DOI: 10.14393/SN-v33-2021-58841 Received: January 13, 2021 | Accepted: March 29, 2021 | Published: May 17, 2021
Vulnerability and socio-ecological risks: an integrated perspective of risks in Guaratiba (Rio de Janeiro – Brazil)
Maria Luciene da Silva Lima1 Alexandro Solórzano2 Luiz Felipe Guanaes Rego3 Marcelo Motta de Freitas4 Bianca Pereira Alvim Porto5
Keywords: Abstract Landscape Through almost five centuries of occupation and the resulting processes of Management landscape transformation, ecological scenarios in the neighborhood of Geoprocessing Guaratiba have become areas of production, residence, and urban transition. Fuzzy Logic This historicity is a key element to understand local vulnerabilities and associated risks. Thus, within the scope of landscape management and under an integrative approach of vulnerabilities and risks, our objective in this study is to map and analyze socio-ecological vulnerabilities and risks in the study area. Research was structured on i) investigating the history of landscape use, occupation and transformation, ii) identifying vulnerable areas, and iii) classifying socio-ecological risks. Three methodological steps were used: (1) analysis of historical processes of land use and occupation in Guaratiba; (2) delimitation of Socio-ecological Landscape Units (SELU) in order to understand current levels of heterogeneity in the study area; and (3) modeling and characterization of identified socio-ecological risks. Based on the geoprocessing technique known as fuzzy logic, analysis led to a socio- ecological classification of risks, recognizing that such phenomena can only be understood by examining human presence in face of the relevance of events which can harm exposed groups. The investigation showed that four out of six delimitated landscape units have points on which there is a tendency of risks: SELU 2, SELU 4, SELU 5, and SELU 6. These areas suggest socio-ecological risks of the physical type, related to geomorphologic (landslides and floods) and environmental health dynamics.
1 Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro - PUC-Rio, PPG em Geografia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. [email protected] 2 Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro - PUC-Rio, Departamento de Geografia e Meio Ambiente, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. [email protected] 3 Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro - PUC-Rio. Departamento de Geografia e Meio Ambiente, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. [email protected] 4 Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro - PUC-Rio, Departamento de Geografia e Meio Ambiente, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. [email protected] 5 Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro - PUC-Rio, PPG em Geografia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. [email protected]
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INTRODUCTION municipality of Rio de Janeiro. The following methodological steps were taken: i) literature review about processes of socio-ecological The idea of vulnerability interacts with the vulnerabilities and risks; ii) delimitation of dimension of social habitat – a context that Socio-ecological Landscape Units (SELU) in the conditions populations exposed to life study area, to understand the spatial threatening events, or subject to relevant distribution of physical, ecological, and social consequences of socio-ecological risks (BRASIL, elements of the landscape under study in its 2007; CARVALHO, 2010; LAVELL et al, 2012; heterogeneity, in face of current processes of LAYRARGUES, 2012; MANDAROLA JÚNIOR, land use and occupation which define this 2014; PORTO, 2012; SAITO et al, 2015; landscape; and lastly iii) modeling and VEYRETE, 2015). This paradigm motivated the classification of socio-ecological risks, based on present investigation about spaces in which the systematization of geoprocessing tools and such events occur, by means of mapping areas on the validation of empirical analysis in prone to risks classified as socio-ecological in the exploratory fieldwork and in interviews with neighborhood of Guaratiba, municipality of Rio focal groups. de Janeiro (state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). This systematization allowed the research to This area was explored by Europeans as early as evaluate socio-ecological vulnerabilities and the 16th century (MANSUR, 2008; 2011; 2016) risks from the modeling and characterization of and went through an extended process of SELUs. This is an integrative approach on landscape transition that reveals, as time went different aspects, considering environmental by, a history of land struggles, expressed by health, geomorphology, and human and social transformations of ecological scenarios in aspects of the impacted population. productive areas, residential areas, and urban This diagnosis is considered to be a positive transition areas. The neighborhood went one, as it highlights the importance of through economic periods that marked the democratic and participatory policies in land use history of Rio de Janeiro, with high agricultural planning and landscape management. productivity cycles followed by declines (MANSUR, 2008, 2011, 2016; MOTA, 2009). These cycles led to significant changes in METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES processes of land use and occupation and altered local socio-ecological relations. These alterations in ecological spaces and in Characterization of the study area territorial domains led to the formation of residential areas, a key component to The study area is located in the West side of the understand local vulnerabilities and associated city of Rio de Janeiro, between latitudes risks (PORTO, 2012). 22º55’00”S and 23º05’00” S, and longitudes Within this context of land use planning, and 43º35’00”W e 43º30’00”W (Figure 1). It considering more recent urban expansion encompasses the neighborhood of Barra de projects in the city of Rio de Janeiro, this article Guaratiba, as well as part of the neighborhood discusses urbanization processes that subject of Guaratiba, in addition to parts of territories habitation uses to constant territorial and under the jurisdiction of a state park (Parque environmental conflicts, turning the former Estadual da Pedra Branca, specifically the Ilha rural Guaratiba into a new area of public and de Guaratiba sector of the park), and a state private speculative interest. biological reserve - Reserva Biológica de This study seeks to understand vulnerable Guaratiba (REBIO). and risky contexts, if they exist, and pinpoint The study area has 47,31 square km, is their locations. It is a continuation of a master’s covered by plenty of Atlantic Forest flora and degree research, the objective here being to map biodiversity, lowland lake environments, and a and analyze socio-ecological vulnerability and rocky massif (Serra Geral de Guaratiba / Pedra risk based on the understanding of local spatial Branca massif). dynamics, in order to identify these risky areas Portinho river, which gives its name to the and their respective classifications. hydrographic system selected here as the study Research was performed on the Portinho area, has its source at around 200 m of altitude river hydrographic system, encompassing the and flows into the Bacalhau Canal after neighborhood of Barra de Guaratiba and part of approximately 14 km. the neighborhood of Guaratiba, in the
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Figure 1 – Localization of study area in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro (state of Rio de Janeiro – Brazil).
Source: Lima (2017).
Guaratiba is the neighborhood that has the Cambrian formations in Granodiorite, Rio highest percentage of Atlantic Forest vegetation Negro, and Granitic Rocks units (REIS; coverage (SMAC, 2011) in the municipality of MANSUR, 1995), in terrain belonging to the Rio de Janeiro; landscape potential for this area Guanabara Graben (FERNANDEZ, 2012). and its economy is based on activities such as In areas with rugged terrain, red-yellow clay eco-tourism, seafood gastronomy, and strong soils are predominant. These are highly real estate speculation. weathered mineral soils, very well developed, Land use and occupation in the study area with medium clay texture, sometimes tending occur in a predominantly dense mountain and towards rocky; gneisses and granites make up sub-mountain Ombrophilous Forest formation, the substratum in this area. It is worth noting in a secondary stage of succession (initial, that these soils belong to a class that has a intermediary, and advanced); there are also considerable erosive tendency, possibly mangrove formations; saline fields; tree-shrub promoting water retention as well as hydraulic vegetation; and other anthropogenic formations, discontinuities, favoring the occurrence of including areas with plantations of banana and ravines and gullets. ornamental species. In areas of low declivity, there are level and Topographical amplitude varies between 0 wavy terrains, in which Gleysols predominate in and 680 m in the Northeast face of the environments subject to tidal activity. These hydrographic system, composing a terrain with soils are conditioned to being flooded during a geomorphological units of river and sea-river good part of the year, the reason for them being plains (0-20 m), isolated hills (20-100 m), hills called “soft soils”. There are also sandy soils in (100-200 m), and mountain ranges (altitudes parts of the sandbanks and indiscriminate soils above 200 m) in coastal and inland massifs in mangroves (EMBRAPA, 2013; INEA, 2010). (INEA 2011). This stationary flooding is due to Planosols Forms of flux accumulation (flat terrain) and their hydromorphic characteristic that correspond to 51 % of the study area. This leads to the formation of perched water tables in terrain has a significant urban occupation, areas contained within the Guaratiba aquifer especially along the E-W road axis. limits, and mangrove environments. This leads Geological groups correspond to Quaternary to a sensibility of the ecological system, due to formations of River Sediments, and Pre- underdeveloped pedogenesis, and to
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LIMA et. al Vulnerability and socio-ecological risks geotechnical issues that affect habitation. These spatial resolution of 10 m. circumstances create conditions of vulnerability Two rounds of fieldwork were performed to for social groups that occupy these areas, obtain primary data, using GPS to acquire because they are exposed to risks related to points of interest observed in the field or in floods. photographs; in addition, non-structured Another important characteristic is that interviews were conducted. This aided state protected areas in the neighborhood cover geospatial analysis, qualification, and around 74 % of the Portinho river hydrographic description of results. system (the other 26% have no legal protection). All geographical data were projected for However, 100% of the area is contained within UTM 23S Coordinate Referencing System, the Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve (RBMA), Datum SIRGAS 2000. revealing the importance of a local natural Non-structured interviews were performed resources management model that is integrated, with the participation of a community leader, sustainable, and participatory. who suggested other informants who were also interviewed. Additionally, we participated in a workshop with residents from the sections of MATERIALS AND METHODS Araçatiba, Olaria, and Rua dos Guimarães. This step helped us record impressions from The initial part of the research consisted in a residents about processes of use and occupation bibliographic survey in order to establish and local risks. Non-structured conversations conceptual approaches; this included different revolved around questions such as: “Is there any technical and academic publications, besides the type of risk in this locality, and what would be official websites of public institutions. the nature of this event?” “Are there Next, data surveys led to the acquisition of rivers/canals nearby?” “: Do they usually geo-referenced geographical data for geospatial originate floods?” “Are there floods?” “What is analysis and map elaboration (vector data in their nature?” “Are there records of diseases shapefile format and satellite images), taken such as dengue fever, leptospirosis, or another from institutional websites and provided by kind?”. public institutions. Orbital images correspond to Figure 2 displays a general depiction of the sensor Landsat 8 (2015), with a spatial methodological steps. resolution of 30 m, and Ortofotos (2015), with
Figure 2 - Methodological scheme
Source: Adapted from Lima (2017)
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Delimitation of Socio-ecological Landscape units- the Socio-Ecological Landscape Units –- Units allowed us to understand the situation on the basis of local perspective, according to historical Socio-ecological interpretation of risks considers processes recognized in the study area, a specific a place’s historicity in the interpretation of its dynamic in each place. landscape (SOLÓRZANO et. al. 2016), plus the To better understand this stage of the notion of vulnerability and risk presented by research, Figure 3 displays a flowchart to Porto (2012), whose idea of risk converges to the explain how Socio-Ecological Landscape Units - meeting of time, place, and people. SELUs were delimited. In this perspective, dividing the study area in
Figure 3 – Work flowchart to delimit Socio-ecological Landscape Units (SELUs)
Source: Adapted from Lima (2017)
Geoprocessing model: vulnerability procedures for environmental modeling must be analysis and classification of socio- systematically organized to subsidize new plans ecological risk areas of thematic information. Vulnerability analysis and risk area Environmental system modeling is defined by determination are based on a multi-criteria methodological procedures that use an analysis that requires knowledge of the area and integrated approach seeking to identify or of the situations that favor the occurrence of comprehend types of spatial events or some kinds of events. Hence, in the modeling phenomena (CHRISTOFOLETTI, 1999). The process some stages are determined such as: 1) author points to these perspectives in define the problem; 2) list the variables; 3) environmental analysis in order to consider the determine the values of each listed variable complexity of the system and of the components (weighing when possible); 4) re-classify data under scrutiny, as well as the relevance of a (adequacy to information plans); 5) combine holistic approach to understand the spatial layers; and 6) analyze results. organization of physical elements and the In order to achieve the purposes of this (co)relations between them. research, which include the spatial question In this sense, spatial questions are the key to “where are vulnerable areas located with solving problems in a geospatial optics, in which greater suitability to related risks?”, we propose
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LIMA et. al Vulnerability and socio-ecological risks a type of fuzzy multi-criteria analysis, based on to the phenomena under analysis. For core- set theory. The analysis provides techniques to areas, considered to have greater suitability, evaluate discrete data inaccuracy, reducing the pixels are presented more homogeneously due to effects of spatial unsuitability on categorization, affinities determined by the objects in this class; through continuous data (ZADEH, 1965; 1978). for areas considered as borderline regions, or Fuzzy procedures represent “spatial limits transitional zones, characteristics are presented between two or more classes which are with lesser affinities and, therefore, these zones represented by transitional zones where the are less suitable to the phenomena under values of the variable are distributed analysis. continuously.” (FERREIRA, 2014, p. 286, Next, Chart 1 presents the variables used in translated). The author explains how to the geoprocessing model to indicate vulnerable determine areas of greater or lesser suitability areas and the reasons to choose these variables.
Chart 1. Variables used on the geoprocessing model. Selected Description Justification Source Variables Represents slope areas Areas of high declivity suggest attention to 1 - Declivity of 0°-20°, 20°-30°, and processes of occupation; these groups were SRTM 30m, Topodata >30° qualitatively defined Integrated mapping Represents concave, of high declivity 2 – Morphology of Landscape morphology is an important convex, and flat areas, cavities slopes indicator of occupation processes terrains analyzed from SRTM and contour lines Soils – Classes of soils with greater susceptibility to Areas of susceptibility Environmental erosion, combined with other physical 3 – Soils to erosion - Null, Indicators of the State factors in heavy rain, may favor Moderate and Strong of Rio de Janeiro – geomorphologic events (landslides) INEA, 2010 Anthropic agricultural areas, Anthropic non- Processes of use and occupation are 4 – Vegetation agricultural areas, important in the assessment of risks, since coverage and land SMAC, 2011 Forest formation, Grass they identify places where there is use formation, Pioneer occupation. formation, water Source: Lima (2017).
The proposed model will reveal areas of Chart 2 explains the conceptual model and higher suitability to certain risks through the flow work in the stages of: 1 – definition of combination of participating layers. variables; 2 – re-classification of attributes and The classification of socio-ecological risks will transformation of data; 3 – definition of levels of correspond to fuzzy analysis results, that is, to suitability; 4 – a combination of layers; and 5 – the combination of spatially re-classified layers analysis of results. These procedures were and qualitative analysis of fieldwork evidence, executed in model builder interface in which allowed the analysis and qualification of ARCGIS10.4. software. these areas.
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Chart 2. Conceptual model and flow work 1 - Classification e standardization of variables Spatial Analyst / Spatial Analyst / Spatial Analyst / Tool Reclassify Reclassify Reclassify Input use (“uso”) soils (“solos”) Slope Morphology (“MorfoE”) ordinate values of classes of Parameter ordinate values Ordinate values erosion Output Reclass_uso Reclass_solos Reclass_MorfoE Tool Spatial Analyst / Float Spatial Analyst / Float Spatial Analyst / Float Input Reclass_uso Reclass_solos Reclass_MorfoE Parameter - - - Output Float_uso Float_solos Float_MorfoE Tool Spatial Analyst / Divide Spatial Analyst / Divide Spatial Analyst / Divide Input Float_uso Float_solos Float_MorfoE Parameter 10 10 10 Output Divide_uso Divide_solos Divide_MorfoE 2 – Definition of degrees of suitability Spatial Analyst / Spatial Analyst / Spatial Analyst / Fuzzy Spatial Analyst / Fuzzy Tool Fuzzy Fuzzy Membership Membership Membership Membership Input declivity (“declividade”) Divide_uso Divide_solos Divide_MorfoE MS Large; 1 ; 1; MS Large; 1 ; 1; Parameter MS Large; 1 ; 1; None MS Large; 1 ; 1; None None None Output FuzzyMe_declividade FuzzyMe_Uso FuzzyMe_solo FuzzyMe_MorfoE 3 - Combination of layers Tool Spatial Analyst / Overlay Input FuzzyMe_declividade; FuzzyMe_Uso; FuzzyMe_solo; FuzzyMe_MorfoE Parameter gamma; 0,9 Output Vulnerability Source: Lima (2017).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION response to extreme events that may favor the occurrence of harm and disease (GLASER, Discussion on vulnerability and risk 2006). classification made for each of the delimitated In the next section, we will present the SELUs correlates historical and current definition and characterization of Socio- processes, emphasizing the environmental Ecological Landscape Units in their respective diversity in each unit. classifications of vulnerability and socio- Notions of vulnerability and risk presented ecological risks. here are related to the collective dynamics of historical processes and legacies at local levels Socio-ecological Landscape Units examined from the dimension of social habitat, that is, essentially the presence of population Landscape Units are commonly used in subject to some type of harm to human life methodologies applied in landscape diagnostics (BRASIL, 2007; CARVALHO, 2010; LAVELL et or in environmental studies (ANDORRA, 2014; al, 2012; LAYRARGUES, 2012; PORTO, 2012; BARCELONA, 2018; FÁVERO et al, 2007; SAITO et al, 2015; VEYRETE, 2015). HOYUELA JAYO, 2016; 2017; MAGALHAES et The current context of land use planning in al, 2016; SILVA et al, 2013; TUDOR, 2014). the Guaratiba neighborhood area is part of Rio Mapping Landscape Units is therefore de Janeiro’s well-known vulnerabilities to rains understood as a tool to evaluate potentials and and landslides and an example of the fragilities in these areas, recognizing their relationship between health and territory as cultural values (CUSTÓDIO 2014; RIBEIRO, urban and rural landscapes are transformed. 2016) and corroborating legal instruments in From this approach, we understand the Brazil’s national environmental policy, created classification of socio-ecological risks from the by Law 6.938, in 1981 (BRASIL, 1981). perspective of place, daily life, and participating Considering this theoretical and legal actors. Socio-ecological risks are built, therefore, framework, Socio-ecological Landscape Units in the context of vulnerability that involves (SELU) are defined by homogenous features or social groups and their cycles of exposure and characteristics such as soil use and coverage;
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LIMA et. al Vulnerability and socio-ecological risks physical, biotic, and social properties; The study area was evaluated under the environmental services; cultural symbolism; optics of SELU, presenting a local and identification (or lack thereof) of characterization and current scenario in order to jurisdiction, since legal instruments are understand risk-related factors. understood here as participants of historical Figures 4 and 5 show maps representing processes, as they influence the degree of SELUs and landslide models, in order to classify landscape transformation (LIMA, 2017). vulnerability and socio-ecological risks.
Figure 4 – Socio-ecological Landscape Units in the Study Area.
Source: Lima (2017).
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Figure 5 - Areas of vulnerability.
Source: Lima (2017).
In the characterization of vulnerable areas, presence of mangroves and human occupation, the model yielded results classified by degrees as observed in fieldwork. of suitability, which varied between 0 and 0,8 (Figure 5). Qualitative definition of areas at Areas not suitable to risks risk of landslides considered values between 0,6 and 0,8 (core areas) as well as proximity to In our fieldwork we saw that spatial dynamics urban influence. in SELUs 1 and 3 are directly related to the Values inferior to 0,6 did not represent core context of protected areas under military and areas in the model, thus being less suitable to state guardianship, that is, there are be considered areas of risk. restrictions to human occupation and therefore Therefore, the characterization of landscapes are ecologically more conserved. vulnerability and risk areas considered the In this perspective, SELUs 1 and 3 (Figure following: 1) degrees of suitability in values 6) are units where it wasn’t possible to identify superior to 0,6; 2) areas subject to floods (noted locally vulnerabilities or suitability to risks, by resident populations); 3) simultaneous either in the analysis based on the model or from information collected in interviews.
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Figure 6 – Areas with no suitability to socio-ecological risks.
Source: Adapted from Lima (2017).
SELU 1 – Guaratiba: In this unit, mangrove jurisdictions, with restrictions to urban formations (77%) and saline fields (15%) are the occupation. Land uses correspond to 36% of predominant environments. The area is a flat secondary vegetation, 36% of grass/shrub terrain with 0 to 10% declivity and 0 to 32 m vegetation, 12% of urban areas, and 4% of saline altimetric amplitude; 99% of the area is fields. protected under state jurisdiction of a biological reserve (Reserva Biológica de Guaratiba - Areas suitable to risks REBIO). Land cover in this unit consists of mangrove formations distributed in lake The model showed degrees of suitability environments with permanent tidal influence. between 0,6 and 0,8 for geomorphological risks Urban areas are less than 1% (only in the in the following units (Figure 7); research outskirts). considered also qualitative fieldwork analysis SELU 3 – CETEX: This unit is 100% located in on flood and health risks. areas under state, municipal, and military
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Figure 7 – Areas with suitability to socio-ecological risks.
Source: Adapted from Lima (2017).
SELU 2 – Serra Geral de Guaratiba: The inaugurated in 2012, all of which created a road unit is predominantly covered by secondary connection between the neighborhoods of Santa vegetation formations on rugged terrain, with Cruz, Guaratiba, Recreio dos Bandeirantes, and significant urban influence (12%) affecting also Barra da Tijuca. Road development mangrove formations. The terrain is rugged, corresponded to the project of great sports with altimetry between 1 and 469 m. 94% of the events to take place in Rio de Janeiro (FIFA unit is covered by two protected areas: a state World Cup in 2014, Summer Olympics in 2016). park with restricted use (Parque Estadual da There are some occupied areas around main Pedra Branca) and a municipal area categorized road accesses where the transition between by a “sustainable use” type of environmental mangrove limits and residential areas is visible. protection (Área de Proteção Ambiental da These situations demonstrate fragile local Pedra Branca). territorial management in regards to habitation Land use in the unit corresponds to 61% for vulnerable populations, exposing these secondary vegetation, 12% urban areas, 12% groups to harm from infectious diseases like tree-shrub vegetation, 8% agriculture, 1% rocky leptospirosis and dengue fever, related to outcrop. environmental conditions (CHAIBLICH, 2016; This SELU is part of the demographic LIMA & CHAIBLICH, 2015). These diseases are expansion axis in the city of Rio de Janeiro, dependent on exposure to precarious sanitation expressed here through the center lines of Burle and flood situations, as shown below (Figure 8): Marx Ave. (formerly Barra de Guaratiba Road), this is a vulnerable environment that we classify Americas Ave., and freeways and bus corridors as suitable to a biological type of socio-ecological risk, in the context of environmental health.
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Figure 8 – Mangrove area very near a residence (SELU 2)
Source: Juliana Valentim Chaiblich, December/2015.
At the locality of Araçatiba, residents productive areas corresponding to 8% of perceive no clear presence of risks. However, one agriculture, as well as 28% of tree-shrub resident related that every 10 years there are vegetation, and 4% secondary vegetation. events influenced by tidal flood areas near This unit, like SELU 2, is part of the road houses. Here, residents’ perception of risks is axis that connects the neighborhoods of Santa very much related to the discussion presented by Cruz, Guaratiba, Recreio dos Bandeirantes, and Marandola Júnior (2014), who highlights Barra da Tijuca in the context of the feelings of fear and incertitude as common aforementioned infrastructural developments in among residents, specifically because of land the city of Rio de Janeiro. tenure issues and the ensuing possibility of In this unit we visited the localities of Olaria, removal from the area. and Guimarães St. Residents related different This unstable situation is due to the context kinds of flood episodes. At Guimarães St. there within the implementation of REBIO (created in is a flood dynamic related to rain, as the street 1974) and the existence of houses. The Army has is located in a terrain that was originally the made notifications within the Secretaria de confluence of two rivers (their names are not Patrimônio da União - SPU (an agency that identified in cartographic data). The street is records and manages all real estate belonging to almost entirely paved and its level is above the the country’s federal union) since the first houses’ level. We observed in some houses a sort houses were built in the 1950s. Years later, of small wall built to prevent floods from coming these residences would be contained within the in. limits of a restricted use protected area, under At Olaria, the floods are due mainly to rain state management. This means it is not possible waters that come from Americas Ave. Side to execute infrastructural work like sanitation, accesses and houses are also leveled below the interventions, and improvements. Hence the main road due to construction work to broaden anxiety, insecurity, and fear that mark future this major avenue. Two local residents related perspectives of families and the day-to-day life dengue fever notifications in the locality of the local population. between 2015 and 2016. The risk of flooding is SELU 4 – Ilha de Guaratiba: This unit has therefore added to the vulnerability of part of 42% overlay with areas under state and the population to diseases like dengue fever, due municipal protected jurisdictions. Terrain is to proliferation of vectors such as mosquitoes. predominantly flat, with altitude ranging from A historical event happened in this area in 0 to 171 m. The environment around mangroves April 2010 (Figure 9): a high magnitude favors the occurrence of floods due to the landslide at Grota Funda Rd, neighborhood of terrain’s hydromorphic characteristics, besides Guaratiba. This event became one of the top 50 being completely within the limits of the geological-geotechnical accidents in the city of Guaratiba aquifer and subject to stationary Rio de Janeiro recorded between 1966 and 2016. flooding dynamics. The model presented high suitability for risk in This unit stands out for its significantly this area and therefore highlights a socio- urbanized spatial pattern (46%), with some ecological risk of landslides.
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Figure 9 – Grota Funda Rd. landslide gullies, April/2010
Source: GEO-RIO (2016).
SELU 5 – Pedra Branca Slope: This unit To the Northeast, there are no areas that has 59% overlay with state-protected areas. indicate residences overlaid to the spots Secondary vegetation is predominant in the generated in the model. However there are unit’s land use, with the notorious presence of urban areas occupying terrains between 15 and banana plantations (agriculture) and pastures 60 m that are near areas with higher suitability (grass-shrub vegetation); urban influence is low to geomorphological risks of landslides. (1%) in the surroundings. Altitude varies between 6 and 680 m in a terrain marked by the morphology of flatlands and the sudden rise of FINAL CONSIDERATIONS Pedra Branca massif. Land use presents 70% of secondary vegetation, 11% of agriculture, 10% of grass- Delimitating SELUs allowed us to grasp the shrub vegetation, and 9% of tree-shrub diversity of environments and the vegetation. heterogeneous spatial matrix, important In this unit, spots that indicate suitability to features to understand spatially localized risk risk events coincide with situations of rugged contexts and current social dynamics of the terrain, that is, areas of high suitability for mass landscape in the study area of the neighborhood movements overlaying urban areas in altitudes of Guaratiba. varying around 30 m. This characterizes events This mapping reflected areas with of socio-ecological risks related to similarities in each unit, such as residences and geomorphological dynamics. their coexistence with protected areas. An The limits of the state park are above 100 m important stage in the integrative approach to of altitude and land use mapping does not record vulnerability, risk, and in understanding urbanized areas here; therefore the spots existing socio-ecological interactions is to generated by the model that indicate attention consider scales and historical processes of use to the terrain are not considered areas of risk. and occupation. This coexistence is closely SELU 6 – Agricultural Slope: This unit is related to the area’s growth processes, and located on the slopes of Pedra Branca massif, possibly to situations of vulnerability, risk, and with altitudes between 13 and 498 m; 60% of its environmental conflicts such as residences area is within a state environmental protection existing within the territory of a biological unit. In its land cover there is a predominance of reserve (locality of Araçatiba) which are secondary vegetation; significant presence of precarious due to being in an area owned by the agricultural activities (banana and decorative state and slated for restricted use. landscaping species); and low urban influence It is relevant to consider the importance of (approximately 2%). using Geographical Information Systems and Forest formations are predominant, with geo-informational techniques in the evaluation 40% of secondary vegetation, 24% of agriculture, of risk areas, underlining the fuzzy method including decorative landscaping species, 21% of adopted in this study. It allows a more precise tree-shrub vegetation, 8% of grass-shrub evaluation when high suitability values are vegetation, and 5% of Ombrophilous forest. analyzed. Figure 9 stands out as a record of a high-magnitude event in the history of risk
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LIMA et. al Vulnerability and socio-ecological risks events in the city of Rio de Janeiro. data used in this study. We also thank Juliana The proposed model contributed highly to an Valentim Chaiblich for photographs provided evaluation of risky events of geomorphological from her research collection. Lastly, we thank nature. Other interpretations were based on the anonymous reviewers who contributed with environmental analysis, fieldwork observations, critical analyses as this publication was and previous knowledge of the area. It is approved. important to extend the analysis based on the fuzzy method in flooding zones, since these areas weren’t generated for the purposes of this REFERENCES research and this is a critical issue in Guaratiba. As main results of our attempt to analyze vulnerability processes and socio-ecological ANDORRA. La planificació del paisatge en risks, our research showed that the most l’àmbit local a Europa. Els casos relevant risk classifications in the area are: d’Alemanya, França, els Països Baixos, el environmental health and physical, related to Regne Unit, Suïssa i la regió de Valònia, a flood dynamics, in SELU 2 and SELU 4; Bèlgica. Edició a cura de Pere Sala, Laura geomorphological dynamics for houses near high Puigbert i Gemma Bretcha. – Olot: Observatori declivity areas in SELU 2, SELU 4, SELU 5, and del Paisatge de Catalunya; Govern d’Andorra. – SELU 6. SELUs 2 and 4 are worth noticing in p.; cm. – (Documents; 2). 2014. Disponível em: < the sense of a fragility in local urban planning http://www.catpaisatge.net/esp/documentacio_do in relation to occupation under the physical c_2.php>. Acesso em 05 jan. 2020. conditions in these environments: rugged BARCELONA – Gobierno de Barcelona. terrain, hydromorphic characteristics, a Observatorio del Paisaje de Cataluña. Los situation of territorial interest conflicts in catálogos de paisaje de Cataluña: Metodología (Documents; 3)/ Joan Nogué, Pere Araçatiba, and the occurrence of harm and Sala, Jordi Grau. – Olot: Observatorio del Paisaje disease that condition vulnerability and risks de Cataluña; Barcelona: ATLL, 2018. Disponível for the local population. em: < In this context, the element of perception in http://www.catpaisatge.net/esp/documentacio_do the evaluation of vulnerable areas and c_3.php >. Acesso em: 05 jan. 2020. populations stands out due to the complexity of BRASIL. Ministério das Cidades / Instituto de the issue. Risk assessment is not just about Pesquisas Tecnológicas – IPT. CARVALHO C. S.; considering physical environments and MACEDO, E. S. de; OGURA, A. T. (Org.). environmental events. The nature of the Mapeamento de Riscos em Encostas e anxieties experienced by those who live in these Margem de Rios / – Brasília: Ministério das habitats. suggests risks or dangerous situations Cidades; Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas – to these populations, as well as the consequent IPT, 2007 (176 p). fragility of current policies towards these BRASIL. Lei n° 6.938, de 31 de agosto de 1981. emergencies. Considering both a qualitative Dispõe sobre a Política Nacional do Meio approach and the historicity of occupation in Ambiente, seus fins e mecanismos de this type of study contributes to the formulação e aplicação, e dá outras identification of relevant results along with the providências. Diário Oficial [da] República analysis of local population perception as an Federativa do Brasil: seção 1, Brasília, DF, n. important and perhaps necessary element in 167, p. 16.509, 2 set. 1981. Disponível em:
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