The Paradox of Domesticity: Resistance to the Myth Of
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THE PARADOX OF DOMESTICITY: RESISTANCE TO THE MYTH OF HOME IN CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN LITERATURE AND FILM A Dissertation by KIMBERLY O‘DELL COX Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2011 Major Subject: English The Paradox of Domesticity: Resistance to the Myth of Home in Contemporary American Literature and Film Copyright 2011 Kimberly O‘Dell Cox THE PARADOX OF DOMESTICITY: RESISTANCE TO THE MYTH OF HOME IN CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN LITERATURE AND FILM A Dissertation by KIMBERLY O‘DELL COX Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved by: Chair of Committee, Sally Robinson Committee Members, David McWhirter Anne Morey Sylvia Hoffert Head of Department, M. Jimmie Killingsworth May 2011 Major Subject: English iii ABSTRACT The Paradox of Domesticity: Resistance to the Myth of Home in Contemporary American Literature and Film. (May 2011) Kimberly O‘Dell Cox, B.A., The University of North Carolina at Greensboro; M.A., East Carolina University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Sally Robinson This dissertation focuses on novels and films produced in the second half of the twentieth century that critique traditional notions of home in contemporary America to expand on the large body of work on American domesticity in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. These texts demonstrate the damaging power and overwhelming force of conventional domesticity, complicating traditional notions of home by speaking from positions of marginality. In each text, key figures react to limited ideologies of domesticity that seek to maintain sameness, silence, and servitude by enacting embodied resistance to domestic entrapment. The areas of convergence between the figure of the conventional, middle-class home, and the material and psychic reality of home disavow the expectations of the middle-class home ideal and offer real resistance to narrow, and often damaging, visions of home. These spaces allow for new conceptions of home and suggest that it may be possible to conceive of home as something other than fixed in place, governed by family and community, or created by prolific consumption of goods. In this way, this dissertation intervenes in the established binary of home/stability in opposition to mobility/freedom, iv which maintains the limits of appropriate ways of establishing and enacting domesticity along gender and class lines. By considering portraits of domesticity that are often left out of discussions of home in the United States my research intersects with a broad range of theoretical fields and discourses about mobility, historical and popular culture representations of the tramp, the body and surveillance, the home as spatial construct, and housekeeping as both oppressive and subversive. Drawing on historical and theoretical examinations of women within the home space, coupled with literary criticism and close-readings, I seek to determine the nature of confining domesticity and examine the varied ways that different groups of people respond to their entrapment. At stake in this dissertation is a deeper understanding of the ways that literary and filmic representations of home at the end of the twentieth century suggest a conflict between the ways that home and houses, are popularly represented and the fact that home remains a contested and dangerous space. v DEDICATION To Michael, with whom I am always at home. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As with any endeavor of this sort, this dissertation was supported by many without whom it never would have reached the page. I would first like to thank my parents, who instilled in me the power and value of well-honed, carefully chosen, and thoughtfully constructed language. Your faith in me, and in education for its own sake, saw me through many moments when the road seemed long and the end-goal hazy. I thank you too for all of the books you introduced me to, from Charlotte’s Web to The Shining, and for letting me spend long, lovely days with my nose in a book. I thank Erin, Evan, and Andy, my cheering squad, for your single-minded belief that I could do this. Pursuing the Ph.D. meant moving far from away from my family. I am, therefore, particularly grateful for the surrogate family I found in the English Department. Without the companionship and camaraderie of so many kind and brilliant friends, especially Emily Hoeflinger, Sara Day, Galen Wilson, and Jamie Stamant, the halls of Blocker would have been a lonely place, and the work so much harder. You have shaped my thinking about this dissertation, my teaching, and the world in ways you will never know. Thank you for being my sounding board, my inspiration, and for occasionally forcing me out of the cave. I owe a special debt of gratitude to Anne-Marie Womack and Rebecca Harris for their willingness to read drafts and for helping me to see the weaknesses in my work while somehow always letting me know that it would get better. Your insight, generosity, and humor astonish me. vii I would like to thank my committee, who has offered its guidance and advice on this dissertation from its earliest inception. Thank you, David McWhirter and Anne Morey, for your careful reading, quick responses, and depth of knowledge. In addition to your keen insight and thoughtful feedback, you are unparalleled models of how to be both a scholar and a teacher. A special thanks goes to Sally Robinson, who never let me get away with less than my best work. You have always pushed me to think harder, dig deeper, and challenge my own point of view, and the dissertation, and I, are stronger for it. Without Nicole McDaniel-Carder and her well-timed suggestion that I read one little book, there might not be a dissertation at all. Whether or not she knew it at the time, that one book became the impetus for a reflection on home that I continue to this day. But her impact on this dissertation, and on my life at Texas A&M, goes well beyond reading advice. Nicole, for as long as I have known you, you have believed in my abilities and validated my choices as both a scholar and a teacher. Your impressive intellect and dedication to your work are an inspiration to me. Both of our lives have changed so much since in the past six years, and I am honored to have made those changes with you and to count you as my dearest friend. I would be remiss if I didn‘t thank my most constant companions in this process: Tuna, Willow, Shadow, Jack, Mulligan, and Red. While their anti-literacy campaign often hindered actual attempts at reading or typing, my kitties were always sure to remind me to step away from the computer from time to time. When the work was at its toughest, you were always there. Thank you kids. viii Five years ago, I saw a man standing in the rain, waiting for a bus, and I drove right by. Luckily, when I saw him again, this time sitting across from me in a literature class, he held only a small grudge at being left in the storm. Michael, even with all the outside help I have had with this dissertation, I can‘t imagine how I would have done it without you. You have been there every step of the way, offering your support in all of the small ways that I sometimes take for granted. Thank you for dishes, grocery shopping, and dinner, for your confidence, high standards, and gentle pressure. Thank you, too, for disagreeing with me and forcing me to clarify my thinking and to consider ideas and texts I might have otherwise neglected. Without you, I would certainly have succumbed to the difficulties of the past year. I look forward to returning the favor. I am so grateful for your patience and your presence, and feel so lucky that we get to take this journey together. I love you so. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION....................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION: THE PARADOX OF HOME .............................. 1 II THE HORRIBLE DOMESTIC: LINDEN HILLS, THE VIRGIN SUICIDES, AND SUBURBAN SURVEILLANCE ........................... 21 Gloria Naylor‘s Linden Hills ........................................................ 38 Jeffrey Eugenides‘ The Virgin Suicides ........................................ 61 III HOMEWARD BOUND: LONGING AND MOBILITY IN HOUSEKEEPING AND ANYWHERE BUT HERE ............................ 85 Marilynne Robinson‘s Housekeeping ........................................... 97 Mona Simpson‘s Anywhere but Here ........................................... 124 IV THE WORKING-CLASS HOME: POVERTY, TRASH, AND THE HOME DREAM IN THE BEANS OF EGYPT, MAINE, BASTARD OUT OF CAROLINA, AND WINTER’S BONE .................................. 162 Carolyn Chute‘s The Beans of Egypt, Maine ................................ 178 Dorothy Allison‘s Bastard out of Carolina................................... 198 Debra Granik‘s Winter’s Bone ..................................................... 217 V CONCLUSION: PERPETUAL MOTION: DOMESTICITY IN CORMAC MCCARTHY‘S THE ROAD ............................................ 229 REFERENCES .....................................................................................................