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Risk and Crisis Management in Tourism Sector: Recovery from Crisis in the OIC Member Countries

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Risk and Crisis Management in Tourism Sector: Recovery from Crisis in the OIC Member Countries Risk and Crisis Management in Tourism Sector: Recovery From Crisis in the OIC Member Countries Recovery COMCEC COORDINATION OFFICE August 2017 Risk & Crisis Management in Tourism Sector: Recovery From Crisis in the OIC Member Countries COMCEC COORDINATION OFFICE August 2017 This report has been commissioned by the COMCEC Coordination Office to Tourism Development International. Views and opinions expressed in the report are solely those of the author(s) and do not represent the official views of the COMCEC Coordination Office or the Member States of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. Excerpts from the report can be made as long as references are provided. All intellectual and industrial property rights for the report belong to the COMCEC Coordination Office. This report is for individual use and it shall not be used for commercial purposes. Except for purposes of individual use, this report shall not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including printing, photocopying, CD recording, or by any physical or electronic reproduction system, or translated and provided to the access of any subscriber through electronic means for commercial purposes without the permission of the COMCEC Coordination Office. For further information, please contact: COMCEC Coordination Office Necatibey Caddesi No: 110/A 06100 Yücetepe Ankara/TURKEY Phone: 90 312 294 57 10 Fax: 90 312 294 57 77 Web: www.comcec.org RISK & CRISIS MANAGEMENT IN Table of Contents Page No EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ 1 1. Tourism Risk and Crisis Management Frameworks ............................................................ 1 2. Types and impacts of Crises in Tourism.................................................................................... 2 3. Mitigation and Response Strategies and Actions ................................................................... 5 4. Case Studies ......................................................................................................................................... 12 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 14 1. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: Risk and Crisis Management ..................................... 17 1.1. Crisis and Disaster ............................................................................................................................ 17 1.2. Risk Management .............................................................................................................................. 18 1.3. Tourism Crisis Management Frameworks ............................................................................. 19 1.4. The Tourism Resilience Cycle ...................................................................................................... 21 1.5. Types of Crisis in Tourism ............................................................................................................. 24 1.6. Impacts of Crises and Recovery in the Tourism Sector ..................................................... 29 1.7. The Role of Media and Travel Advisories ............................................................................... 33 1.8. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 36 2. MITIGATION STRATEGIES AND ACTIONS ....................................................................... 37 2.1. Tourism Crisis Management and Disaster Risk Reduction Strategies ........................ 37 2.2. Key Organisations and Roles in Tourism Crisis Management ........................................ 38 2.3. Tourism Crisis Responses: Strategies and Actions ............................................................. 40 2.4. Crisis Communications ................................................................................................................... 53 2.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 55 3. TOURISM SECTOR CRISES IN OIC MEMBER STATES ................................................... 57 3.1. Types of Crisis Faced by OIC Countries ................................................................................... 57 3.2. Impact of Crises on OIC Member States’ Tourism Sectors ............................................... 60 3.3. Response Strategies and Actions: During and Post Crises ............................................... 61 3.4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 65 i 4. CASE STUDIES – OIC Countries ........................................................................................... 66 4.1. Case Study 1 – Indonesia (Field study) .................................................................................... 66 4.2. Case Study 2 – Turkey (Field study) ......................................................................................... 78 4.3. Case Study 3 – Tunisia (Field study) ......................................................................................... 86 4.4. Case Study 4 – The Gambia (Desk study) ................................................................................ 94 5. CASE STUDIES – Non-OIC Countries .................................................................................. 99 5.1. Case Study 1 – South Africa (Field study) ............................................................................... 99 5.2. Case Study 2 – United Kingdom (Desk study) .................................................................... 108 5.3. Case Study 3 – Thailand (Desk Study) ................................................................................... 116 5.4. Case Study 4 – Sri Lanka (Desk study) .................................................................................. 125 6. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................... 134 6.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 134 6.2. Conclusions from the Case Studies ......................................................................................... 134 6.3. Public and Third Sector Responses and Resilience ......................................................... 136 6.4. Private Sector Responses and Resilience ............................................................................. 143 6.5. Concluding Remarks ..................................................................................................................... 149 REFERENCES ii List of Tables Table 1.1: Crisis Management Framework ........................................................................................................... 20 Table 1.2: Crisis Recovery Time ................................................................................................................................ 32 Table 2.1: Reasons for effectiveness of measures taken by own Organization ..................................... 45 Table 2.2: Test messages aimed at revitalising tourism to bushfire affected area of Australia ..... 50 Table 2.3: Principles of Crisis Communications.................................................................................................. 54 Table 2.4: Before Crisis: preparing for the worst ............................................................................................... 55 Table 2.5: During a Crisis .............................................................................................................................................. 56 Table 2.6: Following a Crisis: rebuilding tourist confidence ........................................................................ 56 Table 3.1: Environmental Crises affecting Tourism in OIC Countries ....................................................... 58 Table 3.2: Societal/Political Crises affecting Tourism in OIC Countries .................................................. 58 Table 3.3: Health-Related Crises affecting Tourism in OIC Countries ....................................................... 59 Table 3.4: Technological Crises affecting Tourism in OIC Countries ......................................................... 59 Table 3.5: Economic Crises affecting Tourism in OIC Countries.................................................................. 60 Table 4.1: International Visitor Arrivals and Foreign Exchange Earnings - Indonesia ...................... 68 Table 4.2: International Visitor Arrivals and Foreign Exchange Earnings - Turkey ........................... 80 Table 4.3: International Visitor Arrivals and Foreign Exchange Earnings - Tunisia ........................... 87 Table 4.4: International Visitor Arrivals and Foreign Exchange Earnings – The Gambia ................ 95 Table 5.1: International Visitor Arrivals and Foreign Exchange Earnings – South Africa ............. 100 Table 5.2: International Visitor Arrivals and Foreign Exchange Earnings - UK ................................. 109 Table 5.3: International Visitor Arrivals and Foreign Exchange Earnings - Thailand ..................... 117 Table 5.4: International Visitor Arrivals and Foreign Exchange
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