Nur Lli Hasmida Binti Mustaffa10 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia

1 Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]

Abstract Introduction: The indigenist’s community’s environmental knowledge level about natural resource management is a powerful tool for meeting environmental objectives and promoting sustainable environmental development. The government, NGO, leaders and academia explores play a main role to guide the indigenist’s communities to improve environmental performance by collaborations among them. Objective: The purpose of this study to evaluate the environmental knowledge and environment deterioration factors on natural resource management n indigenist’s settlements in West Kalimantan, Indonesia and Hulu Selangor, Malaysia. Research Methodology: There are a few statistical analyses applied in this study such as Discriminant Analysis (DA), Descriptive Analysis and Hypothesis Testing (Two- sample t-test). The primary data collected by distribute the randomly questionnaires to 200 respondents among indigenist’s communities in four locations (Perkampungan Orang Asli Saham (Saham), Perkampungan Orang Asli Pahuman (Sengah Temila), Perkampungan Orang Asli Mandor and Perkampungan Orang Asli Serendah). Result and Discussion: From the result showed almost respondents from Indonesia and Malaysia agree with the of implementation planning in natural resource management based on their environmental knowledge levels (the significant level between questions SA1, SA2, SA3, SA4, SA5 and SB1, SB2, SB4 and SB5 (p-values< 0.05)). Then, the statistical analysis of deterioration factors on natural resource in indigenist’s community’s settlement showed there are slightly difference opinion among respondents caused by the different environmental factors between indigenist’s villages in Indonesia and Malaysia (the significant level of question SA7, SA8, SA9, SA10, SA11, SA12, SA13 and SA15 (p-values< 0.05)). Conclusion: The systematically and continuously of natural resource management could contribute to control and improve the growing natural resource problems of the environmental degradation, and ecological destruction.

Keywords Environmental Resource Management; Indigenist’s Communities; Indonesia; Malaysia; Ecological Destruction

To cite this article: Saudi, M, H.; Baging, M, P.; Kamarudin, M, K, A.; Saudi, A, S, M.; Wahab, N, A.; toriman, M, E.; Maulud, K, N.; Hamzah, F, M.; Shafurdin, N, S.; and Mustaffa, H, B. (2021) Environmental Knolwledge and Deterioration Factors on Natural Resource Management: A Geographical Perespective Study on Indigenist’s Communities in Indonesia and Malaysia. Review of International Geographical Education (RIGEO), 11(1), 322-345.doi: 10.33403 rigeo.800572 Submitted: 20-01-2021 ● Revised: 15-02-2021 ● Accepted: 25-03-202 Saudi, M, H.; Baging, M, P.; Kamarudin, M, K, A.; Saudi, A, S, M.; Wahab, N, A.; toriman, M, E.; ….

Introduction

Environmental resource managementproblems among indigenist’sare now anxiety around the world. Organizations are being affected by major environmental problems as globalization continues. Environmental resource management problems are widespread and affect humans and all living species including on indigenist’s community’s environmental knowledge level about natural resource management (Halim et al., 2012; Measham et al., 2013; Rahman, 2016). It is everyone’s responsibility to maintain environmental sustainability in preservation and conservation of environmental sources regardless of which community they belong to.Everyone plays an important role in ensuring the sustainability of natural resourceswhether urban or rural peoples includes indigenous. Mostly the indigenous people of Indonesia and Malaysia have developed their own unique indigenous systems that have safeguarded their communities, a peaceful existence, a sustainable livelihood and use of the resources within their surroundings based on their ancestral beliefs (Choy, 2014; Masron et al., 2013). The indigenous environmental knowledge about natural resources such as agricutural, forestry, traditional medical and fish resources aspects which are contributes directly to the biodiversityconservation of a country. However, this environmental knowledge has beenlost or denigrated due to lack of environmental knowledge about updated environmental resource management and increasung of environment deterioration among indigenous communities.Consequently, that there does not seemto be enough efforts in improving their environmental knowledge . Af few of among indigenous communities have environmental knowledge of natural resource management however they are indeed the people most environmental knowledge ableabout this matter as only depend on natural resources for their economiclivelihood (Haron et al., 2005; Nghiem et al., 2013). Therefore, monitoring indigenous’s communities of their environmentalbehaviour has been emphasized to ensure that indigenist’s people are not exploitedby unscrupulous parties in using natural resources for commercial benefits (Morrison et al., 2006). The decline drinking water quality, the extinction of living things such as flora and fauna caused theunsustainable of quality and well-being of indigenous life (Ahmad et al., 2011). These problems are contributed from people’s environmental knowledge especially among indigenous whom arealways dependent on natural resources (Aminrad et al., 2013). According to Robertson et al. (2003) & Sumiani et al. (2007), one of the environmental rehabilitation through the involvement the individuals by changing the communities’s environmental knowledge and practices from self- interest (anthropocentric) to environmental-oriented (ecocentric). The environmental environmental knowledge plays important role to influence and improve the human behavior towards environment. Individuals who have a good environmental environmental knowledge will apply their attitudes in daily life (Susilawati et al., 2017). This statement is supported by Hargreaves (2011) who argue that environmental care start from own individual's, this is because environmental behavior is handling conditions environmental disaster (Antoni et al., 2020; Hansen et al., 2010).

Literature Review

Figure 1 showed the illustration of pro-environmental resource management which are based on the linear progression of environmental knowledge and deterioration factors leading to environmental management (environmental sustainability). Pro-environmental resource management (PERM) are actions that people do in daily life that are comparatively better for the environmental sustainability in their life. The public communications efforts from society will fueled environmental knowledge changes among communities but not in adequately address large- scale environmental issues (Din et al., 2019; Jusoh et al., 2018; Zal et al., 2017). These manners will

323 © RIGEO ● Review of International Geographical Education 11(1), MARCH, 2021 be encouraging pro-environmental resource management in daily life which positively influence social and economic in sustainable community development especially among indigenist’s communities. Besides that, Figure 2 showed the illustration of predictors of environmental resource management, from this illustration proved there are high correlation between environmental knowledge and deterioration factors with environmental resource management. The increase in environmental knowledge among communities lead to increase in their pro-environmental resource management. So, the most important which are the environmental knowledge and deterioration factors of environmental issues will trigger the communities to preserve and conserve the environmental sustainability. Now, there a lot of environmental Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs) and government agencies struggled of their communication campaigns and strategies on the assumption that more environmental knowledge will lead to more enlightened communities’ behaviour to maintain the natural resources management (Kollmuss et al., 2002). According to Abdul (1990), during 1970s and 1980s stated the environmental degradation cases were increase triggered the lacking of environmental knowledge was one of the factors that contribute towards the natural resource management problems. Almost indigenous in Malaysia and Indonesia have lower environmental knowledge about environmental sources issues and management and influencing their behaviour to be involved in overcoming the problems (Omardin et al., 2015).

Figure 1: The Models of Pro-Environmental Resource Management

Study Area and Research Methodology

Study Area

The study area from the geographical perspective is along Saham, Sengah Temila, Mandor in Indonesia and Serendah, Hulu Selangor in Malaysia which are selected as research locations. There are 4 villages (Perkampungan Orang Asli) in Indonesia and Malaysia are covering in this study such as Perkampungan Orang AsliSaham (Saham), Perkampungan Orang Asli Pahuman (Sengah Temila), Perkampungan Orang Asli Mandor and Perkampungan Orang Asli Serendah. Figure 3 and Table 1 showed the

324 Saudi, M, H.; Baging, M, P.; Kamarudin, M, K, A.; Saudi, A, S, M.; Wahab, N, A.; toriman, M, E.; ….

Figure 2: Illustration of Predictors of Environmental Resource Management (Source: Kollmuss& Agyeman, 2002) ethnic groups distribution at Pontianak, Indonesia in 2015 and population distribution of the Temuan people by state in Malaysia, respectively. The population in Pontianak is predominantly by Malays and Chinese ethnic but there are also ethnic Dayak, Javanese, Bugis, Madurese, Arabic, Sundanese, Banjar, Batak, Minangkabau and others. In Malaysia, usually this indigenist’s villages consist of purely Temuan people. They are also one of the largest populations among indigenist’s people but smaller in population in comparison to the Semai people and Jakun people in Peninsular Malaysia. Table 2 and Figure 4 showed study area of environmental knowledge and deterioration factors on natural resource management among indigenist’s communities in Indonesia and Malaysia.

Madurese Others Bugis 6% 1% 7% Chinese Javanese 33% Chinese 11% Malay Dayak Javanese Dayak Bugis 13% Madurese Others

Malay 29%

Figure 3: The Ethnic Groups Distribution at Pontianak, Indonesia in 2015 (Source: Fitriangga et al., 2020)

325 © RIGEO ● Review of International Geographical Education 11(1), MARCH, 2021 Table 1: The Population Distribution of The Temuan People by State in Malaysia

State Total Number Total Number Temuan Percentage of Temua Indigenous People/ people People (%) Orang Asli

Selangor 7107 10472 67.9

Negeri Sembilan 4691 6188 75.8

Pahang 2741 33741 8.1

Melaka 818 831 98.4

Johor 663 7379 9.0

Total 16020 92529 18.0

Source: Johor's local Department of Orang Asli Affairs (JHEOA) JHEOA, 1996

Table 2: The Study Area of Environmental Knowledge and Environment Deterioration Factors on Environmental Cure Behaviour Among Indigenist’s Communities in Indonesia and Malaysia

Country Sampling Area Longitude Latitude (Perkampungan Orang Asli/ Indigenist’s Village Perkampungan Orang Asli 109.7184167 0.240305556 Saham Perkampungan Orang Asli 109.6743333 0.328361111 Indonesia Pahuman, Sengah Temila

Perkampungan Orang Asli 109.3384444 0.315778 Mandor Malaysia Perkampungan Orang Asli 101.6201111 3.363166667 Serendah, Hulu Selangor

Figure 4: The study area of environmental knowledge and deterioration factors on natural resource management among indigenist’s communities in (a) Indonesia and (b) Malaysia

326 Saudi, M, H.; Baging, M, P.; Kamarudin, M, K, A.; Saudi, A, S, M.; Wahab, N, A.; toriman, M, E.; ….

(a)

(b)

327 © RIGEO ● Review of International Geographical Education 11(1), MARCH, 2021

Research Methodology

The main study, which was a quantitative survey was conducted among respondents through a self-administered questionnaire. This study selected randomly of 200 respondents (100 respondents from Indonesia and 100 respondents from Malaysia) to distribute the questionnaires. This research instrument was developed using well-established measurement scales identified from previous studies. Changes were made in the selected items to make sure they fitted into the context of the environmental knowledge and deterioration factors about natural resource management. For this research, sampling method termed as convenience sampling used to distribute the questionnaires. Marmaya et al. (2018) point out the following characteristics sampling method, every person who meets the criteria is asked to participate, it is a less complicated and more economical procedure, the researcher ‘s judgment is used to select individual subjects (Abbas et al., 2014). The data gathered from the survey were coded and analysed using XLStat2014 licensed software for Microsoft Excel (Razak, 2019; Yunus, 2019). The numerical data Analysing using experimental studies and the data obtained are analysed by statistical test (Chua, 2006; Juahir et al., 2011; Kamarudin et al., 2018). There are three statistical analysis methods applied in this study like Discriminant Analysis (DA), Descriptive Analysis and Hypothesis Testing (two-sample t-test). This analysis was applied to determine the relationship between two or more naturally parameters of the level natural resource management environmental knowledge among indigenous and deterioration factors in Indonesia and Malaysia. It equally describes the whole data set by excluding the less significant parameters with a minimum loss of initial information. The questionnaires consist of four main sections: respondents’ demographics, respondents’ environmental knowledge about natural resource management, factors of natural resource deterioration and implementation planning in natural resource management in Indonesia and Malaysia.

Result and Discussion

Respondents’ Demographics

To further understand the respondents’ background, this study examined three elements of the respondents’ profile such as gender, age and employment. Figure 5 presents the percentage frequencyof respondents’ demographic profile in this study (overall covered in Indonesia and Malaysia). Out of the 200 respondents’ participated in the study, 48 individuals (48 %) were male and 104 individuals (52%) were females. Categories of respondent age is 18 years -29 years, there are 59 individuals (29.5%), 30 years – 39 years as 61 individuals (30.5%), 40 years – 49 years as 54 individuals (27%) and 50 years and above as 26 individuals (13%). Based on the employment sector, there are only 2 individuals (1%) employed in the government sector, the private sector as 12 individuals (6%), self-employed as 125 individuals (62.5%)and there are 61 individuals (30.5%) as others employment. Table 3 (a), Table 3 (b) and Table 3 (c) showed questionnaires list distributed respondents. There are including the questionnaires of indigenist’s community’s environmental knowledge level about natural resource management, deterioration factors on natural resource in indigenist’s community’s settlement and implementation planning in natural resource management in indigenist’s community’s settlement.

328 Saudi, M, H.; Baging, M, P.; Kamarudin, M, K, A.; Saudi, A, S, M.; Wahab, N, A.; toriman, M, E.; ….

Man (52%) Female (48%)

Female

Man

50 years and 18 years - 29 above (13%) years (29.50%)

40 years - 49 18 years - 29 years years (27%) 30 years - 39 years

30 years - 39 40 years - 49 years years (30.50%) 50 years and above

Government Private (6%) (1%) Others (31%)

Government

Private

Self-employed Others

Self-employed (63%)

Figure 5: The Percentage Distribution of The Respondents’ Profile Such as Gender, Age and Employment

329 © RIGEO ● Review of International Geographical Education 11(1), MARCH, 2021 Table 3 (a): The list of questionnaires of indigenist’s community’s environmental knowledge level about natural resource management at Landak Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia dan Kampung Ulu Melaka, Hulu Selangor, Malaysia

Strongly Disagree Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Question Statement

1 2 3 4

SA1 The importance of planning arrangement the natural resource management framework in the settlement areas among indigenist’s communities

SA2 The importance of natural resource management based on the indigenous communities’ environmental knowledge

SA3 The importance of enhancing the attitude in managing of natural resources

SA4 The importance of dependence each other between nature and human

SA5 The need to study and formulate the concept of systematic natural resource management

SA6 The importance in the natural environment management development model systematically

330 Saudi, M, H.; Baging, M, P.; Kamarudin, M, K, A.; Saudi, A, S, M.; Wahab, N, A.; toriman, M, E.; …. Table 3 (b): The List of Questionnaires of Deterioration Factors on Natural Resource in Indigenist’s Community’s Settlement at Landak Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia Dan Kampung Ulu Melaka, Hulu Selangor, Malaysia

Strongly Disagree Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Question Statement

1 2 3 4

SA7 The rapid development, population increasing and the increase human needs for natural resources

SA8 The human's greed in exploiting natural resources

SA9 Natural resources are increasingly considered as one of important economic sources and need to be developed unlimitedly

SA10 The increasing of economic activity of natural resources which is only profit-oriented

SA11 Uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources SA12 The in-equilibrium relationship between human and nature SA13 Transition Plantation System

SA15 Traditional agricultural abandonment and resilience

331 © RIGEO ● Review of International Geographical Education 11(1), MARCH, 2021

Table 3 (c): The list of questionnaires of implementation planning in natural resource management in indigenist’s community’s settlement at Landak Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia dan Kampung Ulu Melaka, Hulu Selangor, Malaysia

Strongly Disagree Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Questions Statement 1 2 3 4

SB1 The organization of natural resource management activities in the study area needs to be implemented efficiently and effectively

SB2 The implementation of program which existence of efforts to optimize the natural resources effectively and efficiently

SB3 Implementation of various activities and increase the role of those responsible in the involvement of conservation and preservation of natural resources

SB4 The guidance and counseling to indigenist’s communities about the importance of natural resources to human beings

SB5 The environmental management model that is appropriate to the trends of indigenist’s communities’ life

332 Saudi, M, H.; Baging, M, P.; Kamarudin, M, K, A.; Saudi, A, S, M.; Wahab, N, A.; toriman, M, E.; …. Discriminant Analysis (DA)

Table 4 (a) showed the unidimensional test of indigenist’s community’s environmental knowledge level about natural resource management in Landak Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia and Kampung Ulu Melaka, Hulu Selangor, Malaysia. There six questionnaires (SA1, SA2, SA3, SA4, SA5 and SA6) (the significant values as p-value < 0.05). The p-value of SA1 = 0.0005, SA2 = 0.0185, SA3 = < 0.0001, SA4 = 0.0037, SA5 = 0.0444 dan SA6 = 0. 0326.Based on the Table 4 (b) showed the unidimensional test for deterioration factors on natural resource in indigenist’s community’s settlement in Landak Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia and Kampung Ulu Melaka, Hulu Selangor, Malaysia. There are eight out of 10 questionnaires recorded significant values as p-value < 0.05 such as SA7, SA8, SA9, SA10, SA11, SA12, SA13 dan SA15. The p-value for SA7 = 0.0003, SA8 = < 0.0001, SA9 = 0.0022, SA10 = 0.0429, SA11 = 0.0024, SA12 = 0.0141, SA13 = < 0.00010 and SA15 = <0.0001. Besides that, Table 4 (c)showed unidimensional test of implementation planning in natural resource management in indigenist’s community’s settlement in Landak Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia and Kampung Ulu Melaka, Hulu Selangor, Malaysia. The results of the analysis in Part B questionnaire showed the variables SB1, SB2, SB4 and SB5 reached to p-value <0.05. The four questions selected from five questions are significant to determine the implementation planning in natural resource management to reduce the level of degradation of natural resources throughout the study area. The questionnaires with p-value < 0.05 which are significant to test as variables to determine the environmental knowledge level on environmental sources management.

Table 4 (a): The Unidimensional Test of Indigenist’s Community’s Environmental Knowledge Level About Natural Resource Management in Landak Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia and Kampung Ulu Melaka, Hulu Selangor, Malaysia

Variable Lambda F DF1 DF2 p-value SA1 0.9402 12.6041 1 198 0.0005 SA2 0.9723 5.6376 1 198 0.0185 SA3 0.9191 17.4310 1 198 < 0.0001 SA4 0.9583 8.6242 1 198 0.0037 SA5 0.9798 4.0924 1 198 0.0444 SA6 0.9771 4.6316 1 198 0.0326

Table 4 (b): Unidimensional Test of Deterioration Factors on Natural Resource in Indigenist’s Community’s Settlement in Landak Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia and Kampung Ulu Melaka, Hulu Selangor, Malaysia

Variable Lambda F DF1 DF2 p-value SA7 0.9355 13.6456 1 198 0.0003 SA8 0.8435 36.7265 1 198 < 0.0001 SA9 0.9536 9.6430 1 198 0.0022 SA10 0.9794 4.1544 1 198 0.0429 SA11 0.9546 9.4195 1 198 0.0024 SA12 0.9700 6.1290 1 198 0.0141 SA13 0.8941 23.4597 1 198 < 0.0001 SA14 0.9928 1.4322 1 198 0.2328 SA15 0.9221 16.7270 1 198 < 0.0001 SA16 0.9978 0.4340 1 198 0.5108

Table 4 (c):

333 © RIGEO ● Review of International Geographical Education 11(1), MARCH, 2021 Unidimensional test of implementation planning in natural resource management in indigenist’s community’s settlement in Landak Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia and Kampung Ulu Melaka, Hulu Selangor, Malaysia

Variable Lambda F DF1 DF2 p-value SB1 0.9309 14.6919 1 198 0.0002 SB2 0.9466 11.1806 1 198 0.0010 SB3 0.9848 3.0470 1 198 0.0824 SB4 0.9687 6.3896 1 198 0.0123 SB5 0.9771 4.6316 1 198 0.0326

Descriptive Analysis and Hypothesis Testing (Two-sample t-test)

Table 5, Figure 6 (a) and Figure 6 (b) theshoweddescriptive analysis and illustration of Box Plot Variable for questionnaires of SA1, SA2, SA3, SA4, SA5 and SA6 (indigenist’s community’s environmental knowledge level about natural resource management in Landak Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia and Kampung Ulu Melaka, Hulu Selangor, Malaysia). The mean values recorded in Indonesia and Malaysia SA1 (3.3100 and 3.5900), SA2 (3.3200 and 3.4900), SA3 (3.3000 and 3.6500), SA4 (3.4000 and 3.6200), SA5 (3.4100 and 3.5900) and SA6 (3.4200 and 3.5800). The maximum values of Likert Scale for SA1 are 4.0000 in Indonesia and Malaysia and the minimum value in Indonesia as 1.0000 and the minimum value in Malaysia is 2.000. The Mean values at Indonesia and Malaysia are approaching to maximum value (4.0000). Besides that, the questions SA2, SA3, SA4, SA5 and SA6 recorded the Mean values are approaching to maximum value (4.0000). From the descriptive result proved majority indigenist’s communities in both study locations are possess a environmental knowledge about the concept of natural resource management and they agree to the developments of natural resource managementneed to be implemented continuously and more systematically along their settlement. The Box Plot Variable for questionnaires of SA1, SA2, SA3, SA4, SA5 and SA6 below as a graphical support result to prove the respondent’s opinion who strongly agree with the concept of implementation planning in natural resource management in indigenist’s community’s settlement based on their level of environmental knowledge. Table 6 showed Hypothesis Testing (Two-sample t-test) of SA1, SA2, SA3, SA4, SA5 and SA6 (indigenist’s community’s environmental knowledge level about natural resource management). The results of the analysis stated that all questions are significant with p- value<0.05 which means there are no difference opinion in environmental knowledge level about natural resource management between indigenist’s communities in Indonesia and Malaysia Table 5: The descriptive analysis of environmental knowledge level about natural resources management among indigenist’s communities in Landak Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia and Kampung Ulu Melaka, Hulu Selangor, Malaysia

Indonesia Malaysia Variable Minimum Maximum Mean Minimum Maximum Mean SA1 1.0000 4.0000 3.3100 2.0000 4.0000 3.5900 SA2 2.0000 4.0000 3.3200 2.0000 4.0000 3.4900 SA3 1.0000 4.0000 3.3000 2.0000 4.0000 3.6500 SA4 2.0000 4.0000 3.4000 2.0000 4.0000 3.6200 SA5 1.0000 4.0000 3.4100 1.0000 4.0000 3.5900 SA6 2.0000 4.0000 3.4200 2.0000 4.0000 3.5800

334 Saudi, M, H.; Baging, M, P.; Kamarudin, M, K, A.; Saudi, A, S, M.; Wahab, N, A.; toriman, M, E.; ….

Box plot (Indonesia) (SA1) Box plot (Malaysia) (SA1)

4.5 4.5

4

3.5 4

3 3.5 2.5

2 Malaysia Indonesia 3 1.5

1 2.5 0.5

0 2

Box plot (Indonesia) (SA2) Box plot (Malaysia) (SA2)

4.5 4.2

4 4

3.8 3.5

3.6 Malaysia Indonesia 3 3.4

2.5 3.2

2 3

Box plot (Indonesia) (SA3) Box plot (Malaysia) (SA3)

4.5 4.5

4

4 3.5

3 3.5 2.5

2 Malaysia Indonesia 3 1.5

1 2.5

0.5

0 2

Figure 6 (a): Box Plot Variable SA1, SA2 and SA3 (indigenist’s community’s environmental knowledge level about natural resource management) at Landak Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia dan Kampung Ulu Melaka, Hulu Selangor, Malaysia

335 © RIGEO ● Review of International Geographical Education 11(1), MARCH, 2021

Box plot (Indonesia) (SA4) Box plot (Malaysia)

4.5 4.5

4 4

3.5 3.5 Malaysia Indonesia 3 3

2.5 2.5

2 2

Box plot (Indonesia) Box plot (Malaysia)

4.5 4.5

4 4

3.5 3.5

3 3

2.5 Malaysia 2.5 Indonesia

2 2

1.5 1.5

1 1

Box plot (Indonesia) Box plot (Malaysia)

4.5 4.5

4 4

3.5 3.5 Malaysia Indonesia 3 3

2.5 2.5

2 2

Figure 6 (b): Box Plot Variable SA4, SA5 dan SA6 (indigenist’s community’s environmental knowledge level about natural resource management) at Landak Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia dan Kampung Ulu Melaka, Hulu Selangor, Malaysia

336 Saudi, M, H.; Baging, M, P.; Kamarudin, M, K, A.; Saudi, A, S, M.; Wahab, N, A.; toriman, M, E.; …. Table 6: Hypothesis Testing (Two-sample t-test) of SA1, SA2, SA3, SA4, SA5 and SA6 (indigenist’s community’s environmental knowledge level about natural resource management) at Landak Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia dan Kampung Ulu Melaka, Hulu Selangor, Malaysia

p-value (Two-tailed) (alpha = 0.05) SA1 SA2 SA3 SA4 SA5 SA6 Difference -0.2828 -0.1818 -0.3434 -0.2222 -0.1818 -0.1616 t (Observed value) -3.5689 -2.5317 -4.1163 -2.9501 -2.0296 -2.1623 |t| (Critical value) 1.9721 1.9721 1.9721 1.9721 1.9721 1.9721 DF 196 196 196 196 196 196 p-value (Two-tailed) 0.0005 0.0121 < 0.0001 0.0036 0.0437 0.0318

Table 7 showed the descriptive analysis of deterioration factors on natural resource in indigenist’s community’s settlement in Landak Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia and Kampung Ulu Melaka, Hulu Selangor, Malaysia. The Mean values recorded as 2.8889 ≤ 3.1616 (Indonesia) and 2.6500 ≤ 3.5400 respectively. The maximum value of SA1, SA8, SA9 and SA10 is 4.000 and the minimum value as 2.000. Then, the maximum value of SA11, SA12, SA13 and SA15 is 4.0000 and the minimum value as 1.000. Based on the mean value distribution recorded by SA8 and SA15 in Indonesia and SA12 and SA13 in Malaysia are approaching to minimum value. SA8 (“The human's greed in exploiting natural resources”) and SA15 (“Traditional agricultural abandonment and resilience”) are questionnaires are not agreed among indigenist’s communities in Indonesia as the main deterioration factors on natural resources. While, SA12 (“The in-equilibrium relationship between human and nature”), SA13 (“Transition Plantation System”) are questionnaires are not agreed among indigenist’s communities in Malaysia. Based on the respondents’ opinion proved the agricultural activities around the study area is not a major deterioration factors on natural resources because majority the indigenist’s communities in Indonesia and Malaysia carry out agricultural activities as their economic sources. In addition, it can be concluded other anthropogenic activities such as logging and industrialization are the major deterioration factors of natural resources. Box Plot Variable for all significant questionnaires (SA7, SA8, SA9, SA10, SA11, SA12, SA13 and SA15) in Figure 7 (a), Figure 7 (b) and Figure 7 (c) as are more accurate indicator to prove that the main deterioration factors on natural resource in indigenist’s community’s settlement refers to the rapid development around the study area and uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources such as logging activities (Amran et al., 2018; Din et al., 2019; Jusoh et al., 2018; Toriman et al., 2012). Besides that, Table 8showed Hypothesis Testing (Two-sample t-test) of SA7, SA8, SA9, SA10, SA11, SA12, SA13 and SA15 (deterioration factors on natural resource in indigenist’s community’s settlement). The results stated all significant questions tested recorded p-value<0.05 which means that there is no significant difference opinion between respondents in Indonesia and Malaysia about deterioration factors on natural resource in their settlement. However, it can be seen that the p-value for SA10 and SA12 as0.0302 and 0.0232 respectively which are almost 0.05. This shows that there is a slight difference of opinion among Indonesia’s respondents and Malaysia’s respondents. They argue that the deterioration factors on natural resource of are the main factors that need to be resolved by responsible agency to systematically conserve the natural resources

Table 7: The descriptive analysis of deterioration factors on natural resource in indigenist’s community’s settlement in Landak Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia and Kampung Ulu Melaka, Hulu Selangor, Malaysia Indonesia Malaysia Variable Minimum Maximum Min Minimum Maximum Min SA7 2.0000 4.0000 3.0400 2.0000 4.0000 3.4300 SA8 2.0000 4.0000 2.9600 2.0000 4.0000 3.5400 SA9 2.0000 4.0000 3.1500 2.0000 4.0000 3.3800 SA10 2.0000 4.0000 3.1616 2.0000 4.0000 3.3200 SA11 1.0000 4.0000 3.0600 1.0000 4.0000 3.3500 SA12 1.0000 4.0000 3.1000 2.0000 4.0000 2.8600 SA13 1.0000 4.0000 3.1500 2.0000 4.0000 2.6500 SA15 1.0000 4.0000 2.8889 1.0000 4.0000 3.3500

337 © RIGEO ● Review of International Geographical Education 11(1), MARCH, 2021

Box plot (Indonesia) (SA7) Box plot (Malaysia) (SA7)

4.5 4.5

4 4

3.5 3.5 Malaysia Indonesia 3 3

2.5 2.5

2 2

Box plot (Indonesia) (SA8) Box plot (Malaysia) (SA8)

4.5 4.5

4 4

3.5 3.5 Malaysia Indonesia 3 3

2.5 2.5

2 2

Box plot (Indonesia) (SA9) Box plot (Malaysia) (SA9)

4.5 4.5

4 4

3.5 3.5 Malaysia Indonesia 3 3

2.5 2.5

2 2

Figure 7 (a): Box Plot Variable SA7, SA8andSA9 (deterioration factors on natural resource in indigenist’s community’s settlement) at Landak Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia dan Kampung Ulu Melaka, Hulu Selangor, Malaysia

338 Saudi, M, H.; Baging, M, P.; Kamarudin, M, K, A.; Saudi, A, S, M.; Wahab, N, A.; toriman, M, E.; ….

Box plot (Indonesia) (SA10) Box plot (Malaysia) (SA10)

4.5 4.5

4 4

3.5 3.5 Malaysia Indonesia 3 3

2.5 2.5

2 2

Box plot (Indonesia) (SA11) Box plot (Malaysia) (SA11)

4.5 4.5

4 4

3.5 3.5

3 3

2.5 Malaysia 2.5 Indonesia

2 2

1.5 1.5

1 1

Box plot (Indonesia) (SA12) Box plot (Malaysia) (SA12)

4.5 4.5

4 4

3.5

3.5 3

2.5 Malaysia Indonesia 3

2

2.5 1.5

1 2

Figure 7 (b): Box Plot Variable SA10, SA11 and SA12 (deterioration factors on natural resource in indigenist’s community’s settlement) at Landak Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia dan Kampung Ulu Melaka, Hulu Selangor, Malaysia

339 © RIGEO ● Review of International Geographical Education 11(1), MARCH, 2021

Box plot (Indonesia) (SA13) Box plot (Malaysia) (SA13)

4.5 4.5

4 4 3.5

3 3.5

2.5 3

Malaysia Indonesia 2 2.5 1.5

1 2

Box plot (Indonesia) (SA15) Box plot (Malaysia) (SA15)

4.5 4.5

4 4

3.5 3.5

3 3

2.5 2.5

Malaysia Indonesia 2 2

1.5 1.5

1 1

Figure 7 (c): Box Plot Variable SA13 and SA12 (deterioration factors on natural resource in indigenist’s community’s settlement) at Landak Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia dan Kampung Ulu Melaka, Hulu Selangor, Malaysia

Table 8: Hypothesis Testing (Two-sample t-test) of SA7, SA8, SA9, SA10, SA11, SA12, SA13 and SA15 (deterioration factors on natural resource in indigenist’s community’s settlement) at Landak Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia dan Kampung Ulu Melaka, Hulu Selangor, Malaysia

p-value (Two-tailed) (alpha = 0.05) SA7 SA8 SA9 SA10 SA11 SA12 SA13 SA15 Difference -0.3842 -0.5859 -0.2323 -0.1702 -0.3030 0.2222 0.4949 -0.4646 t (Observed -3.6265 -6.1041 -3.1100 -2.1829 -3.1932 2.2886 4.7566 -4.0957 value) |t| (Critical 1.9721 1.9721 1.9721 1.9722 1.9721 1.9721 1.9721 1.9721 value) DF 197 196 196 195 196 196 196 196 p-value (Two-0.0004 < 0.0001 0.0021 0.0302 0.0016 0.0232 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 tailed)

Based on Table 9, Figure 8 (a) and Figure 8 (b) illustrated the descriptive analysis statistics and Box Plot Variable of implementation planning in natural resource management in indigenist’s community’s settlement recorded the minimum value as 1.0000 and 2.000 (Likert Scale as strongly disagree and disagree), while in Malaysia the minimum value recorded between 2.000 and 3.000 (Likert Scale as disagree and agree). The minimum value in Malaysia recorded higher value than Indonesian which means that there are respondents who strongly disagree with implementation planning in natural resource management proposed in this study. Table 10 shows the Hypothesis Test (Two-sample t-test) for implementation planning in natural resource management in indigenist’s community’s settlement of SB1, SB2, SB4 and SB5. Questions SB1, SB2, SB4 and SB5 recorded the p-value < 0.05 (there was no difference of opinion between respondents in Indonesia and Malaysia). Although, there a few questions showing differences of opinion but it is not really significantly different which means only a few respondents have different opinions about 340 Saudi, M, H.; Baging, M, P.; Kamarudin, M, K, A.; Saudi, A, S, M.; Wahab, N, A.; toriman, M, E.; …. implementation planning in natural resource management. For example, SB5 stated a p-value = 0.0318 which is less than 0.05 but closer to 0.05 compared other questions. The statement “The environmental management model that is appropriate to the trends of indigenist’s communities’ life” (SB5) showed there are a few among indigenist’s communities not fully understand what is meant by natural resource management model. But overall, the implementation planning in natural resource management in indigenist’s community’s settlement the management of natural resources discussed in this study was agreed among indigent’s community in Indonesia and Malaysia.

Table 9: The descriptive analysis of implementation planning in natural resource management in indigenist’s community’s settlement in Landak Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia and Kampung Ulu Melaka, Hulu Selangor, Malaysia

Indonesia Malaysia Variable Minimum Maximum Mean Minimum Maximum Mean SB1 1.0000 4.0000 3.2727 3.0000 4.0000 3.5657 SB2 1.0000 4.0000 3.2626 3.0000 4.0000 3.5354 SB4 2.0000 4.0000 3.4343 3.0000 4.0000 3.6162 SB5 2.0000 4.0000 3.4200 2.0000 4.0000 3.5800

Box plot (Indonesia) (SB1) Box plot (Malaysia) (SB1)

4.5 4.2

4 4 3.5

3 3.8

2.5 4 4 3.6 2

1.5 3.4

1 3.2 0.5

0 3

Box plot (Malaysia) (SB2) Box plot (Malaysia) (SB2)

4.5 4.2

4 4 3.5

3 3.8

2.5 4 4 3.6 2

1.5 3.4

1 3.2 0.5

0 3

341 © RIGEO ● Review of International Geographical Education 11(1), MARCH, 2021

Box plot (Indonesia) (SB4) Box plot (Malaysia) (SB4)

4.5 4.2

4 4

3.8

3.5 4 4 3.6

3 3.4

2.5 3.2

2 3

Figure 8 (a): Box Plot Variable SB1, SB2 dan SB4 (implementation planning in natural resource management in indigenist’s community’s settlement) at Landak Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia dan Kampung Ulu Melaka, Hulu Selangor, Malaysia

Box plot (Indonesia) (SB5) Box plot (Malaysia) (SB5)

4.5 4.5

4 4

3.5 3.5 Malaysia Indonesia 3 3

2.5 2.5

2 2

Figure 8 (a): Box Plot Variable SB5 (implementation planning in natural resource management in indigenist’s community’s settlement) at Landak Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia dan Kampung Ulu Melaka, Hulu Selangor, Malaysia

Table 10: Hypothesis Testing (Two-sample t-test) of SB1, SB2, SB4 and SB5 (implementation planning in natural resource management in indigenist’s community’s settlement) at Landak Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia dan Kampung Ulu Melaka, Hulu Selangor, Malaysia

Item Nilai p-value (Two-tailed) (alpha = 0.05) SB1 SB2 SB4 SB5 Difference -0.2929 -0.2435 -0.1818 -0.1616 t (Observed value) -3.8571 -2.8135 -2.5394 -2.1623 |t| (Critical value) 1.9721 1.9734 1.9721 1.9721 DF 196 178 196 196 p-value (Two-tailed) 0.0002 0.0055 0.0119 0.0318

342 Saudi, M, H.; Baging, M, P.; Kamarudin, M, K, A.; Saudi, A, S, M.; Wahab, N, A.; toriman, M, E.; …. Conclusion

Natural resource management has traditionally been considered as an environmental sustainability management which are already applied by western scientific tradition. Based on the sciences technology and environmental management development recently triggered the indigenous people in rural areas should be granted the power to participate in the design of implementation planning natural resource management regulations and give fully cooperation to control and conserve the ecological habitat, flora and fauna in their own environments through the indigenist’s community’s environmental knowledge level about natural resource management. Based on the result in this study showed majority indigenist’s communities in Indonesia and Malaysia support and give positive opinion about the implementation planning in natural resource management but only a few of them still in confused about the modernization resource management caused their lower environmental knowledge especially in Indonesia. Hereby, all agencies including overall citizens need to give fully cooperation to guide them about the benefit of natural resources management to sustain the environmental sustainability.

Acknowledgment

The author would like to thank Pemerintah Kabupaten Landak, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia for providing data support for this research on the title: ”The Developing Natural Resource Management Model in Indigenist’s Village in Landak Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia dan Kampung Ulu Melaka, Hulu Selangor, Malaysia” and East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI), Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UNISZA) and Geography Study Program IKIP PGRI Pontianak give permission to use research facilities and supporting in this research.

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