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The Legacy of War for Community-Based Tourism Development: Learnings from Cambodia

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The Legacy of War for Community-Based Tourism Development: Learnings from Cambodia University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Business - Papers (Archive) Faculty of Business and Law 2014 The legacy of war for community-based tourism development: learnings from Cambodia Sotear Ellis Lynnaire M. Sheridan University of Wollongong, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/buspapers Part of the Business Commons Recommended Citation Ellis, Sotear and Sheridan, Lynnaire M., "The legacy of war for community-based tourism development: learnings from Cambodia" (2014). Faculty of Business - Papers (Archive). 310. https://ro.uow.edu.au/buspapers/310 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] The legacy of war for community-based tourism development: learnings from Cambodia Abstract This paper investigates how resident perceptions affect the successful implementation of community- based tourism (CBT) in a least developed country (LDC) scenario. By realizing how past and present experiences of war affect resident perceptions, including how they view themselves, their community and tourism, we can build an understanding of how to assess the capacity for a community to successfully embrace and sustain CBT for development. This will be achieved by exploring two cases of CBT in Cambodia: the Banteay Chmmar subdistrict and Banlung town. These two cases represent a successful and unsuccessful implementation of CBT in Cambodia as an LDC utilizing tourism for development. Learnings from this situation can be applied to other post-war tourism and development destinations. Keywords war, community, tourism, legacy, development, learnings, cambodia Disciplines Business Publication Details Ellis, S. & Sheridan, L. M. (2014). The legacy of war for community-based tourism development: learnings from Cambodia. Community Development Journal, 49 (1), 129-142. This journal article is available at Research Online: https://ro.uow.edu.au/buspapers/310 Page 1 of 12 Manuscripts submitted to Community Development Journal 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 The Legacy of War for Community Based Tourism Development: Learnings from Cambodia 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 For Peer Review 19 Sotear Ellis (corresponding author) 20 21 Perth 6025 22 23 Australia 24 25 [email protected] 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Lynnaire M. Sheridan 33 34 Faculty of Commerce 35 36 University of Wollongong 37 38 Wollongong 2500 39 40 Australia. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cdj Manuscripts submitted to Community Development Journal Page 2 of 12 1 2 3 4 5 Abstract 6 7 This paper investigates how resident perceptions affect the successful implementation of 8 Community Based Tourism in a Least Developed Country scenario. Central to this is how past and 9 present experiences of war affect resident perceptions, and how this is manifested in residents’ 10 11 views of themselves, the community and tourism. From this, we can build an understanding of how 12 to assess the capacity for a community to successfully embrace and sustain CBT for development. 13 This will be achieved by exploring two cases in of CBT in Cambodia: the Banteay Chmmar subdistrict 14 and Banlung town. These two cases represent a successful and unsuccessful implementation of CBT 15 16 in Cambodia as an LDC utilising tourism for development. Learnings from this situation can be 17 applied to other post-war tourism and development destinations. 18 For Peer Review 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cdj Page 3 of 12 Manuscripts submitted to Community Development Journal 1 2 3 4 5 Introduction to community based tourism development and post-war destinations 6 7 Community Based Tourism (CBT) incorporates the objectives of sustainable tourism with an 8 emphasis on community engagement and development. The role of community development in this 9 approach makes it appropriate for use in the LDC scenario, as tourism, with its reduced barriers to 10 11 entry and ability to rely on existing and created tourism assets, is already widely accepted as a 12 practical tool for economic stimulus (Mvula, 2001; Nettekoven, 1979; Weaver & Lawton, 2010). CBT 13 supports development, and promotes community control of tourism. Key to CBT, but sometimes 14 overlooked in the desire to achieve poverty alleviation and other development aims is that CBT 15 16 requires communities that are willing and able to implement and sustain tourism. Post-war 17 destinations are often selected as ‘ideal’ CBT projects but, in reality, the legacy of war may not 18 always be conduciveFor to success asPeer will be explored inReview this paper. 19 20 In summary, prolonged experiences of conflict have an impact on psychological health. Most 21 relevant to the challenges faced by implementers of CBT in this context is the damage done with 22 23 respect to the ability of people to engage in long term planning and to consider community wide 24 impacts. The experiences of people in conflict will lead to habitual short term thinking and decline in 25 their ability to plan long term, as this will be overridden by their need to survive during conflict. This 26 leads to a habitual pursuit of survival based activities, and a persistent selfish perspective (Dickson- 27 28 Gomez, 2003; Marshall, Schell, Elliott, Berthold, & Chun, 2005; Ogwo, 2010). 29 30 The implementation of CBT is likely to be challenged by residents who have experienced prolonged 31 conflict who do not recognise the need for community wide development, and favour activities 32 which provide immediate personal benefit. This discourages support for CBT as the long term 33 planning and benefits which underpin this approach do not correspond to the immediate and 34 35 personal needs of residents. Without significant intervention to address these symptoms attributed 36 to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Eguren, 2008), residents in this context will not recognise 37 or support CBT goals, and are less likely to participate in implementation. Without this initial 38 participation, the success of CBT is unlikely, and the resources to be contributed by external 39 40 stakeholders will be considerably more significant (Lever, Pinol, & Uralde, 2005). 41 42 Though this discussion of post-war communities is discouraging in relation to the potential for 43 success of CBT in many LDC scenarios, there are some situational factors which minimise these 44 effects. Strong and cohesive community bonds are demonstrated to provide a support network for 45 46 residents that reduce the prolonged effects of PTSD. Religious structures and some community 47 behaviours related to communal work ethics and voluntarism will encourage collaboration which will 48 override passive and aggressive responses to poverty (Harris, 2009; Kent, 2008; Prayukvong, 2005). 49 This discussion on CBT in Cambodia will provide some insights for achieving success in post-war CBT 50 tourism destinations. These results emerged during a larger research project, and the broader 51 52 results will be submitted for publication shortly. 53 54 Research Setting 55 56 Cambodia was declared an LDC in 2001 (United Nations, 2002; United Nations Conference on Trade 57 and Development, 2002). Currently, tourism is a priority for stimulating development (Prats, 2001). 58 59 60 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/cdj Manuscripts submitted to Community Development Journal Page 4 of 12 1 2 3 The focus is currently being placed on ecotourism, but Cambodia’s ancient cultural history 4 represented in the temples of Angkor and other sites remains the predominant tourism pull factor 5 (Statistics and Tourism Information Department, 2008). There has been growth in the establishment 6 7 of CBT projects in the country, though few are officially recognised by the government, and 8 legislation still does not identify CBT. The CBT projects in Cambodia are all the result of efforts made 9 by local and international NGOs hoping to provide communities with a sustainable means of 10 supporting tourism in the community and stimulating community development (Cambodian 11 12 Community Based Ecotourism Network, 2008). 13 14 Historically, Cambodia has experienced a lot of conflict. In the Angkorian era, prolonged fighting with 15 the Thai and the Vietnamese contributed to the decline of the Angkorian empire and the creation of 16 what is now modern Cambodia. There was little respite from conflict until French colonisation in 17 1863. Cambodia regained independence in 1953. Following this, was a time a time of prosperity 18 For Peer Review 19 before the Vietnam War crossed the Cambodian border in the sixties. It was at this time that the 20 Khmer Rouge started to grow, before Lon Nol’s coup in 1970 brought them to power. In 1975, the 21 Pol Pot regime began, which resulted in conservative estimates of over two million deaths through 22 genocide or starvation. The civil war continued until 1993, but residual conflict was observed in the 23 24 border strongholds of the Khmer Rouge until 1996 (National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia, 25 2008; Ray, 2010). 26 27 The legacy of this conflict is visible in the stagnation of development and the struggle for recovery. In 28 2001, Cambodia turned to tourism. The increasing popularity of Cambodia as a destination has in 29 turn encouraged international investment. The key industries in Cambodia are manufacturing 30 31 (especially textiles), tourism and agriculture. Despite this trend towards growth and recovery, more 32 than 70 per cent of the population live rurally, experiencing extreme poverty. Subsistence 33 agriculture is still the primary occupation of the majority of the population (National Institute of 34 Statistics of Cambodia, 2008, n.d.-a, n.d.-b).
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