01 NOBEL WOMEN’S INITIATIVE

02 Moving Beyond Militarism and War: Women-driven Solutions for a Nonviolent World 03 NOBEL WOMEN’S INITIATIVE

Challenging Militarization TABLE OF CONTENTS 15 Reviving Article 26 of the UN Charter Standing up to State Terror and Impunity Campaign to Stop Killer Robots Using People Power to Defeat Nuclear Weapons Defending Japan’s Peace Constitution 04 A Word from Our Laureates From a Culture of War to a Culture About the Conference and of Peace and Nonviolence the Nobel Women’s Initiative 20 06 Deconstructing War Culture, Teaching Peace Culture Women Building Peace: Liberia, The Facts About Militarism Sudan and South Sudan 08 What is Militarism? Network Building to Support and Protect Militarization on the Rise Women in Conflict Zones The Costs of Militarism and War Cultivating Democracy and Justice for Lasting Peace

Documenting and Exposing 11 Militarism Committing to Move the The Military-Masculinity Matrix 30 World Beyond Militarism Unveiling the “War on Terror” Naming Rape as a Weapon of War AcknowledgementS WomanStats: Documenting Women’s 32 Security as a Means to State Security “The Other Invasion:” Armed Conference Participants Transnational Corporations 33 04 Moving Beyond Militarism and War: Women-driven Solutions for a Nonviolent World 05 NOBEL WOMEN’S INITIATIVE

A Word from our Laureates

he signing of the Good Friday Agreement Women’s Initiative and hosted by Peace People It does not have to be this way. Just as the in Belfast on April 10, 1998, marked the co-founder Mairead Maguire, the conference Peace People of Northern Ireland demonstrated Tculmination of more than two decades drew more than 100 participants from more than the power of collective nonviolent action in the of struggle to bring peace to Northern Ireland. 20 countries. From May 28 to 30, 2013, we heard 1970s, the women and men gathered in Belfast The end to armed conflict may never have been the strategies of activists, academics, journalists for our conference are working together around achieved without the emergence in 1976 of a and others who work everyday around the globe the world to bring about an end to armed mass movement for peace, led by the women to end militarism and war. conflicts and the culture of militarism. of Northern Ireland who rallied under the banner The message we heard, over and over again, It was an inspiring three days. We invite you to of the Peace People. The Peace People organized was that it is time that we take the alternatives share in the conversations we had in Belfast and massive demonstrations, inspired 100,000 people to war seriously. We are tired of seeing precious learn about some of the profound alternatives to sign a declaration calling for an end to the resources funneled into militarism while children to militarism that are bringing new hope to killing, and were instrumental in building support die of starvation and poverty. We are tired of women and communities worldwide. for the Good Friday Agreement. seeing institutions designed to protect and Fifteen years later, peace activists gathered in promote human security functioning as part Belfast to honour the work of the Peace People of a global war machine. and participate in the conference “Moving Beyond Militarism & War: Women-driven Solutions for a Nonviolent World.” Organized by the Nobel

Jody Williams Leymah Gbowee Mairead Maguire Shirin Ebadi Rigoberta Menchú Tum Tawakkol Karman Nobel laureates from L to R: Leymah Gbowee, Mairead Maguire, Shirin Ebadi, Jody Williams, Tawakkol Karman, and Rigoberta Menchú Tum 06 Moving Beyond Militarism and War: Women-driven Solutions for a Nonviolent World 07 NOBEL WOMEN’S INITIATIVE

About the Conference and the Nobel Women’s InitiativE

he conference “Moving Beyond Militarism Through plenary speeches, panel presentations The Nobel Women’s Initiative uses the prestige & War: Women-driven Solutions for a and thematic table discussions, conference of the Nobel Peace Prize and courageous women TNonviolent world” was convened by the participants explored the root causes and the Peace Laureates to magnify the power and Nobel Women’s Initiative from May 28 to 30, effects of militarism and war, as well as the visibility of women working in countries around 2013. Hosted in Belfast by Nobel peace laureate nonviolent strategies women are undertaking the world for peace, justice and equality. Mairead Maguire, it brought together for the first to bring about change. The focus was on We believe peace is much more than the absence time all six current Nobel peace laureates of the sharing strategies that work, and exploring of armed conflict. Peace is the commitment to Nobel Women’s Initiative. They were joined by how these successful strategies can be equality and justice — to a democratic world free more than 80 influential activists, academics effectively used elsewhere. of physical, economic, cultural, political, religious, and decision-makers from across the globe This was the fourth biennial conference of sexual and environmental violence. whose work focuses on ending militarism the Nobel Women’s Initiative, an organization and war with nonviolent strategies for peace. formed in 2006 by sister Nobel peace laureates Jody Williams, Shirin Ebadi, Wangari Maathai, Rigoberta Menchú Tum, Betty Williams and Mairead Maguire. These six women decided to bring together their extraordinary experiences in a united effort for peace with justice and equality. Nobel peace laureates Leymah Gbowee and Tawakkol Karman joined the organization in 2012. 08 Moving Beyond Militarism and War: Women-driven Solutions for a Nonviolent World 09 NOBEL WOMEN’S INITIATIVE

The Facts About Militarism Any demilitarism plan for the planet must begin with the United States. As the number one military spender and arms exporter in “the world, the United States keeps the military-industrial complex What is Militarism? new war technologies that pose unprecedented As Lena Ag of the Kvinna till Kvinna Foundation functioning worldwide. — Ann Wright, retired U.S. Army Colonel and activist threats to human security. pointed out, annual global military spending is Militarism is the military readiness of a state or 700 times greater than the UN’s regular budget. society. It includes factors such as maintaining a standing army and actively developing advanced The Costs of The 10 Largest Military Spenders, 20116 World Nuclear Forces, 20127 combat techniques and weaponry. Militarization Militarism and War occurs when state military and police forces are 1 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Country Spending (billions) Country Deployed warheads Other warheads Total inventory being actively developed and deployed to counter The direct human costs of war are staggering: “SIPRI Yearbook 2012: 4. Military Expenditure,” http://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2012/04, June 4, 2012 perceived threats to state security. • In 2012, armed battles killed an estimated 2 SIPRI estimates that, between 2008 and 2012, 75 per U.S.A. $711 U.S.A. 2 150 5 850 ~8 000 37,941 people worldwide — that’s more cent of major arms traded internationally were exported than four deaths every hour3 from U.S.A, Russia, Germany, France, U.K. and Italy China $143 Russia 1 800 8 200 10 000 Militarization on the Rise combined. The proportion exported from the two other • More than 45 million people are living G8 member countries (Canada and Japan), though not Russia $71.9 U.K. 160 65 225 Conference participants expressed great concern as refugees or internally displaced people, included in the SIPRI data chart, would bring the total about ever-expanding state military budgets. The to more than 75 per cent. See Stockholm International U.K. $62.7 France 290 10 ~300 largely due to armed conflict4 last two decades have seen a significant rise in Peace Research Institute, “SIPRI Yearbook 2013: 5. International Arms Transfers,” France $62.5 China .. 200 ~240 military spending worldwide, with steady increases • More than 1.5 billion people live in countries http://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2013/05, June 3, 2013 1 Japan $59.3 India .. 80-100 80-100 every year between 1998 and 2011. plagued by recurrent armed conflict or 3 Lotta Themnér and Peter Wallensteen, “Armed Conflicts, 5 very high levels of criminal violence 1946–2012,” Journal of Peace Research, vol. 50 no. 4, India $48.9 Pakistan .. 90-100 90-100 In addition to being among the top military http://jpr.sagepub.com/content/50/4/509.full, July 2013 spenders, the world’s wealthiest nations are Conference participants also pointed to the indirect 4 UN News Service, “UN spotlights plight of refugees Saudi Arabia $48.5 Israel .. ~80 ~80 some of the biggest arms exporters. More costs of militarization. When state budgets are as number of globally displaced hits 18-year high,” 75 percent of major arms traded globally largely tied up in military spending, governments http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp/www.iaea.org/ Germany $46.7 North Korea .. .. ? .2 html/www.sealthedeal2009.org/petition/story.asp? are exported from G8 countries neglect investments in health, education, social NewsID=45225&Cr=refugee&Cr1=#.UregDfZOnD4, Brazil $35.4 Total ~4 400 ~14 600 ~19 000 services, environmental protection and other June 20, 2013 Another deeply troubling trend is the race among Estimates are approximate, and are as of January 2012 priorities. This trend has become particularly 5 World Bank, World Development Report 2011: Overview, nation states to develop and deploy remote- marked in the austerity era of the past few years. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDRS/Resources/ controlled armed drones, killer robots and other WDR2011_Overview.pdf, Washington, DC: 2011, p.2 6 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), “SIPRI Yearbook 2012: 4. Military Expenditure,” http://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2012/04, June 4, 2012 7 Ibid., “SIPRI Yearbook 2012: 7. World Nuclear Forces,” http://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2012/07, June 4, 2012 10 Moving Beyond Militarism and War: Women-driven Solutions for a Nonviolent World 11 NOBEL WOMEN’S INITIATIVE

Documenting and Exposing Militarism Our world has been ravaged by conflict, time and time again. or many women committed to moving the “ethno-nationalist and sexist identity politics” The war on terror And yet, instead of investing in world beyond war, the first step is to document have shaped armed conflicts, particularly in Fand expose the problem of increasing the postcolonial states of Africa. “ militarization. We heard from academics and has been a setback Amina argued that because militarism and gender our women, children and future activists whose work analyzing and documenting identities are co-constructed, it is essential to the many ways that militarism operates in our challenge toxic masculinity as well as notions for human security, generations, our states continue world has helped build a powerful body of “ of femininity that serve militaristic agendas. The evidence to support movements for demilitarization. conceptualization of women as passive victims conflict prevention to spend more on our militaries needing rescue, for instance, is problematic The Military-Masculinity because “the ‘protection of women’ is too easily and peacebuilding. — a solution that has failed to invoked in the service of imperialist national Matrix security agendas, and women will continue — Lena Ag, Secretary General, increase the human security “Mustering troops is all about the mobilization to pay the price.” Kvinna till Kvinna Foundation of men into aggressive expressions of hypermas- of those at risk. culinity,” said Amina Mama, a professor of women and gender studies at the University of California. Unveiling the “War on Terror” — Mairead Maguire, Nobel Peace Laureate “It is not that ‘masculinity’ generates war… but The U.S.-led “war on terror” which has dominated rather that the process of militarization both global security discussions for the last decade was draws on and exaggerates the bipolarization a topic of great concern for many of our conference of gender identities in extremis.” presenters. Critiquing and exposing how the “war Amina’s scholarly work illuminates the complex on terror” has been used to justify violations of ways in which masculinity and militarism are human rights and democratic rights, and how linked — a phenomenon she calls the “military- it has affected the lives of women globally, is masculinity matrix.” Her analysis exposes how an important component of their work. 12 Moving Beyond Militarism and War: Women-driven Solutions for a Nonviolent World 13 NOBEL WOMEN’S INITIATIVE

Lena Ag, Secretary General of the Kvinna till Kvinna Foundation, spoke of the decade lost Naming Rape G8 Declaration on for human rights and women’s security due to as a Weapon of War Preventing Sexual the “war on terror.” Her organization has worked Calling attention to the use of sexual violence in Violence in Conflict to raise awareness of how women in countries armed conflicts has been a major focus of human targeted for counter-terrorism measures have rights activists in recent years. Our conference n April 11, 2013, the foreign ministers of been harmed by outcomes such as tightened included Julienne Lusenge of Female Solidarity Othe G8 countries endorsed a Declaration border controls and the stifling of civil society for Integrated Peace and Development (SOFEPADI), on Preventing Sexual Violence in Conflict, organizations. Patricia Guerrero of the Displaced Women’s affirming the responsibility that world leaders Participants also decried how the war on terror League in Colombia and Esperance Kavira Furaha have to address this grave atrocity. The Valerie’s research shows that the best predictor has led to arbitrary detentions, drone strikes that of eastern Congo. All three women are active declaration includes six key components: Documenting Women’s “The Other Invasion:” Armed members of the International Campaign to of whether a nation will be involved in armed kill civilians, suspension of civil liberties and other The recognition that sexual violence in Stop Rape & Gender Violence in Conflict. Security as a Means conflict, internally or externally, is the level of Transnational Corporations violations of fundamental rights. Invoking the conflict is a war crime, and that states have to State Security violence against women within the society — Nation-states have long used military might to ever-looming threat of terrorism has allowed Thanks to the work of these and other activists the responsibility to search for, prosecute and not, as is often assumed, levels of invade and extract resources from foreign lands. the U.S. government and its allies to cloak worldwide, several international institutions have or hand over for trial anyone accused of Academics, policy makers and political leaders democracy or wealth. Increasingly, transnational corporations are playing their military programs in greater secrecy, put the problem of war-related sexual violence such a crime are starting to pay more attention to the link a similar role, challenging the state’s traditional sacrificing transparency and accountability. between women’s security and state security “We’ve used this research to develop and on their agenda and are taking concrete steps A vow to never accept amnesty deals thanks to the painstaking empirical research articulate what we call an R2PW [responsibility monopoly on the use of force. Women working Environmental lawyer Farhana Yamin noted that to address it. The use of rape as a tool of war for perpetrators of sexual violence in future of Valerie Hudson, an expert on international to protect women] framework,” said Valerie. This in communities affected by corporate plunder the surveillance systems developed over the past can now be prosecuted as a war crime under peace agreements negotiated by G8 nations security and foreign policy analysis at the framework rests on “the notion that the oppression are ringing the alarm bell on this disturbing trend. decade are also being used to repress activists international law, and the UN Security Council A commitment to improve the training The Bush School of Government and Public and subjugation of women must be attended The major multinational oil corporations, for working in opposition to the political agenda of has adopted several resolutions that address of military, police and peacekeeping Service at Texas A&M University. to by the international community as one of the instance, “are larger than most countries. They governments. “Many of the people who are now combating sexual violence in war. Most recently, personnel trained by G8 nations, to ensure deep roots of aggression and violence.” have militaries and corporate police officers of listed and surveilled are environmental activists,” the G8 foreign ministers adopted a landmark With the WomanStats Project, Valerie and her better responses to sexual violence their own,” noted Farhana Yamin, a leading said Farhana. Declaration on Preventing Sexual Violence in colleagues have produced the largest compendium Valerie also spoke of the need to bridge the gap Conflict and 144 UN member nations have A declaration of support for the of information on the status of women in the between academic research and the research environmental lawyer and board member of pledged their support for a Declaration of deployment of international experts to world, and made it available for free at www. needs of those working on the ground. She Global Call for Climate Action. Commitment to End Sexual Violence in Conflict. develop the judicial, investigative and legal womanstats.org. The project brings together suggested that studies by scholars could be Aura Lolita Chavez Ixcaquic, co-founder and capacities of other countries data on more than 300 variables connected to intentionally designed to support the frontline coordinator of the K’iche’ People’s Council, is all A call for increased funding for prevention the status of women in 175 countries. She later work of women human rights defenders. too familiar with the phenomenon of militarized and response efforts, with an immediate co-authored a book, Sex and World Peace, transnational corporations. Her organization pledge of nearly $36 million from G8 countries summarizing their findings from this data. challenges transnational corporations pursuing 14 Moving Beyond Militarism and War: Women-driven Solutions for a Nonviolent World 15 NOBEL WOMEN’S INITIATIVE

destructive mining, hydroelectric and oil projects in Guatemala. Lolita told us that the K’iche’ Challenging Militarization people, who survived the genocide and scorched earth tactics of a 36-year civil war, call this assault on their lands and communities by transnational corporations “la otra invasión” — the other invasion. ransforming our world from one of violence Retired Army Colonel Ann Wright, for instance, Lolita and her colleagues employ nonviolent to one of nonviolence requires a strong took a very public stand against the United We have to get tactics to challenge la otra invasión. She told us will and the courage to speak out against States’ unwarranted invasion of Iraq when she that soldiers have been deployed by transnational T all forms of militarism. We heard from dozens of resigned from the U.S. State Department’s corporations and/or their government sponsors to better at making women who are standing up to directly challenge Foreign Service in 2003. Since her resignation, disrupt community consultations on the effects of “ militarism in its many facets, from particular acts Ann has remained outspoken on a range of proposed mine projects. She and her colleagues power answer us. of state aggression to the development of new anti-war issues, including the implications of managed to diffuse the tension by inviting the classes of war weapons. These women are the United States’ drone policies and their — Amina Mama, Women and Gender Studies soldiers to share meals and conversations with setting powerful legal and social precedents counter-productive impact on security. professor, University of California them. It was not too long before the soldiers’ that undercut the dominant global march formerly menacing faces were graced with towards increased militarization. smiles and laughter.

By sharing their stories of encounters with corporate security forces, Lolita and her colleagues are raising important questions about the role of Speaking Out Against a War of Aggression non-state actors, such as private corporations, in fueling armed conflict. I believe the [U.S.] Administration’s policies are making the world a more dangerous place, not a safer place. I feel obligated morally and professionally “to set out my very deep and firm concerns on these policies and to resign from government service as I cannot defend or implement them. — Ann Wright, former Army Colonel, in her letter of resignation from U.S. government service (March 19, 2003) 16 Moving Beyond Militarism and War: Women-driven Solutions for a Nonviolent World 17 NOBEL WOMEN’S INITIATIVE

Reviving Article 26 The UN Charter, Standing up to State Ixil Mayan Genocide Our struggles of the UN Charter Terror and Impunity Survivors Testify Article 26 of the UN Charter was a recurring talking Article 26, called for For the people of Guatemala, the struggle have not been easy. point at the conference. Nobel Peace Laureate “ to bring military officials to justice for crimes n April 3, 2013, in a demonstration of “ Jody Williams argued that this neglected component the Security Council committed during that country’s 36-year civil war Oremarkable courage, ten veiled women It is the cost of of the charter, which directs the Security Council has dragged on nearly as long as the war itself. took to the witness stand to testify. These to develop a plan to regulate armaments with the But the women who lost family members and to actually develop survivors recounted their experiences of being our convictions goal of minimizing global military spending, could experienced military atrocities persevere in be used by activists as a point on which to a plan to divert their campaign against impunity. sexually assaulted by soldiers during the — Rigoberta Menchú Tum, challenge UN member states. She laid out a Guatemalan Civil War. On May 10, a trial court Nobel Peace Laureate As Nobel Peace Laureate Rigoberta Menchú vision of civil society activists around the world convicted José Efraín Ríos, head of state from resources from war Tum noted, women were the guardians of the developing a plan to fulfill Article 26 and presenting most important evidence of genocidal attacks 1982 to 1983, of genocide and crimes against it to the Security Council. to meet the needs of on indigenous Ixil Mayan communities in 1982 humanity for the assaults and the massacre aftermath of genocide in Mayan communities. Article 26 reads in its entirety: and 1983. In the spring of 2013, a number of of 1,771 Ixil Mayan people in the country’s The principal perpetrator was eventually convicted, courageous Ixil survivors testified in the trial of northwest highlands. The verdict was later setting an important precedent for the prosecution In order to promote the establishment and people: from national General José Efraín Ríos Montt, head of state of senior military officials in Guatemala. maintenance of international peace and security annulled by the country’s Constitutional during that period, and Mauricio Rodriguez with the least diversion for armaments of the security to human Court. Despite this setback and the threats Sánchez, former head of military intelligence. From the other side of the world, Egyptian activist world’s human and economic resources, the of violence they face for pursuing the Rios Montt was convicted of genocide and and journalist Hania Moheeb brought us the story Security Council shall be responsible for security. Of course crimes against humanity on May 10, 2013, case, the survivors are prepared to take of women standing up to condemn state complicity formulating, with the assistance of the Military but Guatemala’s Constitutional Court annulled to the stand again in a new proceeding. in a rash of sexual assaults that took place in Staff Committee referred to in Article 47, plans they never did it. the verdict later that month. The case may Tahrir Square in 2013. By going public with her to be submitted to the Members of the United Violence against women was part of a sys- not be tried again until 2015, if ever. own story of assault, Hania challenged the culture Nations for the establishment of a system — Jody Williams, Nobel Peace Laureate tematic attempt to exterminate the Ixil Mayan of impunity that allows violence against women for the regulation of armaments. We also heard from Helen Mack, Founder community. The attacks were sexualized to persist. She also inspired other women in and President of the Myrna Mack Foundation. Egypt to come forward with evidence of what The Security Council has never met its obligations expressions of violence and domination meant military spending by member states. Redirecting Helen launched the first judicial process against they suspect was a coordinated campaign of as laid out in Article 26. to destroy the women and their community. just 10 per cent of their multibillion-dollar military high-ranking military officials of the Guatemalan political intimidation through sexual violence. The Ixil women are holding their ground Nobel Peace Laureate Shirin Ebadi suggested budgets into education and social programs Army, charging three officers with organizing the in the fight to end impunity for war crimes. that a campaign around Article 26 could include could have profound effects for society and 1990 assassination of her sister, Myrna, who had the modest demand for a 10 per cent reduction in the status of women. been targeted due to her work researching the 18 Moving Beyond Militarism and War: Women-driven Solutions for a Nonviolent World 19 NOBEL WOMEN’S INITIATIVE

The Campaign to Stop Killer Robots is calling State Complicity: Campaign to Stop on every state to place a moratorium on the Greenham Common Defending Japan’s Sexual Violence Killer Robots testing or use of lethal autonomous robotics, Women’s Peace Camp Peace Constitution in Tahrir Square With unmanned military aircraft already in as recommended in the April 2013 report of Following the end of World War II, Japan drafted use, the next step on the horizon of weapons the UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, ebbeca Johnson has been active in a new constitution that symbolized its new summary or arbitrary executions. n n January 25, 2013, the second development is fully autonomous robotic weapons. Rthe nuclear disarmament movement for commitment to peace in the world. Article 9 Whereas drone technology still requires human anniversary of Egypt’s uprising, journalist several decades. As a feminist committed of the constitution renounces the state’s right O authorization to launch a strike, these killer robots to wage war or maintain a standing military Hania Moheeb and many fellow Egyptians to nonviolent activism, she lived from 1982 rely on a pre-programmed system to select and Using People Power and other “war potentials.” to 1987 at the Greenham Common Women’s gathered in Cairo’s Tahrir Square in protest strike targets. Decisions with life-or-death conse- to Defeat Nuclear Weapons after dashed dreams of the revolution. While Peace Camp, a camp set up outside the According to Yoshioka Tatsuya, Co-founder quences will be delegated to artificial intelligence. The decades-long struggle for nuclear disarmament peacefully protesting, Hania was attacked Greenham Common Airbase in Berkshire, and Director of the organization Peace Boat, Nobel Laureate Jody Williams, who received continues, with women like Rebecca Johnson this legal mechanism for diverting resources from and sexually assaulted by a gang of men. England, to protest the decision to locate taking the lead. As Co-Chair of the International the Peace Prize in 1997 for her work on the 96 American nuclear cruise missiles there. militarization into sustainable development has Hania later learned that nineteen other women International Campaign to Ban Landmines, is Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons and served as a partial brake on arms proliferation reported very similar assaults that took place spearheading the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots. Director of the Acronym Institute for Disarmament Women at the camp engaged in nonviolent in Japan and the entire Asia Pacific region. that day. She has no doubt that these assaults It is an international coalition of non-governmental Diplomacy, she is pushing for nothing less than direct action, disrupting military exercises But Article 9, Yoshioka warned, is under organizations working for a pre-emptive ban on comprehensive global nuclear disarmament. and blockading nuclear convoys leaving were organized by the Egyptian police as part unprecedented threat. The new regime of Prime fully autonomous lethal robots. With Israel already the base. Many were arrested, women were of a strategy to terrorize and silence women Rebecca spoke of the immense threat posed by Minister Abe, under pressure from Japan’s industries in possession of such weapons and the U.S. and protesting in Tahrir Square. The message the world’s nuclear arsenal, currently held by nine evicted from the camp and it was re-formed that stand to profit from arms exports, has its U.K. actively developing their own, Jody warned, to women, she said, was: “You should stay countries, reminding us of both the staggering several times over its 10 years of existence. sights set on reforms that include the abolition the time to act is now. at home, you should stop protesting, you casualties and catastrophic climate effects that The protest mounted by the Women’s Peace of Article 9. Such a move, says Yoshioka, could would result from even a small proportion of should feel stigmatized.” Her challenge to governments regarding lethal Camp was instrumental in the decision inspire an arms race between China and Japan, robotic weapons is based on multiple layers this arsenal being used. to remove the nuclear missiles from which in turn could further provoke the militarism Far from being silenced, Hania appeared on of ethical concern. Given the often blurred “Here we are, on the point of getting governments Greenham Common Airbase in 1991. of North Korea. national television to talk about her assault, distinction between combatants and civilians, together to negotiate a treaty and ban nuclear Article 9’s significance goes far beyond its role giving other women courage to speak out how will this technology distinguish between the weapons,” said Rebecca. “It can be done... in Asia, said Yoshioka. As an example of a peace two? To what extent can robots be programmed too. She and eight other women have since people power works.” constitution, it is a global treasure. It could serve to comply with international humanitarian law? filed a lawsuit against the president of Egypt, as a model for other states seeking to demilitarize. In cases of civilian deaths, who is held responsible? asserting he was politically responsible for The more than 50 per cent of Japanese people As of yet, no legal accountability mechanism their assaults. who still support Article 9 need the world’s help exists for this technology. to preserve this important mechanism of peace. 20 Moving Beyond Militarism and War: Women-driven Solutions for a Nonviolent World 21 NOBEL WOMEN’S INITIATIVE

From a Culture of War to a Nobel Peace Laureates with volunteers Culture of Peace and Nonviolence Belfast 2013

e must not underestimate the enormity of the task at hand. Moving the world Deconstructing War Culture, Peace is many Wbeyond militarism will require the Teaching Peace Culture mobilization of all of civil society. Women are Many conference participants expressed concern things, from human in a unique position to guide this transition over the way war is glorified and normalized in “ and are, in fact, already doing so. our schools, political assemblies, mainstream security to equality, Our conference brought together women and media and other cultural institutions. Through men who are at the forefront of movements to panel presentations and table conversations, we but at its heart lies deconstruct the culture of war, teach methods discussed strategies for deconstructing militarized of nonviolent conflict resolution, guide war-torn ways of thinking and instilling the values of a culture; a culture countries through peace negotiations and nonviolence in public consciousness. reconstruction, and build cultures of democracy based on people, and justice to ensure lasting peace. Demilitarizing Education A recurring theme at the conference was the acceptance and need to teach our children nonviolent ways, Peace isn’t easy. in order to counteract the values of militarism dialogue. preached to them at school. Participants It’s a strategy. It’s discussed how we could teach children to — Jennifer Allsopp, Commissioning Editor, identify the patterns underlying conflict, for openDemocracy 50.50. “ instance, rather than have them study war a choice. timelines. Instead of having them memorize — Kate Cumbo, Director of Programs, facts about victorious battles by armies, we PeaceJam Foundation could teach them about the great nonviolent struggles of history. 22 Moving Beyond Militarism and War: Women-driven Solutions for a Nonviolent World 23 NOBEL WOMEN’S INITIATIVE

There are countries Every person is Engaging Religious Institutions that have more a potential soldier. Several participants spoke about the role religious institutions could play in transforming societies’ “— Rawan Eghbariah, Legal Coordinator, “ conversations on militarism and war. As Peace soldiers than teachers. New Profile Laureates Mairead Maguire and Shirin Ebadi — Shirin Ebadi, Nobel Peace Laureate noted, compassion and respect for the sacredness of life lies at the heart of all the world’s religions.

Rawan Eghbariah, legal coordinator of the Israeli Teaching young people to critically analyze war Leymah Gbowee, who was awarded the Nobel organization New Profile, spoke of how her group culture and understand nonviolent alternatives is Peace Prize for her role in the Liberian women’s works to counteract the hyper-militarization of also a major focus of Peace Boat, a Japan-based movement to bring an end to the civil war, talked Israel’s education system, which prepares children international non-governmental organization about the role churches could play in the campaign for their obligatory military service by segregating promoting peace, human rights, sustainable to end sexual violence. She recalled how, during students along religious lines. New Profile teaches New Profile Takes on Challenge development and respect for the environment. the struggle against apartheid in South Africa, Israeli youth nonviolent conflict resolution methods she rarely attended a church service in which of Demilitarizing Israeli Youth We heard from Jasna Bastic, International and critical thinking skills to deconstruct the Nelson Mandela’s inspiring nonviolent revolution Coordinator of Peace Education Programs narrative of an Israeli soldiers’ state. was not mentioned. She called on her fellow orced conscription is a reality for every Israeli citizen reaching the age of 18. For many aboard Peace Boat. Jasna designs and activists to open religious leaders’ eyes to the Israeli youth, the idea of a world without armed conflict does not exist. Militarism is deeply implements courses for university students scourge of sexual violence and other crises F and activists from conflict areas, teaching them entrenched, from the playgrounds speckled with toy canons and warplanes to the classroom related to war, to help revive religious traditions about conflict analysis, nonviolent conflict In my country, we lectures by military personnel. of promoting peace and social justice. resolution, institutions of international justice teach war. History New Profile, a group of Israeli women and men who advocate for demilitarization, works to shed and the reconciliation process. Drawing on her light on the subtle encroachment of militarism into every sphere of Israeli life. It presents the experiences of the war in ex-Yugoslavia, Jasna “ shares her knowledge of the consequences of alternative narrative that war is a choice, and teaches Israeli youth about nonviolent conflict resolution. We cannot leave is the glorification extreme nationalism and political manipulation We heard from Rawan Eghbariah, who, as legal coordinator for New Profile, provides through the media, as well as peacebuilding of war. support and advice to Israeli youth who refuse military service. A trend of non-cooperation and democracy development. a single sister alone. — Jody Williams, Nobel Peace Laureate is developing among Israel’s youth, she said, with roughly one quarter of graduating seniors “— Rigoberta Menchú Tum, Nobel Peace Laureate objecting to their forced conscription. 24 Moving Beyond Militarism and War: Women-driven Solutions for a Nonviolent World 25 NOBEL WOMEN’S INITIATIVE

Women Building Peace: to join the movement, to deliver trauma-response services and to create safe spaces for survivors There is solid evidence that peace Liberia, Sudan and to tell their stories. From this network they South Sudan developed a mobilization mechanism for mass action. processes are more sustainable if From Northern Ireland to Liberia, women have been a powerful force in building momentum for In the aftermath of the conflict, the women set they are more inclusive — that is, ceasefires and peace talks to end long, bloody up community policing and a series of Peace “ wars. They have also asserted their right to Huts in different communities. During the first if more stakeholders are involved participate in negotiations and reconstruction, post-war election, they walked from village to working to improve the odds for a lasting peace. village, teaching people about election procedures than just the warring parties… and helping register voters. Liberia became the first African state to elect a woman, Ellen Liberia’s Women in White There is evidence of this from the Sirleaf Johnson, as president. The women of Liberia played a major role in Mozambique Peace accords of the bringing an end to the country’s fourteen-year civil war in 2003. Organized by Leymah Gbowee, From War Towards 1990s,… Liberia,… and of course the Liberian Mass Action for Peace movement Reconciliation in Sudan united women across the Muslim-Christian reli- and South Sudan gious divide. Armed with nothing more than their the Good Friday agreement, with white t-shirts and their determination to bring Too often, women’s critical role in rebuilding about peace, these women built a movement and sustaining peace is ignored at the negotiating the women’s coalition at the table. that ultimately forced a commitment from table and their voices are marginalized during the President Charles Taylor to invest in peace talks. reconstruction processes. As a result, attention — Lena Ag, Secretary General, Kvinna till Kvinna Foundation is paid almost exclusively to disarmament, Leymah, who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2011 demobilization and reorganization of the political- for her work, told us that the women’s nonviolent military structure, while issues like social services campaign for peace was grounded in conscious and healing for survivors are overlooked. respect for local traditions and leaders. They made careful assessments of different communities Samia Ahmed Babiker, a member of the Sudanese and worked within them to identify women willing Women Coalition for Peace, told us that women 26 Moving Beyond Militarism and War: Women-driven Solutions for a Nonviolent World 27 NOBEL WOMEN’S INITIATIVE

were continually excluded from referendum and with her family. Esperance has since earned Women living in a tent city in Port-au-Prince negotiation processes that followed the end of Network Building to Support a diploma in community work and is active in organized themselves into a grassroots network the Sudanese Civil War. The women have asserted and Protect Women in the International Campaign to Stop Rape & with the support of international women’s organi- their right to participate in the post-referendum Conflict Zones Armed Violence Gender Violence in Conflict. zation MADRE. Yifat Susskind, Executive Director peace-building process. After the separation of of MADRE, recounted how her group worked with in the DRC and the In Burma, the government’s stranglehold over South Sudan from Sudan in 2011, Samia and A recurring theme at the conference was the the Haitian group Commission of Women Victims Cell Phone Industry people’s movements and communication is so her colleagues met for 12 days to discuss the need for strong networks to support and protect for Victims (KOFAVIV) to create a community- tight that women’s networks must operate in referendum and agreements being put forth. women on the ground in regions torn by armed based counseling service for survivors and a secrecy to provide the most basic support. Officials began adopting the women’s talking conflict. Activists from the Democratic Republic of wo women from the Democratic Republic special space for men to gather and grieve for Jessica Nhkum, from the Kachin Women’s points into their formal language. Congo, Burma, Haiti, Mexico and other countries of Congo (DRC) spoke about the link their loved ones who had been raped. T Association Thailand, supports women subjected spoke about their involvement in such networks. between armed violence and the mining of As Samia noted, separation of South Sudan was to forced labor, rape, trafficking, torture, killing KOFAVIV also distributed whistles to women minerals to supply the cell phone industry, not the wish of everyone, and the mechanisms In building networks, some women’s grassroots and other abuses by the Burmese government. in the tent city as part of their “blow the whistle needed to support two viable states were not organizations face challenges in the most basic Julienne Lusenge, President of Female The organization trains women on how to take on rape” campaign. One woman said that after in place. Much work remains in the struggle to areas, such as communication. Julienne Lusenge, Solidarity for Integrated Peace and Development photos, conduct interviews, make videos and receiving her whistle, she slept through the night defuse armed conflict and build a sustainable of Female Solidarity for Integrated Peace and (SOFEPADI), explained how Rwandan armed upload the information onto the Internet. for the first time since the earthquake. This sense peace, but Samia and her colleagues remain Development (SOFEPADI), explained that “there groups often enter the DRC to control mines Collecting this evidence is essential in order of empowerment felt by women across the tent are offices which still have no computers today deeply committed to carrying out this work. and then benefit from the profits of trading to build awareness and generate global political city encouraged them to claim their space in and many women can’t even communicate on {Editor’s note: the conference took place before valuable minerals used by cell phone manu- pressure on the Burmese government to discussions critiquing the UN mission in Haiti, the phone… When you work in a climate of active conflict broke out again in South Sudan facturers and extorting money from workers cease its human rights violations. which they saw making decisions on their in the late fall, 2013.} insecurity you don’t know how to protect yourself, behalf without their consultation. but when you have a phone you can call in the mines. These men often terrorize local someone and that can help to protect you.” populations and assault young women — Blowing the Whistle women like Esperance Kavira Furaha, who As President of SOFEPADI, Julienne manages a on Rape in Haiti Cultivating Democracy and was attacked while walking miles through coalition of 40 women’s organizations that defend The 2010 Haitian earthquake generated a tent Justice for Lasting Peace the bush to get to school. and protect women’s rights in the eastern provinces city phenomenon in the capital of Port-au-Prince Lasting peace within and between nations will of the Democratic Republic of Congo and assist that has long overstayed its welcome. These require societies to be grounded in a deep victims of sexual violence in seeking justice. displacement camps have become breeding commitment to democracy, equality and justice. We heard from Esperance Kavira Furaha, a young grounds for poverty, poor sanitation, desperation Many of the conference participants we heard woman who received medical, psychological and and a rape epidemic in which even UN security from are helping build the foundation for a world other support from the organization after being officers have been allegedly implicated. beyond war by defending and promoting these sexually assaulted by soldiers and losing contact values within their countries. 28 Moving Beyond Militarism and War: Women-driven Solutions for a Nonviolent World 29 NOBEL WOMEN’S INITIATIVE

Building Democratic Democracy is generally understood as the Another conference participant, Mahnaz Parakand, their traditional hunting, trapping and fishing Crystal’s convictions rest in her responsibility as Culture in Iran rule by the majority, demonstrated through works within the same network of attorneys. grounds. Citing alleged breach of treaty rights, a mother. In her culture, women are the keepers Every major oil free and fair elections. But given that dictators She began her pursuit of a law degree one year this First Nation launched a lawsuit in 2008 of the water and it is her responsibility to protect Toppling a dictator does not guarantee democracy: are sometimes elected by majority vote, said before the Iranian revolution took place in 1979. against the provincial and Canadian governments, her children’s right to drink clean water. But this company in the in Iran, the fall of one dictator paved the way Shirin, our definition must be expanded so that After the revolution, Mahnaz was arrested and challenging the more than 17,000 permits issued isn’t just a First Nations issue, Crystal explained: for another one. As Nobel Peace Laureate and democracy is understood as rule by the majority sentenced to execution for her student activism. for oil sands extraction projects within their “If you drink water, then this affects you. If you “ world is in our lawyer Shirin Ebadi explained, her country’s bound by respect for human rights. Democracy Her sentence was later reduced to a life in prison, traditional territory. breathe air, then this affects you.” Islamic Revolution replaced political dictators is weakened when a population is oppressed, and five years after being jailed she was released. The extraction of bitumen from oil sands has The oil industry has created a powerful sphere traditional hunting with religious dictators who derive the laws and like the women of Iran, when freedom of speech Working within a group of lawyers committed to devastating consequences for the land where of influence over the Canadian government, their legitimacy from manipulated interpretations is suppressed, as is the case in Cuba and China, justice, she has seen that it is through collective the extraction occurs and also the lands which has fought at every turn to have the lawsuit of Islam. This insulates them from dissent, since or when citizens’ privacy rights are violated, as in action that women have real power. territory illegally. surrounding the extraction sites. Highly polluted dismissed. But Crystal and other community to challenge their power is seen as challenging the U.S. under post-9/11 surveillance programs. Islam itself. Women suffer the most under this wastewater from the process is stored in open leaders are pressing forward with this historic —Crystal Lameman, deeply undemocratic regime. Shirin has played a leadership role in the One Defending Indigenous and lakes or injected deep underground, putting case that raises fundamental questions about Beaver Lake Cree Nation Million Signatures Campaign, which aims to the groundwater and nearby bodies of water Aboriginal rights and the rule of law in Canada. “It is in fact democratic people that make a collect one million signatures from Iranians for Treaty Rights in Canada at risk of contamination. society democratic,” said Shirin. “The people a petition demanding an end to discrimination Crystal Lameman is a mother and member Crystal told us her community can no longer must decide to practice democratic values and against women in Iranian laws. She also uses of the Beaver Lake Cree Nation in Northern drink water from their lake. Their children have demand that their governments respect human her experience as a lawyer and judge to promote Alberta. She and her community are taking been airlifted for emergency care after drinking rights and the rule of law.” human rights, and works as part of a network on the Canadian government and one of the it. They regularly find fish with cancers hanging of attorneys defending political prisoners in Iran. world’s largest industries in a fight to protect from their skin, and moose with puss bubbles under their skin. 30 Moving Beyond Militarism and War: Women-driven Solutions for a Nonviolent World 31 NOBEL WOMEN’S INITIATIVE

Committing to Move the World Beyond Militarism

s the conference drew to a close, we reflected on the challenge we face to move the world beyond militarism. Each participant I commit to continue to press Aconsidered what she personally could do to contribute to this the U.S. Government to close process, then made a public commitment. Guantanamo, return prisoners Here are just some of the commitments they made. and end assassin drones. I am with all women in the world. Let’s say together: enough of oppression, enough of wars; end occupation. We are one voice in the world, the voice of women that we desperately need today. I commit to help the witness fund in Guatemala. I commit to you: if you have information that the media is not picking up, send it to me and I will immortalize it. I would like to pledge as an academic researcher, to find ways of making my research I commit to not giving up when my heart begs to, not shutting up when people want relevant and impactful to the society in which my family and I live; and as a translator/ me to, not letting my heart turn to stone because of the things I have seen and known. interpreter, to offer my time and expertise to valuable causes in general, and women in particular. I cannot give up because we will not fail. When I came here I was so depressed; I I commit to work with faith-based I would like to take action regarding killing and violence against women commit to myself that I will take care of me organizations in Sri Lanka for in Palestine and raising awareness within Palestinian society. to continue serving women’s rights. sustainable peace. 32 Moving Beyond Militarism and War: Women-driven Solutions for a Nonviolent World 33 NOBEL WOMEN’S INITIATIVE

Conference Participants Celia McKeon, Grants Officer, Peace and Ireland Glenda Paige, Secretary, Center for Acknowledgements Programmes of the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Global Nonkilling, U.S.A. Amina Mama, Professor, Trust, United Kingdom Gro Linstand, Executive Director, FOKUS, Norway University of California, U.S.A. Christine Jones, Hania Moheeb, Journalist & Activist, Egypt Co-Chair, Canadian Peace Alliance, Canada Ann Patterson, Trustee, Peace People, Heather McRobie, Commissioning Editor, Northern Ireland Clare Grehan-Toland, Project Manager, openDemocracy 50.50, United Kingdom Peace People, Northern Ireland We would like to thank our donors, without whom We thank all of the Nobel Peace Prize Laureates We would like to thank openDemocracy 50.50 Ann Wright, Activist and Army Veteran, U.S.A. Helen Mack, Founder & President, Myrna Mack this conference would not have been possible. of the Nobel Women’s Initiative: Jody Williams, and all the participants who submitted entries Anna Lo, MLA, Alliance Party, South Belfast Crystal Lameman, Alberta Climate and Energy Foundation, Guatemala Campaigner, Sierra Club Prairie Chapter, Canada Shirin Ebadi, Rigoberta Menchú Tum, Mairead for our “Women Beyond War” blog. Constituency, Northern Ireland Jane Gabriel, Founder & Editor, Cynda Collins Arsenault Maguire, Leymah Gbowee and Tawakkol Karman. Annie Nushann, Coordinator, Women in Peace Cynthia McKinney, openDemocracy 50.50, United Kingdom Finally, we extend our thanks to our interpreters Former Congresswoman, U.S.A. Funding Leadership and Opportunities Building Network, Liberia Jasna Bastic, International Coordinator, We would like to thank our Laureate host and translators, our media and documentation for Women (FLOW) of the Netherlands Apuk Mayen, Senior Diplomat, South Sudan Dalia Abdelhameed Ali Ibraheem, Peace Boat (Japan), Switzerland Mairead Maguire and the Peace People, our team, our staff and volunteers, and all of the Gender and Women’s Rights Officer, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Jennifer Allsopp, Commissioning Editor, Belfast hosts, in particular Clare Grehan-Toland participants for joining us! Without their generous Ashley Hunter, President, Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights, Egypt Kay Wilemon HM Risk Group, U.S.A. openDemocracy 50.50, United Kingdom and Ann Patterson and their colleagues, for their support, encouragement, collaboration and hard Ekaterina Zagladina, Advocate/President, Jessica Nhkum, Joint General Secretary, Kristine Ashe tremendous guidance and labour of love. Bronagh work, this conference would not have been possible. Asieh Amini, Journalist, Iran Moscow Region Bar Association and Permanent Kachin Women’s Association Thailand, Burma Marci Shimoff Hinds and Margaret Ward, our local feminist Aswan Shaher Saad Mohamed, Yemen Secretariat of the World Summits of Nobel Peace , Co-founder & Co-director, experts, were invaluable in providing guidance Aury Leticia Cuxe Pirir, Laureates, Russia Jodie Evans Margot Pritzker CODEPINK, U.S.A. and expertise. Assistant to Rigoberta Menchú Tum, Esperance Kavira Furaha, Activist, Democratic Nancy and Emily Word Fundación Rigoberta Menchú Tum, Guatemala Republic of Congo Jody Williams, Nobel Peace Laureate, We are also very grateful to Nancy Ingram, Chair of the Nobel Women’s Initiative, U.S.A. NORAD, Norwegian Agency Aura Lolita Chávez Ixcaquic, Coordinator Farah Council, Program Manager, The Institute for her help in designing and facilitating the for Development Cooperation & Co-founder, K’iche’ People’s Council, Guatemala for Inclusive Security, U.S.A. Judith Hand, Author, U.S.A. conference and to Jordan Ring, who brought Oak Foundation Bahia Amra, Assistant to Mustafa Barghouthi, Farhana Yamin, Board Member, Julienne Lusenge, President, Solidarité féminine her talents to the writing and coordination of this Palestinian National Initiative, Palestine Global Call for Climate Action, United Kingdom pour la paix et le développement integral, Sara Vetter report. The conference was covered extensively Democratic Republic of Congo Barbara Ransby, Professor, Flavia Tudoreanu, Assistant Coordinator, Sarah Cavanaugh by media in Belfast and beyond, and for that we University of Illinois, U.S.A. Scottish Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Kate Cumbo, Director of Programs, are grateful to Terri and Gary Kelly of Kelly PR. PeaceJam Foundation, U.S.A. Tides Foundation Bernice Freeman, Advocacy Program Officer, United Kingdom Trea Yip Women in Peace Building Network, Liberia Francis Mulley, Executive Member, Khadijeh Hagidini Moghaddam, Board Member, Women’s Society Against Bronagh Hinds, Senior Associate, Peace People, Northern Ireland The Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust Environmental Pollution, Iran DemocraShe, Northern Ireland Gerry Grehan, Chair Person, Peace People, Northern Ireland Kristine Ashe, Entrepreneur, U.S.A. 34 Moving Beyond Militarism and War: Women-driven Solutions for a Nonviolent World 35 NOBEL WOMEN’S INITIATIVE

Leila Alikarami, PhD Candidate, Mi Kun Chan Non, Vice Chairwoman, Safaa Elagib Adam Ayoub, University of London, Iran Mon Women’s Organization, Burma Secretary General/ Gender Advisor, Community Lena Ag, Secretary General, Michelle Taheripour, Immigration Attorney, U.S.A. Development Association, Sudan Kvinna till Kvinna, Sweden Michelle Higelin, Deputy General Secretary, Samia Ahmed Babiker, Member, Sudanese Leymah Gbowee, Nobel Peace Laureate, World YWCA, Switzerland Women Coalition for Peace, Sudan Nobel Women’s Initiative, Liberia Nancy Word, Co-Founder, Impact Austin, U.S.A. Sarah Tofte, Volunteer, International Lina Teiby, Writer and Poet, Egypt Campaign to Stop Rape and Gender Violence Patrician McKeown, Regional Secretary, in Conflict, U.S.A. Lisa VeneKlasen, Co-founder & Director, UNISON, Northern Ireland Just Associates (JASS), U.S.A. Shirin Ebadi, Nobel Peace Laureate, Patricia Guerrero, Founder & Legal Advisor, Nobel Women’s Initiative, Iran Lynette Jackson, Associate Professor, Liga de Mujeres Desplazadas, Colombia University of Illinois Chicago, U.S.A. Sussan Tahmasebi, Co-founder, International Pauline Murphy, Emeritus Professor, University Civil Society Action Network, Iran Lynne Twist, of Ulster, United Kingdom President, Soul of Money Institute, U.S.A. Tawakkol Karman, Nobel Peace Laureate, Peter Emerson, Director, The de Borda Institute, Nobel Women’s Initiative, Yemen Madeleine Rees, Secretary General, Northern Ireland Trevor Ringland, Contributor, openDemocracy Communication Team Nobel Women’s Initiative Rapporteur, logistics Women’s International League for Peace Rawan Eghbariah, Legal Coordinator, and Freedom, Switzerland 50.50, United Kingdom New Profile, Israel Judy Rand, President, J.Rand Images, Inc., U.S.A. Staff and Interns and media volunteers Vaiba Kebeh Flomo, Women & Youth Desk Mahnaz Parakand, Lawyer, Iran , Co-founder & Director, Rebecca Chiao Officer, Trauma Healing and Reconciliation Gary Kelly, Kelly PR Liz Bernstein, Executive Director Barbara Hart Keely Mason Mairead Maguire, Nobel Peace Laureate, HarassMap, Egypt Program, Liberia Terri Kelly, Kelly PR Rachel Vincent, Director, Media & Communications Debbie Donnelly Chloe Hassard Nobel Women’s Initiative, Northern Ireland Rebecca Johnson, Acronym Institute Valerie Hudson, George H.W. Bush Chair, Lesley Hoyles, Coordinator, Events & Logistics Laura Cushley Chloe McAteer Mansoureh Shojaee, Activist & Writer, for Disarmament Diplomacy, United Kingdom The Bush School of Government and Public Zuzia Danielski, Coordinator, Qi Zhong One Million Signatures Campaign, Iran Rébécca Guillaume, Co-founder, Service, U.S.A. Interpreters Shona McComb , Author, U.S.A. WE ADVANCE, Haiti Online Media & Outreach Paula McMenamin Marci Shimoff Visaka Dharmadasa, Chairperson, Hannah Gardiner Kathryn Semogas, Coordinator, International Margaret Ward, Director, Women’s Resource Rigoberta Menchú Tum, Nobel Peace Laureate, Association of War Affected Women, Sri Lanka Ahmed Manjouneh Melissa Magee Kerry Keating and Development Agency, Northern Ireland Nobel Women’s Initiative, Guatemala Campaign to Stop Rape & Gender Violence Yifat Susskind, Executive Director, MADRE, U.S.A. Fadhil Amin MK Orsulak Tara Thommpson , Deputy Director, Women , Artist, United Kingdom Natalie Claireaux Mariem Omari Rita Duffy Yoshioka Tatsuya, Co-founder & Director, Fariba Ershadi Isidora Ovalle Georgia Collins Living Under Muslim Laws, United Kingdom Alexandra Charette Rosalina Tuyuc Velásquez, Co-founder Peace Boat, Japan Kay Stubbs Ellen Anderson Jenny Gillis Marusia López Cruz, Mesoamerica Regional & Coordinator, National Council of Widows Ashley Armstrong Zaynab El Sawi, Coordinator, Sudanese Women Ruth Warner Claire Pierson Coordinator, Just Associates (JASS), Mexico of Guatemala, Guatemala Bonnie Thornbury Empowerment for Peace (SuWEP), Sudan Shirin Ershadi May Su Su Swe, General Secretary, Rosy Cave, Director of Programmes, Jordan Ring Women’s League of Burma, Burma Saferworld, United Kingdom Stephanie Brown Lisane Thirsk Veronica Kelly Megan Daigle Moving Beyond Militarism and War: Women-driven Solutions for a Nonviolent World 2014

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