Golticlay Wind Farm

Environmental Statement Volume 2a: Main Report

October 2016

ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT VOLUME 2: MAIN REPORT

Prepared by

This document has been prepared by AECOM Limited for the sole use of our client (the “Client”) and in accordance with generally accepted consultancy principles, the budget for fees and the terms of reference agreed between AECOM Limited and the Client. Any information provided by third parties and referred to herein has not been checked or verified by AECOM Limited, unless otherwise expressly stated in the document. No third party may rely upon this document without the prior and express written agreement of AECOM Limited.

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2: Main Report October 2016

CONTENTS

1. Introduction 4.5 Construction Phase 1.1 Introduction 4.6 Operational Phase 1.2 E.ON Climate and Renewables 4.7 Decommissioning 1.3 Brief Description of the Development Site and Setting 4.8 References 1.4 Planning and Legislative Context 5. Summary of Consultation 1.5 Consents Required for the Development 5.1 Introduction 1.6 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 5.2 Pre-Application Consultation Activities 1.7 The Environmental Statement 5.3 EIA Scoping 1.8 Section 36 Application – Other Supporting Documentation 5.4 Consultees 1.9 Availability of the Environmental Statement 5.5 Gate Check Process 1.10 References 5.6 Summary of Scoping Report Responses 2. Approach to Environmental Impact Assessment 6. Planning Policy Context 2.1 Introduction 6.1 Introduction 2.2 The Electricity Works (EIA) (Scotland) Regulations 2000 6.2 Methods 2.3 Overview of EIA 6.3 International, EU, National Targets 2.4 The Environmental Statement 6.4 National Planning Policy Context 2.5 Approach to Assessment 6.5 Local Planning Policy Context 2.6 Types of Effect 6.6 Conclusions 2.7 Assumptions and Limitations 6.7 References 2.8 References 7. Landscape and Visual Assessment 3. Evolution of Design and Alternatives 7.1 Introduction 3.1 Introduction 7.2 Methods 3.2 Forestry Enterprise Scotland (FES) Background 7.3 Existing Conditions 3.3 Site Selection 7.4 Potential Effect 3.4 Site Context 7.5 Mitigation 3.5 Community Consultation 7.6 Residual Effects 3.6 Design Considerations 7.7 Cumulative Effects 3.7 Key Constraints 7.8 Summary 3.8 Summary of Wind Farm Design Evolution 7.9 References 3.9 Mitigation by Design 8. Noise 4. Project Description 8.1 Introduction 4.1 Introduction 8.2 Methods 4.2 The Development Site 8.3 Existing Conditions 4.3 The Development 8.4 Potential Effects 4.4 Forestry 8.5 Mitigation Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2: Main Report October 2016

8.6 Residual Effects 12.3 Existing Conditions 8.7 Cumulative Effects 12.4 Potential Effects 8.8 Summary 12.5 Mitigation 8.9 References 12.6 Residual Effects 9. Ecology 12.7 Cumulative Effects 9.1 Introduction 12.8 Summary 9.2 Legislation and Policy 12.9 References 9.3 Methods 13. Socio-economics and Tourism 9.4 Results: Baseline Conditions 13.1 Introduction 9.5 Embedded Mitigation 13.2 Methods 9.6 Ecological Impact Assessment 13.3 Existing Conditions 9.7 Residual Effects 13.4 Potential Effects 9.8 Cumulative Effects 13.5 Mitigation 9.9 Summary 13.6 Residual Effects 9.10 Abbreviations 13.7 Cumulative Effects 9.11 References 13.8 Summary 10. Ornithology 13.9 References 10.1 Introduction 14. Traffic, Transport and Access 10.2 Methods 14.1 Introduction 10.3 Existing Conditions 14.2 Methods 10.4 Potential Effects 14.3 Existing Conditions 10.5 Mitigation 14.4 Potential Effects 10.6 Cumulative Effects 14.5 Mitigation 10.7 Residual Effects 14.6 Residual Effects 10.8 Appropriate Assessment 14.7 Cumulative Effects 10.8 Summary 14.8 Summary 10.9 References 14.9 References 11. Geology, Hydrology and Hydrogeology 15. Infrastructure and Telecommunications 11.1 Introduction 15.1 Introduction 11.2 Methods 15.2 Methods 11.3 Existing Conditions 15.3 Existing Conditions 11.4 Potential Effects 15.4 Potential Effects 11.5 Mitigation 15.5 Mitigation 11.6 Residual Effects 15.6 Residual Effects 11.7 Cumulative Effects 15.7 Cumulative Effects 11.8 Summary 15.8 Summary 11.9 References 15.9 References 12. Land Use, Recreation, Socio-economics & Tourism 16. Air Safeguarding 12.1 Introduction 16.1 Introduction 12.2 Methods 16.2 Methods Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2: Main Report October 2016

16.3 Existing Conditions 16.4 Potential Effects 16.5 Mitigation 16.6 Residual Effects 16.7 Cumulative Effects 16.8 Summary 16.9 References 17 Forestry 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Legislation and Planning Policy Guidance 17.3 National Legislation and Policy 17.4 Regional Policy 17.5 Forestry Study Area 17.6 Land Management Plans 17.7 Development of the Wind Farm Forest Plan 17.8 Baseline Conditions 17.9 Wind Farm Forestry Management Plan (FMP) 17.10 Requirement for Compensatory Planting 17.11 Forestry Management Practices 17.12 Forestry Waste 17.13 Summary 17.14 References 18 Shadow Flicker 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Methods 18.3 Existing Conditions 18.4 Mitigation 18.5 Cumulative Effects 18.6 Summary 18.7 References 19 Residual Effects and Conclusion 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Residual Effects 19.3 Summary of ES Conclusions Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 1-1

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction Setting

1.1.1 E.ON (the ‘Applicant’) is proposing to develop a wind farm near Lybster on the eastern coast of 1.3.2 There are two landowners involved with the Development: Forestry Enterprise Scotland (FES) and Caithness, to be known as Golticlay Wind Farm (the ‘Development’). The Development consists of up to Latheron Lybster and Clyth Community Development Company (LLCCDC). The majority of the 19 wind turbines, which will have a maximum height to blade tip of up to 130 metres (m), and associated Development Site is currently forested and managed for timber production, with forestry felling and infrastructure. Each wind turbine will have a maximum electrical generating capacity of up to 3.4 removal operations currently in progress in the northwest part of the Development Site. Most of the megawatts (MW), giving a maximum total generating capacity of up to 64.6 MW. A detailed description of surrounding land is undeveloped. the Development is set out in Chapter 4: Project Description of this Environmental Statement (ES). 1.3.3 There are areas within the Development Site where ground conditions are quite wet and boggy. 1.1.2 The design of the Development has been derived through a series of detailed studies considering a Elevations range across the Development Site in a south – north gradient from approximately 140 to 211 range of factors, including: wind resource, environmental and engineering constraints, consultation with m above ordnance datum (AOD). The highest point is the summit of Cnoc an Earrannaiche in the north key stakeholders, and commercial viability. A detailed description of how the design of the Development western corner of the Development Site. has been derived is set out in Chapter 3: Evolution of Design and Alternatives of this ES. 1.3.4 There are no residential properties within the Development Site Boundary; however there are a number 1.1.3 As the maximum installed generation capacity will be over 50 MW, the Applicant is seeking permission to to the southeast, near Lybster. The nearest dwelling is Gamekeepers cottage, which is 1,090 m from the construct, operate, and decommission the Development from the Scottish Ministers under Section 36 of closest proposed turbine location. the Electricity Act 1989 (the ‘Act’). Site Access 1.1.4 This ES reports the results of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process for the Development 1.3.5 The Proposed Access to the Development Site is illustrated in Figures 1.3 (ES Volume 2b). Permanent and accompanies the Section 36 application. The purpose of the EIA is to identify and assess the likely access into the Development Site will be from two points on the C1053, which runs between Achavanich significant effects resulting from the construction, operation and decommissioning of the Development on the A9 and Lybster on the A99. Both the eastern access point (near the substation, construction and ensure that, where possible, appropriate mitigation has been incorporated into the project design, compound and Turbine 16) and the western access point (nearest Turbine 11) will be permanently and that additional measures are provided to mitigate any identified significant effects resulting from the widened to facilitate access for construction vehicles and to facilitate access for abnormal loads. Figures Development. 1.4 and 1.5 (ES Volume 2b) illustrate western and eastern access points respectively. 1.2 E.ON Climate and Renewables Road widening works and upgrading will be required along the C1053 to accommodate Heavy Goods 1.2.1 E.ON (the ‘Applicant’) is one of the world’s leading energy companies and supplies energy to around 4.6 Vehicles (HGV) loads during the construction phase. This work will be subject to a separate planning million customers in the UK. In 2007, E.ON established E.ON Climate and Renewables, a global application. The approach to assessing this associated development is discussed in Chapter 2: business concerned with developing new, cleaner ways of generating energy. E.ON currently owns and Approach to Environmental Impact Assessment. operates 15 onshore and 5 offshore wind farms in the UK, with a total installed capacity of over 700 MW. Proposed Development E.ON continues to develop further renewable energy projects, both onshore, and offshore, and the company currently has over 200 MW of capacity under construction. 1.3.6 A description of the evolution of the Development design is provided in Chapter 3: Evolution of Design 1.3 Brief Description of the Development Site and Setting and Alternatives of this ES and a full description of the Development is presented in Chapter 4: Project Description. Development Site 1.3.7 The Development will comprise of up to19 turbines, which will have a maximum height to blade tip of up 1.3.1 The land proposed for the Golticlay Wind Farm (the ‘Development Site’) is delimited by the red line to 130 m above ground level. Each turbine will comprise a tapered tubular steel tower and nacelle, boundary in Figure 1.1 (ES Volume 2b). The Development Site is located approximately 15 kilometres containing the generator and associated equipment, which are attached to a hub and rotor assembly, (km) south west of Wick and 4.5 km north west of Lybster, centred on National Grid Reference (NGR) including three turbine blades up to 50 m long. Figure 4.2 (ES Volume 2b) provides an illustration of the ND 22334 40553. The Development Site covers an area of 7.48 kilometres squared (km 2) (748 hectares indicative turbine model. Turbines will be finished in a semi-matt grey colour. (ha)), as shown on Figure 1.2 (ES Volume 2b). 1.3.8 In addition to the turbines, there are a number of ancillary structures and infrastructure requirements (as illustrated on Figure 4.1 (ES Volume 2b), including: · Access tracks, passing places, and turning areas; Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 1-2

· Underground cabling; 1.4.3 The ‘2020 Routemap for Renewable Energy in Scotland’ (Scottish Government, 2011) sets out the · Crane hard standings; Scottish Government’s commitment to the continued expansion of onshore wind farms to help meet · One permanent anemometer mast; renewable targets. It envisages an increase from the 2011 deployment of 2.4 gigawatts (GW) of operational capacity comprising (1367 turbines on 117 sites) with a potential deployment for an additional · A control building and substation compound; and 3.9 GW coming from wind turbines. · A temporary construction compound. 1.4.4 Further details on planning policy relevant to the Development are included in Chapter 6: Planning Policy Context of this ES. 1.3.9 Indicative locations for four temporary quarries (also known as borrow pits) have been identified adjacent 1.5 Consents Required for the Development to the main access track (as shown on Figure 4.1, ES Volume 2b). 1.5.1 As the Development has a proposed total installed generation capacity of more than 50 MW, the 1.3.10 Approximately 13.85 km of access track will be utilised (9.57 km will be new access track and 4.28 km Applicant is seeking consent to construct, operate and decommission the Development from the Scottish will be upgrades to existing track) to provide permanent access to turbine locations, crane pads and Ministers under Section 36 of the Act. In addition, the Scottish Ministers will be requested to issue a other associated infrastructure as required. direction under Section 57 (2) of the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997 (as amended by 1.3.11 The existing track is shown on Figure 4.1 (ES Volume 2b) as ‘Existing Access Track’. There are two the Planning etc. (Scotland) Act 2006) that deemed planning permission also be granted for the spurs of existing track, one from each of the two access points off the C1053. The northern spur is Development. approximately 3 km in length and the southern is 1 km. 1.5.2 The Section 36 application will be administered by the Energy Consents Unit (ECU) on behalf of the 1.3.12 The new (proposed) access tracks, as shown on Figure 4.1 (ES Volume 2b) will be constructed of Scottish Ministers. graded stone using well-established techniques. Following construction, these tracks will be retained for 1.6 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) maintenance access and used for forest management. Figure 4.1 illustrates that the proposed and 1.6.1 The requirement to undertake an EIA for a wind farm with a generating capacity in excess of 50 MW is existing access tracks are within the privately owned land of FES and LLCCDC. set out in the Electricity Works (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2000 (as 1.3.13 To ensure that this EIA addresses decommissioning, the operational lifetime of the Development has amended) (hereafter referred to as the ‘EIA Regulations’). The Regulations transpose the EIA Directive been assumed to be up to 25 years. A time period of approximately 12 to 18 months will be required for (2014/52/EU) into UK regulations. construction and, following the operational period, a minimum of 12 months is expected to be required for 1.6.2 The Development constitutes a “Schedule 2 development” under Regulation 2(1): “a generating station, decommissioning. The decommissioning will (subject to planning conditions and agreement from the the construction of which (or the operation of which) will require a Section 36 consent, but which is not Scottish Ministers) involve the removal of the turbines and all above ground infrastructure of the wind Schedule 1 development”. EIA is not mandatory for “Schedule 2 developments” but may be required farm, with the exception of existing access tracks as shown in Figure 4.1 (ES Volume 2b). depending on the potential for significant environmental effects. 1.3.14 The Development will require a new grid connection. The grid connection does not form part of the 1.6.3 In view of the nature and size of the Development, an EIA has been undertaken and the results reported Development and is not the subject of the current planning application to which this ES relates. The grid in this ES in accordance with the EIA Regulations. connection will be developed by Scottish Hydro-Electric Transmission Limited (SHETL), the Transmission System Operator, and will be subject to consideration under separate EIA Regulations and 1.7 The Environmental Statement consenting process. The approach to assessing the grid connection is discussed in Chapter 2: Approach Environmental Statement Structure to EIA. 1.7.1 The ES has been published comprising four main volumes: 1.4 Planning and Legislative Context · Volume 1. Non-Technical Summary; 1.4.1 Under the EU Directive on Renewable Energy (2009/28/EC), the UK has a target to source 15% of · Volume 2a. Environmental Statement: Main Report; energy demand from renewables by 2020. The UK Government has published a Roadmap for · Volume 2b. Environmental Statement: Figures Renewable Energy for the UK (Department of Energy and Climate Change: DECC, 2011) based on the · Volume 2c. Visualisations achievement of these targets. o Volume 2ci: Scottish Natural Heritage Visualisations 1.4.2 The Scottish Government has further committed to the Directive on Renewable Energy, setting ambitious o Volume 2cii: The Highland Council Visualisations national targets of an overall share of at least 30% renewable energy, with an equivalent of 100% of · Volume 3. Appendices electricity being generated from renewable sources by 2020. The Scottish Government wants these renewable energy targets to be exceeded rather than merely met, and not to be viewed as a cap on what · Volume 4. Confidential Appendix renewable energy can deliver (Scottish Government, 2011). Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 1-3

1.7.2 Volume 1 is the Non-Technical Summary (NTS). The NTS is intended to be readily accessible to the · Cumulative Effects general public and is concise and written in non-technical language providing a description of the · Summary Development, a summary of its potential environmental effects, and proposed mitigation measures.

1.7.3 Volume 2a contains the Main Report. This provides a detailed description of the existing environment, 1.7.7 ES Volume 2b contains the figures relating to the Main Report chapters. an assessment of the likely significant effects of the Development, and identifies the mitigation which is 1.7.8 ES Volume 2c contains photomontages, projecting how the Development will sit within the surrounding incorporated into the design, construction, operation and decommissioning of the Development, and any landscape. additional measures required to mitigate any significant effects identified. 1.7.9 ES Volume 3 contains supporting Appendices to the Main Report. The Appendices include detailed 1.7.4 The ES Main Report is structured around the following chapter headings: technical information such as survey reports and plans which are cross referenced where relevant within Chapter 1 Introduction; · Volume 2 of the ES. · Chapter 2 Approach to Environmental Impact Assessment; 1.7.10 ES Volume 4 contains the Confidential Appendix. This contains the results of specialist surveys of · Chapter 3 Evolution of Design and Alternatives; European Protected Species. This information will be provided to the relevant consultees only. · Chapter 4 Project Description; EIA Project Team · Chapter 5 Summary of Consultation; 1.7.11 The EIA process has been managed by AECOM on behalf of the Applicant and this ES presents the Chapter 6 Planning Policy Context; · results of the assessment of environmental and socio-economic impacts undertaken by a number of · Chapter 7 Landscape and Visual Assessment; specialist consultants. The consultancies that have contributed to the EIA are listed in Table 1.1 below, · Chapter 8 Noise; along with their respective disciplines and contribution to the ES. · Chapter 9 Ecology; · Chapter 10 Ornithology; Table 1.1 EIA and Design Team · Chapter 11 Geology, Hydrology and Hydrogeology; Organisation Expertise/ES Input · Chapter 12 Archaeology and Cultural Heritage; · Chapter 13 Socio-Economics and Tourism; E.ON The Applicant · Chapter 14 Traffic, Transport and Access; · Chapter 15 Infrastructure and Telecommunications; EIA coordination; · Chapter 16 Air Safeguarding; Conceptual design; · Chapter 17 Forestry; Authoring of introductory chapters, concluding chapters and glossary; · Chapter 18 Shadow Flicker; and Authors of the following technical chapters and associated appendices: · Planning Policy Context; · Chapter 19 Residual Effects and Conclusions · Noise; · Geology, Hydrology and Hydrogeology; AECOM 1.7.5 Chapter 4: Project Description includes consideration of waste (see section 4.5.13 'Site Environmental · Archaeology and Cultural Heritage; Management' and section 4.5.15 'Construction Waste Management'). · Socio-Economics and Tourism; 1.7.6 The general structure of chapters within the ES is as follows; however some chapters may vary from this · Traffic, Transport and Access; structure: · Infrastructure and Telecommunications; and · Shadow Flicker. · Introduction

· Methods Preparation of the Non-Technical Summary. · Existing Conditions · Potential Effects Arcus Ecological surveys, Ecology chapter and Confidential Annex. · Mitigation · Residual Effects Axis Landscape and Visual Assessment including Photomontages. Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 1-4

Table 1.1 EIA and Design Team · Lybster – Seaview House · Wick Planning Office Organisation Expertise/ES Input · Watten Post Office · Old Smiddy Inn, Thrumster DGA Forestry Forestry chapter with replanting plan. · The Highland Council Planning Office, Glenurquhart Road, Inverness

Ornithological surveys, Predicting Aquila Territories (PAT) Model, Collision Risk Natural Power 1.9.3 Any representations to the application should be made by completing the online representation form on Model (CRM), and authoring of Ornithology chapter. the Scottish Government, Energy Consents website at:

Osprey Consulting http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Business-Industry/Energy/Energy-Consents/Support-object Air Safeguarding chapter Services 1.9.4 Or by email to The Scottish Government, Energy Consents Unit mailbox at: [email protected] 1.8 Section 36 Application - Other Supporting Documentation 1.9.5 Or by post to: 1.8.1 In addition to this ES there are other supporting documents which have been submitted to the Scottish Energy Consents Unit, Ministers as part of the Section 36 application. Table 1.2 summarises the supporting documentation Energy Division, Directorate for Energy and Climate Change, which has accompanied the application. Scottish Government, 4th Floor, 5 Atlantic Quay, Table 1.2 Section 36 Application - Other Supporting Documentation 150 Broomielaw, Glasgow, Document Description of Contents G2 8LU This statement provides an explanation of the principles behind Planning Statement (and justification for) the Development and how it fits with the 1.9.6 Representations should be dated and should clearly state the name (in block capitals) and full return national, regional and local planning policies. email or postal address of those making representation. All representations to the Scottish Government This report explains the design principles and concepts that have will be copied in full to the planning authority, and made available to the public on request, unless been applied to particular aspects of the proposal including the individuals request otherwise. Design Statement amount, layout, scale, landscaping and appearance of the 1.9.7 Electronic copies of all ES documents can be made available at a fee of £5 per DVD. A paper copy of the Development. ES Non-Technical Summary can be made available at a fee of £5 per copy. Cheques should be made This document summarises the methods of engagement and the payable to AECOM Ltd, with your name and address on the back. outcomes following the feedback from the pre-application Pre-Application Consultation Report consultation activities that have been undertaken by Liberty One 1.9.8 To request copies of the ES documents please contact Corey Simpson at the following address: Communications. This document was submitted to the ECU on (4 August 2016) Corey Simpson which in turn circulated it to statutory consultees. The purpose of AECOM Gate-check Report the document is to ensure that Developers are adequately 1 Tanfield addressing consultation prior to submission of Planning Edinburgh Applications. EH3 5DA E-mail: [email protected] 1.9 Availability of the Environmental Statement 1.9.1 This ES and the other documents prepared to support the Section 36 application are available for download from the project website www.eon-uk.com/generation/Golticlay.aspx and from The Highland Council Planning Portal Website: http://wam.highland.gov.uk/wam/ 1.9.2 The Environmental Statement is also available for viewing at the following locations: Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 1-5

1.10 References Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), (2011). Roadmap for Renewable Energy for the UK. Directive 2009/28/EC (Renewables Directive) on the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources and Amending and Subsequently Repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC. 2009. L 140/16. Directive 2014/52/EU (EIA Directive) amending Directive 2011/92/EU on the Assessment of the Effects of Certain Public and Private Projects. 2014. L124/1. Electricity Act, 1989, s 36 Electricity Works (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2000 (as amended) Scottish Government, (2011) 2020 Routemap for Renewable Energy in Scotland. Edinburgh: Scottish Government. Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997, s 57 (2). Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 12-1

12 ARCHAEOLOGY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE

12.1 Introduction 12.2 Methods 12.1.1 This chapter identifies and assesses the potential effects that the Golticlay Wind Farm (‘the Scope of Assessment

Development’), as described in Chapter 4: Project Description, may have on the cultural heritage 12.2.1 This chapter identifies and provides an assessment of the cultural heritage within the Development and resource of the study area and identifies any mitigation and compensation measures that will be the surrounding area and the potential impact upon it from the Development. This is undertaken in order implemented to prevent, reduce, or offset potential significant adverse effects, or enhance potential to identify any residual significant effects, after taking into account mitigation measures to reduce beneficial effects, where possible. identified effects. For the purposes of this assessment, cultural heritage assets consist of: 12.1.2 Potential effects on archaeology and cultural heritage can be interrelated with effects on landscape and · Archaeological features, sites or deposits; visual amenity and the surrounding forest and its uses. While this chapter should be read in conjunction · Built heritage; and with Chapter 7, Landscape and Visual Assessment of this ES, it should be noted in particular that some · Historic landscapes. of the effects on the same asset may differ from assessments made in the landscape chapter. This is because the landscape assessment is undertaken using a different set of guidelines, policy and legislation, and considers the assets using a different set of criteria. The landscape chapter looks at the 12.2.2 Heritage assets can be designated or non-designated. Designated assets are those which have been amenity value of the asset. The receptor they are assessing is a visitor or user within the landscape and identified by the statutory or local authorities as being of considerable value, having a series of they assess how the asset is viewed from a human or visitor perspective, i.e. how will the Development identifiable characteristics. They consist of Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings, Gardens and impact upon a visitors’ appreciation of the Cairn of Get? Whereas the receptors from the heritage Landscape listed in the Inventory, Historic Battlefields listed in the Inventory, conservation areas, and perspective are the heritage assets themselves and how the Development might impact upon the World Heritage Sites. These are assets which are either offered statutory protection, or are a material intrinsic, associative, and contextual characteristics of the asset itself. The issue of impact upon amenity consideration in the planning process. Non-designated assets are identified at a local level and can value is addressed in Chapter 7: Landscape and Visual Assessment (ES Volume 2a). The ‘Managing consist of archaeological sites, features or findspots and locally significant buildings or landscapes. They Change in the Historic Environment: Setting’ note issued by Historic Environment Scotland in 2016 offers can also consist of records of cropmarks or earthwork features. guidance in this regard. It states: “Whether or not a site is visited does not change its inherent value, or 12.2.3 The assessment considers and places a “value” upon these identified heritage assets. The methodology its sensitivity to alterations in its setting. This should be distinguished from the tourism, leisure or for according a value is explained in detail below. The assessment then considers the impact of the economic role of a site. Tourism and leisure factors may be relevant in the overall analysis of the impact Development upon these assets (without regard to the value). Impacts are considered as direct, indirect of a proposed development but they do not form part of an assessment of setting impacts. In certain and cumulative and can result from a number of factors during the construction, operation and, circumstances the value attributed to a historic asset by the …wider public may influence the sensitivity decommissioning of the Development. of its setting. Such associative values can contribute to the significance of a site, and to the sensitivity of 12.2.4 Direct impacts consist of physical impacts upon archaeological features and remains during construction. its setting. However it is important to emphasise that an asset has a setting whether it is visited or not.” This can be caused by many construction activities such as excavation, construction of access tracks, (Historic Environment Scotland 2016, 9 -10). construction of temporary works compounds, and general groundworks. 12.1.3 The chapter is supported by the following Technical Appendices (contained within ES Volume 3): 12.2.5 Indirect impacts are those where an additional pathway for the effect to arise, for example changes to the · Appendix 12.1: Gazetteer of Heritage Assets; setting of a heritage asset. This definition of setting impacts as indirect is set out in the online Historic · Appendix 12.2: Heritage Asset Assessment; Environment Scotland guidance on how to Assess impacts on the historic environment within · Appendix 12.3: Cultural Heritage Visualisations; and Environmental Assessments (https://www.historicenvironment.scot/advice-and-support/planning-and- guidance/environmental-assessment/assessing-impacts-on-the-historic-environment/ accessed · Appendix 12.4: Site Visit Photographs. 09.09.16) Study Area 12.1.4 In addition, a number of figures have been produced to support this chapter which are included in ES 12.2.6 For designated assets (Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings categories A. B and C, conservation Volume 2b. Visualisations have also been produced for this chapter which are included in Appendix 12.3 areas, battlefields listed on the Inventory of Historic Battlefields compiled by Historic Environment (ES Volume 3). Scotland, gardens and designed landscapes on the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 12-2

compiled by Historic Environment Scotland and World Heritage Sites) a search area of 10 km from the 12.2.14 The protection for the setting of scheduled monuments is specifically provided for in paragraph 145, Development Site boundary was set out in the scoping report and agreed with consultees. This data was which states that “where there is potential for a proposed development to have an adverse effect on a obtained from Historic Environment Scotland. scheduled monument or on the integrity of its setting, permission should only be granted where there are 12.2.7 A search area of 10 km was also agreed with consultees and utilised for non-designated assets in order exceptional circumstances.” (SPP 2014, para. 145). to identify assets which are of schedulable quality, or those which contribute to the setting of identified 12.2.15 Historic Environment Scotland produced a guidance document ‘Managing Change in the Historic Scheduled Monuments. Environment: Setting’ in 2016 to provide guidance on how to understand the setting of heritage assets 12.2.8 A more focussed 2 km study area was used for non-designated assets (findspots, archaeological sites, and to provide guidance on the determination of applications affecting heritage assets. The guidance locally important buildings). This differs from the scoping report which suggested a 1km search area. offers an assessment mechanism – a three stage process which seeks to: The increase was undertaken to ensure that the archaeological context of the Development was 1) Identify the asset; understood. This data was obtained from the Highland Council Historic Environment Record (HHER). 2) Define and analyse the setting; and This study area is used to identify potential physical impacts and resultant effects on the heritage 3) Evaluate the potential impact of the proposed changes. resource but also to establish the archaeological context of the area. 12.2.9 Historic landuse data was obtained from Historic Environment Scotland as part of its Historic Landuse 12.2.16 The promotion of an asset as a tourist attraction neither adds nor detracts from its heritage value. An Assessment (HLA) study. This data was obtained within the 2 km study area and this data has been asset has a setting whether it is visited or not. The Managing Change guidance note on Setting issued by used to establish the historic landscape context of the area and assess whether the Development will Historic Environment Scotland in 2016 states: “Tourism and leisure factors may be relevant in the overall impact upon the significance of this. analysis of the impact of proposed development, but they do not form part of an assessment of setting Temporal scope impacts” (Historic Environment Scotland 2016, 9). The associative values added by the public 12.2.10 The temporal scope of the Development is divided into temporary, long-term, and permanent effects. appreciation of a site can add to the overall significance of a site, but they do not make it more important Temporary effects are those that are caused during construction, such as effects on the setting of than an asset which is not visited or promoted. heritage assets caused by the presence of construction machinery. Long-term effects are those caused EIA Methodology by the presence of the turbines in the landscape. This is a reversible effect. Permanent effects are Sensitivity irreversible, for example the removal of heritage assets during the construction phase. 12.2.17 The sensitivity or importance of a heritage asset is determined by professional judgement, guided but not Assessment Guideline or Guidance and Methods limited to any designated status the asset may hold. The value of an asset is also judged upon a number 12.2.11 The assessment has been undertaken following the Highlands Council Standards for Archaeological of different factors including the special characteristics the assets might hold which can include Work (Highland Council, 2012) and Historic Environment Scotland’s Managing Change in the Historic evidential, historical, aesthetic, communal, archaeological, artistic and architectural values. Environment Setting guidance note (Historic Environment Scotland, 2016). 12.2.18 The importance or value of a heritage asset is assessed primarily in accordance with the guidance set Setting out in SPP (SPP – The Scottish Government, 2014) and the Historic Environment Scotland Policy 12.2.12 Wind turbines by their nature are tall structures with moving elements, which may potentially create noise Statement (HESPS – Historic Environment Scotland 2016). and visual intrusion. Due to this, the potential impact caused by these structures may not necessarily be 12.2.19 Taking these criteria into account, each asset can be assigned a value level on a five point scale as set physical but can be as a result of impacting upon an assets setting. It is important therefore to out in Table 12.1. understand the impact of the proposed wind farm upon the setting of heritage assets, both designated and non-designated. Table 12.1 Sensitivity Criteria 12.2.13 The setting of listed buildings is protected by Section 59 of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act 1997. This states that, when considering whether to grant planning Value Examples permission, there should be ‘special regard to the desirability of preserving the building or its setting, or · World Heritage Sites; any features of special architectural or historic interest which it possesses’. No such definition is · Assets of acknowledged international importance; and provided in legislation for archaeological sites or historic landscapes; however the Scottish Government’s Very High · Historic landscapes of international sensitivity, whether designated or Scottish Planning Policy (SPP) states that the planning system should “promote the care and protection not. of the designated and non-designated historic environment (including individual assets, related settings and the wider cultural landscape)…“ (SPP 2014, para. 137). Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 12-3

Table 12.1 Sensitivity Criteria The assessment of impact would include consideration of a heritage asset’s setting which would vary from case to case and cannot be generically defined. Value Examples 12.2.23 The impact score is arrived at without reference to the value of the asset. It can be given against a five- · Scheduled Monuments; point scale. · Non-designated sites/features of schedulable quality and importance; · Category A listed buildings; Table 12.2 Magnitude Criteria High · Non-designated structures of clear national importance; and Value Examples · Gardens and landscape on the Inventory of outstanding archaeological, architectural or historic interest; and Total removal or alteration of asset, such that the physical resource and /or · Battlefields which appear on the Inventory. High the key components of its setting are totally altered resulting in complete change to an asset’s setting and loss of heritage value of the asset. · Sites/features that contribute to regional research objectives; Partial alteration of an asset, such that the heritage value of the resource · Category B and C listed buildings; Medium and/or the key components of its setting are clearly modified.

· Locally listed or non-designated buildings that can be shown to have Minor alteration of an asset, such that the components of its setting are special interest in their fabric or historical association; Low noticeably different, but the physical characteristics are not affected and the Medium · Conservation Areas; impact does not result in a noticeable loss of heritage value. · Historic townscape or built-up areas with historic integrity in their Slight changes to historic elements that hardly affect the setting of an asset Negligible buildings, or built settings; and and do not result in any loss of value. · Non-designated historic landscapes of regional sensitivity. No Change No change. · Non-designated sites/features of local importance; · Non-designated buildings of modest quality in their fabric or historical association; and Significance Low · Historic landscapes whose sensitivity is limited by poor preservation 12.2.24 By combining the sensitivity of the cultural heritage asset with the predicted magnitude of change, the and/or poor survival of contextual associations or with specific and significance of the effect can be determined. This is undertaken following Table 12.3. The significance of substantial importance to local interest groups effects can be beneficial or adverse. · Assets with very little or no surviving archaeological interest; 12.2.25 The assessment of effect takes into account mitigation measures embedded within the design. This · Buildings of no architectural or historical note; buildings of an intrusive effect is reported in the summary table to report the significance of the effect of the Development without Negligible character; and additional mitigation. · Landscapes with little or no significant historical interest. 12.2.26 Additional mitigation, such as archaeological fieldwork, is then suggested to offset or reduce identified adverse effects. The significance of effect is then reassessed including this extra mitigation to arrive at 12.2.20 Archaeological sites/features where the importance of the resource cannot be ascertained or buildings the final residual effect of a proposed development on the heritage assets. with some hidden (i.e. inaccessible) potential for historic significance will be noted as unknown. Sites with an unknown sensitivity cannot be assessed further.

12.2.21 When professional judgement is considered, some sites may not fit precisely into a specified category in this table. Each heritage asset is assessed on an individual basis and takes into account regional variations and individual qualities of sites. Magnitude 12.2.22 Having identified the value of the asset, the magnitude of the impact from the Development is assessed. Potential impacts are defined as a change resulting from the Development which affects a heritage asset. These impacts are considered in terms of being physical, direct indirect or cumulative. They can be temporary or permanent and arise from the constructional or operational phase of the Development. Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 12-4

Table 12.3 Assessment of Significance have a setting which could be impacted by the Development. The sifting process and assessment is laid out in full in Appendix 12.2 – Heritage Asset Assessment. Sensitivity Magnitude Summary of Site Surveys Very High High Medium Low Negligible 12.2.31 A walkover survey was carried out by a Senior Heritage Consultant and a Heritage Consultant from 13 to High Major Major Moderate Moderate Minor 17 June 2016. During this time, the Development Site was visited along with the identified heritage assets. The site walkover was carried out to identify any previously unknown heritage assets, visit Medium Major Moderate Moderate Minor Negligible known heritage assets and visit the identified heritage assets in the study area to identify their setting Low Moderate Moderate Minor Negligible Negligible and how and which parts of that setting contribute to the significance of the asset. Negligible Minor Minor Negligible Negligible Negligible Summary of Relevant Planning Policy and Guidance

No change Neutral Neutral Neutral Neutral Neutral 12.2.32 The assessment was conducted within the context of the legislative and planning framework designed to protect and conserve heritage resources. These include: Note: Shaded boxes would typically indicate a significant effect in terms of EIA, subject to the assessor’s · Historic Environment Scotland Act 2014; professional judgement. · Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979; · Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act 1997; 12.2.27 When professional judgement is considered, some assets may experience a significance of effect that is · Scottish Planning Policy 2014; different to that arising from the matrix in Table 12.3. In these instances, an explanation will be provided · Historic Environment Scotland Policy Statement 2016; in the effect section. · Historic Environment Circular 1/ 2016; 12.2.28 An assessment of the predicted significance of effect is made both prior to the implementation of · Planning Advice Note 2/2011: Planning and Archaeology; and · Planning Advice Note 71: Conservation Area Management 2004. mitigation and after the implementation of mitigation to identify residual effects. This first highlights where mitigation may be appropriate and then demonstrates the effectiveness of mitigation and provides the framework for the assessment of significance which takes mitigation measures into consideration. 12.2.33 The Highland-wide Local Development Plan (HwLDP) was adopted in 2012. More detailed Area Local Development Plans area currently being prepared, though are not yet adopted. All Local Plans Approach to the Assessment previously produced are still in force. Within the Local Plan, the following policies are of direct relevance 12.2.29 The desk-based research undertaken as part of the EIA included gathering data from the following to this chapter: sources: · Highland-wide Local Development Plan 2012 · The Highlands and Islands Historic Environment Record; o Policy 57 – Natural, built and Cultural Heritage; · Historic Environment Scotland database for Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings, Inventory of o Policy 67 – Renewable Energy Developments; Gardens and Designed Landscapes, Battlefields on the Inventory, conservation areas; · Area Local Development Plans – Caithness and Sutherland; and · Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland; o Environment and Heritage section and Outcomes; · PastMap website and database (www.pastmap.co.uk) for the National Monuments Record of · Caithness Local Plan 2012; Scotland · National Library of Scotland for plans and maps of the study area and its environs; 12.2.34 Full details of the policies identified above are given in Chapter 6: Planning Policy Context of this ES. · Aerial photographs available from Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS) and Highland Council Historic Environment Team; and 12.2.35 Following the publication of new planning policy in 2014, The Highland Council updated the Onshore · Wick Archives & Local Studies Library Wind Energy Supplementary Guidance produced in 2012. This new version has been adopted by committee and has been submitted to Scottish Ministers for clearance to formally adopt. Until the document is formally adopted it is to be referred to as a material consideration in planning and 12.2.30 Due to the number of heritage assets within the study areas for the assessments, a staged programme development. The purpose of the document is to support the key principles set out within policies of asset sifting takes place during the assessment process. This staged programme utilises professional relating to renewable energy development set out in the HwLDP. In particular, the document sets out judgement, desk-based research, site visit results, and the Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) to aide in policies concerning development and the historic environment. Paragraph 4.31 sections f, g and i relate this process. The ZTV is used as an aide to the assessment (see Figure 12.1 and 12.2 in ES Volume to the historic environment. 2b). All of the heritage assets in the study area are considered on their own merit to establish if they Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 12-5

· Section f states; ‘All proposals should seek to avoid significant adverse effects on the siting, context Table 12.4 Consultation or setting of historic environment assets, including direct physical, indirect or cumulative impact. The Date Consultee Outcome Council will have regard to the importance and qualities of the asset, the nature of the impacts, and the effectiveness of any mitigation proposed.’ Scoping Opinion – Reiterated the advice given in the pre-application · Section g gives advice to applicants on where to look for further guidance on how to undertake the response and the potential for assessment of impacts upon heritage assets; and impact upon a number of heritage · Section i reminds the applicant that the potential for impacts upon the historic environment also Historic Scotland – Alasdair assets in particular Golsary broch 9 June 2015 McKenzie and Rumster broch. Requested that needs to be considered for secondary developments associated with onshore wind farms, for the applicant consult them on example sub-stations and power lines. location of visualisations. Also requested the consideration of potential cumulative impacts. 12.2.36 The Highland Council also produced a Historic Environment Strategy in 2013 (Highland Council, 2013) to Scoping Opinion – accepted the guide assessment undertaken within the area. The strategy sets out a number of aims for developments general methodology set out in the to achieve to be acceptable to the Highland Council. scoping report. The opinion also highlighted the need to consider 12.2.37 There are a number of supporting guidance documents which have been produced to provide advice on indirect impacts on “signed, how the heritage policies contained within the SPP are to be interpreted and implemented. As a result of interpreted and promoted sites” the creation of the Historic Environment Act 2014, a number of changes and alterations to existing such as Acavanich stone setting, Grey Cairns of Camster, Yarrows statutory instruments have taken place and the guidance previously provided by the Scottish Historic Trial and Hill O’many Stanes and Environment Policy (SHEP – Historic Scotland, 2011) has been replaced by the Historic Environment consider the impact on the amenity Highland Council Historic of the site. Stated that they would Scotland Policy Statement (HESPS – Historic Environment Scotland, 2016). 18 May 2015 Environment Team – Andrew Puls have regard to the Landscape chapter conclusions when forming a Summary of Consultation view on the impacts. Requested that the cultural heritage and landscape 12.2.38 A scoping report was issued to Scottish Government’s Energy Consents and Deployment Unit (ECDU) team liaise closely on the chapter. on 23 April 2015 for comment on the outlined methodology of the EIA. Relevant responses from Also identified The Corr as an issue consultees relating to this report are summarised in Chapter 5: Consultation and listed below in Table to consider and the requirement to 12.4: Consultation. use the Highland Council Standards for Work document and the cumulative impacts.

Table 12.4 Consultation AECOM to Historic Environment Request for comment on proposed 24 February 2016 Scotland – Alasdair McKenzie photomontage locations Date Consultee Outcome AECOM to Highland Council – Request for comment on proposed Pre-application advice – noted 24 February 2016 Andrew Puls photomontage locations potential for significant impacts on a number of heritage assets. Advised Response to photomontage letter – a particular focus on Golsary Broch pointed out that the list didn’t include 18 February 2015 Historic Scotland – Nicola Hall (SM550) and Rumster broch a number of scheduled assets within (SM573). Requested visuals from 5km within the ZTV and requested these assets to be submitted 29 February 2016 Highland Council – Andrew Puls wirelines from “significant” sites preferably prior to the planning within 10km. Emphasised again the application submission. requirement to look at “signposted and promoted” sites. Mentioned Scoping report issued to Historic possibility of off-setting impact. Environment Scotland and Highland Council. This set out the 10km study Expressed satisfaction and AECOM Scoping Report issued Historic Environment Scotland – April 2015 area for heritage assets and the agreement with the list of proposed 11 March 2016 Urszula Szupszynska general methodology for photomontages and wirelines. undertaking the assessment Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 12-6

12.2.39 The consultation which has been undertaken has been taken into account in the preparation of the 12.3.7 A search of the Highlands Historic Environment Record (HER) and Canmore, the online catalogue of assessment at all stages, including the provision of wirelines and photomontages (as discussed and heritage assets compiled by Historic Environment Scotland, revealed a total of 76 heritage assets agreed with consultees) and in the assessment of cumulative impacts. recorded within the 2 km study area for non-designated assets, seven of which are located within the Development boundary. These assets are referenced in the text with their Highland Council HER 12.3 Existing Conditions number and shown on Figure 12.3 (ES Volume 2b). The Historic Landuse Assessment data is shown on 12.3.1 There are 96 Scheduled Monuments within the 10 km radius from the boundary of the Development Site. Figure 12.4 (ES Volume 2b) Two of these are also Listed Buildings. As there is a statutory duty to have special regard to the 12.3.8 There are no World Heritage Sites, entries on the Inventory of Historic Battlefields, or entries on the preservation of the setting of Listed Buildings as part of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Inventory of Gardens & Designed Landscapes within the 10 km study area. Areas) (Scotland) Act 1997, with no such provision for Scheduled Monuments, the listing status has 12.3.9 A gazetteer of all heritage assets, designated and non-designated obtained via the database searches taken precedence and these two monuments, the Latheron Bell Tower (LB10950) and the Latheron Old and used as the baseline for this assessment can be found in Appendix 12.1 in ES Volume 3. Church and Aisle (LB7952) are considered as Listed Buildings. 12.3.10 Photographs taken during the site visit showing a number of the heritage assets can be seen in Appendix 12.3.2 There are 83 Listed Buildings within the 10 km study area and one conservation area in Lybster. A 12.4 in ES Volume 3. number of the Listed Buildings are located within the conservation area. Prehistoric and Iron Age (c. 50,000 BC – 450 AD) 12.3.3 Once the ZTV was applied, the number of assets that could be affected by the Development was 12.3.11 The prehistoric period is well-represented within the study areas, both with designated and non- reduced. The ZTV was undertaken for the Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (LVIA) chapter. designated assets. The majority of the Scheduled Monuments located in the 10 km study area date from This initially reduced the number of assets to 35 Scheduled Monuments, 50 Listed Buildings and one the prehistoric period, indicating continued use of this landscape over several millennia. The prehistoric conservation area. The ZTV is used merely as an aide to assessment, with some assets having a assets that are present demonstrate settlement, funerary, and ritual activity with a large number of cairns setting which might not rely solely on visual aspects, or might be a part of a wider historic landscape and brochs. There are also four stone row monuments which are extremely rare nationally, thus this which could mean assets outside the ZTV still experience an impact on the understanding of the historic cluster in Caithness is unusual. These four stone rows are Hill o’Many Stanes (SM90162), Loch of landscape as a whole. Professional judgement was used to examine those assets which fell outside the Yarrows stone rows (SM506), Loch of Camster stone rows (SM463) and the Broughwhin cairn and stone ZTV. This process resulted in the identification of a number of Scheduled Monuments, particularly row (SM429). The closes is the Loch of Camster stone rows located approximately 2.6 km tot eh brochs and cairns, which had the potential to have issues of intervisibility and were therefore included in northeast of the Development boundary. The others are all located over 5km away to the east and the list of assets to be assessed. This process added a further 12 Scheduled Monuments and one Listed outside of the ZTV, There may be other examples which are in a poor state of survival and cannot be Building, resulting in 47 Scheduled Monuments, 51 Listed Buildings and one conservation area to certainly ascribed as being stone row monuments. There are three non-designated heritage assets consider for inclusion within the assessment. located within the 2 km study area, none of which are located within the Development boundary. 12.3.4 Of the identified 47 Scheduled Monuments, there are a number which will not experience any impacts 12.3.12 Settlement and activity evidence during the Palaeolithic period (up to 10,000 BC) is at best ephemeral in from the Development. A full assessment of these Scheduled Monuments is undertaken in Appendix Scotland. This is largely due to Scotland being covered by ice during the last glaciation, although much 12.2: Heritage Asset Assessment (ES Volume 3). This appendix details the sieving process undertake to of this retreated around c.13,500 BC when there was a sudden warm spell (Ashmore 1996, 19). A identify which assets are taken forward into this ES chapter. The appendix seeks to present a full second cold period has been recorded between 11,000 and 10,000 BC. assessment of each heritage asset, describing the setting of each asset and how it contributes to the 12.3.13 The Mesolithic period (c.10,000 to 3,500 BC) holds more evidence for activity within Scotland, with understanding of the asset. material recorded in a number of locations throughout the country. Although there are no Mesolithic sites 12.3.5 For the Listed Buildings, the majority are domestic in nature and have a very localised setting. The within the study area, material has been recorded in and around the Highlands at Inverness, the Black majority have been discounted from further assessment as they have a setting which will not experience Isles, and Camster (McCullagh & Tipping 1998, 4). impacts from the Development. Again, this process is shown in Appendix 12.2 (ES Volume 3). Nine 12.3.14 Up until the Neolithic period (3500-2000 BC) the Scottish landscape was heavily wooded, although some listed buildings were identified from this sieving process as having the potential to have their setting areas of grazing did exist around the edges of the forests (Ashmore 1996, 20-21). There is also some impacted and were visited during the site visit. The Listed Buildings within the Lybster Conservation evidence for limited woodland clearance during the Mesolithic, although large-scale clearances did not Area are considered as part of that asset, as the setting of these buildings is formed by the conservation occur until the Neolithic (McCullagh 1992, 6). Although split into periods here for ease of reference, area itself. there was no such division for the society living and utilising the landscape. For example a number of 12.3.6 The assets have been referred to in the text using their Historic Environment Scotland reference and are assets which are thought to be typologically Neolithic such as some cairn types, through C14 dating have shown on Figures 12.1 and 12.2 (ES Volume 2b). rd actually been shown to be more recent, constructed in the 3 millennium BC and thus within the Neolithic - Bronze Age transition. Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 12-7

12.3.15 The Neolithic marks a change away from the transient hunter-gathers to more sedentary farmers and as archaeological record around 200 BC and then falling away around 200 – 400 AD. They are monuments such, there is more evidence within the landscape for activity. Areas of woodlands were reduced to which are found only in Scotland, mostly Atlantic Scotland and are a particularly elaborate form of provide areas suitable for farming, with more improved land for arable cultivation, while burial practices Atlantic roundhouse, a term which covers all of the massive dry-walled structures found in Atlantic also changed. Scotland (Heald & Barber 2015). Caithness has a particular abundance of these monuments. Per 12.3.16 A non-designated asset from the Neolithic period is a possible cairn (MHG2293) located at Golticlay, square kilometre, Caithness has more identified brochs than any other area of Scotland, as many as 200 300m to the west of the Development boundary, which was originally recorded as a natural mound but spread across agricultural land, up river valleys, along the coast including a number of scheduled there is a possible cairn 100 m to the south. There are a number of Scheduled Monuments located examples within the 10 km study area. within the 10 km study area which date to the Neolithic period. In particular, the type of cairn known as 12.3.20 Despite being one of the most studied asset types within Scotland, brochs remain enigmatic. The chambered cairns date to the Neolithic period though no evidence has been found in Caithness of survival of only a handful of examples with wall heights above 2 m means that we do not know how tall a Neolithic settlement. There are a number of chambered cairns within the study area the majority of ‘typical’ broch would be. The most famous example is the broch at Mousa in the Shetland Isles which which are Scheduled Monuments. These include well-preserved examples such as the Cairn of Get and survives to a height of 13 m and may have stood at 15 m when complete (www.canmore.org.uk). It is the cairns at Warehouse as well as the cairns at Camster, though these have been reconstructed. These unlikely that all brochs, if indeed any other, would have achieved the height of Mousa but even at a monuments would have been impressive sights within the landscape. The cairns that survive tend to be height less than this, these brooding, windowless towers would have been a dominant vertical presence located on the higher ground, but this may have led to a bias in the interpretation of cairns as always in a landscape which had few woodlands, clearly visible and on a greater scale than any roundhouses being located on the higher ground. It may be the case that cairns were also located on the lower seen in the landscape until that point. Although each broch has unique elements, there is uniformity in ground, but later farming saw these cairns cleared to allow for pasture and arable farming. These cairns other elements and the construction of the brochs which help to aide in their identification. For example on the higher and more marginal and peaty land would have no need of being removed and therefore there is almost always a guard cell, an intra-mural staircase, winding between the gap in the outer wall would have survived. Cairns are also often thought to have been markers within the landscape, and inner wall skin, an internal ledge projecting from the inner skin used to support upper floors, deliberately visual elements intended to be seen, however the examples within the study area have cupboards or hollows set into the inner walls, possibly used to lighten the load of the stone above and no shown that the cairns are often not sited at the highest points within the landscape, indeed they are window openings. sometimes located just off the highest point or crest and would not be visible until in close proximity. The 12.3.21 The function of a broch tower is still a matter of great debate. The majority of brochs have a guard cell, a examples at Camster are located in a small valley with very few long distance views. This indicates that small cell located in the intra-mural space usually located before the door check, in the cramped, narrow the reason for locations of these assets was not always prominence, but had another purpose, perhaps entry corridor. This feature, the windowless aspect and the sheer size and scale of the wall construction relationship with watercourses or other assets which are no longer extant. have all been interpreted being evidence of brochs being used as defensive towers, or places of refuge. 12.3.17 The key characteristic of the cairns within the 10 km study area is the information they provide for the This is also used to explain their presence at the centre of villages (for example the broch village at utilisation of the landscape in the Neolithic period and the continued use of areas, particular around Loch Gurness on Orkney) and in the southern borders region of Scotland perhaps as a response to the of Yarrows and Loch of Waterhouse whose landscape contains a large number of prehistoric assets invading Roman army. This interpretation is problematic. The “guard” cell is extremely small and dating from the Neolithic onwards. They also provide evidence of funerary and ritual practise, with cramped. There is no way that an effective defence against any enemy trying to approach could be possible interaction between the living and the dead, with the areas created by “horns” protruding from mounted from here as only one person would ever fit into the cell, and they would not be able to the side of the cairns giving an area where ancestors could have held meetings or commemorations. manoeuvre any weapons. The idea of using the broch as a refuge also is difficult to support. It is true These can be seen at the Cairn of Get and the long cairn at Camster. that once the door was bolted shut, the towers would present an imposing façade, and would be nigh on 12.3.18 The Bronze Age (2,000-700 BC) saw further development in settlement patterns when banks and dykes impossible to penetrate, but the roofs of these structures were thatched and were thus vulnerable to fire. were constructed to enclose sections of the land surrounding hut circles (McCullagh & Tipping 1998, In addition, a fire could easily be set at the door of the broch which would quickly smoke out the 206). A Bronze Age asset of a possible hut circle (MHG1820) is located in close proximity to Camster inhabitants or destroy the door. A brochs only real effective defensive function would be as siege tower, Lodge. These huts would have been built over 1,000 years after the construction of the scheduled however this type of warfare was not common. Any conflict would have most likely been small-scale but cairns, Grey Cairns of Camster (SM90056). This is interesting in that this ritual and funerary landscape may have increased when natural resources became more scarce, for example when peat was laid down became one of settlement. There is no way of knowing if the cairns were still used in this period, or if and the amount of agricultural land available. A more likely interpretation for the function of a broch is as they were held as sacred objects. The final non-designated heritage asset is the record of a possible status symbol. A clear, imposing visual statement of the power of a tribe, clan or even a single family to building (MHG13615) located to the west, south of Loch Stemster. be able to control the resources and show the extravagant use of man-power needed to build a broch. 12.3.19 There are no non-designated assets dating to the Iron Age within the 2 km study area however one of 12.3.22 Another asset type dating from this period of which there are scheduled examples within the study area the most well-represented asset types within the 10 km study area is the broch. These are extremely is wags. These are unusual assets whose purpose is unknown. They are mostly oblong annexes distinctive archaeological assets which date from a relatively narrow time period, appearing in the attached to circular or square main buildings, with a separate entrance. They are galleried buildings Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 12-8

containing orthostats which create internal partitions, rather like stalls dividing the internal space into Book of Lybster Vol.1 by D. A Young states that the word Cnoc is Gaelic, meaning small hill but the word compartments. There is often no large central internal open space. They were roofed over and it has Bigus or Bigous is a Norse word meaning the bent or saddle-backed ridge (Young 2002, 52). This been interpreted that these buildings were for animal shelter or for housing of livestock. They are rare description would concur with the observation made during the site visit that the central part of the nationally, and are important as they are said to represent a change to a more cattle based economy and Development Site lies on a slight saddle with the ground sloping gently to the east and west. Cnoc Vigas agriculture. Certainly, little pottery and no central hearths have been found at excavated examples in would have been the ideal location to observe these ground conditions. Caithness (Heald & Barber 2015) indicating that occupation within the structures was unlikely. These Early Medieval (450AD – 1100) intriguing structures give evidence of the evolution of prehistoric architecture and evidence of a shift in 12.3.27 There are no non-designated early medieval heritage sites recorded within the 2 km study area however, the agrarian economy of the time. it is likely that the landscape of the study area was exploited and settled during the early medieval period. 12.3.23 A feature of this prehistoric landscape within the study area appears to be the continued utilisation of 12.3.28 The fertile areas of Caithness were settled by the Norse in the late 9th century. This was influenced by certain areas of the landscape over several hundred if not thousands of years. An excellent example of an earlier Norse Earldom of sovereignty over Orkney and Shetland that paved the way for administration this is located to the south of the Development Site, where an area around the estate of Forse and Norse rule in those areas (Hunter 2003, 244). Caithness continued to have a Norse presence demonstrates remarkable continuity of use of this landscape with evidence of occupation from at least through to the 13th century. the Bronze Age all the way to the post-medieval period. There are Bronze Age burnt mounds and hut Medieval (1100 – 1560) circles, the scheduled Wag of Forse which dates to the Iron Age along with a number of brochs. There 12.3.29 No non-designated assets have been identified from the medieval period within the 2 km study area. are cairns, possibly Bronze Age then later medieval and post-medieval agricultural activity. Many of the However it is likely that settlement and utilisation of this landscape continued during this period. The monuments within this landscape are scheduled, for example the brochs at Appnag Tulloch, The Tulloch, evidence of possible medieval field systems around Forse indicates that the area was still being utilised, Golsary and Rumster as well as the Wag of Forse and associated field systems and the cairns, and burnt but it may be that the type of activity does not leave a significant trace in the archaeological record. For mounds. These assets would have been constructed over millennia and it is also noted that the post- example, there are not the monumental funerary structures such as the chambered or long cairns being medieval field systems which are evident here seem to follow the prehistoric boundaries. Excavation constructed in this period. and environmental analysis has also provided evidence of the importance of agriculture with extensive 12.3.30 The nearest large town, c.15 km to the north east of the site boundary, is Wick. The place-name is evidence for the use of organic fertilizers on the land to improve soils from at least 2,200 BC (Davidson & thought to be of Viking influence, ‘vik’ meaning ‘bay’, therefore ‘place by the bay’ (Mills 2003, 497). Wick Carter 1997, 60). Castle is thought to be one of the oldest in Scotland. Built in the 1100s, it was possibly intended as the 12.3.24 At this time, the indigenous people of northern Scotland were known as the Caledonians, with the Lugi, chief seat of the Earl of Orkney and Caithness, Harald Maddadson (www.historic-scotland.gov.uk). A Smertae, and Cornavii tribes reported to be settled in the Caithness area of north east Scotland (Lynch Norse origin has also been suggested for the nearby Lybster, although the settlement may have earlier 2001, 6). It has been suggested that settlement of Lybster, a fishing village approximately 2.5 km to the origins (Smith 2001, 635). It is also possible that some of the other settlements may have their origins in south of the proposed site boundary, may have its origins in this period and have originally been the the medieval period, in particular those with good harbourage such as Latheron. It is highly likely that main settlement of the Lugi tribe (Smith 2001, 635). small settlements were established at locations along the coast during this period as a number of castles 12.3.25 The Iron Age in Scotland extends from c.700 BC to the beginning of the early medieval period c.450 AD. were constructed in this period, strung all along the coast, far beyond the study area. There are This is longer than is found in England and Wales, which have a Roman period dating from 43 AD to 450 scheduled castles at Forse, Swiney, Latheron and in many more locations both north and south. AD. This is because Roman activity within Caledonia was limited and mostly concentrated in the south of Settlements must have been established in close proximity to these castles to provide the support and the country. This is not to say that the northern parts of Scotland did not have a Roman presence as subsistence for the higher status occupant shown by ScARF (Scottish Archaeological Research Framework). In a recent report, they have 12.3.31 Clan wars during the medieval period meant that life was quite turbulent in Scotland. The lands of reproduced a distribution map of Roman sites within Scotland (ScARF 2012, 3). The map shows Roman Caithness were, during the 12th and early 13th centuries, controlled by the Gunn Clan of Norse ancestry, camps, which were set up for soldiers on a temporary basis during their campaigns, as far north as Elgin who effectively acted as a government. The Gunn clan was part of the clan system of Scotland and was approximately 64 km to the south, although none in the area of Caithness. There is no Roman presence often embroiled in clan wars and power struggles (Smibert 1850, 170). In the 13th century, the Scottish nor any assets identified within the 2 km study area. king looked to consolidate his power in northern Scotland. Several raids and counter raids in Caithness 12.3.26 Within the Development Site boundary is the recorded location of a possible fort or enclosure on Cnoc and Orkney began between Scotland and Norway. In 1266, the Norse rule in Caithness came to an end Vigas (MHG2301). The name Cnoc Vigas is obscure. On the 1st edition Ordnance Survey map of 1871, with the Treaty of Perth. The treaty ended the conflict between Norway and Scotland and established the hill is named Hill of Bigcus but no fort is noted and the accompanying OS name book has it noted the sovereignty of each nation. Scotland took control of mainland northern Scotland, conceding Shetland that the name is associated with fairies, or the hill was once inhabited by fairies, a story which probably and the Orkneys to Norway for a time (Lustig 1979, 57). Northern Scotland was slowly subjected to the came about as it is a strangely placed eminence of rock rising up from relatively flat, but undulating valley feudal charters and land assessments that characterised the rest of the country (Lelong 2003, 8). landscape. The 1905 2nd Edition Ordnance Survey map has the mound labelled as Cnoc Vigas. The Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 12-9

12.3.32 The Sinclair Clan, associated closely with the Gunn Clan, rose in influence through the wars of Scottish (MHG13526), Rusgan (MHG13528) and Arrycraggan (MHG13530). Although all of these assets are Independence in the 12th century. In 1455, they received the lands of Caithness through marriage labelled as farmstead or crofting settlement or township, it is highly likely that they were very similar (Smibert 1850, 229). Through the following centuries, they themselves were subject to clan wars and structures, possibly all crofting settlements, or farmsteads which arose after the Crofters Act of 1886 were engaged in a succession of feuds with the clans of Sutherland, Gunn and Murray. This often led to which provided security for crofters and allowed them to profit from improvements they made to their violent deaths. The battle of Tannach occurred 1.5 km to the east of the site boundary. This battle was lands and buildings. Identifiable remains of houses are usually from the 17th century onwards as they fought between the clan of Gunn against the clans of Mackay and Keith (Mackay 1829, 81). usually have stone bases (Macdonald 1996, 1). Settlement was often laid out as the buildings were 12.3.33 In the 13th and 14th centuries, there is a change in the architecture of housing from earth fast posts to needed, with no overall plan. Around the area of the settlement was usually a head dyke constructed of th th cruck frames. This may have been a response to timber shortages (Dixon 2002, 199). However, it is turf and stone (ibid, 6). This type of feature typically dates to the 17 to 18 centuries, before the th difficult to positively identify many houses as medieval as they were often made from turf and wattle that agricultural reforms of the 19 century (Boyle 2003, 22). leave very little remains (Macdonald 1996, 1). 12.3.37 The predominance of agriculture is also attested to by the remnants of landscape features associated Post-Medieval & Early Modern (1560 – 20th Century) with agriculture. These include the remains of dykes and head dykes (MHG27072, MHG42179, 12.3.34 The post-medieval and early modern period marks a major change in the settlement of the area, as well MHG43699, MHG43700, MHG43744) and clearance cairns (MHG13691). It is likely that the crofting way as the uplands of Scotland in general, with an increase in activity. The majority of the listed buildings of life here was heavily supplemented by fishing, especially before the Crofters Act of 1886. Prior to this, identified within the study area date from this post-medieval period. These include the Category A listed the crofting way of life was extremely tough, with landowners not required to give any notice after a year The Corr (LB7935) and a dovecot (LB7949) associated with the Category B listed Forse House, walled before clearing tenants off the land, including the removal of any buildings they had constructed. The garden and associated buildings (LB7946, LB7947) including the Nottingham Mains Steading tenants were required to undertake tasks for the landowners, including gathering of straw, making rope (LBLB8000) and the Category C listed gate lodge (LB7948). The category B listed Swiney House and textile and performing other menial tasks. They were offered no financial compensation for this and (LB8003) and the numerous category B listed buildings within Lybster both in the conservation area and were given no financial reward for improving the croft of land they rented. This system followed on from within the Quatre Bras area were established in this period. All of the category C listed buildings were the Highland Clearances but was no better. This lack of incentive to improve land meant that yields were constructed within the post medieval period, more accurately in the late 18th and early 19th century as often low and thus supplementing the diet with fish and seafood would have been vital to ensure survival part of the establishment and expansion of Lybster as a thriving fishing community. through the leaner months. The concentration of the crofting settlements on the lower slopes gives an indication of where the fertile agricultural land was located. Given the number of shielings and 12.3.35 The vast majority of non-designated assets located within 2 km of the Development Site date from the sheepfolds it also seems likely that the practise of moving sheep up into the highlands in the summer post-medieval/early modern period and are associated with the agricultural, agrarian economy. There months was also popular practise in this region. are a number of these assets located within the boundary of the Development. These are the remains of crofting settlements and shieling huts, but to house families in during the summer months when the 12.3.38 The first map showing the Development Site in any great detail is the Roy survey of c.1750, produced sheep were left to graze on the higher ground. Within the Development Site are the remains or sites of after the defeat of the Jacobite army at Culloden. This plan shows the Development Site which is the crofting settlements of Blackpark (MHG13192) and Balmogie (MHG13193), the shieling huts of depicted as largely free from structures, with the main focus of settlement on the coast around Lybster. Clashcraggan (MHG13692) and Clashmore (MHG13693) and the farmstead at Osclay Burn However, the survey does suggest that areas of the site were used for arable as well as pastoral (MHG20311). Some of these assets survive as ruins and most have been identified from analysis of agriculture, especially around the western limit of the proposed boundary where settlement activity has historic mapping. been recorded (i.e. Clashcraggan, Clashmore, Golsary and Sheppardstown). This survey also depicts a road following the approximate line of the modern A99 to the south, as well as the farmsteads/crofting 12.3.36 In the 2 km study area, outside the Development Site boundary, there are a very large number of settlements of Nottingham around Forse and Burrigill which are also to the south. A collection of farmsteads (MHG19991, MHG20189, MHG20227, MHG20234, MHG20284, MHG20298, MHG20300, structures named as Noggan How is marked within the study area, although their exact location is not MHG20309, MHG20313, MHG20314, MHG20315, MHG20316, MHG20317, MHG20318, MHG20323, known. Earlier surveys of the area, including Gordon (1642), Blaeu (1654) and Moll (1745) do not show MHG20325, MHG20339, MHG27073, MHG47968, MHG47969, MHG56215, MHG659), crofting the study area in any detail, but do show the settlement of Lybster near the coast to the south. settlements (MHG13612, MHG13614, MHG13662, MHG13663, MHG13664,m MHG13671, MHG13672, th MHG13694, MHG13696, MHG13697) and shieling huts and sheepfolds (MHG13616, MHG19983, 12.3.39 The 19 century is characterised by extensive agricultural reforms which led to land clearances in some MHG20229, MHG2294, MHG43745, MHG602), some in ruins some removed entirely. The category A parts of Scotland. The clearances were usually to make way for new sheep farms, a sector that listed The Corr (LB7935) is a rare survival of an intact 19th century crofters cottage and associated farm promised profits at this time. This led to the often intense process of evictions, and displacement and buildings and there is a less well-preserved example of a cruck-framed cottage to the west of the relocation through coercion of what was now a largely redundant work force (Devine 1994, 55). The Development (MHG19700) at Badereskie. To the west of the Development Site is a larger area of field result of such depopulation left hundreds of shielings in ruins as the practice of transhumance came to systems and head dykes at Golticlay (MHG20228) with other townships, or larger groupings of buildings an end. located at Achkinloch (MHG20230), Badryrie (MHG2298), a deserted crofting settlement, Jock’s Lodge Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 12-10

12.3.40 The 19th century also saw the emergence and rapid expansion of the fishing industry along the coast. were linked to the areas agriculture as the mid-19th century accounts of the area note that the land had The settlement at Lybster was developed as a planned village in 1802 by General Patrick Sinclair, been limed to improve it (Davidson 1845, 98). though a fishing station had been located at Lybster since the 1790s by Thomas Telford with funding 12.3.45 The early modern period also saw the establishment of larger estates within the study area. For example from the British Fisheries Society (Andrew PK Wright 2010, 6). The harbour was continuously expanded the Forse estate to the south of the Development Site was established in the 18th century by the th and developed throughout the 19 century to accommodate the growing fleet of herring boats (Smith Sutherlands of Forse. This resulted in the construction of the category B listed Forse House, previously 2001, 635) and the population expanded considerably. It was this expansion and general feeling of known as Nottingham House, the category A listed dovecot and the category B listed lodge, walled economic potential that led to General Sinclair to invest in creating a new planned village at Lybster in garden and farm called Nottingham Mains. The date stone reads "Erected by John Sutherland 1842”, the hope of drawing other industry to the settlement. The original building plots were offered at the although an earlier farmstead occupied this site, with buildings named in this location on the Roy survey southern end of the village, in the area known as The Cross. This was because the original coastal road of c.1750. Another lodge building, Camster Lodge (MHG19886) is located to the east of the passed through this area, further south until it was usurped by the Telford parliamentary road from Development and to the south, outside of the 2 km study area. Estates were also established at Inverness to Caithness built in 1819 (Andrew PK Wright 2010, 6). This road ran through the crossroads Latheron, owned by Donald Munroe Esq. and Swiney, owned by Colonel Gordon. known as Quatre Bras, named after a battle of the Napoleonic War. The investment in the village and in Modern (20th century to present) the harbour meant that when other fishing villages were contracting due to the size of the harbour or lack 12.3.46 The modern period saw the gradual removal and fall into ruin of the crofting settlements and farmsteads of investment, Lybster continued to thrive. In 1867, around 238 fishing vessels were operating from in this area. The landscape is littered with the ruins of these crofting cottages as gradually the population Lybster harbour and 1,961 people were employed by the industry. declined and began to move away. The population of the settlements in the area had peaked at the end 12.3.41 The main core of Lybster, meaning the settlement established by General Sinclair is now a conservation of the 19th century when the herring industry was at its height. By the mid-20th century, the fishing area and the majority of the Listed Buildings identified within the 10 km study area are located within this industry had fallen into terminal decline. The population of the parish of Latheron had fallen from a peak boundary. The other significant cluster of Listed Buildings is located just to the north around the of 8,571 in 1861 to 2,593 by 1951. Much of the population had moved south, though some hope of crossroads of the A99 and the Main Street, known as Quatre Bras. employment was offered with the opening of the North Sea Oil rigs in the latter portion of the 20th 12.3.42 The importance of fishing, and herring fishing in particular, is clear from the population which increased century. again so that by 1845 there were over 8,000 people living in the parish of Latheron (Davidson 1845, 92) 12.3.47 Although assets dating to the modern period are limited, the opening years of the 20th century continued with the census of 1864 recording a population of the parish of 8,571. Efforts had also been made to to see a population based on agriculture. This continued to form a major part of landscape use in the th improve the areas infrastructure with the Telford Parliamentary roads constructed in the early 19 study area until the second half of the 20th century when large scale forestry was established in the area. century, and it is possible that the Category C listed bridge over the Clyth Burn at Achavar was built As a result of this, the majority of the study area, and almost all of the land available for turbine th during the early 19 century. development, is now occupied by forestry plantations. 12.3.43 However, although there had been a major improvement in the fishing villages, there had been less of an 12.3.48 There is one non-designated asset dating to the modern period, the remains of a WWII Home Guard improvement in the inland areas. Some 9,000 acres of the 140,000 acre parish were recorded as arable, hideout (MHG5331) or observation post. It is located east of Camster Lodge and all that remains is a although reports state that another 9,000 acres could be put across to arable (ibid 1845, 97). It is small recess and some timber. The home guard defence would have been important here. The low possible that at least some of the Development Site was arable land, as the earlier Roy survey certainly population along the coast meant that a small invading force had the potential to land here unnoticed and st suggests areas were under cultivation. By the time of the 1 edition Ordnance Survey plan of 1877 the therefore observation posts like these would have been a vital early warning system. They would also southern section of the Development Site, around the farmstead named as Rumster had been enclosed have been able to see ships passing by, perhaps trying to gain access to the west coast and be able to suggesting improved land. alert the Navy as to shipping patterns. th 12.3.44 Elsewhere in the country, industrialisation on a large scale took place throughout the 19 century. Unknown Industrial sites within the study area are limited due to the dominance or fishing and farming, but assets 12.3.49 There are a number of non-designated assets within the 2 km study area which are of an unknown date. 1 include lime kilns, a lade , and a mill dam. The lade and mill dam are associated with a mill pond found They include one asset located within the boundary of the Development Site, an asset labelled Loangore at Lower Rumster, although there is uncertainty as to which mill the features were constructed to serve. (MHG13660). There is no further information about this asset. There are a number of assets similar to The course of the lade is shown on the 1872 1st edition Ordnance Survey map running down from Blood this, being simply the record of a name or a site with no further information included (MHG13659, Burn to a sluice located by the farmstead at Rumster (MHG659). It is possible that this farmstead had MHG13661, MHG45940, MHG37160, MHG41818). This category also includes the records of shieling machinery which required a mill lade, possibly a water wheel for the processing of corn or flour, but huts which were identified within the OS name book but nothing is recorded or no trace has been found nothing is labelled as such on the Ordnance Survey map. It certainly seems possible that the lime kilns (MHG2295, MHG2296) and the site of a possible park called Latheron Park (MHG13527). There is no information about this park, nor any trace of a possible park feature on historic mapping. A record also 1 A mill lade, or leat, is a water channel which carries water to a mill Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 12-11

exists of a standing stone (MHG2297) which is extant at Airigh Bheag. It is a rectangular shaped pillar AOD. The centre of the site, around T7, T13 and T8 is on a slight saddle of land sloping down on the stone, but its age and function are unknown. east and west side. The evidence of the numerous burns running south through the site was evident. 12.3.50 The unknown category also covers assets which may once have been identified as archaeological in 12.3.55 The site visit observed that the western portion of the site had been recently felled, with some stumps in origin but have since been found to be natural. These can include mounds (MHG605), features place, some having been pulled up. Turbine locations 1, 5, 6, 11 and 12 lie within this felled area. (MHG22635), and standing stones (MHG22634). Turbine locations 2 and 7 also lie in areas of recent felling. The remainder of the turbines are located in Historic Landscape areas of dense forestry. 12.3.51 The Historic Landuse Assessment identified a number of landscape units within the 2 km study area for 12.3.56 Temporary Quarry 2 is proposed on the site of the localised high point of Cnoc Vigas. This is also the non-designated assets. The majority of the land within the Development Site is classified as 20th century location of a non-designated heritage of a possible fort (MHG2301). This was visited and this localised woodland and forestry plantation. This extends throughout the 2 km study area. There are two small rocky outcrop has been mostly destroyed by quarrying activity. Only a small portion of the hill remains areas classed as rough grazing from the 20th century, though one of these areas at the eastern boundary and there is no trace at all of any possible hill. In addition to this, the identification of this high point as a st nd of the Development was previously the site of an 18th century quarry. A small number of the blocks fort appears only on the 1 edition Ordnance Survey map. It is not labelled as such on the 2 edition, or which are currently labelled as woodland have previous landuse noted. These are the areas of the any subsequent editions. crofting settlements within the Development: Blackpark (MHG13192) and Balmogie (MHG13193), the 12.3.57 A number of shielings and former farmsteads were identified from the HHER located within the site shieling huts of Clashcraggan (MHG13692) and Clashmore (MHG13693). This demonstrates that there (MHG13692, MHG13693, MHG13360, MHG13192 and MHG20311). Some of these were identified is some time depth within the Development Site boundary though this has largely been eradicated by during the walkover, however a number were located within the dense forest stands and unable to be modern forestry. accessed. 12.3.52 The nature of this landscape is rough grazing and commercial forestry. Remnants of former landscape 12.3.58 Views from the Development Site were extensive to the south with views of the sea possible. Views east survive with the ruins and remains of crofting settlements and with the remnants of the post-medieval and west were blocked by the forest stands; however the undulating nature of this landscape, incised by and possibly prehistoric farming landscape just outside the 2 km study area to the south around Forse. river valleys was also clear to see. Long distance views east and west were possible, but the undulating These areas demonstrate some time depth, though in some areas this has been made less clear and nature of the landscape makes it difficult to have a continuous view. Views north were foreshortened by less easy to interpret because of modern agriculture, improvement of land and commercial forestry. The the higher ground of Cnoc Earrabbauche, Stemster Hill and Ballharn Hill. remnants of the historic landscape are scattered but do provide an understanding of the agricultural use 12.3.59 No previously unknown archaeological assets were identified during the walkover. of the land and the evolution of agricultural practise. For example the move down from the highlands Archaeological Potential when the peat began to form around the Bronze Age, Iron Age approximately 1,000 years ago, the 12.3.60 Within the 2 km study area, there are 76 non-designated assets. reduction of viable agricultural land and the introduction of the crofting way of life. Then in the 20th 12.3.61 The archaeological potential also considers the designated assets within the surrounding landscape, and century the emergence of commercial forestry, reshaping this landscape with large, dense blocks of it is from this that the potential for prehistoric activity is derived from. Within the wider 10 km area there forest in an area which is traditionally very open with few woodland stands. The few areas of historic are prehistoric non-designated assets, but very few within 2 km. This does not reduce the potential for landscape which remain will still remain after the construction and operation of the Development. The prehistoric archaeology to be uncovered within the Development Site; however the nature of modern introduction of turbines into this landscape will produce some change, in that it will introduce moving commercial forestry activity means that the potential for prehistoric assets to survive is low to very low. elements into this landscape. However this will not impact upon the understanding of the agricultural economic evolution of this landscape, nor will it diminish the legibility of the historic landscape units. Table 12.5 Predictability of sites Site Walkover 12.3.53 The walkover of the Development Site involved accessing areas of working forest. The weather was Likelihood of further discovery extremely wet and the ground conditions were very boggy, wet and uneven underfoot. Areas of the Period Visibility of Assets Presence/Absence within the Development boundary Development were inaccessible due to health and safety concerns regarding the instability of the ground conditions and the waterlogged peat creating soft ground. In addition in areas of recent felling, the Good – landscape has Low possibility – especially due ground was extremely unstable with large holes caused by the removal of stumps creating unsafe Prehistoric many prehistoric assets Present to the impact of the commercial walking conditions. Photographs of the site visit are presented in Appendix 12.4 within ES Volume 3. standing forestry activity 12.3.54 The topography of the site is relatively flat, but sloping down generally from north to south. Turbines 1, 2, Roman Not visible Absent Not likely 3 and 4 lie at the highest point of the site, around 190m Above Ordnance Datum (AOD). The site then has a gradual fall of around between 40 and 50 m with T16 at the lowest level of approximately 140 m Early Medieval Not visible Absent Not likely Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 12-12

Table 12.5 Predictability of sites as Cnoc Vigas (MHG2301) labelled as a possible fort or enclosure (Figure 12.5 ES Volume 2b. This is discussed in more detail in the description of impact from temporary quarry 2 (TQ2). The access track Likelihood of further discovery Period Visibility of Assets Presence/Absence within the Development will run around the base of the former Cnoc Vigas and it is here the asset is located, not the low ground boundary surrounding the rocky knoll. It is unlikely there is anything of archaeological value remaining at ground level given the construction of the forestry tracks and the extensive quarrying and removal of stone within Medieval Not visible Absent Not likely Cnoc Vigas which has taken place. Therefore there will be no physical impact upon MHG2301 from the proposed access track. There is the possibility that the new sections of access track, where it deviates Excellent many of the from the current access track, could physically impact upon unknown archaeological assets. The key ruined crofting Low possibility – the nature of the settlements and mapping and place name characteristics of this asset lie in its archaeological and historic value in the information they provide for Post-Medieval Present farmhouses date from evidence indicates that discovery the use of this area and evidence for the agricultural economy. The magnitude of change is judged to be the post-medieval of unknown croft sites is unlikely Medium as only a portion of each identified asset may be affected by the Develpoment; the period archaeological and historic interests would remain. The sensitivity of the assets is judged as no more than Low. The significance of effect prior to mitigation is therefore judged to be Minor adverse. 12.4 Potential Effects 12.4.6 A crane hardstanding and turbine laydown area would be located adjacent to each turbine and remain in place during the lifetime of the wind farm. The crane pad would measure 44 m by 30 m (maximum 12.4.1 The iterative design process has already been taken into account during the assessment process. This dimensions). They would require the stripping of topsoil within the footprint of the hardstanding and the has served to reduce setting impacts wherever possible. laying down of sub-base. None of the proposed crane pads or turning heads are located in close 12.4.2 After undertaking an initial assessment (please refer to Appendix 12.2; ES Volume 3), it was identified proximity to known heritage assets. There is the potential that the areas of hardstanding could impact that 12 Scheduled Monuments, five Listed Buildings and two non-designated heritage assets had the upon previously unknown archaeological deposits. The interest of these would lie in their archaeological potential to be indirectly impacted by the Development. The assessment of the setting of these assets, value which would not be entirely eradicated by the Development. This magnitude of change is judged and how it contributes to the understanding of the asset, is set out in full in Appendix 12.2 (ES Volume to be Medium given the potential sensitivity of the archaeology to be encountered and the likelihood of 3). Appendix 12.2 also provides a description which clearly sets out what the asset is, what the setting removing only a portion in most cases of an asset. As an unknown asset, the sensitivity is considered as contributes to the understanding and key characteristics and finally an assessment of whether the asset no more than Low and therefore the significance of effect prior to mitigation is Minor adverse. would have the potential to experience impacts from the Development. It is from this full understanding 12.4.7 Two cranes will be working within the site during the construction period and it is possible that there of the setting and key characteristics of the asset, that has allowed the number considered within the ES would be temporary setting impacts from this. As no part of the crane would be taller that the turbines chapter to be reduced, allowing the discussion here to be succinct and focussed. operational tip height and would be in place for a short time span, these impacts would be no greater 12.4.3 Figure 12.5 illustrates the location of the assets considered in this section and is presented in ES Volume than the setting impacts from the operational turbines and can therefore be assessed and mitigated 2b. where possible in the same way. The crane boom therefore constitutes a Low temporary impact on the Construction setting of heritage assets. 12.4.4 The construction of the Development would include a number of elements each of which have the 12.4.8 A cabling route is required to be excavated adjacent to the access track. The underground cables within potential to impact upon heritage assets. The magnitude of impacts relating to these activities is the Development Site will be laid in trenches approximately 1 m in width and 1.5 m in depth and will assessed below. broadly follow the access tracks. 12.4.5 Sections of new access track with turning heads would be required. The track would be 5m wide with 12.4.9 A substation and control building measuring 100 m x 50 m are required as part of the Development. The slightly more land take required at turning heads. Portions of the access track will utilise existing forestry building would be designed to integrate with their surroundings and will be designed in the local access (see Figure 4.1 (ES Volume 2b) for details). The majority of the track (9.57 km) will be of new vernacular and would not create a setting impact. The location of the substation does not impact upon construction with 4.28 km being upgraded existing track. As part of the new and upgrade of existing any known archaeological assets, but there is the potential that the construction of the building could access tracks, there will be 18 watercourse crossings (7 new crossings and 11 upgraded existing physically impact upon unknown archaeology. The interest of these would lie in their archaeological crossings. The access track runs in close proximity to a small number of identified heritage assets value which would not be entirely eradicated by the Development. The sensitivity of this is considered to including a shieling hut at Clashcraggan (MHG13692) and another shieling hut at Clashmore be no more than Low. This magnitude of change is judged to be Medium. Before mitigation, the (MHG13693). At present, the route of the access tracks does not impact upon any of these assets, significance of effect is judged as Minor adverse. however if the turbines were to be micro-sited, thus leading to a re-routing of an access track, care will 12.4.10 A construction compound for set-down and storage of materials and site cabins will be created. It be taken to avoid these known assets. The track between T2 and T3 passes through an asset labelled requires an area of 135 m x 75 m. The construction of the compound would not impact upon any known Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 12-13

archaeological assets. However there is the possibility that it could physically impact upon unknown Forse to the south give this monument the potential to provide information on continuity of landscape and archaeology. This magnitude of change is judged to be Medium. As an unknown asset, it is considered social stratification. as Low sensitivity and therefore the significance of effect before mitigation is judged to be Minor 12.4.17 The assessment in Appendix 12.2 (ES Volume 3) identifies and describes the setting of the asset and adverse. what this contributes towards the key characteristics and understanding. An important part of the setting 12.4.11 Meteorological masts – there would be a permanent meteorological mast within the Development Site. of this asset is its location in close proximity to a number of other broch sites and the grouping of The impact of this would be no greater, nor would it add a cumulative effect to the operational turbines. prehistoric assets at Forse to the south. The setting is formed by the brochs of Golsary, Appnag Tulloch, Therefore the meteorological mast would have no additional effect to report. The Tulloch and the wag of Forse, also an Iron Age asset as well as the views over to the sea. The 12.4.12 Excavation of borrow pits – A number of borrow pits are required within the Development Site to win purpose of a broch is not well understood. Whilst it is possible they had a defensive type of function, material for the construction phase. Four are proposed within the Development Site. The excavation of they have no external windows and thus views from the asset do not contribute to the understanding of BP2 is in the vicinity of, and would likely physically impact upon the remains of Cnoc Vigas (MHG2301), the asset. It is more likely that they were intended as visible and powerful symbols of wealth and status, a non-designated asset of Low sensitivity. This asset is recorded as the site of a possible fort or indicating control over land and resources. Cultural Heritage Photomontage C (Appendix 12.3 ES enclosure but this has never been proven. The location of the asset has been significantly damaged and Volume 3) shows that there is the potential for two or three blade tips to be visible when looking from the reduced by quarrying activity. The excavation of BP2 here has the potential to remove any remaining broch northeast. It has been established that views from the broch would not be of significance therefore elements of this asset, however it is likely that nothing remains of any possible heritage asset. The key the view of blade tips does not create an impact or a reduction in understanding. Views of the broch do characteristics of this asset, if it is indeed a fort are its archaeological and historic interest in the contribute towards the understanding. They help to reinforce the function and ideology of this asset as a information it provides for the use of the landscape in the Iron Age and possible material culture. The symbol of wealth and there is the added aspect of the view containing other brochs and broadly majority of this interest has already been removed by quarrying. Therefore, although the magnitude of contemporary assets. The view towards Rumster from the south would have the Development as a change is predicted to be High, using professional judgement and the likelihood that the majority of the backdrop. This has the potential to reduce the visual dominance of the asset and its symbolic power. It asset has been removed, the significance of effect prior to mitigation is judged as Minor adverse. also has the potential to reduce the ability to appreciate the brochs in this landscape and the understanding of how and why these brochs were located here. The key intrinsic characteristics would 12.4.13 The excavation of borrow pits 1, 3 and 4 would not physically impact upon known archaeological assets, not in any way be diminished or reduce and nor would the appreciation of the relationship between the however there is the potential that the temporary quarries would physically and permanently impact upon broch and the landscape. The view of the turbines as a backdrop will only occupy a small portion of the unknown archaeology. The magnitude of change is judged to be Medium. The sensitivity is judged to be viewshed and these assets are experienced in the 360 degree landscape. The magnitude of change on Low and therefore the significance of effect before mitigation is judged to be Minor adverse. the setting of the asset is judged to be Low. The significance of effect before mitigation is Moderate 12.4.14 Turbine construction – the proposed locations of the 19 turbines are not in close proximity to any known adverse. archaeological assets. There is the potential for the construction of the turbine bases to physically 12.4.18 Golsary broch on west bank of Burn of Golsary (SM550), an asset of High sensitivity has the potential to impact upon unknown archaeological assets. The magnitude of change is judged to be Medium. The experience long-term, indirect setting impacts from the operation of the Development. The Iron Age sensitivity of unknown assets is judged as Low and the significance of effect prior to mitigation is judged broch is located at 125 m AOD and within a landscape containing a number of other brochs and earlier to be Minor adverse. prehistoric assets. The asset survives as a grassy mound 20 m in diameter and 3.5 m high with an 12.4.15 There would be no effect upon historic buildings or the historic landscape resulting from the construction external rampart and ditch. The intrinsic characteristics of this asset lie in its archaeological and historic of the Development. Although there would be temporary views of the construction and an increase in value in the information it provides for Iron Age society the utilisation of the landscape. The asset also construction traffic, these effects are not considered to be significant. has potential to provide information on the architecture and construction of brochs and add to the Operation understanding of the function of these assets. The location of a large number of other brochs in close proximity gives this monument the potential to provide information on continuity of landscape and social 12.4.16 Rumster broch, 200 m WSW of Forse (SM573) is an asset of High sensitivity and has the potential to stratification. The existence of ditches at this broch may be for defensive purposes or may another experience long-term, indirect setting impacts from the operation of the Development. The monument is signifier of power and control, creating a separation from the lower social classes. an Iron Age broch situated to the south of the Development at 120 m AOD and survives as a grassy 12.4.19 The setting of Golsary broch is enhanced by the proximity of a number of other possibly contemporary mound 2.7 m high and 15 m in diameter. The intrinsic characteristics of this asset lie in its brochs including Rumster, The Tulloch and Appnag Tulloch and is also formed by the Burn of Golsary archaeological and historic value in the information it provides for Iron Age society and how they viewed which is directly adjacent. The broch is a visible element within the valley and this and the land to the and utilised the landscape. The asset also has potential to provide information on the architecture and south all form an important part of the setting and contribute to the understanding. Views from the broch construction of brochs and add to the understanding of the function of these assets. The location of a do not contribute towards the setting or understanding. Although the function of brochs is still unclear, large number of other brochs in close proximity, including the broadly contemporary monuments around there are no external windows and thus it is likely that views from the broch do not add to the understanding. The views of the asset reinforce the function of a broch as a symbol of power, wealth Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 12-14

and status. It was a structure intended to be seen within a landscape of contemporary assets and as a reconstructed) chambered cairns, one long cairn with external horns and a round cairn. These assets dominant asset and therefore views of the asset do add to the significance. Cultural Heritage are located on higher ground overlooking the Camster Burn. The intrinsic characteristics of this asset lie Photomontage B (ES Volume 2c) shows that with the current vegetation, there are unlikely to be any in its archaeological and historic value in the information it provides for funerary practise, architecture views of the turbines from the asset, however it is likely that the turbines will form a backdrop to views of and the division and utilisation of this landscape. The survival of the horned area provides information on the turbine from the south, from the contemporary brochs and the prehistoric landscape to the south. the interaction between the living and the dead. The presence of the turbines will slightly diminish the dominance of the broch within the landscape, 12.4.23 The setting of these assets is provided by the Camster Burn and the hollow of the valley in which it is however the ability to understand the function, the relationship with the other assets and the relationship situated. When moving between the monuments at Camster there is an enclosed feeling, with few long- within the landscape will remain intact. The archaeological and historic value will not be impacted in any distance views available to or from the assets. These cairns would have been large and visible way. The view of the turbines as a backdrop will only occupy a small portion of the viewshed and these structures within this landscape, however the location of these within the valley precludes long-distance assets are experienced in the 360 degree landscape. The magnitude of change is therefore judged to be views. The Historic Environment Scotland interpretation board provides further evidence that these Low. The significance of effect prior to mitigation is judged as Moderate adverse. monuments were not intended as landscape markers, or to have long distance, or intervisible views 12.4.20 Rhianrivach broch (SM575) is an asset of High sensitivity which has the potential to experience a long between other monuments in the distant landscape. It states that these cairns were “carefully located in term indirect impact from the operation of the turbines. This Iron Age broch is located at 110 m AOD on a hollow that, unusually, has no views of the sea or the hills. It may have been a place of ancestral the southwest facing slope of Achow Hill. The asset survives as a grassy mound 2.4 m in height and 18 significance or to celebrate the nearby source of the Wick River” (Historic Scotland Interpretation Board m in diameter. The broch is located in close proximity to four other brochs, Golsary, Rumster, The at Grey Cairns of Camster). It is also noted that this asset is a promoted tourist attraction. Impacts and Tulloch and Appnag Tulloch. It is unknown whether these were all extant and occupied at the same time effects on this are assessed as part of the Landscape and Visual Chapter, as impacts to the amenity but it is likely they would have been an imposing presence within the landscape. The intrinsic value of the asset. The Camster Wind Farm is visible from this asset in views north. This wind farm is in characteristics of this asset are its historic and archaeological value in the information it provides for Iron much closer proximity that the Development but the views of the turbines do not impact upon the Age society and how they viewed and utilised the landscape. The asset also has potential to provide appreciation of the cairns within landscape or their ritual and funerary purpose. VP1 of the LVIA information on the architecture and construction of brochs and add to the understanding of the function of photomontages (Figure 7.7 Appendix 12.3 ES Volume 3) shows that there are possible views of the these assets. The location of a large number of other brochs in close proximity, including the broadly blade tips available when looking across the cairns. The description of the cairns themselves identify contemporary monuments around Forse to the west southwest give this monument the potential to that the undulating valley landscape has created an enclosed feeling, with little appreciation of long- provide information on continuity of landscape and social stratification. It also provides the potential to distance views. The cairns were placed here deliberately at the 110 m contour. There are higher compare broch architecture and construction methodology. elevations available within this landscape and it is likely that the primary relationship of these cairns is 12.4.21 The setting of the asset is formed by the contemporary assets and the prehistoric landscape though with the watercourse and valley and not intended as long-distance markers or monuments within the there is a slight sense of separation from the assets to the west with the Burn of Achsinegar. The landscape. It is established therefore that the views from this asset do not add to the understanding of function of brochs in not fully understood. They have no external windows and therefore views from the the asset. Despite the relative proximity of the Development, possible views towards the blade tips do asset do not contribute towards the understanding. Brochs were most likely built as a symbol of wealth not contribute to the understanding. Nor will the views together with the views of the Camster Wind Farm and power and therefore views of the asset are of significance, reinforcing the ideology of brochs as create an additional impact. The intrinsic characteristics of the asset will remain unchanged. The status symbols. Viewpoint 7 and 8 in the LVIA photomontages gives an approximation of the views from magnitude of change is therefore judged to be negligible. The significance of effect prior to mitigation is the asset towards the Development and the views from the south to the north which could include the judged as Minor adverse. broch. The views from the asset northwards contribute nothing to the understanding. Although the 12.4.24 Wag of Forse (SM2301) and Forse House settlement including burnt mounds, cairns and field systems turbines appear as a fairly large presence in this view, there are no brochs in this location and the higher (SM7242) are both assets of High sensitivity with the potential to experience long-term, indirect setting marginal land contributes nothing towards the understanding. There is the potential that views from the impacts from the operation of the Development. These assets are considered together as they form part south, for example within the prehistoric landscape at Forse, or when moving from the coast north would of a larger contiguous asset which although it spans millennia, from the Bronze Age to the medieval have the turbines as a backdrop to views. This and the proximity of the turbines to the asset means that period, the setting and key characteristics of the asset are intrinsically linked and the setting of each the dominance of the broch in the landscape could be challenged when viewed from contemporary asset contributes to the setting of the other. The assets consist of the wag of Forse, a complex feature assets to the southwest. There would still be a good understanding of the broch whose setting is clearly containing a number elements including the wag itself, a rare site type of an Iron Age galleried dwelling, associated with the saddle of land overlooking the coast. The archaeological and historic characteristics possibly for livestock, an earlier dun with additional round houses. Forse House settlement consists of a of the asset will not be changed. When viewing the broch, the turbines will occupy a small portion of the variety of features spanning thousands of years from Bronze Age burnt mounds, hut circles with viewshed when viewing the asset from the southwest within the contemporary historic landscape, medieval and post-medieval farmsteads and associated cultivation features. The asset lie on a south however as the majority of the view remains intact, the impact is judged to be Low. The significance of facing slope between 120 m AOD and 100 m AOD. To the north of this area are two brochs dating from effect before mitigation will be Moderate adverse. the Iron Age. The intrinsic characteristics of these assets lie in their archaeological and historic value. 12.4.22 The Grey Cairns of Camster (SM90056) are assets of High sensitivity with the potential to experience The continued use of this landscape provides valuable information on society, the utilisation of landscape long term indirect impacts from the Development. The asset covers two well-preserved (and Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 12-15

and the division of landscape. It also provides information on material culture and the agrarian economy magnitude of change is therefore judged to be Low. The significance of effect prior to mitigation is along with possible ritual elements with the burnt mound. Moderate adverse. 12.4.25 These assets are domestic in nature. There is evidence of possible defensive duns, but this fell out of 12.4.28 Achavar broch (SM510) is an Iron Age asset of High sensitivity which has the potential to experience use and the domestic and settlement assets survive. As a domestic settlement, views to and from the long term, indirect impacts from the Development. The asset survives as a grassy mound 1.8 m high asset do not form a key part of the understanding or characteristics of the asset. The later arrival of and 20 m in diameter. The intrinsic characteristics of the asset lie in its archaeological and historic value brochs indicates a form of control over this landscape, but from these assets, the views are incidental. in the information it provides for Iron Age society and culture including the utilisation and division of the The setting is provided by the number of other contemporary assets and the water courses which would land and possible evidence of social elites and hierarchy. The number of other brochs in the region have been vital for subsistence. The slope of Ben a chielt to the west provides some shelter and the offers the opportunity for comparison and evidence of the development of broch architecture and surrounding agricultural land forms part of the setting as this was the economy of the area. The construction techniques. The asset has historic value as evidence of the occupation and narrative Development Site may once have formed part of this agricultural land, particularly in the Neolithic, before history of this area and with the other brochs indicates a landscape with social groupings controlling the formation of the peat layers. Now the land is forested but with plans to remove some areas and areas of local resource. The setting of the broch is the Clyth Burn and the east facing slope of the valley. return it to agricultural use, this could bring the Development back into the setting of the assets. There The asset is located in a prominent position within the valley, though not in a defendable position. The will be views of the Development from these assets however it has been established that views from and function of brochs is not clear though it is likely that they were symbols of wealth and power, indicating to this asset do not contribute to the understanding of the asset. The understanding of the assets will control of local resources, therefore views towards the broch contribute to this understanding. There is a remain intact and none of the intrinsic characteristics will experience any change. The proximity of the possible visual relationship between this broch, and the Greenhill broch to the north. The turbines will turbines does introduce a new and moving element within the landscape and this will impact slightly upon not be visible when viewing Achavar broch from the north and the primary relationship and setting of this the appreciation of the agricultural landscape. The magnitude of impact is judged to be Negligible. The asset is the valley of the Clyth Burn. The turbines may be visible from this asset however this will not significance of effect prior to mitigation is judged as Minor adverse. reduce the ability to appreciate the understanding of this broch as a symbol of power, nor will it reduce 12.4.26 The two brochs of Appnag Tulloch (SM519) and the Tulloch (Usshilly) broch and field system (SM599) the idea of the visual dominance of the broch. The intrinsic characteristics of the broch will not be located to the south of the Development have been considered together for the purposes of the reduced or changed in any way. The magnitude of impact is judged to be Negligible. The significance of assessment. Both assets are of High sensitivity and both have the potential to experience long-term, effect prior to mitigation is judged to be Minor adverse. indirect setting impacts from the Development. They are both of the same type and in extremely close 12.4.29 Greenhill broch (SM552) is an asset of High sensitivity which has the potential to experience long term, proximity to one another. The setting of both assets is the valley sides overlooking the Burn of Forse. indirect impacts from the Development. This Iron Age broch survives as a grassy mound 2.4 m high and These brochs should also be seen in the context of the well-preserved prehistoric landscape in which 19.5 m in diameter. The intrinsic characteristics of the asset lie in its archaeological and historic value in they sit with a number of other brochs in close proximity and the Wag of Forse and the Forse House the information it provides for Iron Age society, the utilisation and division of the landscape and the settlement both located in extremely close proximity. These last two assets in particular indicate a well- material culture of the people that occupied this space. It also provides information on broch used and continuously occupied area of low- lying ground. The survival of these elements serves to construction and architecture, and offers the opportunity for comparison with other brochs in the area. enhance the whole area, but also to enhance the setting and contribute a great deal to the understanding The setting of this asset is formed by the valley of the Clyth Burn and the east facing slope upon which it of the brochs. Both brochs survive as grassy mounds around 18 m to 19 m in diameter located around is situated. The broch is located in a prominent position in the landscape and would have been a large 200 m apart. Whether both of these brochs were in use at the same time is unknown but they would and visible monument and a clear sign of the wealth and power of those who had built it. Views from this have been imposing presences within this landscape. The intrinsic characteristics of these brochs are asset do not contribute to the understanding. It is a monument which was intended to be seen. When their archaeological and historic value in the evidence they provide for Iron Age society and how they moving north, from Achavar broch, the broch would come into view. There is the potential that the utilised the landscape. The association with the other assets within this prehistoric landscape adds to the turbines will appear within the same view when looking north, but this view would change and not be historic value and the chronological narrative. The proximity of other brochs also allows comparison and static as one moved through the landscape. There will be views of the turbines from the asset, and in evidence of the emergence of a social elite. fairly close proximity. However the views are foreshortened by the rising slope of Braedmarloch Hill to 12.4.27 The setting of these brochs is the Burn of Forse and the other assets within this heavily utilised the west. In addition, the views from the asset west do not contribute towards the understanding of the landscape. The number of brochs within this landscape indicates that the knowledge and views between asset. The primary views and relationship is with the valley of the Clyth Burn. The intrinsic these brochs do contribute to the understanding of the assets. It is likely that brochs were constructed to characteristics of the asset will not be changed and nor will the ability to understand the broch and its be symbols of power and wealth and were intended to be visible within the landscape. Views from the relationship with the landscape. The magnitude of change is therefore judged to be Negligible. The asset do not contribute towards the understanding, they have no external windows. Views between and significance of effect prior to mitigation is judged to be Minor adverse. of these two brochs have the potential to have the Development as a backdrop, particularly when viewed 12.4.30 Ballachly broch (SM520) is an asset of High sensitivity which has the potential to experience long term, from the south. This will reduce the dominance of the assets and reduce the understanding of them as indirect impacts from the Development. This Iron Age asset is represented by a grassy mound 3.9 m symbols of power. The intrinsic characteristics of the assets will not be affected by the Development and high and located at 150 m AOD. The intrinsic characteristics of this asset lie in its archaeological and the views containing the turbines will not totally remove or reduce the understanding of the asset. The historic value, in the information it provides for Iron Age society and the utilisation and division of the landscape. It also has potential to provide information on broch architecture and material culture as well Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 12-16

as information on the historic narrative and chronology of the area. The setting of this asset is the Burn the estate and contributes to the setting. The setting is formed by the estate boundaries, with a clear of Tacher to the west, the Allt Buaile nan Gillean to the east and Loch Stemster to the south. The division between the designed landscape and ornamental planting and the rough grazing and agricultural function of brochs is not well understood but it is likely that they were constructed as symbols of power land. The estate is self-contained with boundary walls and tree belt. The principal aspect of Forse and wealth, by a social elite who had control over local resources. Views from the asset do not add to House is south facing and the drive way to the house is heavily tree lined with specimen trees and thus the understanding of the asset, but views towards the asset reinforce the ideology of the brochs as no views are available outside the drive, and the turbines are not visible in the reveal of the house when symbols of power. The setting of this asset is also the general agricultural landscape surrounding the emerging from the driveway. Whilst glimpses of the turbines may be available from different parts of the broch, however much of this has been lost due to the formation of peat layers. Views from the north estate, they will not appear in any designed views, nor in any views which contribute towards the setting would have the turbines as a backdrop to the broch, however there are no contemporary assets in this of the asset. Views from the dovecot, walled garden and other service buildings do not contribute area and the views would simply be from within the wider landscape, which contributes some aspect to towards their understanding. They were not intended to have views and thus views of the turbines will the understanding. Although the turbines will be visible from this asset, this will not affect the not impact upon the understanding or setting. The impact upon all assets within the Forse Estate is understanding of the asset within the landscape, nor will any of the intrinsic characteristics be changed. judged to be No change. The significance of effect prior to mitigation is therefore judged to be Neutral. The magnitude of change is judged to be Negligible. The significance of effect prior to mitigation is 12.4.33 The Corr (LB7935) a category A listed building of High sensitivity has the potential to experience long- therefore judged to be Minor adverse. term, indirect setting impact from the operations turbines. It is a rare survival of a 19th century traditional 12.4.31 The Cairns of Warehouse (SM436) are assets of High sensitivity and have the potential to experience Caithness croft house which expanded into a small farmstead settlement. Many of the original buildings long term, indirect impacts from the Development. There is a grouping of six burial cairns within this remain albeit in a very poor state of repair. The building is currently on the Buildings at Risk Register. It asset located on the northern end of Warehouse Hill with the highest at around 180 m AOD. These has been established in the assessment table in Appendix 12.2 (ES Volume 3) that the setting of the cairns are located in a prominent position and panoramic views are afforded from the assets. The setting asset is the lower slopes of Ben a chielt and the agricultural land within which is currently sits. Views of the cairns is formed by the large number of additional prehistoric assets within this landscape in from and of the asset do not contribute towards the understanding of the asset, other than reinforcing the particular to the east, south and north. The setting is also formed by the Loch of Yarrows, Loch Watenan agricultural setting. Although many of the contemporary croft houses are gone, there is still an and the Loch of Warehouse, all of which can be seen from the cairn grouping. These cairns are understanding of the function of the asset. Its significance lies in its intrinsic architectural characteristics monuments to the dead. Although located on high ground, there is no sense that the higher ground was and its rarity and the contribution it makes to the narrative history and understanding of agriculture within a significant contributing factor to location. Only one of the six is located at the highest point with the Caithness in the 18th and 19th centuries. The Development will be visible from the asset. Cultural others scattered along the lower levels of the slope to the east, with the emphasis seemingly on Heritage Viewpoint F (CH F ES Appendix 12.3 Volume 3) shows that the turbines will be visible when association with the valley and water body rather than occupying the high ground. The monuments looking northeast. The Development lies in land which was once agricultural and now given over to would have been visible in the landscape, however the undulating valleys of the 10 km study area means forest, however parts of this are retained and will return to rough grazing thus meaning the Development that there would be no long distance appreciation. The views contribute a little towards the Site does lie within the broad setting of the asset and can contribute towards our understanding. understanding of the asset by providing the visual connection between the other prehistoric monument, However the view shown by CH F is only a 90 degree view from the asset. When present in the the valley and the water bodies. The views to the west of the assets are compromised and dominated by landscape it is clear that there are 360 degree views from the asset, all of which contain the same the turbines of the Burn of Whilk Windfarm. In addition, the views west are foreshortened by rising and agricultural rough grazing land which contributes to the setting. Therefore whilst the positioning of the undulating ground but the Development will be visible behind this wind farm. This will add another turbines may bring a modern element into one aspect of the view, the understanding of the function and moving element into this viewshed. However the views east, north and south would be towards reason for this building remains as does the contribution made by the wider surrounding landscape. The contemporary cairn monument and thus contribute in a more significant way to the understanding. This magnitude of impact is considered to be Negligible and the significance of effect before mitigation is 360 degree view is demonstrated in Viewpoint 12 of the Landscape and Visualisation Appendix 7.7. The judged as Minor adverse. understanding of the intrinsic archaeological and historic value and the information the cairns provide for 12.4.34 The fort at Yarrows (MHG2224) is a non-designated asset. Consideration of its survival and association society and funerary ritual will not be changed by the Development. The magnitude of impact is judged with the scheduled monuments around Loch of Yarrows, Loch Watenan and Loch of Waterhouse have to be Negligible. The significance of effect prior to mitigation is therefore judged to be Minor adverse. indicated that it is an asset of Medium sensitivity with the potential to experience long term, indirect 12.4.32 The listed buildings of the Forse Estate are considered here as one group, as their setting is reliant and setting impacts from the Development. The asset survives in poor condition and the identification as a associated with each other. The grouping consists of the Forse House Dovecot (category A LB7949) fort is tentative. It occupies a good natural defensive position with a plateau of land surrounded in part which is considered as an asset of High sensitivity, Forse House (category B LB7946), Forse House by a wall and in part by natural cliffs. The setting of the asset is formed by the waterbodies of the walled garden and small house to rear (category B LB7947) and Nottingham Mains Steading (category B surrounding lochs and the earlier assets of the cairns. The setting, as a defensive asset is also formed LB8000). These are asset of medium sensitivity. Their grouping and the survival of important aspects of by the views from and to the asset. These are intrinsically linked to the function of the asset. The key the estate, including the lodge which is not considered here (see Appendix 12.2 for justification; ES view here is southeast to the scheduled monument of Garrywhin fort a contemporary monument with the Volume 3) adds to the understanding and as such, the assets grouping will be considered as being of same function. The views from this fort are panoramic. The views east. South and north contain a high value. The intrinsic characteristics of the asset lies in the historic and architectural value especially number of other assets but the views west are slightly foreshortened by the undulating ground and valley of the category A listed dovecot. The survival of a number of the original elements adds to the value of landscape. The views west are along ground at roughly the same height and thus offer no real defensive Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 12-17

benefit or height advantage. This is not the case with the views east and south. The views west are also 12.5 Mitigation compromised by the extant Burn of Whilk Windfarm which is in close proximity and provides a clear Construction dominance in the view. The Development will appear in the background of this and extend the window of 12.5.1 The ECoW appointed by the Applicant will monitor felling operation for the wind turbine and access view that turbines appear in. This is demonstrated in Viewpoint 12 of the Landscape and Visualisation tracks. Appendix 7.7. Although the views to the west contribute less than others, the defensive value of a fort relies on views and impediments to that reduce the significance. The cultural significance of the 12.5.2 The subsequent report from the ECoW will incorporate a detailed examination of the site of TQ2 to monument lies in its archaeological and historic value in the information it provides for defensive establish if any possible elements of the non-designated possible fort (MHG2301) survive in any architecture and techniques and the way that the landscape was utilised in the Iron Age. The intrinsic meaningful context. If there is some survival, this will be subject to excavation and recording prior to value of the asset will not be impacted by the Development, however the setting and the contribution that removal. makes to the understanding of the asset will be slightly changed thought the function of the asset will still 12.5.3 Micro-siting of the access track between T13 and the construction compound will not be undertaken be able to be understood. The magnitude of impact is judged to be Low. The significance of effect prior westwards to avoid impacting on the Clashcraggan shieling hut MHG13692. Micro-siting of the access to mitigation is therefore judged to be Minor adverse. track to T18 will not be undertaken northwards to avoid impacting upon the shieling hut of Clashmore 12.4.35 The cairn at Yarrows (MHG48208) is a non-designated asset. The association with the designated MHG13693. assets of the same type in close proximity, for example the scheduled Cairn of Yarrows means that its 12.5.4 All mitigation measures identified above will be discussed with the Highland Council Historic Environment setting and significance is enhanced and therefore the asset is considered to be of Medium sensitivity. Team prior to implementation. The possible cairn is located just below the 188 m summit of Warehouse Hill. It has been robbed out and survives as a low-lying feature within the landscape. The cultural significance of this asset lies in its Operation archaeological and historic value in the information it provides for land-use and funerary ritual. The 12.5.5 No additional mitigation is proposed for the operational phase. Where impacts upon the setting are association with a large number of other cairns indicates that this area was of importance for burials. identified there could be the potential to provide interpretation boards at the site of the relevant asset, The setting is formed by the waterbodies of Loch Watenan, Loch of Yarrows and Loch of Waterhouse however off-site mitigation is not recommended due to issues of landownership and maintenance. which the asset overlooks as well as the other contemporary and funerary assets. Views do not 12.5.6 Micro-siting of the turbines except where noted above, will not change any identified effects to a contribute a great deal to the significance of the asset. The asset is a monument of the dead. Although significant level. Thus there is no restriction on micro-siting within the Development Site. it may have been visible when first constructed, the undulating nature of this valley landscape means that Decommissioning the cairns would not be long-distance markers. The views offered from the cairn are panoramic to the east, north and south. This is demonstrated in Viewpoint 12 of the Landscape and Visualisation 12.5.7 No additional mitigation is required for the decommissioning phase. Appendix 7.7 which shows the 360 degree viewshed. The views west are dominated by the turbines of 12.6 Residual Effects the Burn of Whilk windfarm. The proximity of these turbines provides a distraction but the Development 12.6.1 A summary of the significance of the residual effects, based on the assessment matrix is presented in will appear in the background. Whilst this extends the field of disturbed view, it does not significantly add Table 12.6. to it, nor does it change the intrinsic characteristics of the asset or affect the understanding. The Construction magnitude of impact is judged to be Negligible. The significance of effect prior to mitigation is therefore judged to be Negligible. 12.6.2 There will be no residual construction effects on assets of high or medium value. The residual construction effects will be on assets of low value. Decommissioning · MHG2301 – Cnoc Vigas – there will be a permanent direct impact upon this asset. Mitigation is 12.4.36 During decommissioning all elements of the above ground infrastructure created for the Development are proposed in the form of a walkover survey and possible watching brief. This results in a Minor likely to be removed as standard. The potential impacts from this phase would be similar to the adverse residual effect; construction phase, for example a crane would be required on site to deconstruct the turbines, therefore · MHG13692 – Clashcraggan shieling – there is a potential direct permanent impact upon this asset if creating temporary setting impacts. the access tracks are micro-sited to cross the area. Mitigation is proposed in the form of avoiding 12.4.37 There will be no impact upon the archaeological resource from decommissioning as any archaeological micro-siting here. The residual effect is therefore Neutral. impacts would have been mitigated during the construction phase where required. Therefore the only · MHG13693 – Clashmore shieling - there is a potential direct permanent impact upon this asset if the impact associated with the decommissioning phase would be of further enhancement with the removal of access tracks are micro-sited to cross the area. Mitigation is proposed in the form of avoiding micro- the turbines and the associated effect on the setting of identified archaeological assets. siting here. The residual effect is therefore Neutral. 12.4.38 During decommissioning there would be temporary visual impacts resulting from the presence of the crane. However, this should be seen in the context of the further enhancement from the removal of the turbines and restoration of an assets setting. Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 12-18

12.6.3 Unknown archaeology – there will be a medium impact upon unknown archaeological assets. Mitigation · Forse House Cat B Listed Building LB7946 - there are no identified impacts upon this asset resulting is proposed in the form of monitoring of tree removal and possible archaeological fieldwork. The residual in a Neutral residual effect. effect is predicted to be Minor adverse. · Forse House walled garden and small house to rear Cat B Listed Building LB7947 - there are no Operation identified impacts upon this asset resulting in a Neutral residual effect. Nottingham Mains Steading Cat B Listed Building LB8000 - there are no identified impacts upon this 12.6.4 There will be a number of residual effects during operation following the implementation of additional · asset resulting in a Neutral residual effect. mitigation. These are predominantly Neutral or Minor adverse; however there are five Moderate Adverse effects predicted during operation due to low magnitude impacts on features of high sensitivity, which are · Fort at Yarrows MHG2224 – there would be a low magnitude of impact upon this asset. No mitigation considered significant. As no mitigation has been proposed for and of the identified impacts, the effects is proposed resulting in a Minor adverse effect. remain the same as discussed in section 12.4.16 above. · Cairns at Yarrows MHG48208 – there would be a negligible magnitude of impact upon this asset. No 12.6.5 For assets of high value: mitigation is proposed resulting in a Negligible effect. · Wag of Forse settlement Scheduled Monument SM2301 - there would be a negligible magnitude of impact on this asset. No mitigation is proposed resulting in a Minor adverse residual effect. Decommissioning

· Forse House settlement, cairns, burnt mound Scheduled Monument SM7242 – there would be a 12.6.7 The residual effects will be no greater than those assessed for the construction and operation phase on negligible magnitude of impact on this asset. No mitigation is proposed resulting in a Minor adverse the individual assets. residual effect. 12.7 Cumulative Effects · Grey Cairns of Camster Scheduled Monument SM90056 – there would be a negligible magnitude of Scope of Assessment impact on this asset. No mitigation is proposed resulting in a Minor adverse effect. · Appnag Tulloch broch Scheduled Monument SM519 – there would be a low magnitude of impact 12.7.1 There are 32 wind farms within a 35 km radius from the Development either at application, consented or upon this asset. No mitigation is proposed resulting in a Moderate adverse effect. operation stages. They vary from single turbines to offshore windfarms. · Golsary broch Scheduled Monument SM550 – there would be a low magnitude of impact upon this 12.7.2 Within 10 km of the Development are 13 wind farms which were considered as part of the cumulative asset. No mitigation is proposed resulting in a Moderate adverse effect. effects assessment. Of these schemes, four are at scoping stage. These have not been included in the · Rumster broch Scheduled Monument SM573 - there would be a low magnitude of impact upon this cumulative assessment as there is no certainty that these schemes will progress to a full planning asset. No mitigation is proposed resulting in a Moderate adverse effect. application. Two schemes are within the planning stage. Although there is no guarantee of permission · Rhianrivach broch Scheduled Monument SM575 - there would be a low magnitude of impact upon being granted, these schemes have been included in the cumulative assessment for completeness. this asset. No mitigation is proposed resulting in a Moderate adverse effect. Three schemes have been granted planning consent. These schemes will be included in the cumulative assessment. The remaining four schemes are operational wind farms. As these wind farms are already · The Tulloch (Usshilly) broch Scheduled Monument SM599 - there would be a low magnitude of impact upon this asset. No mitigation is proposed resulting in a Moderate adverse effect. extant within the landscape, they have been considered as part of the baseline and any identified impacts and effects have taken these existing wind farms into account. However they have also been · Achavar broch Scheduled Monument SM510 – there would be a negligible magnitude of impact upon considered here where any specific cumulative impacts have been identified. this asset. No mitigation is proposed resulting in a Minor adverse effect. · Greenhill broch Scheduled Monument SM552 - there would be a negligible magnitude of impact upon 12.7.3 After an initial assessment, the wind turbine developments to be included in the heritage cumulative this asset. No mitigation is proposed resulting in a Minor adverse effect. assessment are: · Ballachly broch Scheduled Monument SM520 - there would be a negligible magnitude of impact upon · Burn of Whilk – operational, 9 turbines; this asset. No mitigation is proposed resulting in a Minor adverse effect. · Buolfruich – operational, 15 turbines; · Cairns of Warehouse Scheduled Monument SM436 – there would be a negligible magnitude of · Bad a cheo – approved, 13 turbines; impact upon this asset. No mitigation is proposed resulting in a Minor adverse effect. · Halsary – approved, 15 turbines; · Forse House Dovecot Cat. A Listed Building LB7949 – there are no identified impacts upon this asset · Camster I – operational, 25 turbines; and resulting in a Neutral residual effect. · The Corr Cat. A Listed Building LB7935 - there would be a negligible magnitude of impact upon this 12.7.4 Strath cairn and hut circles Scheduled Monument (SM3520) will have views of the Development to the asset. No mitigation is proposed resulting in a Minor adverse effect. southwest. The view south from this asset is already dominated by Camster Wind Farm located approximately 2 km south. The Camster turbines occupy a large proportion of views to the south and 12.6.6 For assets of medium value: southeast, and the Development will increase the proportion of the viewshed which contains modern, Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 12-19

moving elements. In addition, the Wathager Wind Farm is located approximately 1.5 km to the east of 12.8 Summary the hut asset. This again provides clear and dominant views of wind turbines from this asset and again 12.8.1 Five Moderate adverse effects have been identified within this assessment: Appnag Tulloch broch, reduces the viewshed from this asset which does not contain any wind turbines. The Development Golsary broch, Rumster broch, Rhianrivach broch, and The Tulloch (Usshilly) broch. It has been however will be approximately 9.5 km to the southwest. The scale of the turbines will be much demonstrated by the assessment process that the turbines would bring about a change to the setting of diminished at this distance and will be difficult to discern in detail. Whilst they will still be visible, these assets, which would have an effect on the understanding of the key characteristics. However in intervening vegetation and the smaller scale within the view means that the turbines will not dominate, none of the cases does this equate to a substantial or total loss of significance or understanding. In none interrupt or block the views southwest. The most important views from this asset are associated with of the cases does the presence of the turbines diminish the intrinsic characteristics or understanding of the assets to such an extent that their form, function, value and setting would be severely affected. The Strath Burn with possible views across to Acherole and the stone circle and broch at this location. The key characteristics of the asset would be retained, though an element of the setting in each case would additional impact of the Development will not cause any further reduction in the value or significance of experience a reduction due to the presence of the turbines within their lifespan. this asset.

12.7.5 The consented Rumster Forest Wind Farm consists of three turbines in close proximity to the Development. There is the potential that the layout of this wind farm may conflict with the Development, causing stacking and overlapping of blades. However give the proximity of the turbines to the Development, it is likely that they will be seen as part of the same development. The location of the turbines is within the visual envelope of the Development and thus the predicted effects will be no greater through the interaction with Rumster Forest Wind Farm. 12.7.6 The Grey Cairns of Camster (SM90056), the Loch of Camster stone rows (SM463), Camster broch south (SM537) and Camster broch (SM536) currently have views of the operational Camster I Wind Farm as part of their setting and this has been considered as the baseline and already factored into the assessment. However for completeness, these assets will also be considered here. The Camster I Wind Farm is clearly visible due to its proximity between 2 km and 500 m north of the assets. The location of the Development will be between 3 km and 5 km to the south west. The setting of all of these assets is the valley of the Camster Burn. The undulating nature of this landscape limits long distance views and the assets are located in the linear hollow. The Camster I farm though in the setting, contributes nothing towards the understanding of these assets. Although the Development may be visible from these assets, at no time are they visible in combination with one another, and nor do the views in the direction of either wind farm contribute towards the understanding of the asset. There will be no additional impact. 12.7.7 The asset of Ballachly broch (SM520) will have views of the Development to the south, but it has been established that this would only constitute a minor adverse effect upon the understanding and key characteristics of the asset. The extensions and additions to the existing wind farms located to the north of the broch and Halsary and Bad a Cheo will bring turbines closer into the views northwards. There are already views to the existing wind farms to the north, and these extensions will not substantially increase the visual impact, but will bring the turbines into closer proximity. There will be a slight reduction in the understanding of the setting when viewed in combination with increased turbine numbers to the north and the Development to the southeast, but the magnitude of this change is not sufficient to register any additional level of effect.

12.7.8 These cumulative schemes are therefore not predicted to change the residual effects associated with the Development, when considered together. Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 12-20

Table 12.6 Summary of Assessment

Description of Receptor Description of Potential Effect Description of Residual Effect

Value / Magnitude Potential Residual Receptor Description of Impact Duration Summary of Mitigation Residual Impact Sensitivity of Change Significance Significance

Long term impact upon the setting of Wag of Forse settlement Minor High the asset from the operation of the Long term Negligible Minor adverse No mitigation As previous scheduled monument SM2301 adverse turbines

Forse House settlement, cairns, Long term impact upon the setting of Minor burnt mound scheduled High the asset from the operation of the Long term Negligible Minor adverse No mitigation As previous adverse monument SM7242 turbines

Long term impact upon the setting of Grey Cairns of Camster Minor High the asset from the operation of the Long term Negligible Minor adverse No mitigation As previous scheduled monument SM90056 adverse turbines

Long term impact upon the setting of Appnag Tulloch broch Moderate High the asset from the operation of the Long term Low Moderate adverse No mitigation As previous scheduled monument SM519 adverse turbines

Long term impact upon the setting of Golsary broch scheduled Moderate High the asset from the operation of the Long term Low Moderate adverse No mitigation As previous monument SM550 adverse turbines

Long term impact upon the setting of Rumster broch scheduled Moderate High the asset from the operation of the Long term Low Moderate adverse No mitigation As previous monument SM573 adverse turbines

Long term impact upon the setting of Rhianrivach broch scheduled Moderate High the asset from the operation of the Long term Low Moderate adverse No mitigation As previous monument SM575 adverse turbines

Long term impact upon the setting of The Tulloch (Usshilly) broch Moderate High the asset from the operation of the Long term Low Moderate adverse No mitigation As previous scheduled monument SM599 adverse turbines

Long term impact upon the setting of Achavar broch scheduled Minor High the asset from the operation of the Long term Negligible Minor adverse No mitigation As previous monument SM510 adverse turbines

Long term impact upon the setting of Greenhill broch scheduled Minor High the asset from the operation of the Long term Negligible Minor adverse No mitigation As previous monument SM552 adverse turbines

Long term impact upon the setting of Ballachly broch scheduled Minor High the asset from the operation of the Long term Negligible Minor adverse No mitigation As previous monument SM520 adverse turbines

Long term impact upon the setting of Minor Cairns of Warehouse SM436 High the asset from the operation of the Long term Negligible Minor adverse No mitigation As previous adverse turbines

Forse House Dovecot Cat. A High No setting impact identified Long term No change Neutral No mitigation As previous Neutral listed building LB7949

Forse House Cat B listed Medium No setting impact identified Long term No change Neutral No mitigation As previous Neutral building LB7946 Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 12-21

Table 12.6 Summary of Assessment

Description of Receptor Description of Potential Effect Description of Residual Effect

Value / Magnitude Potential Residual Receptor Description of Impact Duration Summary of Mitigation Residual Impact Sensitivity of Change Significance Significance

Forse House walled garden and small house to rear Cat B listed Medium No setting impact identified Long term No change Neutral No mitigation As previous Neutral building LB7947

Nottingham Mains Steading Cat Medium No setting impact identified Long term No change Neutral No mitigation As previous Neutral B listed building LB8000

The Corr Cat. A listed building Minor High Impact upon the setting of the asset Long term No change Minor adverse No mitigation As previous LB7935 Adverse

As previous – though the impact will not be The asset has been virtually entirely reduced, the fact that the entire asset has Physical impact from the extraction removed through recent quarrying. nearly been removed and the watching briefs Minor MHG2301 – Cnoc Vigas Low of material for borrow pits and Permanent High Moderate adverse Watching brief/walkover will be carried means that professional judgement has been Adverse access track out prior to further extraction to establish applied to the residual significance of effect survival of asset section

Mitigation would be to fence these Potential physical impacts if access MHG13692 – Clashcraggan assets off on site to avoid impact during Low tracks are micro-sited to cross over Permanent No change Neutral As previous Neutral shieling construction and to not allow micro-siting the site of the hut of the access route here

Mitigation would be to fence these Potential physical impacts if access MHG13693 – Clashmore assets off on site to avoid impact during Low tracks are micro-sited to cross over Permanent No change Neutral As previous Neutral shieling construction and to not allow micro-siting the site of the hut of the access route here

Long term impact upon the setting of MHG2224 – Fort at Yarrows Medium the asset from the operation of the Long term Low Minor adverse No mitigation As previous Minor adverse turbines

Long term impact upon the setting of MHG48208 - Cairn Medium the asset from the operation of the Long term Negligible Negligible No mitigation As previous Negligible turbines

Potential physical, permanent impacts to unknown archaeological Programme of archaeological Unknown archaeology Low Permanent Medium Minor adverse As previous Minor adverse assets from construction of turbines monitoring during deforestation and ancillary features Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 12-22

12.9 References Adkins, R. Adkins, L. & Leitch, V. (2008) The Handbook of British Archaeology London: Constable. McCullagh, R. & Tipping, R. (1998) The Lairg Project 1988-1996: The Evolution of an Archaeological Landscape in Andrew PK Wright, (2010). St. Mary’s Church, Lybster: Conservation Statement. Northern Scotland Midlothian: STAR (Scottish Trust for Archaeological Research). Armit, I. & Ralston, I. (1997) “The Iron Age” in Edwards, K. & Ralston, I. (eds.) Scotland After the Ice Age: Mercer, R. J. (1980). Archaeological Field Survey in Northern Scotland. University of Edinburgh Department of Environment, Archaeology and History 8000BC – AD1000 New York: John Wiley & Sons. Archaeology Occasional Paper No. 4 Armit, I. (2003), Towers in the North: The brochs of Scotland. The History Press. Stroud. Mills, A. (2003) Oxford Dictionary of British Place Names ¬Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ashmore, P. (1996) Neolithic and Bronze Age Scotland London; Batsford Ltd. ScARF, (2012) “Summary Roman Panel Document: Scotland, The Roman Presence” in Hunter. F & Carruthers. M (eds) Scottish Archaeological Research Framework: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Boyle, S. (2003) “Ben Lawers: An Improvement Period-Landscape on Lochtayside, Perthshire” in Goven, S. (ed.) Medieval or Later Rural Settlement in Scotland: 10 years on Edinburgh: Historic Scotland. Smibert, T. (1850) The Clans of the Highlands of Scotland: An Account of their Annals, with Delineations of their Tartans, and Family Arms Edinburgh: James Hogg. Cunliffe, B. (2012) Iron Age Communities in Britain: An Account of England, Scotland and Wales from the 7th Century BC until the Roman Conquest Oxon: Routledge. Wagner, P. (2012) Pictish Warrior AD297-841 Oxford: Osprey publishing. Dagg, C. (2001). Archaeological Assessment of the Area of Proposed Forestry at Lower Rumster, Forse, Whyte, I. (1999) “The Historical Geography of Britain from AD 1500: Landscape and Township” in Hunter, J. & Caithness. Raltston, I. (eds.) The Archaeology of Britain: an Introduction from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Industrial Revolution Oxon: Routledge. Devine, T. (1994) Clanship to Crofter’s War: The Social Transformations of the Scottish Highlands Manchester: Manchester University Press. Young, D. A The Book of Lybster. Volumes I & II. Norland Publishing. Lybster. Dixon, P. (2002) “The Medieval Peasant Building in Scotland” in Klapste, J. (ed.) The Rural House: From the Migration Period to the Oldest Still Standing Buildings Belgium: Brepols Publishers. Websites Graham, A. (1947)., ‘Some observations on the brochs’. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 81. http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/index/places/propertyresults/propertydetail.htm?PropID=PL_059. Date 48-99 accessed 23/12/13. Harden, J & Harvey, D. (1990). Archaeological Field Survey of Area to be Afforested by Fountain Forestry at http://thesaurus.english-heritage.org.uk. Date Accessed 17/01/14. Munsary. Historic Buildings and Monuments, Scotland.

Harding, D. (2004) The Iron Age in Northern Britain: Celts and Romans, Natives and Invaders Oxon: Routledge. Historic Mapping Heald, A. & Barber, J. (2015). Caithness Archaeology: Aspects of Prehistory. Whittles Publishing. Dunbeath, Blaeu, J. (1654) An Atlas of Scotland: Caithness Hunter, J, (2003) “The Early Norse Period” in Edwards, K. & Ralston, I. (eds.) Scotland after the Ice Age: Gordon, R. (1642) Cathenesia descripta ex magna ejusdem charta quam lustravit et descripsit Timoth. Pont Environment, Archaeology and History 8000BC – AD1000 Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Moll, H. (1745) The Shires of Caithness and Sutherland with Strath Navern which is Part of Sutherland Shire. Lavin, P. (2011) The Shaping of the Celtic World: and the Resurgence of the Celtic Consciousness in the 19th and Roy, W. (1750) Military Survey of Scotland. 20th Centuries USA: Universe Books. First Edition 6” Ordnance Plan, 1871, Sheet: Caithness XXXIII Lelong, O. (2003) “Finding Medieval (or later) Settlement in the Highlands and Islands: The Case for Optimism” in Goven, S. (ed.) Medieval or Later Rural Settlement in Scotland: 10 years on Edinburgh: Historic Scotland. First Edition 6” Ordnance Plan, 1871, Sheet: Caithness XXXIV Lustig, R. (1979) “The Treaty of Perth: A Re-Examination” The Scottish Historical Review 58: 35-57. First Edition 6” Ordnance Plan, 1871, Sheet: Caithness XXVIII Lynch, M. (2001) The Oxford Companion to Scottish History Oxford: Oxford University Press. First Edition 6” Ordnance Plan, 1871, Sheet: Caithness XXIX Lynn, D. (2011). Rumster Community Wind Energy Project – Archaeological Assessment of Direct and Indirect First Edition 6” Ordnance Plan, 1871, Sheet: Caithness XXXIX Impacts on the Historic Environment of the Local Area. First Edition 6” Ordnance Plan, 1905, Sheet: Caithness XXXIII Macdonald, J (1996) “Medieval or later rural settlement” Renfrewshire Local History Forum 7: 1-7. First Edition 6” Ordnance Plan, 1905, Sheet: Caithness XXXIV Mackay, R. (1829) History of the House and Clan of Mackay Edinburgh: Andrew Jack and co. First Edition 6” Ordnance Plan, 1905, Sheet: Caithness XXVIII McCullagh, R. (1992) Lairg: the Archaeology of a Changing Landscape Midlothian: STAR (Scottish Trust for First Edition 6” Ordnance Plan, 1905, Sheet: Caithness XXIX Archaeological Research). First Edition 6” Ordnance Plan, 1905, Sheet: Caithness XXXIX Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 13-1

13 SOCIO-ECONOMICS AND TOURISM

13.1 Introduction · A Good Practice Guide on Planning for Tourism (Department for Communities and Local 13.1.1 This chapter of the Environmental Statement (ES) describes the existing socio-economic, tourism and Government, 2006). recreation resources at Golticlay Wind Farm (the ‘Development’) and adjacent areas. It considers the potential effects the Development, as described in Chapter 4: Project Description, may have on the Socio-economics socio-economic and tourism characteristics of the defined assessment study area and identifies the 13.2.4 The method for the socio-economic assessment has been broadly derived from the DMRB, Volume 11 mitigation measures that will be implemented to prevent, reduce or offset potential adverse effects and/ Environmental Assessment methodology for the Assessment of Pedestrians, Cyclists and Community or enhance potential beneficial effects, where possible. Effects (Volume 11, Section 3, and Part 8). This includes consideration of job creation, local expenditure, 13.1.2 Potential effects on socio-economics and tourism are interrelated with effects on landscape and visual, and potential effects on community facilities. noise, cultural heritage, and transport receptors. This chapter should, therefore, be read with reference to Tourism Chapter 7: Landscape and Visual Assessment, Chapter 8: Noise, Chapter 12: Archaeology and Cultural 13.2.5 The guidance of effects on access and recreation has taken into account Scottish Planning Policy (SPP) Heritage and Chapter 14: Traffic, Transport and Access of this ES. (Scottish Government, 2014a), and broadly follows the guidance contained within DMRB (Volume 11, 13.2 Methods Section 3, Part 8, Pedestrians, Cyclists, Equestrians and Community Effects). The DMRB guidance Scope of Assessment recommends considerations of effects on:

13.2.1 The assessment considered the effects of the construction, operation and decommissioning of the · Core paths, footpaths, cycleways and other less formal routes including changes in the amenity of Development on: users (walkers, pedestrians, cyclists and equestrians) as well as any severance or disturbance of these as a result of the construction, operation and decommissioning of the Development; and · Socio-economics - the local communities and associated economies in the vicinity of the Development; and · Recreational or tourist facilities including consideration of potential changes in the amenity value experienced by visitors. · Tourism and Recreation - Tourist/visitor attractions as well as recreational land uses or resources such as visitor centres and walking or cycling routes. Significance Criteria Study Area Sensitivity of Receptors

13.2.2 The study area extends to 20 km from the Development Site Boundary in order to ensure consideration 13.2.6 Criteria used in this assessment for describing the sensitivity or importance of the receiving environment of wider amenity issues (as shown on Figure 13.1). are summarised below in Table 13.1. The sensitivity of the receptor takes into account the receptor’s value or quality in terms of the socio-economic or tourism activities it supports and the ability to absorb an effect without perceptible change. The sensitivity criteria have been derived taking into account Assessment Guidelines relevant legislation, statutory designations or classifications. 13.2.3 There is no specific guidance directly applicable to the assessment of socio-economic effects of onshore wind farms. However, there are a number of other guidance documents that are of relevance. The following have been used to inform the assessment: · Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment (Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment: IEMA, 2004 and 2006). · Volume 11, Section 3, Part 8 of the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB): Pedestrians, Cyclists, Equestrians and Community Effects. (The Highways Agency, Scottish Government, Welsh Assembly Government and the Department of Regional Development Northern Ireland, 1993). · A Handbook on Environmental Impact Assessment (Scottish Natural Heritage: SNH, 2009). Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 13-2

Table 13.1 Sensitivity Criteria Table 13.2 Magnitude Criteria

Criteria Description Examples of receptors Criteria Description Total loss or major alteration to key elements/features of the baseline The receptor has low capacity to conditions such that post-development character/composition of baseline National Parks, national tourist absorb change without condition will be fundamentally changed. fundamentally altering its present attractions and destinations; and High character; is of high socio- national cycle routes. · Socio-economic: major long term (5+ years) alteration of economic, environmental or tourism High community profile (including community cohesion and stability) value; or of national importance. and business structure. · Tourism: Loss or major alteration of iconic tourist asset of The receptor has moderate Regional parks, regional tourist capacity to absorb change without attractions; Core paths, long distance national significance, resulting in increase/ reduction in national significantly altering its present Medium paths, regional cycle routes. tourism numbers. character; has some socio- economic, environmental or tourism Loss or alteration to one or more key elements/features of the baseline value; or is of regional importance. conditions such that post development character/composition of the baseline condition will be materially changed. The receptor is tolerant of change Local tourist attractions, local parks, · Socio-economic: A noticeable long-term alteration of community without detriment to its character; is Medium open space and the local core path. profile (including community cohesion and stability) and business Low of low socio-economic, environmental or tourism value; or structure. local importance. · Tourism and recreation: Substantial change to regional tourism numbers. Region considered less/more attractive place to visit. The receptor is resistant to change Unmarked footpath or cycleway. Negligible and is of little socio-economic, No discernible tourism or economic Minor shift away from baseline conditions. Changes arising from the environmental or tourism value. use. alteration will be detectable but not material; the underlying character/composition of the baseline condition will be similar to the pre- development situation. Magnitude of Change Low · Socio-economic: A temporary alteration of community profile 13.2.7 Criteria for determining the magnitude of potential effects (magnitude of change) are contained in Table (including community cohesion and stability) and business 13.2. The magnitude considers the scale of the predicted changed to existing conditions taking in to structure. account its duration, the reversibility of the effect and whether the effect is direct or indirect. · Tourism: A small and temporary change to regional tourism numbers. Very little change from baseline conditions. Change is barely Negligible distinguishable, approximating a “no change” situation.

Significance of Effects 13.2.8 A qualitative approach informed by professional judgment has been taken, broadly following the approach illustrated in Table 13.3 (and as outlined within Chapter 2: Approach to Environmental Impact Assessment). The significance of effect is based on a combination of the sensitivity or importance of the receptor and the magnitude of a potential effect. It should be noted that this general approach has been treated as a framework during the assessment, and has not been used as a matrix. 13.2.9 The type of effect can be adverse or beneficial. The significance of that effect (adverse or beneficial) is assessed as Major, Moderate, Minor or Negligible. Effects assessed as Minor or Negligible are Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 13-3

considered to be manageable and therefore ‘Not Significant’. Effects assessed as Moderate or Major are · SPP (Scottish Government, 2014a). considered to be ‘Significant’ for the purposes of EIA. · Highland-wide Local Development Plan (HwLDP) (The Highland Council, 2012) including policies: o Policy 28 – Sustainable Design;

Table 13.3 Significance Criteria o Policy 31 – Developer Contributions; o Policy 36 – Wider Countryside; Magnitude of Sensitivity of Receptors o Policy 56 – Travel; Effect Very High High Medium Low Negligible o Policy 57 – Natural, Built and Cultural Heritage; High Major Major Moderate Moderate Minor o Policy 61 – Landscape; Medium Major Moderate Moderate Minor Negligible o Policy 67 – Renewable Energy Developments; Low Moderate Moderate Minor Negligible Negligible o Policy 77 – Public Access; and · The Caithness and Sutherland Local Development Plan (CaSPLan) (Proposed) (The Highland Negligible Minor Minor Negligible Negligible Negligible Council, 2015) Note: Shaded boxes would typically indicate a likely significant effect subject to assessor’s professional judgement. Summary of Consultation

13.2.14 As part of the EIA a Scoping Opinion was requested in April 2015. Responses from consultees are 13.2.10 The final results of this assessment post-mitigation are presented as residual effects; that is the effect detailed in full in Chapter 5: Summary of Consultation; however, Table 13.4 below presents a summary remaining taking in to account the mitigation measures that are incorporated into the design of the of scoping opinion responses relevant to assessment of impacts on socio-economics and tourism Development as well as measures to be implemented during construction, operation and decommissioning. These mitigation measures have been developed based on current good practice and established construction techniques. Table 13.4 Summary of Consultation Responses in relation to Socio Economics and Tourism Approach to the Assessment Consultee Summary Response Comment/Action Taken 13.2.11 There is no prescribed methodology or standard guidance for this chapter topic of the Environmental The A Tourism Impact Assessment should be The assessment undertaken in this Impact Assessment (EIA), and so the methodology adopted is one of determining the existing conditions Highland carried out to assess the effect of the proposals chapter considers the effects of the in the locality (baseline) through a desktop analysis, drawing on a range of publicly available statistical Council of the Rumster Forest Paths and other development on tourist/ visitor information and consultation. (THC) tourist/recreational access resources in the attractions as well as recreational land 13.2.12 The potential effects of the Development on the baseline conditions has been assessed using study area identified in Para 13.3.1 of the uses or resources such as visitor information from sources including: scoping report. centres and walking or cycling routes · For socio-economic elements: including the Rumster Forest Paths. o Scottish Government statistic publications; The Historic Environment Team identifies Stone The assessment undertaken in this o Databases and reports from the Office for National Statistics (ONS); and Setting and chambered cairn at Achavanich and chapter considers these cultural the Grey Cairns of Camster as two important assets including Achavanich and the o National Records for Scotland. groups of monuments that contribute to tourism. Grey Cairns of Camster as tourism · For tourism: receptors. As listed in Table 13.8. o Transport Scotland annual data; Scotways Right of way HC25 is affected by the area The Development Site Boundary has o VisitScotland research and statistics reports; and outlined in blue and shown as the Land subsequently been reduced as the o University research papers. Available for Turbine and Associated design process has progressed. The Development in Figure 2 - Site Boundary Plan. HC25 Right of Way, which coincides Summary of Relevant Planning Policy with the CA10.07 core path through Rumster forest, is no longer within the 13.2.13 Planning policies relevant to the topic of this chapter are listed below. Further details are provided in Development Site. Chapter 6: Planning Policy Context. Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 13-4

13.1.6 In terms of economic impact, the study found: “In general this research has found that the Table 13.4 Summary of Consultation Responses in relation to Socio Economics and Tourism negative impact of wind farms on tourism at national level is small and any reduction in Consultee Summary Response Comment/Action Taken employment in tourism will be less than the numbers currently directly employed in the wind power industry.” Scotways note that in 13.3.4 ‘guidance on public The Core Paths Plan for Caithness is 13.1.7 It should be noted that the report was based on sites which were operational, under construction, access and wind farm best practice documents currently undergoing review, however consented, or under consideration for planning consent and as such, did not include the Development. will be referred to and applied’. Scotways the consultation documents have The report concluded that in Scotland, tourism and renewable energy targets could be met concurrently, highlight there may now be general access been appraised and the core paths providing tourism marketing and planning are effectively carried out. rights over any property under the terms of the within the study area are included in Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003. They would Table 13.8. Wind Farm Consumer Research Topic Paper (VisitScotland, 2011) strongly recommend that the Core Paths Plan, 13.1.8 A survey commissioned by VisitScotland in 2011 involved interviewing 3,000 people to learn about prepared by Highland Council’s access team as consumer attitudes to wind farms and their effect on tourism. The sample comprised 2,000 people from a part of their duties under this Act, is consulted nationally representative UK sample and a Scottish representative sample of 1,000 people. The key by the applicant. findings from this survey were: · The majority of those interviewed thought that natural scenery and landscape were important to Research into the Effects of Wind Farms on Tourism them when taking a short break or holiday; · The majority of people had seen a wind farm whilst on a holiday in the UK (Scotland) and indicated, 13.1.1 A number of specialist studies and surveys have been undertaken to consider the extent wind farms on the most part (80% of UK respondents and 83% of Scottish respondents), that the presence of a affect tourism, particularly given the link between the importance of landscape and scenery and certain wind farm would not affect their decision about where to visit or stay in the UK; tourism activities. The findings of relevant studies and surveys are considered in the following subsections. · Of the remaining 20%, only 8.1% strongly agreed that they would avoid an area with wind farms, while 10.4% said they ‘slightly agreed’. This brings VisitScotand’s survey results in line with GCU’s The Economic Impacts of Wind Farms on Scottish Tourism (Glasgow Caledonian University, 2008) 2008 study; and 13.1.2 The 2008 report, ’The Economic Impacts of Wind Farms on Scottish Tourism‘, which was produced by · Although the majority of people feel that wind farms do not spoil the look of the countryside, it was Glasgow Caledonian University (GCU) for the Scottish Government, sought to assess whether also found that seeing a wind farm would not add to the enjoyment of it. Government priorities for wind farms in Scotland are likely to have an economic impact on Scottish tourism. Four case study areas in Scotland were assessed: Dumfries and Galloway, Caithness and Sutherland, Stirling, Perth and Kinross and the Scottish Borders. The case study considered how many Tourism Impact of Wind Farms (University of Edinburgh, 2012) tourists would stay in a room with a view of a wind farm. 13.1.9 This study was submitted as evidence to the Scottish Government as part of an Inquiry into renewable 13.1.3 A total of almost 400 people were interviewed with the aim of establishing whether the experience of energy. It provided “data, information and informed analysis of the actual and potential impact of wind viewing a wind farm altered the likelihood of a return to an area or to Scotland as a whole of which: farms on tourism”. It sets out analysis of previous evidence and research, drawing on academic studies · 39 percent (%) of respondents were positive about wind farms; undertaken by GCU and the University of West England (UWE). · 36% had no opinion either way; and 13.1.10 The study included analysis of surveys and research carried out in areas where wind farms exist that indicate that over 90% of tourists surveyed would not be discouraged from visiting an area where a wind · 25% were negative (including 10% who were strongly negative). farm is present. The study concludes: “…there has been no measurable economic impact, either positively or negatively, of wind farms on 13.1.4 In total, three quarters of people felt wind farms had a positive or neutral impact on the landscape. While tourism” (section 2.2.2, page 4) and that “findings from both primary and secondary research relating to the remaining 25% of respondents were negative, only a very much smaller group responded the actual and potential tourism impact of wind farms indicate that there will be neither an overall decline that the presence of wind farms would prevent them from revisiting Scotland. The tourist intercept survey included as part of the research concluded: “that a sizeable minority of tourists in the number of tourists visiting an area nor any overall financial loss in tourism-related earnings as a did not like wind farms, but only a small minority were so offended as to change their intentions result of a wind farm development.” about revisiting Scotland. The impact is consequently likely to be very small.” Wind Farms and Tourism Trends in Scotland (BiGGAR economics, 2016) 13.1.5 Respondents who had seen a wind farm were less likely to respond negatively than those who had not. 13.2.15 This study investigated the trend in onshore wind development and the Scottish tourism sector in “Under all circumstances, the vast majority (93-99%) of those who had seen a wind farm Scotland between 2009 and 2014 to establish the relationship, if any, between the two. The relationship suggested that the experience would not have any effect.” was investigated at the national, regional and local level and found that both the onshore wind and the Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 13-5

tourism sector have grown over the study time period. Onshore wind capacity has more than doubled in Table 13.5 Population Statistics Scotland in the five years between 2009 and 2014 from 2 to 4.9 gigawatts (GW). At the same time, the Age Group Total Population % of Total Total Population % Total sustainable tourism sector in Scotland has grown by over 10%. of the Highlands Population of the of Scotland Population of 13.2.16 8 Local authorities have seen a faster increase in wind development than the national average. Of these, Highlands Scotland five have also seen a greater increase in sustainable tourism employment compared to the national average. At the local level, sustainable tourism was found to perform better within 15 km of a wind farm, 16-29 34,516 14.8 976,037 18.3 as opposed to the wider local authority area, in 66% of the 18 case studies considered. 30-44 41,072 17.6 1,019,302 19.1 13.2.17 The study concludes that: 45-59 53,148 22.8 1,156,789 21.6 13.2.18 “...published national statistics on employment in sustainable tourism demonstrates that there is no 60-74 43,455 18.6 850, 955 15.9 relationship between the development of onshore wind farms and tourism employment at the level of the Scottish economy, at local authority level nor in the areas immediately surrounding wind farm 75+ 20,773 8.9 433,235 8.1

development.” All ages 233,100 100 5,347,600 100 13.3 Existing Conditions Source: National Records of Scotland, 2015b Existing Land Use

13.3.1 Golticlay forest is not promoted by the landowner as a recreation facility, although the forest is 13.3.5 Employment rates within the Highlands are identified in Table 13.6 below. These are lower than the consistently used by local dog walkers under the Scottish Outdoor Access Code (SOAC). The forest has Scotland average between the ages of 25-34, but higher for all other age brackets. a limited economic value from commercial timber production and associated employment opportunities. The value to society of access to trees, woodlands and forests is realised through the opportunities these landscape features can provide, such as informal recreation, exercise and education. Table 13.6 Employment Rates

13.3.2 The forest is currently managed for multi-use, it were planted as even aged plantation that is in the Location Age Group process of being restructured. The social value of the forest will increase once this process is complete. 16-24 (%) 25-34 (%) 35-49 (%) 50-64 (%) All (%) Although the forest currently does not provide enough shelter, which is a premium in Caithness, or stimulating internal views, the large felling coupes do provide some external views. The forest has a Highlands 64.1 71.2 88.6 75.7 74.9 carparks which enables informal use. Scotland 53.2 81.0 83.5 67.4 71.3 Socio-economics Source: Scottish Government, 2014b. 13.3.3 Table 13.5 below sets out the population statistics for THC area (the Highlands). The total population of the Highlands in 2014 was 233,100 which accounts for 4.4% of the total population of Scotland. The population density for Highland in 2014 was nine people per square kilometre (km2) compared to the 13.3.6 In 2014, 10.5% of jobs in the Caithness and Sutherland and Ross and Cromarty areas were in tourism whole of Scotland which in 2014 was 69 per km (National Records of Scotland, 2015). industries (ONS, 2016). For the same year, VisitScoltand reported that the Highland region accounted for 7.3% of total tourism related employment in Scotland (with 12,900 tourism related jobs) 13.3.4 There are a number of properties and smaller settlements within the immediate vicinity of the (VisitScotland, 2016a). Development including; Lybster, Roster and Ulbster. The nearest larger settlement is Wick, which is approximately 15 km to the north east. 13.3.7 The majority of these tourism jobs are within accommodation and food services, which accounts for 10.9% of employment in Highland. Table 13.7 provides a breakdown of employment by industry. The largest employment sectors in the Highlands are public administration, education and health (32.1%), Table 13.5 Population Statistics wholesale and retail (15.4%) and financial and other business services (12.9%). The sector that is most

Age Group Total Population % of Total Total Population % Total under-represented in Highland (as compared to Scotland as a whole) is agriculture, forestry and mining of the Highlands Population of the of Scotland Population of (54% of Scottish level) (ONS, 2014 and 2015). Highlands Scotland

0-15 40,136 17.2 911,282 17.0 Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 13-6

Table 13.7 Employment by Sector Tourism Industry Sector Highland Scotland 13.1.11 VisitScotland compiles annual tourism statistics for Scotland. The statistics provide a range of details including an estimate of the contribution of the tourism sector to the economy, numbers of visits to the Employee % Employee % region, and popular attractions. jobs jobs 13.1.12 Key points to note from the data on 2014 (VisitScotland, 2016a) include: Agriculture, Forestry and Mining 2,100 1.9 96,000 3.5 · UK residents took approximately 1.7 million trips to the Highlands, staying on average 4 nights and Energy and water 2,500 2.3 38,000 1.4 spending £460 million; Manufacturing 7,100 6.6 204,000 7.6 · Visitors from overseas made 584,000 trips to the Highlands, staying on average 4.9 nights and Construction 6,600 6.1 187,000 6.9 spending approximately £167 million; Wholesale and Retail 16,700 15.4 389,000 14.4 · None of the top five attractions by visitor number listed in the Highland area were identified within the study area; and Transport and Storage 5,700 5.3 120,000 4.4 · Occupancy rates in the area vary according to the type of accommodation but are typically higher Accommodation and Food Services 11,800 10.9 193,000 7.2 during the months of June and July. Information and Communication 2,200 2.0 64,000 2.4

Financial and Other Business Services 14,000 12.9 506,000 18.8 Tourist Attractions Public Admin, Education and Health 34,800 32.1 761,000 28.2 13.1.13 The tourist attractions identified in the study area can be loosely split into two categories; Visitor Other services 5,000 4.6 131,000 4.8 Attractions, which include museums, galleries and outdoor activities and Historic Attractions, which are archaeological features that are promoted for tourists. Source: ONS, 2014 and 2015 Scenic Areas and Nature Reserves 13.1.14 Areas designated for their landscape and nature value are not necessarily marketed for tourism, but 13.3.8 For the third Single Outcome Agreement (SOA), covering the period 2013/14 to 2018/19, the Highland could contribute to tourists’ preference for an area. Especially in Scotland where 49% of tourist trips are Community Planning Partners (CPP) developed a comprehensive economic recovery and development made for the scenery and landscape (VisitScotland, 2016b). Scenic areas and nature reserves often plan for the Highland region (The Highland CPP, 2013). Under this plan, the Energy Sector is identified provide educational and/or recreational infrastructure and facilities. Those designated areas identified as a key area for economic growth and regeneration. Renewable energy in particular was highlighted as within the study area are listed in Table 13.10 and illustrated on Figure 13.1 (ES Volume 2b). having the potential to boost the Highland region’s economy and job market. Visitor Attractions Tourism 13.1.15 As shown in Figures 13.1 and 13.2, 18 visitor attractions were identified within the study area. These 13.3.9 A full review of national and regional tourism strategies, together with publically available statistics for the included museums, heritage centres, galleries and a range of outdoor activities. These attractions vary in their dependence on their contextual setting. For example, outdoor recreational activities including golf, area has been undertaken, identifying key tourism receptors within 20 km of the Development Site. angling and horse riding are more sensitive to landscape change than indoor attractions such as Features were considered tourism receptors if they promoted tourist visits, this includes; museums. Outdoor activities and golf in particular are highlighted in the Highland Tourism Action Plan · Tourist Attractions – features that attract visitors out of interest or pleasure; 2020 (The Highland Area Tourism Partnership, 2012) as regionally important tourist assets. · Tourist Resources – features that support outdoor recreational activities e.g. forest trails; and 13.1.16 The visitor attractions are listed in Table 13.10. · Tourist Services – features that cater to tourists e.g. accommodation (only campsites/ caravan Historic Attractions parks, hotels, guest houses and bed and breakfast accommodation have been considered). 13.1.17 The Caithness region has a high density of well-preserved archaeological features. Some of these features are promoted as historic attractions for tourists. The review of tourism receptors identified 13.3.10 To gather publicly available information on tourism attractions, resources and services, a variety of online several attractions including museums, historical and cultural assets and a walking trail that focus on the sources were visited, including; VisitScotland, Highlands and Islands Enterprise and THC’s website. history of Caithness and the Highlands. The historical attractions illustrated on Figure 13.1 are all Tourism receptors identified as part of the review have been illustrated on Figure 13.1 and 13.2 and signposted destinations, many of which are Historic Environment Scotland assets with car parks, include tourist attractions (scenic areas, nature reserves, visitor attractions and historic attractions), maintained paths and information boards. Further information on the historic attractions as tourist resources (walking trails and cycle routes) and tourist services (information centres, restaurants archaeological features is contained within Chapter 12: Archaeology and Cultural Heritage of this ES. and accommodation). A complete list of tourism receptors within the study area has been included in 13.1.18 Table 13.10 contains a full list of the historic attractions identified in the study area. Table 13.10. Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 13-7

Tourist Resources Table 13.9 % Net Room Occupancy by Area and Accommodation Type 13.3.11 Tourist resources support outdoor pursuits and activities. The resources identified within the study area Highlands are core paths, forest trails and cycle routes. Trails and Cycle Routes Hotels Guest Houses Self-Catering

13.3.12 There are no trails or cycle routes within the Development Site. However, within the study area there are May 71 60 68 81 core paths and number of additional forest trails waymarked for walking, cycling and horse riding. June 81 75 70 These are shown on Figure 13.1 and 13.2. The trails closest to the Development are the CA10.04 Rumster and the CA10.07 Rumster to A99. At their northern extents, both trails finish at the Development July 84 77 65 Site Boundary. August - 86 66 Tourist Services September - 67 53 13.3.13 In addition to visitor attractions and resources there are a range of services which cater to tourists and October 62 41 63 visitors such as information centres, hotels and restaurants. Tables 13.8 and 13.9 provide information on accommodation services. The number of rooms by accommodation type that were available in the November 48 28 32 Caithness and north Sutherland region in 2011 is reported in Table 13.8. There were 464 in the John December 38 36 34 O’Groats and Wick area and 466 around Thurso. The net percentage room occupancy for Annual average 64 49 47 accommodation type by month is provided in Table 13.9. Maximum occupancy occurs in the summer months and the highest percentage recorded is 86% for guest houses in August. Source: VisitScotland, 2016a

Table 13.8 Rooms in Accommodation in Study Area 13.3.14 For the purposes of the receptor review, caravan and holiday parks, hotels, guest houses and bed and breakfast accommodation were considered. The results of the review are contained in Figures 13.1 and John O’Groats / Wick Thurso 13.2. Accommodation that could have potential views of the Development, depending on property Hotel 161 308 aspect, are included in Table 13.10. The numbers in the first column of Table 13.10 refer to the

Small Hotel 37 21 numbering used on Figures 13.1 and 13.2.

B&B 128 67

Guest House 22 27

Self-catering 116 43

Total 464 466

Tourism Resources Company, 2011

Table 13.9 % Net Room Occupancy by Area and Accommodation Type

Highlands

Hotels Guest Houses Self-Catering

January 35 20 21

February 53 23 32

March 55 21 29

April 57 44 36 Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 13-8

Table 13.10 Visitor Attractions, Amenities and Other Features

Attraction/Amenity Description Relationship to Development Sensitivity Scenic Areas and Nature Reserves 1 The Flows National Nature Reserve (NNR) Designated as a NNR in 2007 the Flows comprise land in Forsnaird and 18 km north west of the Development Site. High Dorrey managed by Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB). 2 The Flow Country and Berriedale Coast Special Designated for the mountains and moorlands, the Flow Country and 2 km west of the Development Site. Low Landscape Area (SLA) Berriedale Coast SLA covers the majority of the Flow Country. 3 Blar nam Faoileag Royal Society for the Protection of An RSPB reserve 13.5 km north west of the Development Site. Medium Birds (RSPB) Reserve

Trails and Cycle Routes 4 Braehour Forest Trails A predominantly coniferous forest plantation owned by the Forestry 15 km north west of the Development Site. Low Commission with publicly accessible walking trails. 5 Camster Cycle Trail - Achairn Forest Trails Cycle trail through the Camster wind farm and Achairn forest, also the The eastern entrance of the Camster Cycle Trail is 5.7 km north east of Medium CA10.06 core path. the Development Site. Core Paths There are 81 core paths within 20 km of the Development Site. The closest core paths are the Rumster Forest Trails; the CA10.04 Medium Rumster and the CA10.7 the Rumster to A99, which both have trail ends on the C1053 at the Development Site Boundary. 6 Halsary Forest Trails A predominantly coniferous forest plantation owned by the Forestry The Halsary Forest lies 8.7 km north of the Development Site. Low Commission with publicly accessible walking trails. 7 Newton Hills Croft Forest Trails A predominantly coniferous forest plantation owned by the Forestry The Newton Hills Croft car park is 12.4 km north east of the Development Low Commission with publicly accessible trails for walking and horse riding. Site. 8 Rumster Forest Trails There are three paths within the Rumster forest, all of which are core The Rumster Forest trails are all south of the Development Site. The trail Medium paths. Two of these paths; the CA10.04: Rumster and the CA10.7: ends for the CA10.4 and the CA10.7 are adjacent to the Development Rumster to A99 have trail ends on the C1053 at the Development Site Site. Boundary. 9 Sibster Forest Trails A predominantly coniferous forest plantation owned by the Forestry Sibster Forest trails are 18 km north west of the Development Site. Low Commission with publicly accessible walking trails. 10 Spital Forest Trails A predominantly coniferous forest plantation owned by the Forestry Spital Forest is 13.5 km north of the Development Site. Low Commission with a short publicly accessible walking trail. 11 Toftgun Forest Trails A predominantly coniferous forest plantation owned by the Forestry Toftgun Forest is 2.3 km east of the Development Site. Medium Commission with publicly accessible trails for walking and horse riding. A section of the Camster Cycle Trail also passes through Toftgun from the C1029, over Toftgun Hill to Moss of Whilks, this is also core path CA10.6: Camster Forest Track. 12 Yarrows Archaeology Trail Two mile walking route featuring archaeological remains including The path starts at South Yarrow Farm, which is 6 km north east of the Medium bronze-age chambered cairns and iron-age broch. The Yarrows trail Development Site. coincides with core path CA12.05.

Visitor Attractions 13 Achalone Activities Riding school with trekking and hacking. 18.25 km north of the Development Site. Medium Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 13-9

Table 13.10 Visitor Attractions, Amenities and Other Features

Attraction/Amenity Description Relationship to Development Sensitivity 14 Achanarras Quary A disused quarry owned by SNH and protected by a Site of Special 14.8 km north west of the Development Site. High Scientific Interest (SSSI) for its fish fossils. Open year round. 15 Caithness Clay Shooting Clay pigeon shooting facility near Mybster. 13 km north of the Development Site. Medium 16 Castle View Stables Riding school and stables near Wick. 13.5 km north east of the Development Site. Medium 17 Clan Gunn Heritage Centre Museum of the history and genealogy of Clan Gunn housed in the old 6.2 km south west of the Development Site. Medium Parish Church, Latheron. 18 Dunbeath Heritage Centre A multi-purpose space run by the Dunbeath Presevation Trust, with 11.4 km south west of the Development Site. Medium facilities for research, exhibitions, workshops and events. 19 Harpsdale Fishery Park Stillwater Fishery. 17 km north west of the Development Site. Medium Open year round. 20 Laidhay Croft Museum Laidhay Croft Museum is a two hundred year old rush thatched 9.5 km south west of the Development Site. Medium Caithness longhouse located north of Dunbeath that has been converted into a museum on crofting. 21 Lybster Golf Course Nine hole golf course in Lybster. 3.9 km south of the Development Site. Medium 22 Pulteney Distillery Distillery located in Wick. 15 km north east of the Development Site. Medium 23 St. Fergus Art Gallery Fine arts exhibition based in the Wick Library. 15 km north east of the Development Site. Low Open year round. 24 The Blue Tree Gallery A working studio, art gallery and gift shop in Wick. 15 km north east of the Development Site. Medium 25 Waterlines Heritage Centre Heritage Centre exhibition of the fishing industry in Lybster, and the 4.75 km south of the Development Site. Low natural heritage of the area. Water Lines heritage centre is an educational experience which focuses on Lybsters past as a herring port, local geology and wildlife. Open May to September 26 Wick-ed Paintballing An outdoor paintballing site in Wick. 16 km north east of the Development Site. Medium 27 Wick Golf Course A 18 hole golf course located to the north west of Wick. 17 km north east of the Development Site. Medium 28 Wick Heritage Centre Wick Heritage Centre is an exhibition on the heritage of Wick, and also 14.9 km north east of the Development Site. Low has a photographic gallery. Open year round. 29 Caithness Sea Coast Sea tours of the east Caithness coastline from Wick’s South Quay. 15 km north east of the Development Site. Medium 30 Wick Sea Fishing Chartered fishing trips. 15 km north east of the Development Site. Medium

Historic Attractions 31 Achavanich Stone Setting and Chambred Cairn A u-shaped stone setting on the shore of Loch Stemster, roadside to the 2 km west of the Development Site. Medium C1053 before the junction with the A9. 32 Cairn o’Get A Historic Scotland site, Gairn o’Get is a chambered burial cairn, which 5.1 km south east of the Development Site. High Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 13-10

Table 13.10 Visitor Attractions, Amenities and Other Features

Attraction/Amenity Description Relationship to Development Sensitivity is open to the public year round. 33 Castle Sinclaire Girnigoe World Monuments Funded coastal castle ruin, accessible to the public. 18.5 km north east of the Development Site. Medium 34 Grey Cairns of Camster A Historic Scotland property comprising two chambered cairns dating 2 km north east of the Development Site. High from the Neolithic period. The cairns are a Historic Scotland site, open year round. 35 Hill o’Many Stanes Bronze Age archaeological site comprising 200 upright stones arranged 5 km east of the Development Site. High in 22 rows. Hill o’Many Stanes is a Historic Scotland site. Open year round. 36 Old Wick Castle Also known as the Old Man of Wick, Old Wick Castle is a well preserved 14.5 km north east of the Development Site. High Norse ruin located on a promontory south of Wick Bay. A Historic Scotland site, the castle is open year round. 37 The Whaligoe Haven and Steps A historic harbour set at the bottom of 75 metre (m) tall cliffs and 7.7 km east of the Development Site. Medium accessible by a narrow staircase cut into the cliff face, known as the Whaligoe Steps.

Fieldsport Estates 38 Ackergill Tower Ackergill Tower is a 16th Century castle located north of Wick which 16 km north east of the Development Site. Medium hosts a hotel, shooting lodges and is used as an events venue. 39 Thrumster Estates Thrumster is a fieldsport estate with accommodation, stalking, shooting Thrumster House is off the A99, 9.9 km north east of the Development Medium and fishing available. The main house is also marketed as a venue for Site. weddings and functions. 40 Strathmore Estate Fieldsport lodge and estate with accommodation for 16 people and 12.5 km north west of the Development Site. Medium shooting, stalking and fishing available.

Caravan and Holiday Parks 41 Central Caravans Caravan park in Watten. 14.7 km north of the Development Site. Medium 42 Inver Caravan Park Caravan park in Dunbeath. 9.8 km south west of the Development Site. Medium 43 Morven View Caravan Site Caravan site located close to Dunnet Bay and Dunnet Head. 19.6 km to north of the Development Site. Medium Open all year round. 44 Wick Caravan and Camping Site Caravan and camping site in Wick. 14.5 km north east of the Development Site. Medium

Hotels, Guest Houses and Bed and Breakfasts 45 Acarsaid B&B Bed and breakfast in Lybster 3.5 km south of the Development Site. Medium 46 Auld Post Office B&B Bed and breakfast in Spital. 13 km north west of the Development Site. Medium 47 Bank Guest House Guest House in Wick. 15 km north east of the Development Site Medium 48 Bay View B&B Bed and breakfast in Wick 15.5 km north east of the Development Site. Medium 49 Bayview Hotel Hotel in Lybster. 4 km south east of the Development Site. Medium 50 Belhaven B&B Bed and breakfast in Wick 15.5 km north east of the Development Site. Medium Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 13-11

Table 13.10 Visitor Attractions, Amenities and Other Features

Attraction/Amenity Description Relationship to Development Sensitivity 51 Bilbster House B&B Bed and breakfast near Wick. 12 km north east of the Development Site. Medium 52 Breadalebane House Hotel in Wick. 15 km north east of the Development Site. Medium 53 Brown Trout Hotel Hotel in Watten. 13 km north of the Development Site. Medium 54 Carey’s Guest House Guest house in Wick. 15 km north east of the Development Site. Medium 55 Clachan B&B Bed and breakfast in Wick. 15 km north east of the Development Site. Medium 56 Clan Sinclair Study Centre at Noss Lighthouse Estate A resource centre for historians and genealogists with accommodation 19.5 km north east of the Development Site. Medium for up to six people. 57 Cnoc Shee Bed and breakfast in Latheronwheel. 7 km south west of the Development Site. Medium 58 Commercial Hotel Hotel in Lybster. 4 km south east of the Development Site. Medium 59 Craiglea Lodge Self-catered cottages in Latheronwheel. 6.8 km south west of the Development Site. Medium 60 Harbour Guest House Guest house in Wick. 15 km north east of the Development Site. Medium 61 Harbour House B&B Bed and breakfast in Wick. 15 km north east of the Development Site. Medium 62 Inver Park House Bed and breakfast in Dunbeath. 9.7 km south west of the Development Site. Medium 63 Loch Watten House Bed and breakfast in near Watten. 13 km north of the Development Site. Medium 64 Mackays Hotel Hotel in Wick. 15 km north east of the Development Site. Medium 65 Mount Pleasant House Bed and breakfast in Wick. 15 km north east of the Development Site. Medium 66 Nethercliffe Hotel Hotel in Wick. 15.3 km north east of the Development Site. Medium 67 Netheryby B&B Bed and breakfast in Wick. 15 km north east of the Development Site. Medium 69 Portland Arms Hotel Hotel in Lybster 3 km south of the Development Site. Medium 70 Quayside B&B Hotel in Wick. 15 km north east of the Development Site. Medium 71 Seaview Guest house in Wick. 15.7 km north east of the Development Site. Medium 72 Sunrise Cottage B&B Bed and breakfast on a working croft near Roster. 2.5 km east of the Development Site. Medium 73 The Antlers Bed and breakfast on a dairy farm in Occumster 4.5 km south of the Development Site. Medium 74 The Imapala Guest House Guest house in Wick. 16 km north east of the Development Site. Medium 75 The Lemon Tree Bed and breakfast in Mid Clyth 6 km south east of the Development Site. Medium 76 The Queens Hotel Hotel in Wick. 15 km north east of the Development Site. Medium 77 Ulbster Arms Hotel Hotel in Halkirk. 20 km north of the Development Site. Medium 78 Wellington Guest House Guest House in Wick. 15.2 km north east of the Development Site. Medium Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 13-12

13.4 Potential Effects infrastructure, amounting to a total area of 15.9 ha. Further details of felling can be seen in Chapter 17: Socio-economics Forestry of this ES. Construction 13.4.8 There is an ongoing programme of timber extraction by FES affecting the Development Site with 398.95 Potential Effects on the Local Economy ha of forest to be felled in the 2016-20 felling phase (see Chapter 17: Forestry). As such felling will be at 13.4.1.1 The Development would have a beneficial effect on the local economy during the 12 - 18 month an advanced stage by the time of the indicative construction programme starting in 2019. The increase in construction phase as a result of job creation and local expenditure by the developer and contractors. felling in Phase 1 is balanced out by reductions in the felling programme in subsequent periods. In During the construction phase, workers involved with the project would stay locally (i.e. in hotels and addition, the Development will not alter FES’ baseline employment numbers. Therefore, the magnitude of other accommodation), using local services and spending in local restaurants and shops. Given that only change in terms of FES’ employment and business plan, reduced amenity and restricted access a small number of businesses (Low magnitude of change) of Medium sensitivity will be impacted for a short period of time, the significance of effect on the local economy is assessed to be Minor Beneficial. associated with tree removal for the Development is Negligible. The significance of effect during the construction phase is therefore considered to be Negligible and Not Significant. Potential Effects on the Local Community Operation 13.4.2 In order to ensure that the local community benefits from the Development the Applicant intends to Potential Effects on the Local Job Market establish a community fund following award of planning permission and commissioning of the Development. Annually, the Applicant will invest £5,000 per megawatt (MW) installed, into a community 13.4.9 Typically the Development will be operated remotely during the operational phase and will only require fund. It is intended that this fund would be managed by the community with the aim of funding local irregular maintenance and repair visits to the Development Site. From the Renewable UK (2015) report, projects. As the fund will be invested annually throughout the operation of the Development, the effect on the average net job creation is 0.43 for every 1 MW of electricity generated during the operational phase. the local community is assessed as a whole in the section below considering Operational impacts. This equates to 28 FTE jobs over a 25 year lifespan for this Development. Therefore the magnitude of Potential Effects on the Local Job Market the impact on the local job market is considered to be Negligible and the significance of effect on operational job creation is considered to be Negligible and Not Significant. 13.4.3 The job market is considered to have Medium sensitivity to change, being regionally important, but Potential Effects on the Local Community and Economy robust due to high employment numbers. The construction of the Development will create jobs, which has the potential to have a beneficial effect on the local job market. Research undertaken by Renewable 13.4.10 As part of the Applicant’s agreement with FES, the Applicant will offer a Community Vehicle (as defined UK (2015) estimates that 2.49 net construction jobs are created for each 1 MW of onshore wind. Based below) the opportunity to invest in the Development. Once planning permission is granted, the Applicant on the maximum potential 64.6 MW output of the Development, an estimated 160 temporary construction will set up a new Limited Company which will be Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) which will own the jobs would be created over the 12 - 18 month construction period. Development. The local community may only invest in the SPV through one entity (a Community Vehicle) and not as individuals. The formation of the Community Vehicle may involve one of more 13.4.4 It is standard practice to convert jobs to full-time equivalents (FTEs), which gives a comparable value of community organisations coming together to set up this Community Vehicle. employment for short-term projects. Using a conversion factor of ten years full time employment to one permanent FTE, the total employment generated during construction is predicted to be 10 FTE, the exact 13.4.11 In return for any investment by the Community Vehicle in the SPV, the Community Vehicle will receive proportion of which would be local is uncertain and given the nature of windfarm development, there will shares (an equity stake) in the SPV. The number of shares the Community Vehicle may receive will be be a number of specialised roles. dependent on the funding requirements of the SPV at that time and the amount of money that the Community Vehicle can raise. The Community Vehicle (together with the Forestry Commission of 13.4.5 As the number of local jobs available is low and predominantly short-term in nature, the magnitude of the Scotland) may have the opportunity to acquire up to a maximum of 49% of the equity in the SPV. construction job creation is considered to be Low. The significance of effect on the local job market is therefore likely to be Minor Beneficial and Not Significant. 13.4.12 Only an appropriate ‘Community Vehicle’ will be able to invest. The criteria for what makes a Community Potential Effects on Golticlay Forest Vehicle eligible is set out in the FES National Forest Land Scheme (NFLS) guidelines (2010). 13.4.6 Golticlay Forest covers the majority of the Development Site and is managed by FES for timber 13.4.13 Any offer of shares of the SPV to the Community Vehicle will be subject to the provisions of the Financial production. As discussed in section 13.3.2, the Forest has some economic value and social value. As a Services and Markets Act 2000 (including all associated regulations) and the provisions of the Financial socio-economic receptor, Golticlay Forest is therefore considered to have Low sensitivity to change. Conduct Authority Handbook as are in force at the time of the offer.

13.4.7 The majority of the Development falls within an area of the Golticlay Forest that is scheduled for felling in 13.4.14 In addition to the operational effect of the Development itself, the Development will also generate an Phase 1: 2016-20. This baseline felling plan would be altered to remove additional trees from areas additional local economic benefit as a result of the community benefit payment that would be provided by around the proposed location of turbines 1, 6, 11, 12, 16 and 17. This typically involves two hectares (ha) the Applicant. The total value of the community benefit payment associated with the Development could for each turbine, with a 25-30 m buffer around access roads and a 20 m buffer around other be up to £323,000 per year (£5,000 per MW), which equates to £8.07 million over the lifetime of the development. Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 13-13

13.4.15 The economic effect of this community benefit payment will depend on the uses to which it is put, but by sensitivity to change, while core paths (which are designated regionally) have Medium sensitivity. Being way of an illustration, figures from the Scottish Council for Voluntary Organisations show that each a regionally important economic sector, accommodation providers have Medium sensitivity to change. £54,170 in income to the voluntary sector in Scotland supports one FTE job. On that basis, funding of 13.4.23 Those receptors that are within 20 km of the Development Site may experience partial reduction or loss £323,000 per year would be enough to support approximately six jobs in the voluntary sector each year. of amenity during the construction, which may reduce visitor enjoyment or impact upon visitor numbers. At the local level this could result in a long-term Minor Beneficial and Not Significant effect. These receptors include: Potential Effects on Golticlay Forest · The Waterlines Centre; 13.4.16 The baseline restocking plan introduces areas of riparian and peatland woodland, which are to be low · Lybster Golf Course; density broadleaved woodland with areas of open ground. To accommodate this change in management, · The Achnavanich Stone Setting; the area of productive conifers is to be reduced by 12.12%. · The Grey Cairns of Camster; 13.4.17 Much of the windfarm infrastructure would be within the areas proposed for riparian and peatland · The Hill O’Many Stanes; woodland and as such is envisaged to be incorporated within the open spaces of these stands when · Core paths at: restocking occurs. o Rumster; 13.4.18 Where the windfarm overlaps with areas proposed for productive timber, the area would be restocked o Lybster; post-construction with the exception of the areas immediately around the turbines which would be o Toftgun; and maintained as open ground. Further details of the restocking plan can be found in Chapter 17: Forestry o The CA10.11 Achavanich to Munsary; of this ES. · Accommodation in and around Lybster; 13.4.19 For the operational period, a small percentage (1.67%) of the productive conifer area will be taken out of o the Arcsaid B&B; production to maintain the open ground around the turbines, but there would be no move from the baseline plan for the forest function. The significance of effect during the operational phase on Golticlay o The Bayview Hotel; Forest as a socio-economic receptor is therefore considered to be Negligible and Not Significant. o The Commercial Hotel; Decommissioning o The Portland Arms; and 13.4.20 The Socio-economic impacts associated with the decommissioning phase are likely to be similar to those o Sunrise Cottage. during construction. Decommissioning is assessed to have a Minor Beneficial and Not Significant effect on the local economy and job market. 13.4.24 Slow moving abnormal loads for blade and turbine deliveries may effect travel times, which may deter Tourism some visitors, to attractions in Wick and along the A99, such as the Cairn o’Get, the Whaligoe Steps, the Construction St. Fergus Art Gallery, Wick Heritage Centre and Castle View Stables. 13.4.21 During the construction phase general construction activities including vehicle movements to and from 13.4.25 As construction effects are temporary in nature and effects will be detectable, but not material, the Development Site could result in indirect effects that might deter visitors from visiting affected tourism magnitude of the change is considered to be Low. Taking into account the Medium sensitivity of many of receptors (tourist attractions, resources and services). Increased traffic volumes, noise, dust and the the tourism receptors affected, the significance of the effect on tourist enjoyment and visitor numbers due presence of machinery and large vehicles may result in a general reduction in amenity. Proximity to the to construction activities is considered to be Minor Adverse and Not Significant. Development Site would factor in magnitude of perceived reduction in amenity as effects of dust, noise 13.4.26 Another potential temporary effect on tourism attraction and services is loss of income due to tourists and the presence of plant machinery will largely be confined to the Development Site area. Receptors being squeezed out of the area by a restriction on bed numbers due to worker accommodation further from Development Site may however experience increased travel time due to diversions and slow requirements. Due to the nature of wind farm development and depending on the speciality of the skill moving construction traffic. set available locally, it is likely that at least some of the work force will be non-local. In the worst-case Potential Effects on Tourist Attractions, Resources and Services scenario, all of the workforce would require accommodation. 13.4.22 The visitor attractions identified are locally or regionally important, with some being more dependent on 13.4.27 According to research conducted for Highland and Islands Enterprise, in 2011 there were 464 rooms in setting, i.e. outdoor activities and so range in sensitivity to change from Low to Medium. The historic and around Wick and John O’Groats and a further 466 around Thurso, totalling 930 (Tourism Resources attractions range from medium to high as some sites are owned by Historic Environment Scotland and Company, 2011). Average peak occupancy was reported at 80% across accommodation types for the are therefore nationally important. Being locally important, forest trails and cycle paths have Low Highlands in 2014 (VisitScotland, 2016a), which leaves 186 empty rooms in the region. As the total of Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 13-14

empty beds is greater than the maximal number of construction workers, tourist squeeze due to choice of accommodation for the vast majority of people (VisitScotland, 2011). From overlaying Figure accommodation conflict is considered to be Negligible in magnitude and significance. 13.1 with the ZTV, the Development would potentially be visible from the majority of the accommodation Operation in the study area. As the Development would not be the only wind farm in the area and the ZTV does not 13.4.28 During the operation phase, the impacts on tourism are largely visual in nature as changes in views may account for aspect of views from accommodation or screening provided by vegetation, the overall impact upon tourist perceived value and enjoyment of accommodation, attractions and routes. Traffic is magnitude of change on the local accommodation sector is considered to be Low. Taking into account not expected to have a significant impact as vehicular trips associated with the Development Site will the Medium sensitivity of accommodation providers, reduced bed occupancy as a potential consequence drop to infrequent maintenance activities. of the Development is assessed to be Minor Adverse and Not Significant. Potential Effects on Scenic Areas and Nature Reserves Potential Effects on Visitor Attractions 13.4.29 Within the study area a NNR, SLA and RSPB reserve were identified. As the sites have varying 13.1.19 There are a range of tourist attractions within the study area, the closest being the Lybster Golf Course, which is 3.9 km south of the Development Site Boundary. The sensitivity of tourist attractions is designations and facilities for recreation and tourism, their sensitivities differ. Being of national dependent on the importance of the landscape context for visitors to that attraction. For the tourist importance and having high environmental value, the NNR has a High sensitivity to change. The NNR attractions identified in the study area the sensitivity to change ranges from Negligible for indoor also boasts a visitor centre, interpretation boards and walking paths, but these are outwith the study attractions to Medium for some of the landscape features such as the scenic areas and nature reserves. area. Due to the fact that the SLA is a local designation and is not associated with additional tourism 13.1.20 A change in view from attractions with higher sensitivity to change has the potential to reduce value of facilities, the SLA is considered to have Low sensitivity. Finally, as Blar nam Faoileag, the RSPB reserve those attractions to some tourists, although unlikely to actually deter visits. From the ZTV, the promotes walking paths and birding opportunities, it has Medium sensitivity. Development is visible from only six of the attractions in the study area. These are; Caithness Clay 13.4.30 From the body of literature on the impact of windfarm development on tourism in the UK, visual impacts Shooting, Castle View Stables, Harpsdale Fishery Park, Lybster Golf Course, Pulteney Distillery and may deter only a very small minority of visitors from visiting an area or discourage repeat visits (Glasgow Wick-ed Paintballing. Of these, all, but the Lybster Golf Course, are a sufficient distance from Caledonian University, 2008 and VisitScotland, 2011). The Development does not coincide with any of Development Site that the Development should not negatively impact the setting of each attraction. the designations, but views of the Development from the NNR, SLA and RSPB reserve, could reduce Although Lybster Golf Course may be visually impacted, there is no evidence to suggest that this will their tourism value to a small number of visitors and impact on their willingness to visit these Scenic result in reduced visitor numbers (Edinburgh University, 2012). areas and Nature Reserves. 13.1.21 Therefore the magnitude of the change in visitor numbers at local tourist attractions as a whole, due to 13.4.31 The Landscape and Visual Assessment (LVIA) (Chapter 7 ES Volume 2a) concluded that the SLA would visibility of the Development, is considered to be Negligible. The significance of effect is considered to be Negligible and Not Significant. not be materially affected due to landform screening by Ben-a-chielt. From the zone of theoretical Potential Effects on Historic Attractions visibility (ZTV) (Figure 7.4a, ES Volume 2b) the Development would be visible from the NNR. Viewpoint 23 included in the LVIA is considered to be representative of the visual amenity experienced in the NNR 13.4.35 Although, according to VisitScotland’s 2011 survey, the presence of a wind farm is unlikely to factor in wihin the study area. Due to the NNR being located 18 km from the Development the magnitude of the decision to visit an attraction, it is possible that the change in setting of a historic attraction could change in tourist number is assessed to be Low. affect its perceived tourism value to some visitors. 13.4.32 The centre point of the RSPB reserve is 13.5 km from the Development Site; the closest boundary is 7.2 13.4.36 Of the historic attractions identified, the Development would only be visible from the Grey Cairns of km north west of the Development Site Boundary. From the ZTV (Figure 7.4a, ES Volume 2b), the blade Camster. The Grey Cairns are considered within the LVIA at Viewpoint 1. The visual effect is not tips of 15-19 turbines would be visible across the majority of the RSPB reserve. 1 -9 hubs would be considered to be significant (Chapter 7 of this ES). As there are no significant visual effects on any of the visible from the majority of the RSPB reserve (7.3a ES Volume 2b) The ZTVs represent a maximum and identified historic attractions, the magnitude of the change to historic attractions a whole is considered to worst case scenario that doesn’t take into account screening by vegetation or buildings. Given the be Negligible. Taking into account the Medium to High sensitivity of the historic attractions, the distance and that the ZTV represents the worst case scenario, the magnitude of change in tourism value significance of a reduction in tourism value as a result of change in setting is assessed to be Negligible for the RSPB reserve is assessed to be Low. The significance of the change to Scenic Areas and Nature and Not Significant. Reserves is Minor Adverse and Not Significant. Potential Effects on Trails and Cycle Route Potential Effects on Accommodation Providers 13.4.37 A shown in Figure 13.1, there are a number of paths and trails designated for walking, cycling and horse 13.4.33 Accommodation and food services equates to 10.9% of the employment in Caithness and Sutherland riding within the study area. The sensitivity of these routes to landscape change is dependent on the and Ross and Cromarty (ONS, 2014 and 2015), as a regionally important economic sector, level of their designation as described in Table 13.1. Routes designated at the regional level are accommodation providers are considered to have Medium sensitivity to change. anticipated to have a higher sensitivity to change than local paths. Therefore the routes identified within the study area have sensitivities that range from Low for the forest paths to Medium for the core paths. 13.4.34 Changes in views from campsites and guest bedrooms could potentially be perceived to reduce the value of the accommodation to some tourists although the presence of a wind farm would not factor in Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 13-15

13.4.38 The Development will change the views along some sections of the trails and cycle routes, which may · Details of advanced notification to the general public, warning of turbine component transport reduce tourist enjoyment of the routes and deter some visitors from using them. From the ZTV, 64 routes movements; within the study area would theoretically be visually affected, with a minor shift away from baseline · Details of informative road signage warning other users of forthcoming turbine component transport setting. These routes include forest trails at Braehour, Camster, Halsry, Newton Hills Croft, Rumster, and construction traffic movements; Spital and Toftgun as well as an additional 57 core paths. The results from the Landscape and Visual · Arrangements for regular road maintenance and cleaning, e.g. road sweeping in the vicinity of the Impact Assessment (Chapter 7, ES Volume 2a), although assessing a slightly smaller study area (up to site access point as necessary, wheel cleaning / dirt control arrangements; 10 km from the Development Site Boundary) would suggest that many of these routes would be · Specific timing of deliveries outside peak traffic hours on the A99 and C1053; screened from the Development by orientation, landform or forestry. Where the Development is · The briefing of drivers on pulling over to the side of the road at suitably safe locations to allow other screened, the presence of a wind farm is unlikely to impact upon tourists’ preference for use. In addition, road users to overtake safely; and the Development is unlikely to be a factor for use of the Camster cycle trail or the Causeymire Wind · The Construction TMP will take seasonal sensitivities into account wherever practicable. Farm (core path CA06.04), as turbines are a close-up feature of these trails. Decommissioning 13.4.39 However, the settings of the collection of core paths in Rumster and Toftgun (Burn of Whilk) and the 13.5.5 The potential adverse and beneficial effects that could arise during the decommissioning phase are CA10.11 from Achavanich to Munsary would be partially altered. This alteration could lead to a Low similar to those identified for the construction phase. For this reason, mitigation measures are also likely magnitude of change in tourism value to some visitors. Taking the Medium sensitivity of the core paths to be similar. These will include developing an appropriate TMP to ensure that construction related traffic that would be affected into account, the effect of setting change on the use of trails is assessed to be does not cause unnecessary delays that could deter tourists from coming to or remaining in the area. Minor Adverse and Not Significant. 13.6 Residual Effects Decommissioning 13.6.1 This section assesses the residual effects of the Development assuming that the mitigation and benefit 13.4.40 The effects on tourism during the decommissioning phase are likely to be similar to those during the optimisation measures described previously are implemented. The results are summarised in Table construction phase. Reduced amenity, increased journey times and restricted access are not expected to 13.11. deter a large proportion of visitors. The significance of effect on tourist receptors is predicted to be Minor Adverse and Not Significant. 13.6.2 In terms of the local economy, Minor Beneficial effects are expected during the construction and 13.5 Mitigation decommissioning phases with contract staff utilising the local facilities such as accommodation, shops, and cafes/restaurants. Construction 13.6.3 During the operation phase, the Applicant will provide a Community Benefit Fund of £5,000 (retail 13.5.1 This section considers the measures that will be put in place to mitigate any adverse effects associated indexed linked) per MW of installed capacity per year for the Development. Based on the current with the Development. It also considers measures that would help to maximise any beneficial effects. proposal, it is estimated that this would amount to up to £323,000 per annum over the operational life Socio-economic period of the Development. This is considered to have Minor Beneficial significance of effect on the 13.5.2 A Meet the Developer Day will be held post submission to inform and to open discussions with local local economy. business about the opportunities that may exist during construction and operation of the Development. 13.6.4 The Development will create jobs during the construction and decommissioning phase that is predicted As proposed in Renewable UK’s (2014) good practice guide for local supply chains, the main aim of the to have a Minor Beneficial significance of effect on the local job market. event will be to actively engage local businesses in the construction supply chain. Direct and indirect 13.7 Cumulative Effects investment in the local economy will be further encouraged through the appointed Contractor who will prepare a database of local suppliers (e.g. plant, materials, guest houses, bed and breakfasts) to ensure 13.7.1 Potential cumulative effects on tourism, recreation and socio-economics may occur with other proposed that local services are used as much as practicable during the construction period. developments. This assessment considers proposed or consented wind farms in the vicinity of the Tourism Development. There are a number of onshore wind farms or potential wind farms within 35 km of the Development as Table 13.11 demonstrates. 13.5.3 The construction of the Development is anticipated to take approximately 12 - 18 months. The associated traffic flows will vary over the construction phase as different elements of the Development 13.7.2 The cumulative impacts have also been assessed in Chapter 7: Landscape and Visual Impact Site are developed and constructed. In order to mitigate against delays and amenity loss associated with Assessment, Chapter 12: Archaeology and Cultural Heritage and Chapter 14: Traffic, Transport and peak or abnormal construction traffic, a Transport Management Plan (TMP) will be produced during the Access. post-planning stage and approved in consultation with Police Scotland, THC and Transport Scotland. 13.7.3 Using latest industry figures as taken from Renewable UK (2015), the number of jobs associated with the Chapter 14: Traffic, Transport and Access provides further details about mitigation measures. onshore wind farms identified within the cumulative assessment area has been estimated. Due to the 13.5.4 The TMP will set out in detail: phasing of the different developments and the potential for an individual to work at more than one site, a Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 13-16

total cannot be calculated, but Table 13.11 does provide an approximate overview of the contribution of sector as a whole and with regard to individual tourism attractions, resources and services. Where wind development to the local job market. No significant cumulative effect is predicted. Offshore wind potentially significant effects were identified, this assessment has considered how these effects could be farms have been excluded from the analysis as the industry figures relate to onshore developments. mitigated. For some effects, the implementation of the mitigation measures are expected to entirely 13.7.4 With regard to cumulative effects on tourism, based on the results of academic studies and research into negate the adverse effect, reducing the residual significance of some potential effects to Negligible. visitor attitudes and tourism effects (numbers of visitors, visitor spend or visitor experience) no significant Where this did not occur, a residual effect was identified, although none were found to be significant (see cumulative effects will occur, despite changes to views. Table 13.12 below). 13.8.2 From this it can be concluded that the Development does have the potential to generate minor loss in amenity for tourism receptors during the temporary construction phase and a change in views to some Table 13.11 Wind Farms or Potential Wind Farms within 35 km of the Development accommodation businesses and some trails within the study area. However, there are likely to be Name Status MW Jobs * beneficial effects to the local community and economy arising from the Community Fund and additional expenditure in the locality, associated with the Development. Achlachan Approved 10 25 Achlachan 2 Approved 7.5 19 Bad a Cheo Approved 33 82 Halsary Approved 34.5 86 Hill of Lybster Approved 0.5 1 Rumster Forest Approved 9 23 Torranshandall2 Wind Turbine Approved 0.1 0 Wathegar II Approved 18 45 Weydale Farm Approved 0.5 1 Cogle Moss Decision Pending 36 19 Limekiln Resubmission Decision Pending 72 39 Lower Seater Decision Pending 3 2 Osclay Quarry Decision Pending 0.8 0 Tresdale Decision Pending 6.9 4 West Garty Decision Pending 54 29 Brabster Scoping Opinion 30 16 Broubster Scoping Opinion 50 27 Camster Forest Scoping Opinion -- Camster II Scoping Opinion - - Coghill Scoping Opinion - - Durran Mains Scoping Opinion 10 5 Earl’s Cairn Scoping Opinion 39 21 Nottingham Mains Scoping Opinion (lapsed) 4.6 2 Red Moss Scoping Opinion - - Thusater Farm Scoping Opinion (closed) 6.9 4 Torranreach Scoping Opinion - - West of Flex Hill Scoping Opinion 9 5 Westerdale Scoping Opinion 135 73 *These job numbers have been calculated using latest industry figures (Renewable UK, 2015) (jobs per MW; development (scoping and appeal) 0.54; construction 2.49) and have not been converted to FTE.

13.8 Summary 13.8.1 This chapter has considered how the Development might be expected to impact upon the local economy and tourism sector. The assessment has been undertaken in respect of both the economy and tourism Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 13-17

Table 13.12 Summary of Assessment

Description of Receptor Description of Potential Effect Description of Residual Effect

Value / Nature of Potential Residual Receptor Effect Duration Magnitude Summary of Mitigation Sensitivity Effect Significance Significance

Construction

Additional expenditure in locality, Local Economy Medium Beneficial Temporary Low Minor Local supplier database. Minor Beneficial associated with the Development. Local Community Medium Community fund Beneficial Permanent Low Minor None required. Minor Beneficial Local Job Market Medium Job creation. Beneficial Temporary Low Minor Local supplier database and Meet the Buyer Event. Minor Beneficial Tree removal operations impacting on Golticlay Forest Low Adverse Temporary Negligible Negligible Felling plan. Negligible amenity and access. Tourism Receptors (tourist Loss of amenity from noise, traffic, dust Implementation of a Transport Management Plan Medium Adverse Temporary Low Minor Minor Adverse attractions, resources and services) and large machinery. (TMP) during construction. Reduced visitor number and spending Tourist Attractions and Services Medium due to conflict of accommodation space Adverse Temporary Negligible Negligible Local supplier database and Meet the Buyer event Negligible with construction workers. Operation

Local Job Market Medium Job creation. - Permanent Negligible Negligible None required. Negligible Additional expenditure in locality, Local Economy Medium - Permanent Negligible Negligible None required. Negligible associated with the Development. Local Community Medium Community Fund. Beneficial Permanent Low Minor None required. Minor Beneficial Golticlay Forest Low Reduced productive area. Adverse Permanent Negligible Negligible None required. Negligible Scenic Areas and Nature Reserves Low – High Change in view from designated area. Adverse Permanent Low Minor None required. Minor Adverse Change in view from guest bedrooms in Accommodation Providers Medium Adverse Permanent Low Minor None required. Minor Adverse these premises. Tourism Receptor: Visitor Negligible – Change in view from tourist attractions. Adverse Permanent Negligible Negligible None required. Negligible Attractions Medium Tourism Receptor: Historic Change in views from historic Medium - High Adverse Permanent Negligible Negligible None required. Negligible Attractions attractions.

Tourism Receptor: Trails and Cycle Change in views from trails and cycle Low - Medium Adverse Permanent Low Minor None required. Minor Adverse Routes routes.

Decommissioning

Additional expenditure in locality, Local Economy Medium Beneficial Temporary Low Minor None required. Minor Beneficial associated with the Development. Local Community Medium Community fund Beneficial Permanent Low Minor None required. Minor Beneficial Local Job Market Medium Job creation. Beneficial Temporary Low Minor Local supplier database and Meet the Buyer Event. Minor Beneficial Tree removal operations impacting on Golticlay Forest Low Adverse Temporary Negligible Negligible Felling plan. Negligible amenity and access. Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 13-18

Table 13.12 Summary of Assessment

Description of Receptor Description of Potential Effect Description of Residual Effect

Value / Nature of Potential Residual Receptor Effect Duration Magnitude Summary of Mitigation Sensitivity Effect Significance Significance

Construction

Tourism Receptors (tourist Loss of amenity from noise, traffic, dust Medium Adverse Temporary Low Minor Implementation of a TMP during construction. Minor Adverse attractions, resources and services) and large machinery. Reduced visitor number and spending Tourist Attractions and Services Medium due to conflict of accommodation space Adverse Temporary Negligible Negligible Local supplier database and Meet the Buyer event Negligible with construction workers. Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 13-19

13.9 References http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Labour-Market/Local-Authority-Tables BiGGAR economics (2016). Wind Farms and Tourism Trends in Scotland: A research Report. Available: [Accessed 18/03/2016] http://www.biggareconomics.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Research-Report-on-Wind-Farms-and- SNH. (2009). A Handbook on Environmental Impact Assessment. Tourism-in-Scotland-July-16.pdf Tabbush, P. (2010). Cultural Values of Trees, Woods and Forests. Forest Research. [Accessed 10/08/2016] Tourism Resources Company. (2011). For Highlands and Islands Enterprise. A Framework for Department for Communities and Local Government (2006). Good Practice Guide on Planning for Destination Development: Ambitious for Tourism Caithness and North Sutherland. Available: Tourism. London. http://www.hie.co.uk/regional-information/area-information/caithness-and-sutherland/ IEMA (2004 and 2006). Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment. VisitScotland (2016a). Tourism in Scotland’s Regions 2014. Available: Highland Area Tourism Partnership (2012). Highland Tourism Action Plan 2020. Available: http://www.visitscotland.org/pdf/MAIN%20Regional%20Factsheet%202015_Revised%20Jan%2020161. http://www.visitscotland.org/pdf/Highland-Tourism-Action-Plan-2020-WEB.pdf pdf [Accessed 06/07/2016] [Accessed 21/03/2016] The Highland Community Planning Partnership (2013). Single Outcome Agreement: Between the VisiScotland (2016b). Scotland Visitor Survey 2015: Two Year Surveys – One Year Results. Available: Highland Community Planning Partnership and the Scottish Government. 2013/14-2018/19. http://www.visitscotland.org/pdf/Final%20(external%20use)%20Scotland%20Visitor%20Survey%202015 %20updated%208%20March%202016.pdf The Highways Agency, Scottish Government, Welsh Assembly Government and the Department of Regional Development Northern Ireland. (1993). Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB). Volume [Accessed 12/08/2016] 11, Section 3, Part 8: Pedestrians, Cyclists, Equestrians and Community Effects. National Records for Scotland (2015a). Mid-2014 Population Estimates Scotland. Available: http://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/population- estimates/mid-year-population-estimates/mid-2014 [Accessed 08/02/2016] National Records of Scotland (2015b). Highland Council Area – Demographic Factsheet. Available: http://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files/statistics/council-area-data-sheets/highland-factsheet.pdf [Accessed 18/03/2016] Office for National Statistics (2014). National Online Manpower Information Service (NOMIS): Labour Market Profile – Highland. Available: https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/1946157421/report.aspx#tabjobs [Accessed 21/03/2016]

Office for National Statistics (2015). National Online Manpower Information Service (NOMIS): Labour Market Profile - Scotland. Available: https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/gor/2013265931/report.aspx#tabwfjobs [Accessed 21/03/2016]

Office for National Statistics. (2016). Tourism Employment Summaries: Characteristics of Tourism Industries, 2014. Available: http://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/leisureandtourism/datasets/tourismemployments ummaries [Accessed 21/03/2016]

Renewable UK (2015). Onshore Wind: Economic Impacts in 2014. Scottish Government. (2014a). Scottish Planning Policy. Scottish Government (2014b). Local Authority web tables from the Local Area Labour Markets in Scotland: Statistics from the Annual Population Survey publication. Available:

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 14-1

14 TRAFFIC, TRANSPORT AND ACCESS

14.1 Introduction 14.2.4 With regards to Development Management it is stated that “Development proposals that have the 14.1.1 This chapter identifies and assesses the potential effects that the Development, as described in potential to affect the performance or safety of the strategic transport network need to be fully assessed Chapter 4: Project Description, may have on the traffic, transport and access to and within the study area to determine their impact.” and identifies the mitigation and compensation measures that will be implemented to prevent, reduce or 14.2.5 This section of the chapter will consider the effect of the Development, and where appropriate identify offset potential adverse effects or enhance potential beneficial effects, where possible. appropriate mitigation. 14.1.2 Potential effects on traffic, transport and access are interrelated with effects on noise receptors and the Scope of Assessment surrounding forest and its uses. This chapter should therefore be read in conjunction with Chapter 6: 14.2.6 A desk based study has been undertaken that focuses on the road network in the vicinity of the Planning Policy, Chapter 8: Noise, Chapter 13: Socio-Economics, and Chapter 17: Forestry, of this Development Site. The study area is defined in section 14.3. This chapter considers existing traffic flows Environmental Statement (ES). based on publicly available traffic data and identifies how construction, including associated traffic 14.1.3 The chapter is supported by the following Technical Appendices contained in ES Volume 3: movements affect the existing road network. The assessment also considers if there are any potential · Appendix 14.1: Visual Route Inspection pinch point on the network that may affect construction activities and access routes. · Appendix 14.2: Indicative Construction Traffic Programme 14.2.7 Abnormal load traffic will travel from Wick along the A99 and then northwards along the C1053 and take the Eastern or Western entrance to and from the Development Site (abnormal indivisible load route 14.2 Methods illustrated in Figure 14.1, ES Volume 2b). Other construction traffic is expected to travel along the A9, Summary of Relevant Planning Policy A99, and C1053 which provide access to the site from the north and south respectively. It is assumed that once construction traffic leaves either the A9 or A99, it will dissipate onto the wider local highway 14.2.1 An overview of planning policy associated with the Development is presented within Chapter 6: Planning network, without causing any significant effects. Therefore, the road network beyond the A9, A99 and Policy Context including the following: C1053 has not been included as part of the assessment. The roads included in the study area are Scottish Planning Policy (SPP) · identified in Figure 14.2 (ES Volume 2b). o Renewable Energy; and 14.2.8 Once operational a small number of staff will visit the Development to undertake inspections or Wind Farms. o maintenance activities; however it is not expected to generate a large number of vehicular trips other · Planning Advice Note (PAN) 75 Planning for Transport than occasional maintenance trips. Operational traffic potential effects have however been considered in · Highland-wide Local Development Plan (HwLDP) (2012) this assessment.

o Policy 28 – Sustainable Design; 14.2.9 The potential effects of traffic on the local road network associated with decommissioning the o Policy 56 – Travel; and Development at the end of its operational life time have also been considered in this chapter. o Policy 67 – Renewable Energy Developments. Assessment Guideline or Guidance and Methods Environmental Assessment Criteria 14.2.2 With respect to transportation, SPP indicates that “The strategic transport network, which includes the 14.2.10 There is no published guidance on the assessment of traffic impacts associated with temporary trunk road, motorway and rail networks, is critical in supporting a level of national connectivity that construction activities. Reference is therefore made to guidelines on assessing operational traffic facilitates sustainable economic growth. The primary purpose of the strategic transport network is to impacts produced by the IEA in 1993, "Guidelines for the Environmental Assessment of Road Traffic" provide for the safe and efficient movement of strategic long distance traffic between major centres, (IEA Guidelines) and the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB), Volume 11, Section 2 (Part 5, although in rural areas it also performs important local functions”. HA 205/08).(DMRB). The assessment methods employed in this chapter conform with those set out in 14.2.3 The Development will not generate "significant transport impacts" so no Transport Assessment is the IEA Guidelines and DMRB, as appropriate, and therefore focus on: necessary in this ES (in accordance with Transport Scotland's, ‘Transport Assessment Guidance (TAG) · Potential impacts on local roads and the users of those roads; and 2012’. This was also confirmed with The Highland Council during scoping negotiations. · Potential impacts on land uses and environmental resources fronting those roads, including the relevant occupiers and users. Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 14-2

14.2.11 The IEA Guidelines suggests the following screening criteria (percentage changes in traffic) may be used 14.2.15 As indicated above, the screening criteria relates to the operational impacts of development only. for establishing the need for an assessment of potential significance, for example: Application of these Guidelines to temporary construction traffic is therefore considered a robust and · Rule 1: include highway links where traffic flows will increase by more than 30% (or the number of conservative approach. heavy goods vehicles will increase by more than 30%); and 14.2.16 Receptors are locations or land uses categorised by their degree of sensitivity (or Environmental Value) · Rule 2: include any other specifically sensitive areas where traffic flows have increased by 10% or with guidance provided in the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB), Volume 11, Section 2 more. (Part 5, HA 205/08). Accordingly, Table 14.2 below is considered to be an appropriate assessment of receptor sensitivity. 14.2.12 The IEA Guidelines acknowledge that day-to-day variations of traffic on a road can frequently be at least + or – 10% and, at a basic level, it should therefore be assumed that projected changes in traffic of less Table 14.2: Sensitivity of Receptors than 10% create no discernible environmental impact. Absolute changes (number of vehicles) are Sensitivity Receptor Description equally relevant since percentages alone could be misleading. Nationally or internationally important site with special sensitivity to increases in Very High 14.2.13 The IEA Guidelines distinguish between the significance of operational and capacity criteria for highways road traffic. with that which is more relevant to assessing environmental impact. The IEA guidance advises that a High Regionally important site with special sensitivity to increases in road traffic. 30% change in traffic flows represents a reasonable threshold for including a highway link in an assessment of potential significance. Residential (with frontage onto road under consideration), educational, healthcare, Medium 14.2.14 In terms of magnitude of impact, the IEA Guidelines point to changes in traffic in excess of 30%, 60% leisure, public open space or town centre/local centre land use.

and 90% as being representative of “slight”, “moderate” and “substantial” impacts respectively. Table Low Employment or out of town retail land use, such as retail park. 14.1 below reflects the IEA guidance and has been used to quantify the magnitude of potential impact of the Development on traffic. Negligible Very low importance.

Table 14.1: Magnitude of Change 14.2.17 On the basis of the criteria set out in Table 14.2 above, the A9 is considered to have a sensitivity level corresponding to High; the A99 is considered High, and the C1053 Medium. Magnitude Description 14.2.18 The assessment of the significance of the effect of traffic changes along these routes should have regard Considerable deterioration/improvement in local conditions or circumstances High to both the magnitude of the development related traffic (change) and the receptor’s environmental value (+90% increase in traffic) (sensitivity). The level of significance can be determined from the following matrix in Table 14.3 (this Readily apparent change in conditions or circumstances again accords with the guidance given in the DMRB (Table 2.4 of Part 5 HA 205/08). Significance levels Medium (60 – 90% increase in traffic) of “Moderate” and above are regarded as requiring further consideration.

Perceptible change in conditions or circumstances Low (30 – 60% increase in traffic) Table 14.3 Approach to Assessment of Effects Very small change in conditions or circumstances Negligible Sensitivity (10 – 30% increase in traffic) Magnitude Very High High Medium Low Negligible High Major Major Moderate Moderate Minor Medium Major Moderate Moderate Minor Negligible Low Moderate Moderate Minor Negligible Negligible Negligible Minor Minor Negligible Negligible Negligible Note: Shaded boxes typically indicate a likely significant effect in terms of EIA subject to assessor’s professional judgement. Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 14-3

Approach to the Assessment 14.3 Existing Conditions 14.2.19 This traffic and transport chapter includes the following steps to ensure that the effects on road users due Study Area to the construction and decommissioning of the Development are established: 14.3.1 The Development Site is situated in a rural area, between the A99 at Lybster and Achavanich on the A9. · An assessment of the existing baseline conditions based on Department for Transport (DfT) traffic The following roads are included in the study area (illustrated in Figure 14.2): data; · A99 between its junction with the A882 at Wick and its junction with the A9 at Latheron. This section · An assessment of the surrounding highway network to determine its ability to accommodate the of the A99 is single carriageway with one lane in each direction. Land use along this stretch of road is expected volume of construction traffic; and primarily rural with residential dwellings at various points along the road, and · An assessment of the increase in traffic compared to the baseline traffic flows along roads used by · A9 between its junction with the B870 at Mybster and its junction with the A99 at Latheron. This construction traffic. section of the A9 is single carriageway with one lane in each direction. Land use along this stretch of road is primarily rural with a few residential dwellings. Summary of surveys · From the A99, the access route to the Development site turns north-westwards heading along the C1053. The C1053 is of single track character in layout with intermittent passing places and serves a 14.2.20 Baseline Traffic Flow Data for the major roads surrounding the Development Site, A9 and A99, was small number of private residential properties, and small businesses. The road is bounded by narrow obtained from the DfT database. Data was not gathered for the C1053 given the nature and unclassified grass verges with drainage ditches to either side. There is no pedestrian footway provision. As such, status of the route, as described later in this chapter. its receptor sensitivity would be characterised as Medium. Additional construction traffic use on the Summary of Consultation route will trigger the threshold for further assessment. 14.2.21 Consultation has taken place with both Transport Scotland and The Highland Council, through the EIA Scoping process. A summary of written exchanges within the consultation process is provided at Table Abnormal Load Route 14.4. 14.3.2 The proposed access route for turbine delivery vehicles to the Development Site is from Wick Harbour, reversing along Martha Terrace, crossing the A99 Bridge of Wick/ Francis Street onto Station Road Table 14.4: Summary of Consultation before taking a forward motion right turn at the war monument onto the A99. From the A99 the loads will Consultee Summary of Consultation turn right onto the C1053 and head north into the Development Site. There are two existing Forestry Transport Scotland · The ES should provide information with regards to the construction and Enterprise Scotland (FES) access points which will be upgraded to serve the Development Site as part of (scoping response) operational stages of the development. the planning consent. Figures 14.3 and 14.4 (ES Volume 3) provide indicative drawings of the Eastern · Potential trunk road related environmental impacts should be considered and Western access points to be used for the Development. where and assessed where appropriate. C1053 · Where a significant change in road traffic characteristics has been identified as a result of a proposed development, changes in air quality at 14.3.3 There is a documented failure on the C1053 between the existing access points to the Golticlay forest. a worst case scenario sensitive receptor adjacent to the trunk road will The Applicant has been consulting with The Highland Council on this issue over the past few years. require further assessment. Given the failure, the road in its current condition would not allow for the Abnormal Indivisible Load (AIL)

· Identification of all public roads affected by the development; their current vehicles required for the delivery of turbine parts. The Highland Council condition; prediction of traffic generation and distribution; current traffic 14.3.4 The Applicant will need to undertake upgrades to the C1053 in order for it to be used to provide access. (scoping response) flows; impacts of proposed traffic; cumulative impacts; proposed A separate engineering exercise is required to assess the structural integrity of the road. These mitigation; and residual effects. additional works will be covered in a separate planning application to The Highland Council as · Initial Meeting to discuss road integrity of C1053 and options between geotechnical investigations (GI) need to be undertaken before upgrades can be designed and proposed. The Highland Council AECOM and Iain Moncrieff of THC Roads Department in August 2012 The works are therefore not covered in this ES chapter. Roads Department · Re-consultation with Iain Moncrieff to discuss the Applicant’s proposed (post scoping approach (April 2016) 14.3.5 In consultation with the Highland Council Roads Department, the Applicant will start some initial GI consultation) · Approval from Iain Moncrieff of The Highland Council via telephone for works. In October 2016 the Applicant will have commissioned RDG to undertake the following: the methods of the works proposed. (2 June 2016) · 280 No. Peat Probes on the road verge; · A linear GPR survey; · 11 No. hand excavation pits; and Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 14-4

· 50 No. Dynamic Cone Penetration Tests (DCP) Construction Traffic Route

14.3.15 A range of construction vehicles will be accessing the Development Site including flat-bed trucks and Entrance to Site Heavy Goods Vehicles (HGVs) delivering plant (such as; excavators, bull dozers and cranes as well as

14.3.6 At the Western Access visibility splays of 4.5 m (X-direction) by 215 m (Y-direction) can be achieved smaller cars and vans associated with construction staff movement) and equipment. It is proposed that without access to third party land. construction vehicles will enter and exit the Development Site via the Eastern and Western access junctions with the C1053. The junctions will be upgraded to allow for construction vehicles to access the 14.3.7 At the Eastern Access visibility splays of 4.5 m (X-direction) by 215 m (Y-direction) can be achieved with Development Site and the existing track [within the Development Site] will be upgraded and extended. access to third party land. Construction Personnel 14.3.8 Both entrances are proposed for AIL deliveries, abnormal loads delivering turbine components, and regular construction/decommissioning traffic. Given the sub-standard visibility at the Eastern Access 14.3.16 Construction personnel are expected to travel from either Wick along the A99 south west to the approach, additional works have been undertaken to determine the speed of traffic on this road in order Development Site. Alternatively, construction personnel may travel south along the A9 originating in to determine if a shorter visibility splay is viable. Thurso. Both routes will be utilising the trunk road network for the majority of the route. Accident Data 14.3.9 In order to establish the existing vehicle speeds along the C1053 within the vicinity of the site access a speed survey was undertaken between 6 August 2016 and 12 August 2016 using 7 day / 24 hr automatic 14.3.17 The crashmap.co.uk database has been interrogated to provide a review of accident statistics within a traffic counters (ATCs). The survey established that the current 85th%ile speed southbound along the 10km vicinity of the Development Site. The review has been performed for the most recent five year C1053 is 34mph. period for which data is available, from January 2010 to December 2014. The search revealed over the 14.3.10 The guidance used to assess the visibility requirements for the site access into Golticlay wind farm was 5-year period there has been a modest amount of accidents with 14 slight and 4 serious accidents within the area local to the Development Site, and no fatal accidents recorded. as follows; Baseline Conditions · The Highland Council (THC) Roads and Transport – Road Guidelines for new Developments, May 2013; 14.3.18 Average annual daily traffic flows (AADF) for the A99 and A9 have been obtained from the DfT website. Background traffic flows are predicted to increase on the local road network regardless of the 14.3.11 From review of THC Road Guidelines it was established that the most appropriate standard to adopt for Development. This assumption is based on the forecast growth in the volume of traffic as described in this assessment is THC standards for a rural unclassified road. The guideline states that for this road the DETR publication National Road Traffic Forecasts (Great Britain) (NRTF). Therefore, future design type, an 85th%ile speed of 30 mph requires a Y-distance of 90 m and for an 85th percentile speed of 40 year traffic flows have been forecast utilising NRTF ‘low’ growth assumptions as promoted within the mph, a Y-distance of 120 m. publication. The table shows that by 2019 (the year construction is due to begin) total Passenger Car 14.3.12 Achievable visibility splays are detailed in Figure 14.3 (ES Volume 2b). It can be seen on this Sketch that Unit’s (PCU’s1) will be 1,313 on the A9 and 2,553 on the A99. The results can be seen in Table 14.5 a 113 m visibility splay is achievable to the north which fulfils the 30 mph traffic speed requirement below. The C1053 has not been included in the baseline data analysis as given its rural location and (which is higher than the existing average speed along the C1053). The achievable visibility of 113 m is 7 unclassified nature it is assumed that the IEA thresholds will be breached. m short of the 120 m indicative requirement for a 40 mph traffic speed. It should be noted that even the maximum speed realised along the C1053 during the 7 day survey did not exceed 40mph. Table 14.5: Baseline Conditions 14.3.13 At present the achievable visibility provision is 113 m without the requirement for third party land. Road Count AADF 2015 14.3.14 The Highland Council standards highlight that the required Y distance will be advised by the Council and Point Motorcycle Car Bus LGV HGV Total therefore, confirmation of the required visibility is to be requested from THC to ascertain if 113 m is PCUs acceptable for the proposed eastern access of the Development. An access assessment of the AIL route from Wick Harbour to the Development Site has been previously undertaken, including a swept path A9 10959 4 507 4 285 141 1268 analysis of the route. This assessment report is presented in Appendix 14.1 (ES Volume 3). The salient A99 20721 4 1334 62 462 136 2465 findings of this report are as follows: Road Count AADF 2016 (NRTF Low Growth 2015-2016 = 1.011 ) · Access from Wick Harbour is deemed feasible. Point Motorcycle Car Bus LGV HGV Total PCUs

1 A Passenger Car Unit (PCU) is a method used in Transport Engineering to allow for the different vehicle types within a traffic flow group to be assessed in a consistent manner. Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 14-5

Table 14.5: Baseline Conditions · Upgrading of the existing junction of A99 with C1053, and update of Eastern and Western access Road Count AADF 2015 points into the Development Site on the C1053; Point · Removal of trees to allow for construction of access tracks, construction compound, wind turbines A9 10959 4 513 4 288 143 1282 and associated infrastructure; A99 20721 4 1349 63 467 137 2493 · Delivery/ removal of plant and equipment including site offices and facilities; Road Count AADF 2017 (NRTF Low Growth 2016 - 2017 = 1.008) · Delivery of aggregate for the temporary construction compound; and Point · Delivery/ removal of site offices, sanitary cabins and staff kitchen/break out cabins. Motorcycle Car Bus LGV HGV Total PCUs A9 10959 4 517 4 290 144 1293 Timber Extraction

A99 20721 4 1359 63 471 139 2512 14.4.4 There is an ongoing programme of timber extraction at the forest by FES. The area of land which Road Count AADF 2018 (NRTF Low Growth 2017 - 2018 = 1.008) encompasses the majority of the Development lies within a programme of felling taking place from Point 2016 – 2020. As such it will be at an advanced stage by the time of the indicative construction Motorcycle Car Bus LGV HGV Total PCUs programme is undertaken in 2019 and will be a continuous process as construction of the access tracks and wind farm overall progresses. A9 10959 4 521 4 293 145 1303 Roads and Hardstanding A99 20721 4 1370 64 475 140 2533 14.4.5 New access tracks will be constructed to extend access from upgraded forest roads within the Road Count AADF 2019 (NRTF Low Growth 2018-2019 = 1.008) Point Development Site and provide permanent access to wind farm infrastructure. Typical deliveries will Motorcycle Car Bus LGV HGV Total consist of HGV traffic for the following: PCUs · Delivery of aggregate for new/ upgraded access tracks and hard standings; and A9 10959 4 525 4 295 146 1313 · Delivery of geo-grid for the new/ upgraded access tracks. A99 20721 4 1381 64 478 141 2553 Turbine Erection 14.4 Potential Effects 14.4.6 The Development comprises up to 19 wind turbines. Assembly of each turbine will require up to 10 AIL Construction vehicles excluding the mobile cranes used to assemble the components which would be delivered ahead of the turbine component. Therefore, there would be potentially 190 trips associated with 14.4.1 Further details regarding the construction of the Development are contained in Chapter 4: Project abnormal loads to the Development Site and the same number of ‘empty’ HGV return trips (since the Description of this ES. The following provides a summary of the principal activities that will be undertaken AILs would be collapsed for the return journey). during the construction of the Development that have traffic implications: 14.4.7 Before the assembly of the tower each turbine requires: · Delivery of aggregate for access tracks, crane hard standings and anemometer mast; · Delivery of ready mixed concrete for base pad allowing formwork to be constructed; · Delivery of ready mixed concrete for foundations of turbines; · Delivery of formwork and reinforcing steel; and · Delivery of turbine components; and · Delivery of ready mixed concrete for the turbine foundations. Construction of the foundations will take · Other miscellaneous deliveries (including cables, steelwork, pipes, construction personnel etc.). place over an anticipated period of seven months, during month’s three to nine of the construction programme. During this period there would be 19 concrete pours (one for each turbine foundation). Construction Traffic Concrete pours must be continuous and each concrete pour would require a worst case of 92 two- 14.4.2 Full details of traffic estimated to be generated by the construction of the Development are contained in way trips (46 vehicles) in a single day during the construction programme. Appendix 14.2: Indicative Construction Traffic Programme (ES Volume 3). The following subsections provide an overview of the traffic associated with key construction activities. Site Set Up / Demobilisation

14.4.3 The initial site set up, and the demobilisation after construction is complete, will consist of: Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 14-6

Substation Works impact. An approximate construction programme has been developed for the purposes of estimating

14.4.8 Delivery of material for the substation and control building will be required. This will include general traffic flows. Appendix 14.2 (ES Volume 3) provides the forecast construction traffic broken down to an construction material as well as delivery of specialist electrical equipment including transformers. average for each month of the 12 month construction programme, for each element of the construction Medium to HGV sized vehicles would be used for these works. process. It should be noted that this construction programme is approximate and has been developed for the purposes of estimating traffic flows. The appointed contractor will be responsible for the Cable Installation preparation of a detailed construction programme. 14.4.9 Cable installation will involve the following. Medium to HGV sized vehicles will be used for: 14.4.12 The figures provided in Appendix 14.2 (ES Volume 3) detail the total number of 2-way vehicle trips or · Delivery of sand for the cable trenches; and movements. · Delivery of cabling. 14.4.13 In order to determine a worst case traffic scenario in terms of construction traffic it has been assumed that no suitable materials are recovered from temporary quarries on the Development site. Such a Other Miscellaneous deliveries/Movement of construction personnel worst case scenario would produce a worst case monthly average of 226 daily movements excluding · Construction will involve other HGV and light goods vehicle (LGV) deliveries / removals such as: concrete deliveries. Of this daily total, 196 two-way trips are created by HGVs. The remaining 30 · Delivery of cleaning and office supplies; movements are associated with light vehicles and cars. · Collection and removal of waste; and 14.4.14 As noted the worst case daily movements excludes concrete deliveries for the turbine and other bases. · Arrival of project managers, engineers, environmental staff, health and safety staff and others to Concrete delivery will only occur on 2 days in every month during the seven months when turbines are assist in the project and to monitor progress. being erected (i.e. 14 individual days in total). A detailed Transport Management Plan (TMP) will ensure aggregate and concrete deliveries do not coincide, to ensure the concrete delivery vehicles are not impeded by aggregate delivery vehicles during the continuous pour of the turbine foundations and Potential Effects other ready mixed concrete operations, and more importantly minimise any impact on the external road 14.4.9.1 The IEA Guidelines list the following potential impacts during the construction phase: network. · Traffic noise and vibration; 14.4.15 Table 14.6 displays the future (2019) baseline traffic flows identified in Table 14.4 in addition to the · Visual impact; worst case forecasted traffic flows from the data in Appendix 14.2 (ES Volume 3). Table 14.7 relates to · Severance (for motorists or pedestrians); HGVs only. The percentage increase due to construction traffic is also displayed within Tables 14.6 and · Increased journey times for non-construction traffic; 14.7. · Pedestrian delay, intimidation, loss of amenity; 14.4.16 The assessment is additionally based on the assumption that all construction traffic travels along all · Road accidents and safety; road links in the study area, which clearly will not happen (thereby, in combination with the assumption · Hazardous loads (not considered as no hazardous substances will be transported to the that on-site quarries provide no suitable construction material, further ensuring a worst case Development Site); assessment for any road links which may be travelled by all construction traffic). · Air pollution; · Dust and dirt; · Ecological impact; and · Heritage and conservation areas.

14.4.10 Other environmental aspects are considered elsewhere within the ES and are not considered further within this chapter: Air pollution and construction dust (Chapter 2), Landscape and Visual Impact (Chapter 7), Noise (Chapter 8), Ecology (Chapter 9), and Cultural Heritage impacts (Chapter 12). Forecast Traffic Flows

14.4.11 The duration of the construction period for the Development is expected to last between 12 – 18 months. For the purposes of determining the potential impact of the associated construction vehicles the shorter duration of 12 months has been used, therefore providing a more robust assessment of Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 14-7

Table 14.6: Predicted Traffic Flows with the Development, for all vehicles (Vehs) · No allowance has been made for the recovery of suitable construction materials on-site from temporary quarries. AADF Forecasted Baseline + Trigger threshold ** for The predicted total number of vehicles is within normal parameters for the road type being Count 2019 daily % · Road Forecasted detailed assessment considered; Point Baseline construction increase flows (Vehs) (Yes/No) (Vehs) flows (Vehs)* · The high percentage increases in HGV traffic highlighted in Table 14.7 are as a result of the existing low number of HGVs on this route. There will be sufficient ‘headroom’ to accommodate the additional A9 10959 1313 226 1539 17.2% No HGVs without severance or substantial driver delays; and A99 20721 2553 226 2779 8.9% No · Other than the villages and towns, the road network is predominantly rural in nature with little frontage C1053 - - - - - *** - development, punctured only with intermittent field and private dwelling accesses. * This is the worst case scenario and not expected to occur on every day of construction. ** Threshold triggered if traffic flows will increase by more than 30% as a result of development traffic Operational Phase according to IEA guidelines. 14.4.19 The operational Development is not expected to be manned nor have any staff permanently stationed ***No traffic count was undertaken for the C1053. There are approximately 15 properties served by the at the Development Site. There would be occasional visits by maintenance and repair staff; however C1053, which are predominantly residential in nature. The IEA thresholds are, therefore, highly likely to this is expected to be infrequent and low in numbers. It may also become necessary for HGV trips if be breached. The route is single track with passing places at various locations along its length. replacement parts are needed, however this would be an abnormal event and would likely constitute only a few trips in the event it did occur. AILs are not expected; it is rare to need to substitute turbine Table 14.7: Predicted Traffic Flows with the Development, for HGVs only components during the operational life.

AADF Forecasted 14.4.20 Operational trips are therefore expected to be minimal and infrequent, and as such have not been 2019 Baseline 2019 daily Trigger threshold ** for considered further. Count + Forecasted % Road Baseline construction detailed assessment Point flows (No. of increase Decommissioning Phase (No. of flows (No. of (Yes/No) HGVs) 14.4.21 At this stage it is not possible to forecast quantitatively the traffic impact during the decommissioning of HGVs) HGVs) * the Development. This is due to the baseline data not being valid in 25 years’ time. Notwithstanding 146 196 342 234% Yes A9 10959 this, prior to decommissioning of the Development, a further traffic assessment will be undertaken and 239% A99 20721 141 196 337 Yes traffic management procedures agreed with the Roads Authorities. C1053 - - - - - *** - 14.4.22 The typical operational lifespan for an onshore wind farm is in the region of 25 years at which point the proposed wind farm would be decommissioned. This will be undertaken in accordance with the * This is the worst case scenario and not expected to occur on every day of construction. guidance set out in SNH Report No. 591 “Research and guidance on restoration and decommissioning ** Threshold triggered if there is a significant increase in HGV traffic (30%) according to IEA guidelines. of onshore wind farms”. A Restoration and Decommissioning Plan would be prepared which sets out *** No traffic count was undertaken for the C1053. There are approximately 15 properties served by the the approach to reinstatement of affected land and removal of development infrastructure. This is C1053, which are predominantly residential in nature. The IEA thresholds are, therefore, highly likely to expected to involve the removal of all above ground infrastructure: be breached. The route is single track with passing places at various locations along its length. · Turbines will be dismantled and removed from site; · Top 1m of the turbine foundations will be broken up, removed and re-graded to allow land to be 14.4.17 The analysis shows that the worst case predicted percentage increase in total traffic is no greater than utilised for other purposes; 17.2% on the A9 and 8.9% on the A99 during the predicted peak activity for the Development Site. If · Control building and substation will be dismantled and removed; and HGV activity for the A9 and A99 is looked at in isolation, the worst case daily increase is 234% and · Access tracks and cabling will be left in-situ as it is considered more environmentally impacting to 239% respectively, based on average daily traffic flow during the predicted peak month of activity on remove them. site.

14.4.18 The following points should be borne in mind in relation to the impact of the increase in HGV traffic: 14.4.23 The levels of traffic associated with the decommissioning will be comparatively lower than those during · The increase in traffic during the construction phase is temporary and will fluctuate. Although the the construction phase, therefore significant decommissioning effects are unlikely to arise. peak months’ HGV movements are 196 per day, HGV movements are predicted to be 82 per day or less for 6 of the 12 months’ construction period; Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 14-8

Assessment of Effects 14.4.38 The potential effect of this is considered to be of Negligible magnitude and Medium sensitivity and

14.4.24 The following subsections evaluate the potential impacts, in traffic and transportation terms, of the therefore of Negligible significance. construction phase of the Development on the basis that the A9 and A99 have been assessed as Road Accidents and Safety having High Sensitivity and the C1053 road has been assessed as having Medium sensitivity. 14.4.39 An increase in traffic on any particular route theoretically has the potential to increase the risk of Severance accidents occurring. However, there are no general thresholds for determining the significance of increased traffic on road safety. Indeed, this is confirmed by the he IEA guidelines which note that road 14.4.25 According to the IEA guidelines, severance is “the perceived division that can occur within a community accidents are attributable to a variety of local factors and as such do not provide a threshold to determine when it becomes separated by a major traffic artery severance could equally be applied to residents, significance. As such judgement and discretion on the part of the assessor is required to determine any motorists or pedestrians”. detrimental effects associated with the traffic generated by the Development. 14.4.26 An increase in construction traffic can make it more difficult for pedestrians to cross a road or for traffic 14.4.40 An increase in slow moving HGV traffic can result in a convoy of vehicles being unable to overtake the to enter a carriageway. For there to be a perceived division a significant increase in traffic is required. HGV. This in turn can lead to increased journey times, driver frustration and drivers taking unnecessary 14.4.27 The routes to be utilised are well established roads with established traffic flows. There are a number of risks. minor settlements adjacent to the A99 and a few adjacent to the A9 and C1053. However, these 14.4.41 Abnormal loads may need to overrun footways to negotiate some junctions along the delivery route to settlements do not have a high footfall and any clusters of settlements tend to be located to one side of site. the road therefore reducing the likelihood of pedestrians crossing. 14.5 Mitigation 14.4.28 There are a few settlements such as Lybster, Thrumster and Whaligoe where pedestrian footfall may Construction Phase be greater. With the A99 being the main route south from Wick these settlements already have 14.5.1 Temporary effects relating to an increase in general construction traffic will be minimised through the established traffic flows including HGVs at present. Given its nature, the occurrence of HGV traffic on implementation of an appropriate locally focused Transport Management Plan (TMP) which will seek to the C1053 will be significantly lower promote the safe and efficient transportation of components and materials in order to minimise 14.4.29 The potential effect of this is considered to be of Negligible magnitude and Medium sensitivity and congestion and disruption. This will be produced during the post planning stage and approved in therefore of Negligible significance. consultation with Police Scotland, The Highland Council and Transport Scotland. Increased Journey Times for Non-Construction Traffic 14.5.2 The TMP will apply to all sections of the public road network but enhanced with locally specific 14.4.30 HGVs by their very nature travel slower than the average vehicle and can delay other road users by measures as appropriate. It will include but not be limited to: increasing their journey time. It is not uncommon for a ‘convoy’ effect to occur when suitable overtaking · The proposed route for construction traffic including abnormal loads; opportunities for vehicles are few and far between. Increased journey times can lead to driver · The necessary agreements and timing restrictions for construction traffic. This may include the frustration. restriction of the number of daily HGV vehicle movements, if deemed necessary by the planning 14.4.31 If HGVs do cause a ‘convoy’ effect then this can cause delays for vehicles wishing to join the authority; carriageway that the HGV is travelling on. · Details of proposed Condition Survey on access routes; 14.4.32 AILs carrying items such as a wind turbine blade also have the potential to cause delays or potentially · Proposals for abnormal maintenance of these routes during (and attributable to) construction; localised road closures for short periods of time and would take place when background traffic flows · Proposals for monitoring and agreeing (abnormal maintenance) costs attributable to construction of are low. the Development; 14.4.33 The potential effect of this is considered to be of Low magnitude and Medium sensitivity and therefore of · Escort arrangements for abnormal loads; Minor significance. · Route signing; Pedestrian Delay, Intimidation, Loss of Amenity · Details of advanced notification to the general public, warning of turbine component transport 14.4.34 An increase in construction traffic can make it more difficult for pedestrians to cross a road. Pedestrians movements; can also experience intimidation and the degree to which this occurs is affected by the volumes of traffic, · Details of informative road signage warning other users of forthcoming turbine component transport the proportion of HGV traffic and its proximity to pedestrians. and construction traffic movements; 14.4.35 HGV traffic currently travels through the main local settlements along the route. · Arrangements for regular road cleaning, e.g., road sweeping in the vicinity of the Development Site 14.4.36 There is no pedestrian footway provision along the C1053 and therefore pedestrian activity will be low. access point as necessary, wheel cleaning / dirt control arrangements; 14.4.37 The delivery of abnormal loads may involve the removal of some street furniture in Wick. · Specific timing of deliveries outside peak traffic hours; Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 14-9

· The briefing of drivers on pulling over to the side of the road at suitably safe locations to allow other 14.7 Cumulative Effects road users to overtake safely; 14.7.1 There are a number of consented wind farms or potential wind farms within 35 km of the Development · Contractor speed limits; with the potential to cause cumulative impacts. · Community and emergency services liaison details; and 14.7.2 The cumulative assessment of traffic, transport and access effects only considers wind farms that are · Details of potential impact with Timber Haulage routes and mitigation approved, approved but not yet under construction, submitted but pending decision or at appeal as only these schemes may be under construction concurrently with the Development and therefore have the Operational Phase potential for cumulative effects (Table 14.8). The assessment excludes cumulative operational effects, as these will not generate significant volumes of traffic. 14.5.3 The traffic generated during the operation of the Development will not have a significant effect on the existing road network. Suitable signage will be erected advising of the appropriate access to the Table 14.8 Wind Farms or Potential Wind Farms Within 35 km of the Development Development Site. No other mitigation is considered necessary. Max. Max. Number Total Decommissioning Phase Hub Tip Site Dist. (km) of Capacity Status Height Height Turbines 14.6.4 The mitigation measures will be broadly similar to the construction phase and a TMP and (MW) (m) (m) Decommissioning Plan will be prepared and agreed with The Highland Council at least 6 months prior to Achlachan 11.7 5 10 63.5 110 Approved commencing decommissioning works. They would also take into account any changes to the legislative Achlachan 2 11.2 3 6 63.5 110 Approved framework and good industry practices relevant at the time. Bad a Cheo 7.3 13 33 67 112 Approved 14.6 Residual Effects Beatrice (Offshore) 22.4 84 588 110 187 Approved Halsary 8.3 15 34.5 67 112 Approved Construction Hill of Lybster 33.4 1 0.5 55 79 Approved 14.6.1 The mitigation measures described above will assist in mitigating the majority of temporary traffic Torranshandall 2 Wind 17.7 1 0.1 23 36 Approved effects associated with the construction phase. The primary residual effects of the Development Turbine include: Wathegar 2 9.4 9 18 60 101 Approved · Temporary severance effects; Weydale Farm 24.7 1 0.5 63.5 110 Approved · Drivers experiencing an increase in journey time during construction; and Submitted Cogle Moss 14.2 12 36 64 99.5 but not yet · A temporary increase in the risk of road accidents occurring. Determined Submitted Limekiln 28.4 24 72 98 139 but not yet 14.6.2 The above residual effects have been assessed as being Minor or Negligible and therefore ‘Not Resubmission Determined Significant’ in terms of EIA. Submitted Lower Seater 18.7 3 2.7 35 62 but not yet 14.6.3 Additional construction traffic use on the C1053 is highly-likely to trigger the threshold for further Determined assessment due to the High magnitude of change anticipated and low traffic volumes presently on the Submitted rural road. Based on its Medium sensitivity, the residual effect is anticipated to be Moderate, and Osclay Quarry 1.1 1 0.8 56 80 but not yet Determined therefore Significant in terms of EIA. This impact would be short term however, only lasting for the Submitted duration of the construction period. Tresdale 31.2 3 6.9 64 99.5 but not yet Determined Operation Submitted 14.6.4 There will be a Negligible residual effect on the existing road network from the operation of the West Garty 33.2 17 54 78.33 119.33 but not yet Determined Development. Note: This is the approximate distance between the Development Site Boundary (excluding access Decommissioning track) and the closest turbine at other development sites. Scoping sites centre point to boundary. List correct as of 1 July 2016. 14.6.5 The decommissioning effects should be similar to the construction effects but their intensity will be greatly reduced as the decommissioning will only involve the removal of above ground infrastructure. 14.7.3 There is the potential for cumulative effects on traffic and transport with those wind farms which are There will therefore be Minor or Negligible residual effects along most of the road network, although approved should the construction phases for two or more of the projects overlap with the Development with the potential for a short term Moderate adverse effect on the C1053. Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 14-10

(Achlachan, Achlachan 2, Bad a Cheo, Beatrice (Offshore), Halsary, Hill of Lybster, Rumster Forrest, 14.8.2 Temporary effects are predicted for road users on the A99, particularly during the construction of access Torranshandall 2 Wind Turbine, Wathegar 2 and Weydale Farm). tracks initially and during periods when abnormal loads are delivered to the Development Site. This is 14.7.4 Approved schemes have up to 3 years to implement their consent, therefore, construction works for primarily as a consequence of the low traffic flows as identified in the baseline data. The predicted total these approved developments should be complete or substantially complete by the time construction number of vehicles is within normal parameters for the road type being considered and as such traffic starts on the Development in 2019. effects are not considered to be significant. 14.7.5 In the event any of these wind farms are delayed and coincide with the Development, the Applicant 14.8.3 A TMP would be produced for approval by Police Scotland, The Highland Council and Transport would seek to work with these other developers to minimise effects on the traffic network through a Scotland that would confirm, for example, the routing proposals for the delivery of turbine components by revised TMP. abnormal loads, and construction materials, timing of deliveries, route condition surveys and mitigation measures as necessary. 14.7.6 With regard to those wind farms for which an application has been submitted but not yet determined (Cogle Moss, Limekiln Resubmission, Lower Seater, Osclay Quarry, Tresdale and West Garty) the 14.8.4 The residual environmental effects associated with construction and decommissioning traffic with the potential for cumulative effects to occur have been assessed and are summarised in Table 14.9 below. appropriate mitigation measures in place are generally predicted to be of Low / Negligible magnitude and are therefore considered to be of Minor or Negligible significance respectively, and therefore Not Significant. The change of traffic flows along the C1053 during construction will be High, leading to a Table 14.9: Transport Cumulative Impact Assessment Moderate adverse (temporary) impact that is considered significant along this road. This impact would Total reduce to Negligible following completion of the construction phase. Table 14.10 provides a summary of AADF AADF Cogle Lower Cumulative % the potential effects, mitigation and residual effects discussed in this chapter, which will be further Road 2019 Limekiln Osclay Tresdale West 2019 Moss Seater Traffic Increase Base Quarry Garty Total developed in the TMP following receipt of planning consent. 14.8.5 Further GI work will be carried out on the C1053 following receipt of planning consent. The Applicant A9 (10959) 1313 76 134 20 5 28 25 288 1601 21.9 proposes to continue to consult with the Roads Department at the Highland Council while initial GI works A99 continue. On receipt of the GI findings an appraisal of the road widening works to be undertaken will be 2841 11.3 (20721) 2553 76 134 20 5 28 25 288 carried out to determine the impact to traffic flows. This will in turn feed into the TMP, which will expand on the measures presented in this chapter to minimise the adverse impacts as far as practical. 14.7.7 Table 14.9 demonstrates that on all the routes potentially affected by the cumulative assessment will experience a percentage increase of less than 30% which is of Negligible in magnitude and of Minor adverse significance. 14.7.8 Insufficient information currently exists about the number of vehicle movements for Brabster, Broubster, Camster Forest, Camster 2, Coghill, Durran Mains, Earl’s Cairn, Red Moss, Torranreach, West of Flex Hill and Westerdale which are at Scoping stage. However, it is considered unlikely that these sites would be developed at the same time as the Development and the other cumulative schemes considered in this section. It is considered that the comparison tabulated in Table 14.9 presents a sufficiently robust and conservative assessment of the cumulative impact of these other schemes with the Development on local road network. 14.8 Summary 14.8.1 The predicted traffic flows presented in this chapter represent a worst case scenario over a 12 month construction period. The assessment has assumed 100% of the predicted increases in traffic flows have been applied to each road in the study network passing a given Count Point when in reality the increase in traffic flows will be spread over the study network. In addition, no allowance for the recovery of suitable construction materials from four proposed on-site temporary quarries has been made. Finally, it does not consider that a proportion of existing HGV traffic recorded on the affected road network is potentially construction related, for example, from local quarries supplying other sites on the peninsula and is therefore being double-counted. Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 14-11

Table 14.10: Summary of Assessment

Description of Description of Potential Effect Description of Residual Effect Impacts Magnitude of Potential Magnitude of Change Residual Effect (Construction, Operation, Decommissioning) Duration Summary of Mitigation Change Significance following Mitigation Significance Utilise on site temporary quarries if possible to HGV deliveries still Increase in the amount of traffic on the routes used by vehicles reduce the import of material and therefore HGV associated with the construction phase resulting in perception that a Moderate required but reduced in Severance Temporary Medium trips. Minor Adverse road is less safe to cross or that parts of a settlement or individual Adverse number. HGVs to follow defined routes to and from site. properties become isolated. Effects still might occur. Detailed TMP. Educate HGV drivers to stop at suitable locations Increase in slow moving HGV traffic which results in a convoy of allowing vehicles to pass. Effects still might occur. vehicles being unable to overtake the HGV. This in turn leading to Moderate Utilise on site temporary quarries if possible to HGV deliveries still Temporary Medium Minor Adverse Increased Journey increased journey times, driver frustration and drivers taking Adverse reduce the import of material and therefore HGV required but reduced in Times for Non unnecessary risks. trips. number. Construction Traffic Detailed TMP. Escort vehicles to accompany abnormal load. Traffic management associated with abnormal load deliveries may Moderate Abnormal load delivery to be programmed in such Temporary Medium Negligible. Minor Adverse involve local road closure and local diversion of traffic. Adverse a way so as to cause minimal disruption. Detailed TMP.

Moderate Medium Negligible Pedestrian Delay Adverse

HGV deliveries still Increase in the amount of traffic on the routes used by vehicles required but reduced in Utilise on site temporary quarries if possible to associated with the construction phase resulting in longer time for number. Pedestrian Moderate reduce the import of material and therefore HGV pedestrians to cross the road. Temporary Medium HGV deliveries still Minor Adverse Intimidation Adverse trips. Increase in HGV traffic may increase the perceived danger of crossing required but reduced in a road. number. Effects still might occur. Pedestrian Moderate Medium Negligible Loss of Amenity Adverse

Utilise on site temporary quarries if possible to HGV deliveries still Increase in slow moving HGV traffic which results in a convoy of reduce the import of material and therefore HGV required but reduced in vehicles being unable to overtake the HGV. This in turn leading to trips. number. Effects still might Road Accidents and increased journey times, driver frustration and drivers taking Moderate occur Temporary Medium Minor Adverse Safety unnecessary risks. Adverse Abnormal loads may need to overrun footways to negotiate some HGVs to follow defined routes to and from site. junctions along the delivery route to site. Effects still might occur Educate HGV drivers to stop at suitable locations allowing vehicles to pass. Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 14-12

Table 14.10: Summary of Assessment

Description of Description of Potential Effect Description of Residual Effect Impacts Magnitude of Potential Magnitude of Change Residual Effect (Construction, Operation, Decommissioning) Duration Summary of Mitigation Change Significance following Mitigation Significance

Abnormal load vehicle speeds will be low. Vehicles will be escorted. Footways will be closed on a temporary basis if abnormal loads require incurring onto pedestrian space.

GI investigations will be undertaken to determine Increase of traffic flows predicted to be 60-90% to trigger a detailed Moderate Moderate C1053 Temporary Medium the road widening which will occur. A detailed Effects still might occur assessment. Adverse Adverse assessment will be undertaken at that time. Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 2a Main Report 14-13

14.9 References

Department of the Environment Transport and Regions (1997). National Road Traffic Forecasts. Highland Council, (2012). Highland-wide Local Development Plan. Institute of Environmental Assessment (1993). The Institute of Environmental Assessment’s Guidelines for the Environmental Assessment of Road Traffic. Highways Agency (2007). Spatial Planning Advice Note SP04/07 – Planning Applications for Wind Turbines Sited Near Trunk Roads. Scottish Executive, (2005) Planning Advice Note (PAN) 75: Planning for Transport.

Transport Scotland (2012). Transport Assessment Guidance. Scottish Government, (2010) Scottish Planning Policy. Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.1 - 1

APPENDIX 12.1: GAZETTEER OF HERITAGE ASSETS

Scheduled Monuments within 10km Study Area (highlighted are within the ZTV) DESIGNATION REFERENCE NAME DESIGNATION SM433 Cairn Hanach,chambered cairn S side of Warehouse Hill REFERENCE NAME SM435 Cairn Reain,chambered cairn,North Yarrows,Thrumster SM6014 Buolacrabher,settlement 1170m S of SM436 Cairns of Warehouse, cairns at N end of Warehouse Hill SM6015 Minera,hut circles 330m SSE of,370m ESE of and 270m E of SM466 Mains of Ulbster,chambered cairn 900m NNW of SM4255 Broughwhin,hut circle & cists 130m E of SM467 McCole's Castle, chambered cairn SM4289 Watenan,fort 165m NW of,Ulbster SM501 Ulbster School,standing stone,Ulbster SM4338 Groats Loch,cairn 200m W of,Watenan SM504 Watenan,cairn & stone setting 400m W of,Ulbster SM5088 Bridge of Rhemullen,broch 180m SW of SM505 Loch of Yarrows, standing stones and cairn 500m ESE of S end of loch SM5182 Latheronwheel House,promontory fort 1100m SE of SM506 Loch of Yarrows, stone rows 350m SE of North Yarrows SM5224 Buolacrabher,chambered cairn 1350m SSW of SM507 South Yarrows,long cairn 220m NW of SM5233 Latheronwheel House, long cairn 850m SE of SM508 South Yarrows,long cairn 210m SW of SM5311 Upper Latheron,chambered cairn 530m ESE of SM548 Garrywhin, fort and settlement, Ulbster SM5799 Toftgun,cairn and shieling 1950m SSE of SM595 Ulbster School,broch 90m S of SM5301 Halsary,standing stones 450m WNW of and 620m NW of SM605 Warehouse,hut circles 800m N of,Ulbster SM5152 Loedebest,settlement SM607 Watenan,fort 100m SSW of,Ulbster SM5235 Cnocan Conachreag,settlement and shielings 600m WSW of SM610 Loch of Yarrows, hut circles & cairns 500m SSE of South Yarrows SM5186 Bridge of Badnagie,settlement 400m NW of SM611 Loch of Yarrows,broch on SW side of,Thrumster SM5089 Greentulloch,broch 180m NE of SM612 South Yarrows, hut circle and kiln barn 450m W of SM5304 Bridge of Badnagie,standing stone 600m N of SM664 Warehouse, broch and outworks 100m N of, Ulbster SM2301 Wag of Forse, settlement 800m WSW of Forse House SM696 Watenan,broch 140m N of,Ulbster SM7242 Forse House, settlement, field system, burnt mounds and cairns WSW of SM463 Loch of Camster,stone rows 400m WSW of S end of SM8516 Loch of Yarrows, hut circle 450m SSE of S end of loch SM591 Toftgun,broch 365m SSE of,Loch of Camster SM8520 Loch of Yarrows, cairn 550m ENE of South Yarrows SM536 Camster,broch 275m E of SM8521 Loch of Yarrows, two cairns 700m ENE of South Yarrows SM537 Camster,broch S of SM8533 Loch of Yarrows, hut circle 300m ESE of South Yarrows SM519 Appnag Tulloch,broch 550m N of Forse House SM10105 Thrumster, settlement beside Burn of Swartigill SM550 Golsary, broch on W bank of Burn of Golsary, Rumster Forest SM90048 Cairn of Get SM573 Rumster, broch 200m WSW of, Forse SM90056 Grey Cairns of Camster SM575 Rhianrivach,broch 400m N of SM90162 Hill o'Many Stanes,stone rows SM599 The Tulloch (Usshilly), broch and field system WNW of Forse House SM10752 Swiney Castle, remains of, Achastle-shore SM613 Lybster, Church of Scotland, cross incised stone SM3520 Strath,cairn & hut circles 1070m S of SM624 Reisgill,old bridge SM3666 Achalipster,corn kiln & barn SM510 Achavar,broch NNW of Occumster Railway Station SM557 Greenhill, broch 60m NE of SM552 Green Hill,broch,Roster SM527 Borrowston, broch 260m S of SM570 Bridge of Occumster,broch 320m SSW of SM429 Broughwhin, cairn and stone row 190m NW of Groat's Loch SM614 Mid Clyth, cross slab 130m E of Greenhill

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.1 - 2

DESIGNATION REFERENCE NAME SM419 Achkinloch,chambered cairn 800m SW of,Loch Stemster SM420 Achkinloch,stone setting SW of,Loch Stemster SM473 Rangag,standing stone by Latheron to Thurso Road,750m N of SM520 Ballachly,broch 360m S of,Stemster SM593 Tulach Mor,broch,E bank of River Thurso SM438 Cairn Liath,long cairn and round cairn SM443 Cnoc na Maranaich,chambered cairn,burial cist and standing stone SM453 Guidebest, stone circle, Latheronwheel Burn SM543 Cor Tulloch,prehistoric settlement SM585 Tiantulloch,broch,prehistoric and post-medieval settlements SM574 Bridge of Rhemullen,broch 450m NW of SM425 Bridge of Badnagie,chambered cairn 610m NNW of SM445 Buolacrabher,chambered cairn 1550m S of SM457 Minera,standing stone 470m S of SM568 Minera,broch 90m SSE of SM563 Knockinnon,broch SM566 Latheronwheel House,broch 500m W of SM581 Smerral, broch to E of Bunellich SM461 Latheron, 2 standing stones SM462 Latheronwheel House,chambered cairn 580m SE of SM529 Bruan,broch,Ulbster SM565 Latheronwheel Bridge,broch 450m S of SM598 Upper Latheron, broch 230m E of SM621 Forse Castle SM555 Greysteil Castle, broch, Loch Rangag SM586 Tannach Mains,broch 275m N of

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.1 - 3

Listed Buildings within 10km Study Area (highlighted are within the ZTV)

DESIGNATION REFERENCE CATEGORY NAME LB7951 A LAIDHAY CROFT MUSEUM, CROFT HOUSE LB7949 A FORSE HOUSE, DOVECOT LB7935 A THE CORR LB7984 B LATHERONWHEEL, COOPER'S BUILDINGS, SOUTHERN HOUSE LB7984 B LATHERONWHEEL, COOPER'S BUILDINGS, NORTHERN HOUSE LB7980 B LATHERONWHEEL HOUSE LB7983 B LATHERONWHEEL, BARN AND STORE LB7985 B LATHERONWHEEL BRIDGE LB7952 B Latheron Old Parish Church LB7952/SM3295 B Latheron Old Church Burial Ground. LB7929 B LATHERON, HOUSE LB7929 B LATHERON, POST OFFICE LB7928 B LATHERON, SCHOOL AND SCHOOL HOUSE LB10950/SM617 B LATHERON, BULDOO BELL TOWER LB7950 B GILLIVOAN LB7954 B LYBSTER HARBOUR, LIGHTHOUSE LB7954 B LYBSTER HARBOUR LB7954 B LYBSTER HARBOUR, WAREHOUSES LB8003 B SWINEY HOUSE LB7956 B LYBSTER, HARBOUR, INVER HOUSE LB7946 B FORSE HOUSE LB7996 B LYBSTER, MAIN STREET, MILTON LB7996 B LYBSTER, MAIN STREET, CRAIGARD LB7947 B FORSE HOUSE, WALLED GARDEN LB7947 B FORSE HOUSE, SMALL HOUSE TO REAR LB7959 B LYBSTER, MAIN STREET, COMMERCIAL BANK AND MANAGER'S HOUSE LB8000 B NOTTINGHAM MAINS STEADING LB10951 B LYBSTER, GREY'S PLACE, CHURCH OF SCOTLAND, ST MARY'S CHURCH LB7999 B LYBSTER QUATRE BRAS ' 2 4-bay dwellings LB7999 B LYBSTER QUATRE BRAS ' 2 4-bay dwellings LB7999 B LYBSTER QUATRE BRAS ' 4 2-bay dwellings LB7999 B LYBSTER QUATRE BRAS ' 4 2-bay dwellings LB7999 B LYBSTER QUATRE BRAS ' 4 2-bay dwellings LB7999 B LYBSTER QUATRE BRAS 'Service Cottages LB7999 B LYBSTER QUATRE BRAS ' 4 2-bay dwellings LB7999 B LYBSTER QUATRE BRAS ' 4 2-bay dwellings, accessed from A99 LB44582 B ULBSTER, IVY COTTAGE, BYRE LB14070 B WHALIGOE, FISHING STATION, QUAY

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.1 - 4

DESIGNATION REFERENCE CATEGORY NAME LB14070 B WHALIGOE STEPS LB14069 B WHALIGOE, SQUARE OF WHALIGOE, CURING YARD AND HOUSE LB14071 B WHALIGOE, MILL LB14066 B ULBSTER, ST MARTIN'S BURIAL GROUND AND SINCLAIR MAUSOLEUM LB14064 B THRUMSTER HOUSE LB14090 B TANNACH MAINS LB7986 C LATHERONWHEEL HARBOUR, BRIDGE LB7981 C LATHERONWHEEL, MELBOURNE COTTAGE LB7982 C LATHERONWHEEL, CRAIGLEA LB7953 C LATHERON, FORMER FREE CHURCH MANSE AND STEADING LB7948 C FORSE HOUSE, GATE LODGE LB7955 C LYBSTER HARBOUR, FISHERY OFFICE LB7958 C LYBSTER, RUCHAZIE LB7958 C LYBSTER, MAIN STREET, BUCHOLLIE HOUSE LB8004 C SWINEY, MISS LILLIES HOUSE LB7960 C LYBSTER, MAIN STREET, THE YARROWS LB7960 C LYBSTER, 6 AND 7 RUSSELL STREET LB7960 C LYBSTER, 5 RUSSELL STREET LB7960 C LYBSTER, 3 RUSSELL STREET LB7960 C LYBSTER, 4 RUSSELL STREET LB7961 C LYBSTER, MAIN STREET, GREY'S PLACE, ORNUM LB7961 C LYBSTER, MAIN STREET, GREY'S PLACE, G D MUNRO LB7995 C LYBSTER, GREY'S PLACE, SEAFIELD LB7962 C LYBSTER, GREY'S PLACE, SHOP LB7995 C LYBSTER, GREY'S PLACE, SHOP LB7963 C LYBSTER, GREY'S PLACE, POST OFFICE AND GREYMOUNT LB7967 C LYBSTER MAIN STREET (GREY PLACE) 9 (NO 9 "SHANGRI-LA") LB7964 C LYBSTER, GREY'S PLACE, SHOP LB7967 C LYBSTER MAIN STREET (GREY PLACE) 24 LB7967 C LYBSTER MAIN STREET (GREY PLACE) 8 LB7966 C LYBSTER, GREY'S PLACE, GOWANLEA LB7966 C LYBSTER, 6 GREY'S PLACE LB7966 C LYBSTER, 5 GREY'S PLACE LB7966 C LYBSTER, 3 GREY'S PLACE LB7965 C LYBSTER, GREY'S PLACE, COMMERCIAL HOTEL LB7997 C LYBSTER, PORTLAND ARMS HOTEL LB7998 C LYBSTER, QUATRE BRAS, SHOP LB7957 C LYBSTER MAINS LB7930 C BRIDGE OF ACHAVER LB19479 C ULBSTER, IVY COTTAGE

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.1 - 5

DESIGNATION REFERENCE CATEGORY NAME LB14067 C WICK, MARKWELL, MARQUEL LB14067 C WICK, MARKWELL, MARQUEL, FARMSTEADING LB14065 C ULBSTER, MAINS OF ULBSTER LB50835 C THRUMSTER, SOUTH YARROWS CROFT HOUSE, BYRES AND BOUNDARY WALLS LB14977 C CAUSEYMIRE, CHURCH OF SCOTLAND MISSION HALL

Conservation Areas within 10km Study Area (highlighted are within the ZTV)

CA114 – Lybster Conservation Area

Non-designated Assets within 2km (highlighted are within Proposed Development boundary)

MonUID Name Period MonType Description

MHG13615 Clais Balgaire Prehistoric BUILDING Unidentified possible building

Possible prehistoric cairn, priginal record was for a natural hump in the ground but possible cairn was MHG2293 Cairnfield, Golticlay Neolithic CAIRNFIELD 100m to south MHG1820 Hut Circle, Cnoc an Eas Bhig Bronze Age HUT CIRCLE Settlement of four circular stone walled huts MHG13192 Blackpark Early Modern SETTLEMENT Crofting settlement MHG13193 Balmogie Early Modern SETTLEMENT Crofting settlement MHG13194 Burnside Early Modern SETTLEMENT Crofting settlement MHG13526 Jock's Lodge Early Modern TOWNSHIP Township MHG13528 Rusgan Early Modern TOWNSHIP Township MHG13530 Arrycraggan Early Modern TOWNSHIP Township MHG13612 Boanbean Early Modern SETTLEMENT Crofting settlement MHG13614 Blackmire Burn Early Modern SETTLEMENT Crofting settlement Circular drystone sheepfold on southern shore of Loch MHG13616 Sheepfold, Loch Stemster Early Modern SHEEP FOLD Stemster MHG13662 Sheanmore Early Modern SETTLEMENT Crofting settlement MHG13663 Buolnabein Early Modern SETTLEMENT Crofting settlement MHG13664 Arribeg Early Modern SETTLEMENT Crofting settlement MHG13671 Oldinaferan Early Modern SETTLEMENT Crofting settlement MHG13672 Dunn Moss Early Modern SETTLEMENT Crofting settlement Modern type of cairn shown on 1st edition 1871 OS MHG13691 Bad Na H-Earba Early Modern CAIRN map MHG13692 Clashcraggan Early Modern SHIELING HUT Shieling hut MHG13693 Clashmore Early Modern SHIELING HUT Shieling hut MHG13694 Golticlay Early Modern SETTLEMENT Crofting settlement MHG13696 Achadhan Liath Early Modern SETTLEMENT Crofting settlement MHG13697 Parkhouse Early Modern SETTLEMENT Crofting settlement

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.1 - 6

MonUID Name Period MonType Description

Cruck Framed Cottage, MHG19700 Badereskie Early Modern CRUCK HOUSE Caithness cruck cottage MHG19886 Camster Lodge Early Modern LODGE Lodge

Possible Shieling Hut, Burn of Possible shieling hut shown on 1st edition 1877 map MHG19983 Smerrie Early Modern SHIELING HUT but no longer shown. Unroofed two roomed building. Unroofed long building of two compartments shown on MHG19991 Roster Early Modern BUILDING 1877 map, no longer shown Unroofed building shown on 1877 map, no longer MHG20189 Laid Early Modern BUILDING shown

Farmstead comprising one unroofed settlement and an MHG20227 Clashcrebie Beag Early Modern FARMSTEAD adjoining enclosure shown in 1877 and current OS map

FIELD SYSTEM, Township consisting of 1 partially roofed long building, HEAD DYKE, and 6 unroofed buildings three enclosures field-system MHG20228 Golticlay Early Modern TOWNSHIP and head dyke. Still shown on current mapping Possible Shieling Hut, Allt Nan Poss unroofed shieling hut shown on 1877 map but not MHG20229 Scaraig Early Modern SHIELING HUT current map

Township with 2 farmsteads including long buildings and enclosures and head dykes. The buildings are still MHG20230 Achkinloch Early Modern TOWNSHIP shown on current maps

Farmstead with one unroofed T-shaped long building and 6 enclosures shown on 1st ed 1877 map and one MHG20234 Ben-A-Chielt Early Modern FARMSTEAD building is shown on current map Farmstead with 2 unroofed long buildings shown on MHG20284 Airigh Hill Early Modern FARMSTEAD 1877 and current map Farmstead with an unroofed T shaped building shown MHG20298 Airigh Hill Early Modern FARMSTEAD on 1877 map but not on current map Farmstead with 2 unroofed buildings within an area of MHG20300 Bulreanrob Early Modern FARMSTEAD cultivation on 1877 map. Not on current map Farmstead with one roofed long building one unroofed MHG20309 Smerlie Early Modern FARMSTEAD building on 1877 map, not on current map Farmstead with 3 unroofed buildings on 1st ed 1877 MHG20311 Farmsteade, Osclay Burn Early Modern FARMSTEAD map, not on current map

Farmstead with 2 unroofed buildings, one is a long building with an enclosure. On 1877 map but not on MHG20313 Airigh Hill Early Modern FARMSTEAD current map Farmstead with an unroofed T shaped building and an MHG20314 Farmstead, Rumster Early Modern FARMSTEAD enclosure on 1877 map, not on current map

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MonUID Name Period MonType Description

Farmstead with an unroofed T shaped building and an MHG20315 Farmstead, Rumster Early Modern FARMSTEAD enclosure on 1877 map, not on current map

Farmstead with 3 unroofed buildings including a long building and 2 enclsoures with head dyke on 1877 map. MHG20316 Farm, Blackburn Early Modern FARMSTEAD One building shown on current map

Farmstead with one unroofed long building and 2 unroofed structures. 2 enclosures shown on 1877 map. MHG20317 Farmstead, Sheppardstown Early Modern FARMSTEAD Nothing on current map Possible farmstead with 1 unroofed long building on MHG20318 Farm, Sheppardstown Early Modern FARMSTEAD 1877 map, not on current map

Farmstead with 1 partially roofed long building, a number of unroofed structures, enclosures and head dykes on 1877 map. Some remnants of buildings and MHG20323 Farmstead, Golsary Early Modern FARMSTEAD enclosures shown on current map

Farmstead with 1 unroofed long building, 2 roofed buildings and 4 enclosures on 1st ed 1877 map. MHG20325 Osclay Early Modern FARMSTEAD Enclosures and some field walls shown on current map

Farmstead with 1 unroofed long building, enclosure and MHG20339 Clashcrebie Mor Early Modern FARMSTEAD head dyke on 1877 map, also shown on current map Ruins of 2 small shieling huts shown on 1877 map not MHG2294 Shielings, Airidh Gheal Early Modern SHIELING HUT on current map

MHG2298 Township, Badryrie Settlement Early Modern TOWNSHIP Crofting settlement

MHG27072 Cnoc Dubh Early Modern DYKE Low grassy bank part of the cultivation of this landscape MHG27073 Cnoc Dubh Early Modern BUILDING Ruined building MHG42179 Farm, Blackburn Early Modern BOUNDARY DYKE Dyke formed as part of the farmstead complex MHG43699 Clashcrebie Mor Early Modern BOUNDARY DYKE Dyke formed as part of the farmstead complex MHG43700 Farmstead, Golsary Early Modern BOUNDARY DYKE Dyke formed as part of the farmstead complex MHG43744 Achkinloch Early Modern HEAD DYKE Head dyke part of two farmsteads MHG43745 Achkinloch Early Modern SHEEP FOLD Sheep fold part of these two farmsteads MHG47968 Upper Camster Early Modern FARMSTEAD Deserted farmstead MHG47969 Upper Camster Early Modern FARMSTEAD Deserted farmstead MHG56215 Farmstead - Achow, Lybster Early Modern FARMSTEAD Ruined foundation of a longhouse Sheepfold, Reidhlean Na MHG602 Cloiche Early Modern SHEEP FOLD Circular sheepfold MHG659 Farmstead, Rumster Early Modern FARMSTEAD No more information

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MonUID Name Period MonType Description

Remains of a Home Guard hideout east of Camster Camster Lodge, Home Guard OBSERVATION Lodge. All that remains is a 3m sq recess and a piece MHG53331 'secret Hideout' Modern POST of timber MHG13527 Latheron Park Undated PARK No information MHG13659 Buillcraggan Undated SITE No information MHG13660 Loangore Undated SITE No information MHG13661 Culvat Undated SITE No information Standing stone - Dermore NATURAL MHG22634 Burn Undated FEATURE, SITE Natural standing stone - not archaeological NATURAL MHG22635 Loch Na Feur Undated FEATURE, SITE Natural feature - not archaeological Shielings, Reidhlean Na Documentary record from OS name book of shieling MHG2295 Cloiche Undated SHIELING huts at this location Documentary record from OS name book of shieling MHG2296 Shieling Hut, Bad Na H-Earba Undated SHIELING HUT huts at this location Possible Standing Stone, MHG2297 Airigh Bheag Undated STANDING STONE Rectangular pillar stone, uncertain as to antiquity of it Camster, Caithness Central MHG45940 Belt Undated SITE No more information MHG37160 Smerlie, General Undated SITE No more information ENCLOSURE, In OS name book as Hill of Bigcus which means hill of MHG2301 Possible Fort, Cnoc Vigas Undated FORT? Fairies, now partially destroyed MHG41818 Golticlay Undated FIELD SYSTEM No more information Possible prehistoric mound, though also possibly MHG605 Mound, Reidhlean Na Cloiche Undated MOUND natural

Archaeological Events within 2km

EHG3814 – Photographic survey of a Farmstead, Achow, Lybster EHG4467 – DBA and Walkover survey for the proposed Rumster Community Windfarm

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APPENDIX 12.2: HERITAGE ASSET ASSESSMENT

12.1 Approach to Asset Reduction Harbour in 1840. The location of the stone thus has no bearing on the setting or the key characteristics or understanding of the asset. Its importance lies in its historic value and aesthetic 12.1.1 Chapter 12 of the Environmental Statement provides the summary of the heritage assessment value, in the information it provides for early Christian worship and settlement in Caithness. Although process. As stated in the ES chapter, due to the large number of assets within the study areas of the it is within the ZTV, the visibility of turbines has no bearing upon and does not affect any of the Development, a sifting process takes place to eliminate from further detailed assessment those elements of the importance of this monument. Similarly, the Achalipster deserted settlement and assets which will not be impacted by the Development. This is undertaken using a variety of methods souterrain (SM3666) is located approximately 7.3 km to the north of the Development site boundary. including desk-based research, site visit, the Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) drawing, and This asset is the remains of a 19th century agricultural settlement with stone buildings, enclosures professional judgement. The list of assets which have the potential to be impacted are then and a corn drying kiln with remnants standing to wallhead height in places. The 19th century assessed in the table below with those requiring further detailed assessment being taken through and settlement was built over an Iron Age souterrain. The value of this asset lies in the rare survival of a assessed within section 12.4 of the ES chapter. 19th century kiln and the presence of the Iron Age souterrain possibly indicating some sort of 12.1.2 Non-designated assets were assessed as part of this asset reduction phase. The assets were continuous occupation of this site. It has historic value in the information it provides for the examined to identify those could be of schedulable quality and exhibit the same cultural significances development of agricultural economy and in contemporary agricultural practises. Its setting is the as designated assets in their intrinsic, contextual and associative characteristics. Two non- north facing slope of the Hill of Achalipster which provided easy access to the Strath Burn and the designated assets have been identified within this section – MHG2224 an Iron Age hillfort and surrounding agricultural landscape. Although within the ZTV it is at such a distance that there are MHG48208 a cairn, both associated with the scheduled monuments around Loch of Yarrows and considerable swathes of agricultural land between the asset and the Proposed Development. Views Loch Watenan. These are discussed in the table below. A discussion of the non-designated assets of turbines do not reduce the ability to understand the agricultural function of the site, nor does it within 2km of the Development is included in the ES chapter. detract from understanding possible continuation of settlement here. The Development will have no 12.1.3 There are 94 scheduled monuments, 83 listed buildings, and one conservation area within the 10 km impact upon this asset. Swiney Castle (SM10752) is a scheduled monument located on a rocky study area for designated assets. A number of the listed buildings are located within the conservation coastal promontory with large defensive ditches. The castle held a branch of the Sutherlands of area. All of the assets identified within the 10 km study area are listed in the Gazetteer in Appendix Forse and was built in the medieval period, possibly on the site of an earlier prehistoric defence. This 12.1. castle is part of a chain of castles including Forse Castle situated around 1 km to the east. The 12.1.4 Once the ZTV was applied, the number of assets where the Development is predicted to be visible setting and purpose of this castle was the sea and the landing point at Achastle. The views up and was reduced to 35 scheduled monuments, 50 listed buildings, and one conservation area. It should down the coast are of significance, but the views north add nothing to the understanding of the asset. be noted that many of the listed buildings share the same designation reference number, one number Its function and setting will not change in any way due to the Development; therefore there will be no covering a range of buildings, for example a terrace of house number 5 – 9 would be covered by one impact. designation reference number. Professional judgement was used to examine those assets which fell 12.1.6 There are two scheduled settlements located within the ZTV which will not experience impacts from outside the ZTV to check for setting which may overlap or not solely rely on visual elements. This the Development. The prehistoric settlement at Thrumster, beside the Burn of Swartigill (SM10105) process resulted in the identification of a number of scheduled monuments, particularly brochs and is located around 8 km to the east of the Development and the post-medieval Loedebest settlement cairns, which have the potential to have issues of intervisibility and were therefore included in the list (SM5152) is located on the 10 km study boundary for designated assets to the southwest. The of assets. This process added a further twelve scheduled monuments to the assessment and one settlement at Thrumster is a wag settlement, a type of prehistoric settlement particular to Caithness listed building, resulting in 47 scheduled monuments, 51 listed buildings, and one conservation area and East Sutherland. These are circular or square main buildings with oblong annexes usually with to consider. internal partitions. The importance of this site as one of only a handful of wag settlements in the 12.1.5 There are a small number of scheduled monuments located within the ZTV which will not experience country and it has archaeological value in the evidence it can provide for prehistoric land-use and any impacts to their setting from the Development. This is due to their type, function, setting and settlement activity as well as material culture about the people who lived here. As a rare low-lying distance from the Development. A cross incised stone dating to the early medieval period located in example, it can also provide evidence of the prehistoric use of marginal land. The Loedebest the Church of Scotland at Lybster (SM613). This stone is no longer in its original position. Its may settlement dates from the 16th century and includes the remains of three long houses, two kiln barns, have once marked the Well of the Martyrs which was disturbed during the expansion of Lybster and a number of enclosures. The important of the Loedebest settlement lies in its survival and the

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evidence that provides for the Clearances and the processes of that along with the archaeological none that will impact upon the setting or understanding of the house in its landscape or interrupt evidence the site provides for post-medieval settlement, agricultural practices and land-use patterns. views approaching or leaving the house along the carriage drive entrance. There will therefore be no The setting of both assets is the surrounding landscape. Both, though centuries apart, would have impact from the Development. Similarly, Lybster Ha’store and Garden Walls (LB7957) which was relied on the surrounding agricultural landscape for subsistence. As domestic settlements, views to also a dwelling, will not experience impacts from the development. Though located closer to the and from the asset are not of significance. They do not contribute towards the understanding of the Proposed Development, it is set within mature woodland and is well-screened from any views. More assets. Views of the turbines from these locations will be distant and potentially indistinguishable importantly, the importance and understanding of the asset will not be impacted. The buildings have from the surrounding landscape. More importantly any views of a turbine would not change the architectural and historic value and survive as a small grouping, with their setting enhanced by this archaeological or historic value of these assets and therefore there will be no impact. survival. The setting of the asset is also formed by the nearby settlement at Lybster which is

12.1.7 This further sieving has reduced the number of scheduled monuments to consider as having the contemporary with the house. The views from this house were intended to be along the coast and potential to be impacted as 42. out to see and the views, if any, to the north and northwest do not add to the understanding of the asset. Therefore there will be no impact. 12.1.8 The listed buildings within the Lybster Conservation Area have not been considered individually within the assessment. The conservation area contains 26 listed buildings, four are Category B listed 12.1.11 There will be no impact on the Category C listed Bridge of Achaver (LB7930), an early 19th century and the remaining 22 are Category C. The buildings are all 19th century in date and display a bridge spanning the Clyth Burn. This may have been built as part of the Thomas Telford road uniformity of scale and materials. There is some difference, with the southern portion of the improvements of the early 19th century and its setting is the road which crosses it and the burn which conservation area originally leased as individual plots and the northern portion, around Grey’s Place it spans. The setting contributes to the importance of the bridge as it provides it purpose and its a slightly later development and laid out more systematically with standardised house sizes and importance also lies in its architectural and in the information it provides for the narrative history of the requirements for certain building materials to be used, for example blue slate. development of the roads in this area in the 19th century. The Development, though only 3.1 km to the southeast, will not impact upon the ability to understand the bridge, its function or its architectural 12.1.9 To the north of the Lybster Conservation Area is a cluster of ten Category C and Category B listed value. buildings grouped around the crossroads at Quatre Bras. Eight of these buildings (LB7999) were constructed as part of a single phase of tall terraced houses from the mid-19th century built after the 12.1.12 The Category C listed Causeymire Church of Scotland Mission Hall (LB14977) was constructed in main establishment of Lybster in 1802. The setting of these buildings is the crossroads upon which 1842 as a mission church for the communities of Causeymire and Achavanich. The building is no they were built and the harbour at Lybster to the south. The strong linear form of the conservation longer in ecclesiastical use and has been listed for its historic importance as an isolated early area is continued here and there is a strong link between these houses and the settlement to the missionary church. This aspect and the understanding of the church and its purpose will not be south. The remaining two buildings, the Portland Arms Hotel (LB7997) and a shop and dwelling impacted by the Development. (LB7998) are located to the north of the A99 and were constructed to capitalise on the trade using 12.1.13 The table below discusses the remaining designated heritage assets to establish their setting and the new coastal road from Inverness. Again, the setting of these buildings is the road and settlement how it contributes towards the understanding and significance of the asset. This then help to decide of Lybster to the south. Although the turbines will be visible from these buildings, the views from the whether there may be a potential impact from the Proposed Development. Those identified as having buildings to the north add nothing to the understanding of the assets and do not contribute to the the potential for impact have been taken through into the ES chapter itself for detailed consideration. importance. There will therefore be no impact from the Development on any of these listed buildings. The approach taken has been derived from the Historic Environment Scotland Managing Change in 12.1.10 The Category B listed Thrumster House (LB14064) is located approximately 9.5 km from the the Historic Environment: Setting guidance issued in 2016. Development. It is located within a small designed landscape with mature woodland. Its importance 12.1.14 A number of photographs were taken of the designated and non-designated heritage assets during lies in its architectural value as a late 18th century house with interesting decorative detailing and as the site walkover. These can be found in Appendix 12.4 in ES Volume 3. the former home of the Innes of Thrumster. It is unlikely to have noticeable views of the turbines and

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Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No Description – The remains of a hut circle, now mostly overgrown located on the south facing slope between Garrywhin fort and the No impact millpond at Broughwhin. The hut circle lies on a narrow terrace below the fort and may have an association with this asset. There are possibly two further hut circles but these are now indistinct. The remaining hut circle is 5.2m in diameter with a stony bank 1.4m in width and 0.5m in height. The entrance was located on the southeast, giving a good view of Loch Watenan through the entrance.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is associated with the prehistoric grouping around Loch Watenan which consists of a number of cairns and evidence of prehistoric settlement, including later brochs. The setting is clearly associated with Loch Watenan and the watercourses running through the valleys and it is located on the south facing slope south of Garrywhin fort. The setting adds to the understanding of the asset. The settlement is located outside the SM4255 Broughwhin, hut circle and cists Scheduled monument ZTV and the undulating nature of the landscape near the coast means that the setting of these assets seems enclosed and part of a distinct grouping. There is a connection with Garrywhin fort which partially lies within the ZTV, but the understanding of the possible relationship between these two assets will not be impacted. There may be some setting association with the assets at Yarrows to the north, but the Development does not fall within the setting of this asset.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its historic and archaeological value. Along with the other prehistoric assets in this immediate area, provides information on prehistoric land-use, settlement patterns and con provide information on the material culture of the society that occupied this area. The association with Garrywhin fort provides information on the relationship between defensive and domestic architecture. The Development will not be visible from this asset. More importantly it will not affect any of the key values or diminish the setting and understanding of this asset. Description – A ruined cairn 18 m in diameter and 0.8 m high. The centre of the cairn has 4 upright stone slabs representing the No impact internal chamber. The asset is located on the low-lying ground near the 50m contour overlooking the coast and the sea.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the coast and the sea, with the other prehistoric asset to the north, along the valley sides of the Burn of Latheron also provide in the setting. The asset sits on low-lying promontory at the 50 m contour. The setting contributes to the understanding of the asset by providing the association with the other prehistoric assets. As cairns are normally sited on higher ground, the low-lying nature of this asset must be intentional. Upper Latheron, chambered cairn It would have been a monument within the landscape, however the views from the cairn are limited therefore the SM5311 Scheduled monument 530m ESE association with the sea must have been an important part of the understanding and placement of the asset.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of the asset lies in its historic and archaeological value. It provides evidence of prehistoric ritual belief and funerary practices. The low-lying level of this asset can provide useful information on the prehistoric utilisation of the landscape. It can also provide useful information on the material culture and historic narrative of this area. The asset lies partially within the ZTV but the understanding and setting of the asset is more closely related to the sea. There are no significant views towards the Development and views of the turbines would not impact upon the understanding of the asset. Description – The monument consists of two standing stones located within forest plantation clearings near Halsary around 9 km to the No impact northwest of the Development. The southern stone is a grey schistose slab which is split vertically into three pieces. The stone faces NW-SE and is 1.4 m high and 1 m broad. The stone is located in a hollow 0.3 m deep with packing stones around the base. The second northerly stone is 0.6 m high and 0.7 m broad. This stone is set in a mound. The purpose of the stones is unclear but their location near the current route of the A9 may indicate that they were used as waymarkers. The surrounding landscape is boggy and especially after the peat formed after the Bronze Age, easily Halsary standing stones 450m accessible routes would have been required to travel across the landscape. SM5301 Scheduled monument WNW of and 620m NW Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the landscape within which they are located. There are currently no views towards the Development due to the forest but this vegetation is not permanent and may be removed, opening up views towards the turbines. The stones are located on higher ground and would have been fairly visible markers. If they were intended as waymarkers, their setting encompasses the route perhaps similar to the modern A9, as well as encompassing the boggy land surrounding them. There are prehistoric monuments to the west which could share the setting, but as it stands, without knowing the function of these stones, which are in close proximity, the setting

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Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No cannot be said to contribute a great deal to the understanding of the asset.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of these assets lies in their historic and archaeological value. They can provide information and insight into prehistoric ritual practice, architecture and the way in which the society viewed and utilised the landscape. The stones are set into peat and there is the potential for the survival of environmental material which can provide evidence of the prehistoric landscape and flora and faunal remains. Given the forestry location, there are no views of the Development however this vegetation is not a permanent feature of the landscape and may be removed. Views do not contribute much to the understanding of the asset. The function of the stones is unclear but if they were waymarkers, then views towards the assets from all directions would contribute. The turbines would appear in backdrop when travelling south towards the stones if the forestry was removed. However the turbines would be approximately 9 km in the distance and would therefore not form a dominating or overbearing portion of the view. The existing wind farm at Bad a Cheo to the west is a much closer and more dominating presence in the landscape. Although the Development would be in the opposite direction, thus forming a cumulative impact, the scale of this impact is negligible and will not substantially increase the visual impact upon the asset or decrease its importance. Description – These two scheduled monuments have been considered together as their setting, location and importance are Potential intrinsically linked. In addition, the scheduled area of the Wag of Forse has recently been extended and the two abut impact – and virtually run into one another. An impact on the setting of one of these scheduled monuments would infer an impact consider in ES on the setting on the other given their associations. Both assets are located on the southeast facing slope on the 120 m to 100 m contour overlooking the Burn of Forse and the with good views to the coast and sea. The Wag of Forse is an Iron Age complex of features consisting of overlying structures and more than just the ‘wag’ of its name. The date of the asset has been estimated as Iron Age, but a lack of dating evidence clearly ascribed to each building phase has made assigning a chronology to the building phases difficult. The first structures to be built on the site were a number of simple round or oval stone built houses. These were overlain and destroyed by a large circular structure. This has been described as a pre-broch period dun (Mackie 2007, Broch Corpus 2) with a possible defensive function. This stood in an oval enclosure defined by a turf wall and outer ditch. The defensive properties of the dun were short lived and the circular structure was overlaid and replaced by a number of wag buildings including a rectangular one built over the circular structure. The wags are galleried buildings, usually oblong or circular with a number of orthostats within dividing the internal space into small compartments. The entire space would then be roofed over. It has been suggested that these buildings were not for human occupation but were for the sheltering of cattle and other livestock as they often have separate entrances to domestic sites and are sometimes attached to roundhouses or other more defiantly identifiable domestic huts. The Wag of Forse had at least three wags, two rectangular and one figure of eight which had Wag of Forse, settlement 800m two connected sub-circular chambers, which may represent a slightly later house. SM2301 WSW of Forse House Scheduled monument Forse House, settlement, field The Forse House settlement covers an extensive area. It contains a number of different types of heritage assets dating SM7242 system, burnt mounds and cairns from the Bronze Age through to the post-medieval period, with a number of elements which area earlier than the Wag of Forse and some elements which are later in date. The assets contained within the scheduled area include hut circles, burnt mounds, possible cairns, post-medieval farmsteads and associated cultivation and field systems. In the western portion of the scheduled area are the foundations of 10 hut circles with the eastern portion containing post-medieval farmstead foundations and pre-Improvement plough cultivation. There are more prehistoric hut circles below the field boundaries, but there may be traces of prehistoric agricultural activity remaining. Also in this area is a small stream with three mounds, two of which contain burnt stone suggesting they are burnt mounds, giving them a date of 1,500 – 500BC. These mysterious sites have a number of functions ascribed to them from the prosaic, as cooking areas to boil joints of meat to the more esoteric, as some sort of sauna or sweat lodge either for cleaning or for a ritual function. The scheduled area also contains possible burial cairns of Neolithic date (200BC or earlier).

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of these assets is enhanced by one another and is also formed by the sloping landscape overlooking the coast. There are numerous watercourses and natural springs in this area which provide fresh water and could have informed the choice of location for the site for possible ritual purposes as demonstrated by the presence of burnt mounds within the settlement. All of the assets are domestic in nature, with a possible ritual element with the burnt mounds, long distance views to or from the assets are not of importance to the understanding of the function and relationship between the assets and the utilisation of this landscape. Views are available to the north, south and east of the asset groups but views west are foreshortened by the rising land of Ben a chielt. The assets are

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Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No located on the valley side of the Burn of Forse and the association with this watercourse forms part of the setting of the asset as does the surrounding landscape. This is rough grazing land and the Development would also have been rough grazing during the time the settlements were occupied. There may be a later relationship between the settlements and the brochs located to the north. The setting is enhanced by the continual occupation of this site over a number of centuries, with evidence of post-medieval activity. There are no views to other contemporary groupings of settlements or other contemporary sites which is a result of this undulating valley landscape which forms distinct areas within each successive valley floor and sides. This results in a feeling of isolation for this settlement group. Though the views south and southeast provide a link to the rest of the landscape and the coast.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of these assets lie in their historical and archaeological value. The Forse estate contains a rich archaeological landscape with remarkable time-depth and clear signs of the continued occupation and reuse of this area dating from the Bronze Age through to the post-medieval period. This complexity and reuse can provide valuable information on the evolution of societies through time and how different periods viewed and utilised their landscape. The assets can provide archaeological information on the material culture of the different societies as well as information on domestic architecture and construction techniques. The interaction between the settlement sites and the inclusion of rare asset types such as the Wag means that these assets can provide information on the narrative history and development of the area, perhaps in identifying local social hierarchies. In particular the Wag site can be a valuable source of evidence as it represents the development and continued rebuilding of a site using different forms of architecture each time, including a pre-broch period roundhouse or dun. The setting of the assets adds to the understanding as it lies within a larger, agricultural landscape. The economy of these settlements would be agricultural, and as domestic assets, they are not positioned in a prominent location, they were not intended to be a dominant visual marker within the landscape, nor are lines of sight or long distance views particularly of importance. The settlements are quite self-contained and visiting the assets gives the impression that this area was self-sufficient, with the primary relationship with the other assets within the surrounding area, rather than anything over the top of the other ridges to the west and east. The proximity of the assets to the Development means that the turbines will be a dominant feature within views to the north from these assets. In addition, although the Development is currently commercial forestry, this will change over the lifetime of the Development and areas of agriculture will be reintroduced, thus bringing some areas back into the parts of the setting which contribute towards the importance of the assets. Although the views to the north contribute only a small amount to the understanding of the assets, it is possible that the proximity of the turbines will impact upon the aesthetic value and on the understanding of how the upland agricultural area of the Development contributes to the setting. Description – This is a chambered cairn dating to the Neolithic period. It is a short-horned cairn of the Orkney - Cromarty type and No impact measure 18m in diameter and survives to 2.25m high. It is located on the north end of an undulating terrace with views to the north and east, but is overlooked to the south and west. There is a pair of horns projecting from the north and south ends of the cairn which provide a “forecourt” or sheltered area to perhaps have meetings, or perform some sort of funerary rite to honour the dead. The roof is no longer intact, however it would have been corbelled and remains up to 17 courses high.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is Loch Watenan, Groat’s Loch and the valley side on which it is located. It is sheltered within the valley with rising ground on the west side and views of the sea to the south. The entrance, and possible meeting area formed by the ‘horns’ of the cairn are located at the south end of the cairn with SM90048 Cairn of Get Scheduled monument another forecourt area to the north. The setting is also formed by the numerous prehistoric assets in close proximity to this asset, including Garrywhin fort to the north and a number of other cists, cairns and stone rows. This setting contributes greatly to the understanding of the asset and indicates a possible sacred area for the societies who occupied this landscape. The cairn would have been a fairly large monument within the landscape when it was constructed however it is located on relatively low lying ground. The cairn is also positioned not in an open and flat area, but within an area of undulating ground meaning that it would not be a very visible monument. There is visibility of other monuments in the landscape, however whether this was intended or not is uncertain. The location of the cairn in a low- lying area gives the impression that it was localised views and the surrounding monuments that were of importance here, not intervisibility of assets over a long distance. In addition the survival of cairns on the higher ground may have given a false impression of what the purpose of cairns were – cairns on lower lying ground would have been cleared for agricultural activity whereas on the marginal higher ground, they are more likely to have survived intact.

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Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its historic and archaeological value. This asset lies outside the ZTV, and thus has no visibility of the Development. More importantly the setting of this asset and its importance will not experience any change as a result of the Development. The entrance of this cairn is to the south with the” meeting” areas to the north and south. The higher ground prevents any views to the west. In addition, the long distance views may not have contributed to the understanding of this asset. It is more likely that the local and surrounding prehistoric assets are what contribute most to eh understanding of the function and value of this asset. The archaeological value, the information this asset can provide for prehistoric society, the utilisation of the landscape and funerary ritual will not be altered by the Development. See Cultural Heritage Viewpoint E in ES Volume 2c for a wireline visualisation which demonstrates no visibility of turbines. It also shows the landscape context and demonstrates how views west from the asset are foreshortened by the rising ground and offer no real understanding of the asset. Description – A group of two chambered cairns, extremely well-preserved, though subject to some restoration. One of the cairns is an Potential Orkney – Cromarty type, long horned cairn containing two internal chambers. This is the largest of the cairns in the area impact – and may originally have been two chambered round cairns which was subsequently added to and extended to present consider in ES the grade façade of the long cairn. The visual appearance of the cairn today is misleading. It was reconstructed after excavation in the 1970s and 80s. The second cairn is a round cairn, again an Orkney – Cromarty type. This cairn is virtually intact but has no external horns. The long cairn occupies slightly higher ground than the round cairn, but neither have any key or significant views other than with one another.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the hollow in which it is located, the Camster Burn running to the west and the Loch of Camster situated to the east. The assets have no long distance views towards the sea to the south or to any other monuments within the landscape. They have an enclosed feeling, more associated with the valley of the Camster Burn. When moving through this landscape, the setting feels very much focussed on the cairns, there is nothing in the landscape to draw the eye other than to the monuments and down into the valley. There are other prehistoric monuments in close proximity including another cairn located to the south, close to the extant stone rows (SM463) which are not a contemporary feature in the landscape. The setting is also the surrounding landscape, which at this time would not have been as waterlogged at the peat had not begun to form. The surrounding landscape would have allowed for agriculture and grazing and it is possible the cairns were part of the active, everyday life of a society rather than being and isolated “sacred” space. The setting also contains the Camster Wind Farm. This is located in close proximity with the turbines in full view to the north. This setting no longer adds anything to the understanding of the asset. SM90056 Grey Cairns of Camster Scheduled monument Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in their historic and archaeological value. The exceptional survival of the architectural elements of the cairns and their successive excavations have provided and will continue to provide information on the architecture of funerary monuments and the evolution of cairn design. They also provide information on how societies utilised their landscape and where they wanted their dead to be buried and how they wished them to be venerated. The monument also provides information on the material culture of these societies as well as the general historic narrative of the prehistoric use of this area, showing that this landscape, including areas beyond the cairns was in active and constant use during the prehistoric period. Research has shown (Heald & Barber 2015) that even when situated on higher ground, chambered cairns are not usually positioned on the highest point available. More typically, they are located just below a summit, or on platforms cut into the hillside. One of the aspects of the Grey Cairns is that the undulating valley landscape does not offer long distance views to the east and west with the longest views to the south. As described above, the idea of intervisibility between these cairns works only over a short distance. The description of the Cairns at the site on the Historic Scotland information boards states that these cairns “were located in a hollow that, unusually, has no views of the sea or the hills. It may have been a place of ancestral significance or to celebrate the nearby source of the Wick River.” It is likely that these cairns were not intended to be long-distance eye catchers but instead were localised monuments, important to the surrounding community. The asset is situated within the ZTV and despite there not interrupting any visibility between assets, the impact upon the aesthetic value of the assets does require further consideration in the ES. See VP1 in the Landscape and Visualisation Appendix 7.7 for a wireline visualisation of the turbines which demonstrates there will be some visibility of the blade tips when standing at the visitor information board.

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Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No Description – The asset consists of 22 rows of 200 principal stones, with a further 540 earthfast stones. The stones are thin slabs set No impact with the faces looking across the rows with the bases packed with smaller stones. There is evidence that there were further rows extending to the east. The rows radiate northwards and are set just below the crest of a rocky knoll. The views from the monument are focussed north and south, towards the sea. The purpose of the monument is unknown.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the landscape within which it sits, with views north from the southern point of the stone rows and views south towards the sea. The undulating valley nature of this landscape means that the assets located within the valleys have a sense of enclosure, with few long or distant views. The number of prehistoric monuments in the landscape surrounding the asset also adds to the setting by increasing the understanding of this as an active landscape, occupied by societies who utilised this area, however there are no SM90162 Hill o’Many Stanes, stone rows Scheduled monument significant views to any other contemporary monuments.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its historic and archaeological value. As only one of a handful of surviving sites of this type in northern Europe it can provide information on prehistoric ritual practice and the use and division of land in the prehistoric period. The asset lies outside the ZTV and will have no visibility of the Development. The other prehistoric monuments in close proximity to the asset also provide information on the historic narrative of the area. The Development will not impact or reduce the setting or the understanding of this asset. See Cultural Heritage Viewpoint D in ES Volume 2c for a wireline visualisation which demonstrated no visibility of the turbines from the asset and the general landscape context, in particular demonstrates how the views west are foreshortened by the rising ground but that views north and south offer a more extended view. Description - This is the asset of a Neolithic (4,000BC onwards) cairn known as Cairn Liath and an associated area of hut circles. The No impact cairn and hut circles are located on the west facing slope of Flex Hill, on the valley side overlooking Strath Burn with possible views along the valley floor to Acherole to the west with the broch and stone circle located next to the Burn of Acherole. The cairn consists of a disturbed area of stone 24 m in diameter to a maximum height of 1m. There is no trace of internal features. On the edge of the cairn to the southeast are four large boulders possible remains of kerbstones. The hut circles consist of the foundations of 10 huts with another mound which could be a further hut circles but is not distinct enough to categorise.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the landscape in which it sits which in the Neolithic period, would have been drier, with the peat layer only just forming and thus would have provided good agricultural and grazing land. The setting is also formed by the valley of Strath Burn and the views across to the west. There are panoramic views available from this asset, and there may be glimpses available of the cairns at Camster to the south, though given the distance and topography, this is unlikely. The cairn is on high ground, but is not near the summit of Flex Hill on whose slopes it is situated. It is likely therefore that the prominence of this cairn was not a consideration in its siting and thus views to and from the asset do not form an important part of its understanding. It may be a locally prominent asset, but not visible over a long distance. The Development forms part of the much wider landscape context but does not SM3520 Strath, cairn and hut circles Scheduled monument contribute to the understanding of the asset.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in historic and archaeological value in the information it provides for prehistoric society, land-use and funerary practise. It also provides important information on how the society viewed interaction with dead and the living. There is also the potential for material culture to be present providing evidence of the society and in the architecture of domestic settlements in this area. The view south from this asset is already dominated by Camster wind farm located approximately 2 km south. The Camster turbines occupy a large proportion of views to the south and southeast, and the Development will increase the proportion of the viewshed which contains modern, moving elements. In addition, the Wathager Wind Farm is located approximately 1.5 km to the east of the hut asset. This again provides clear and dominant views of wind turbines from this asset and again reduces the viewshed from this asset which does not contain any wind turbines. The Development however will be approximately 9.5 km to the southwest. The scale of the turbines will be much diminished at this distance and will be difficult to discern in detail. Whilst they will still be visible, intervening vegetation and the smaller scale within the view means that the turbines will not dominate, interrupt or block the views southwest. The most important views from this asset are associated with Strath Burn with possible views across to Acherole and the stone circle and broch at this location. The additional impact of the Development will not cause any further reduction in the value or significance of

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Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No this asset. Description – The well-preserved remains of a broch, covered in grass. It remains to a diameter of 30 m and is 2m in height in paces. No impact The monument has a modern dry stone wall bounding it, but the monument extends to the northeast adjacent field. Although not excavated, there are likely to be further remains associated with the broch contained within the scheduled area. The broch is located just north of the A99 and is very low lying, at around the 70 m contour.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is clearly intended to be the coast and the sea. The broch occupies a dominant position with a 180 degree view south of the sea with extensive views east and west along the coast. It is unlikely that the brochs along the coast represent a chain of defence or any sort of signalling station, however it is possible that there may have been intervisibility between the brochs, but it is possible that this was SM557 Greenhill broch Scheduled monument unintentional. The setting of the asset adds to the understanding of the broch by providing information that this was a prestige dwelling, an important, visible location for an important family grouping. Views towards the broch therefore are of significance and add to the understanding – it was built as a symbol of power and intended to display that.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its historic and archaeological value. It provides information to add to the understanding of the development of broch architecture and their purpose. It also provides information on prehistoric societies and how they utilised landscape and resources during this period. The setting contributes towards these elements. The asset lies outside the ZTV. In addition, it has been established that views of the broch are of value. The Development will not block, impede or appear as a backdrop in any views of the asset and will not diminish any of the value or characteristics of the asset. There will therefore be no impact. Description – This is an Orkney – Cromarty type chambered round cairn located on the east edge of a ridge descending from the No impact summit of Warehouse Hill to the north. The east flank of the ridge falls away sharply but the west flank drops more smoothly down to the valley of the Warehouse Burn. The cairn is 17 m in diameter and 2.5 m in height. The internal chambers of the cairn are still visible and a modern cairn has been added on top of the earlier mound.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The cairn is not situated on the summit of Warehouse Hill, it is located on the east slope. It is likely therefore that the prominence of this cairn was not a consideration in its siting and thus views to and from the asset do not form an important part of its understanding. It may be a locally prominent asset, but not visible over a long distance. Its setting is formed by the other prehistoric monuments located around Loch Watenan located to the east. Cairn Hanach, chambered cairn There are also views of the sea from this asset, offering good view south and east. The views west are foreshortened SM433 Scheduled monument on S side of Warehouse Hill by the rising summit of Warehouse Hill. The views which contribute towards the understanding of this asset are the ones had whilst moving through the landscape around Loch Watenan.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in historic and archaeological value in the information it provides for prehistoric society, land-use and funerary practise. Its importance also lies in the association with Loch Watenan and the other contemporary assets. The location of such a number in close proximity indicates that the society viewed this area as special or having particularly important characteristics. It is located just within the ZTV and will therefore have visibility of the Development however this will not impact upon any part of the setting which contributes towards the understanding of the asset. Long-distance views do not form an important part of the setting of this asset and there is no evidence this asset will interrupt or block any views between assets. Description – The chambered cairn is located at around 95 m AOD and directly on the shore of Loch of Yarrows. It is situated on a low No impact rise and is oval in plan. It measures 31m by 22m but is divided in half by a modern post and wire fence. The west half of the mound survives well but the eastern half of the mound has seen much disturbance. The centre has been disturbed and there is no trace of the central chamber.

Cairn Reain, chambered cairn, SM435 Scheduled monument Setting & Contribution to Understanding – This cairn is located in a prominent position, directly on the shore of the Loch of Yarrows North Yarrows, Thrumster and there are good views south, across the loch to the contemporary assets located around Loch Watenan. Although there may not be a direct visual link with these assets, given the proximity it is highly likely there was knowledge or co- operation at the very least if not actually part of the same society or tribal grouping utilising this landscape. The setting includes the large number of prehistoric assets surrounding the Loch of Yarrows. There are good views north from this asset, across the lower ground, with some views west and east. There are few contemporary assets to the north, but it

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Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No is possible that this cairn, at the head of the loch was intended to be a visual marker. The views to and from this asset could contribute towards the understanding.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in historic and archaeological value in the information it provides for prehistoric society, land-use and funerary practise. It provides information on the architecture of cairns and the historic narrative of the development of this area. The Development may be partially visible from this asset, with possibly the blade tips showing. However although blade tips may appear in the backdrop to views of contemporary assets to the west, it is the Hill of Yarrows which forms the backdrop to these views. Any turbine blade tips will not distract from the view and the understanding of how it contributes to the importance of the asset. The archaeological and historic value of the asset will remain intact and the understanding of the function of this asset will not be diminished. Description – This asset comprises a grouping of 6 burial cairns, five of which are chambered. The cairns are located on the high Potential moorland on the northern end of Warehouse Hill. The southern pair are located at the highest point at 180m AoD and impact – are around 85m distant from one another. The western cairn is 17m in diameter with the easterly cairn 16m across with consider in ES the entrance in the east side. Around 170m to the north of this pair is a single cairn around 12m in diameter. The final group of cairns is located 370m to the east. They lie in a NE – SW line with two small cairns and one larger. The two smaller cairns are 7m and 10m in diameter with the largest cairn in this group being 12m. The survival and condition of the cairns varies, but all are in relatively good condition, with some appearing undisturbed.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of these cairns is formed by one another, with the number of cairns located in close proximity indicating some kind of relationship and deliberate siting of them in this location. These cairns occupy an area which has views of both Loch of Yarrows and Loch Watenan and the numerous prehistoric monuments in the surrounding landscape. There are views available to the west from the southernmost cairns but the ground here rises to the Hill of Yarrows or remains at the height of the cairns before dropping away. The views to the west are dominated by the extant Burn of Whilk wind farm. These turbines are in very close proximity and diminish the value of this western view to the understanding of the asset. The setting is also formed by the valley of the Burn of Warehouse which the cairns have a view over. These cairns are on the periphery of the ritual prehistoric landscape but this association adds Cairns of Warehouse, cairns at N to their understanding and function. There are no assets to the west which the cairns would have a good and clear view SM436 Scheduled monument end of Warehouse Hill of due to the undulating nature of the landscape and therefore the views towards the Development do not add to the understanding of the asset.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in historic and archaeological value in the information it provides for prehistoric society, land-use and funerary practise. It can provide information on how the landscape was utilised and the material culture of the society who used these cairns. The close grouping but varying size and plan of the cairns can also provide information on cairn architecture and possible social differentiation exhibited through cairn size. There will be view of the Development from some of the cairns within this asset grouping, particularly the two cairns located on the highest point of Warehouse Hill at 180m AoD. The cairns are located approximately 6.4 km to the east of the Development and therefore the turbines would appear in the view, but with intervening vegetation it is unlikely they would be clear. The setting and associations of these cairns are one another and this prehistoric ritual landscape around Loch Watenan and Loch of Yarrows. There may be glimpsed views towards the turbines but the views in this direction are dominated by the Burn of Whilk wind farm. The Development turbines will be visible in the background and thus form a view which includes a number of turbines. This is demonstrated in VP12 and VP12 SF in the Landscape and Visualisation Appendix 7.7. The view to the west contributes little to the understanding of the asset, particularly with the Burn of Whilk turbines, however the panoramic views will be further diminished with the Development. There may be an impact. Description – This asset comprises at least 6 rows of roughly parallel stones measuring 0.5m in height and 0.1m wide. They are No impact aligned N – S with the rows around 2m apart with a gap of 0.5m between each stone in a row. The rows run for around Loch of Yarrows, stone rows 50m. The monument dates to the Neolithic or Bronze Age and is located at 90m AoD on the northeastern end of the SM506 Scheduled monument 350m SE of North Yarrows Loch of Yarrows. It is likely that there were additional rows, but only 6 are intact with the other two rows represented by occasional stones. The function of these stone rows is unknown. They are thought to have an astrological function or may have been a ritual procession monument or used to locate other features in the landscape. There are only a few

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Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No other examples in Northern Europe including the Hill o’Many Stanes located 6km to the south west.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is formed by the Loch of Yarrows. The siting of this asset here was deliberate. It is low-lying and unobtrusive in the landscape and therefore its location must be connected to its function. The setting also is formed by the contemporary prehistoric assets located in the vicinity and around the edges of the loch. These aspects contribute to the understanding of the asset by placing it in its contemporary landscape but as the function of the asset is unclear, the contribution made by the setting can also not be stated with any confidence.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its historic and archaeological value as a rare site type and one of only a few survivals in the country. It can offer evidence of how the prehistoric society utilised the landscape and the choice of location of for ritual sites. The ZTV indicates there may be some visibility of turbines from this asset, however this will not cause an impact to the setting of the asset or its importance. The setting is related to the loch and to the other prehistoric assets in this immediate landscape. The views to the west of the turbines will not impact upon the setting or diminish or reduce the understanding of the asset. Description – This is a prehistoric chambered long cairn, 58m in length and 7.6 to 13.7m in varying width along the length of the cairn. No impact The cairn has horns on the western side, perhaps creating a meeting area or area for ancestors to gather and commemorate the dead. Excavation into the mound of the cairn has established that it was originally built as a round cairn and then later extended to become a long cairn.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is closely linked to the cairn located to the south (SM508) and they are often described as pair. It is also linked with the grouping of hut circles, an area of settlement on the lower ground to the west near the valley floor. The setting is formed by the prehistoric landscape located around and focussed on Loch of Yarrows. The pair of cairns are situated on high ground at around 140m AoD and have extensive views east towards the loch with views north and south. The cairns are locally prominent, sited in an impressive position however any views west are blocked by the summit of the Hill of Yarrows. SM507 South Yarrows long cairn Scheduled monument Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in historic and archaeological value in the information it provides for prehistoric society, land-use and funerary practise and with the hut circles to the west, provides an insight into the interaction between the funerary and settlement landscape. It has the potential to provide information on the evolution of cairn and funerary architecture and ritual practise, particularly as this originated as a round cairn and was later extended to become a long cairn. It can provide archaeological evidence of the material culture of the prehistoric society. The asset lies outside the ZTV and has no visibility of the Development. More importantly the setting of this asset is formed by the association with the cairn to the south and with Loch of Yarrows and the prehistoric landscape of this area. This area is an area of ritual activity and demonstrates an extensive use and reuse of this area. The Development will not interrupt any views between the pair of cairns, nor will it reduce the contribution made by the assets around Loch of Yarrows. It will not diminish the archaeological or historic value of the assets and therefore would have no impact. Description – An Orkney-Cromarty type chambered long cairn with horns at the western end with a chamber at the east end. This cairn No impact may also have originated as a round cairn which was subsequently extended. The cairn is on the crest of a broad ridge sloping gently from south to north falling steeply from east to west. This cairn measures 58m in length and from 18.5m to 29m in width at the horned, western end.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is closely linked to the cairn located to the north (SM507) and they are often described as pair. It is also linked with the grouping of hut circles, an area of settlement on the lower ground to SM508 South Yarrows long cairn Scheduled monument the west near the valley floor. The setting is formed by the prehistoric landscape located around and focussed on Loch of Yarrows. The pair of cairns are situated on high ground at around 140m AoD and have extensive views east towards the loch with views north and south. The cairns are locally prominent, sited in an impressive position however any views west are blocked by the summit of the Hill of Yarrows.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in historic and archaeological value in the information it provides for prehistoric society, land-use and funerary practise and with the hut circles to the west,

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Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No provides an insight into the interaction between the funerary and settlement landscape. It has the potential to provide information on the evolution of cairn and funerary architecture and ritual practise as well as providing archaeological evidence of the material culture of the prehistoric society. The asset lies outside the ZTV and has no visibility of the Development. More importantly the setting of this asset is formed by the association with the cairn to the north and with Loch of Yarrows and the prehistoric landscape of this area. This area is an area of ritual activity and demonstrates an extensive use and reuse of this area. The Development will not interrupt any views between the pair of cairns, nor will it reduce the contribution made by the assets around Loch of Yarrows. It will not diminish the archaeological or historic value of the assets and therefore would have no impact. Description – Iron-age prehistoric fort, set in a broad-ridge at a height of 130m AoD. The site is defended by a single rampart which No impact. follows the steep edge of the ridge. The rampart survives well in places, surviving to a height of 1m and to some thickness on the SW edge and especially the NNE edge near the entrance where the rampart is 6m in diameter and has three orthostats marking the inner and outer extent of the passage. The interior of the fort is covered in heather and peat and there are remains of later quarrying. Later structures have been constructed along the line of the rampart utilising stone from the wall.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the landscape within which it sits and has commanding views across. The views from this fort and the setting of it are closely associated with Loch Watenan and the watercourses running from north to south. This is reinforced by the locations of the entrances at the NNE end and the SSW end of the ramparts. As a defensive site type, views from this asset contribute towards the understanding as they help provide the rationale behind the location of the monument. The views also provide an understanding of where hostile societies may attack from and provide a good overview of the landscape possible under the control of that fort. The setting is enhanced by the Broughwhin hut circles located just below the fort to the west. This provides understanding of interaction between the defensive and domestic aspects of society and the location of the Cairn of Get and the prehistoric funerary landscape around Loch Watenan. The setting is also associated with a probable non-designated Garrywhin fort and settlement, fort (MHG2224) located to the northwest. Though this is remarkably close for another defensive site, the views between SM548 Scheduled monument Ulbster the two would contribute towards the understanding of the asset. There would be no views of the turbines from this asset towards the non-designated fort appearing as a backdrop and it is not located within the ZTV. The non-designated fort is located within the ZTV, however the primary views from this fort would be towards Garrywhin and the settlement located to the east, south and north and to the Cairns of Warehouse located to the southeast. The views from Garrywhin fort are clearly directed east, north and south. The location of Warehouse Hill directly to the west blocks any views in that direction.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its historic and archaeological value in the information it can provide for prehistoric defensive architecture and the utilisation of the landscape. This area around Loch Watenan contains a dense prehistoric landscape of defensive, domestic and funerary usage. This adds greatly to the understanding and setting of the asset and provides the setting. There is also the potential for the asset to provide material evidence of the society which occupied this area. The survival of parts of the rampart wall and numerous remnants of structures and enclosures provide evidence for the continued occupation of the asset and provides information on the architecture used for different functions of site. As mentioned previously, the asset lies outside the ZTV. A possible key view would be to the non-designated possible fort (MHG2224) to the northwest. The turbines would not appear as a backdrop to this view and none of the values of this asset would be diminished by the Development. Description – This is a ground-galleried broch located at the foot of a short slope on an islet projecting into Loch of Yarrows. The broch No impact. is well-preserved including a long stretch of the intra-mural staircase. It is located near the shore, with a number of buildings in an enclosed courtyard. There is a ditch partly separating the islet from the mainland, and may originally have served as a sort of moat. The broch appears to have undergone successive phases of alteration Loch of Yarrows broch on SW SM611 Scheduled monument side of Thrumster Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the Loch of Yarrows upon the shores of which it sits. The setting is also the surrounding landscape of Loch of Yarrows including the prehistoric monuments surrounding it. A number of the asset would have been present in the landscape for hundreds of years prior to the construction of the broch and therefore the siting and location of it was deliberate and would have formed a dominant focus within the

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Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No landscape and been a visual demonstration of power and wealth.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its historic and archaeological value. The Yarrows broch has potential to provide evidence on the construction and architecture of brochs, particularly the chronology and evolution of with the possibility that the galleried dwellings may have existed prior to the broch. The Yarrows broch can provide evidence of how later structures such as the wags located around the base of tower were incorporated and the nature of the settlement surrounding the asset. The location of the broch on an islet within Loch of Yarrows also provides information on the siting and choice of location for brochs. The broch also provides evidence or the material culture of the society who occupied this area and the choice of location within what would already have been a well-established prehistoric area provides evidence of how the society may have viewed their ancestors or an ancestral landscape. The asset is located outside of the ZTV. It has been established that the setting of this broch does not rely on views between other broch structures but is instead a focus within the Yarrows landscape and the setting is formed by this localised landscape. The Development will not diminish the historic or reduce the archaeological value and therefore there will be no impact. Description – This monument consists of the remains of a broch with outer ditches which have been described as defensive works. No impact The broch is located on a rise overlooking the Burn of Waterhouse at around 115mAoD. It is located on a slight south facing slope. It survives as a mound with the entrance to the broch on the western side. To the south and east of the broch is a ditch with an external bank interpreted as a defensive line. To the west of the broch is an area of uneven ground which may be an area of associated structures.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the Burn of Waterhouse over which the broch has commanding views along with the valley to the south where there are also longer distance views. Warehouse Hill separates the broch from the prehistoric assets to the east, but there are prehistoric monuments in the landscape to the south. The setting is the landscape within which it sits. Views west from the broch are characterised by the undulating valley landscape. They are not long-distance and foreshortened by the valley landscape and the dense commercial forestry. The views to the west do not contribute towards the understanding of the asset. The views towards the asset are of significance as a broch would be a symbol of power and wealth within the landscape. The broch is visible when moving north through the SM664 Warehouse, broch and outworks Scheduled monument valley and would be visible when moving down off the summit of Warehouse Hill.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its historic and archaeological value. It provides historic evidence of the narrative history of the development and occupation of this landscape. It has archaeological value as a good example of a broch structure with the possible associated structures to the west. It also provides evidence of the development of broch architecture and the prehistoric use of the landscape and the associated domestic economy. The possible defensive nature of the ditches provides historic information as the function of brochs or could provide information as to a possible change in the local society, leading to a requirement for defences to be constructed. The setting of the broch contributes towards the understanding, and it has been established here may be views of the turbines from this asset. It has been established that the views west do not contribute towards the understanding. Even if defensive in nature, the views west are limited and would not provide any early warning for possible attackers. Views of the turbines will not block any views of contemporary assets, nor will they detract from any views of the asset from the east. The archaeological and historic value of the asset will not be altered in any way and therefore there will be no impact. Description – The monument is a series of stone rows. The number of rows that survive is difficult to assess given the thick layers of No impact peat which have accumulated here from the Bronze Age onwards. Five rows are visible running approximately north – south, radiating slightly to the south. The stones are set in the same way as the other stone rows in the area, with the thin slabs facing across the rows each set around 1.7 – 2m apart. The peat is continuing to accumulate and further obscuring the stones. SM463 Loch of Camster, stone rows Scheduled monument

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset contains the cairns at Camster located to the north as well as the valley of the Camster Burn. The stone rows have views over the confluence of a number of burns and this aspect of the setting may add to the understanding. These aspects contribute to the understanding of the asset by placing it in its contemporary landscape but as the function of the asset is unclear, the contribution made by the setting cannot also not

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Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No be stated with any confidence. The location of the stone rows is on the sloping ground and the stones are unobtrusive in the landscape. Possible key views from and to this asset would be along the valley, there are few views to the east or west which are of any distance, or which contribute anything other than a sense of being towards the higher ground.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its historic and archaeological value as a rare site type and one of only a few survivals in the country. It can offer evidence of how the prehistoric society utilised the landscape and the choice of location of for ritual sites. The ZTV indicates there may be some visibility of turbines from this asset, however this will not cause an impact to the setting of the asset or its importance and will be blocked by commercial forestry and intervening vegetation. The setting is related to the cairns to the north and the Camster Burn to the west. The views to the west of the turbines will not impact upon the setting or diminish or reduce the understanding of the asset or impact upon its ability to provide information relating to its function. Description – All that survives of this possible broch is a low grassy mound now set within commercial forestry. No structural remains No impact or stonework survive. There are a small number of stone slabs set on the edge of the mound which may be the remains of outbuildings.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the Achairn Burn and the confluence of the other burns over which this broch has views. This broch has been extensively mutilated and possibly removed entirely through deep- ploughing and there is little remaining, however this does not reduce the setting or the contribution setting makes. The setting was intended to be the slightly higher saddle of land with views north up the valley and views east. There is another broch located to the south at Green Hill but given the topography there would be no views of this broch. Views towards the Development would be slightly blocked by the Hill of Toftgun and there are no contemporary structures Toftgun broch 365m SSE of Loch which would contribute towards the understanding of the asset. Views of the monument would be of important, as a SM591 Scheduled monument of Camster symbol of power and wealth. There are no current views, but views would be available from most directions, but particularly from the north, moving south.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its historic value and the evidence it provides for landuse and the rationale for the siting of broch monuments. Its value as an archaeological resource has been greatly diminished by the removal and robbing of much of the stone work and deep ploughing of the location now within commercial forestry plantation. There is archaeological evidence perhaps surviving in the outbuildings which could contribute to the understanding of the relationship between brochs and ancillary buildings and the architecture of these structures. There are no key views towards the development but also the broch and the Development will not appear in the same view and thus not detract from the intended prominence of the asset. There will be no impact on the understanding, the historic or archaeological value of the broch. Description – This monument is a possible broch located on a rocky knoll around 3.6m high on the summit of a rocky escarpment No impact 4.5m high. No wall faces can be seen but turf covered walls survive in two segments. External diameter is around 23.8m and an internal diameter of 10.7m is indicated. There appears to be a ditch encircling the west, north and east which stops at the escarpment on each end.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the Camster Burn and is located at a low level, 90m AoD on the bend of the burn. It is also possibly linked with the broch located approximately 250m to the southwest, on the southern bank of the burn. It is unknown if the proximity of these brochs was deliberate or was a case of the abandonment of on and occupation of the other by the same family or tribal grouping but the proximity and intervisibility of these brochs adds SM536 Camster broch Scheduled monument to their understanding by indicating that this was a significant location for brochs. This setting adds to the understanding of the importance of river valleys to the location of brochs but that higher ground and prominent positions were not necessarily of greatest importance. The ZTV indicates some visibility of the Development, though intervening commercial forestry means that no view is currently available. Views between the brochs are likely to add to the significance, as does views of the brochs when approaching along the valley of Camster Burn.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its historic and archaeological value. The proximity of the broch to the southwest can provide information on landuse and the choice of location for brochs. The relationship between the two brochs is unknown, but the existence of possible ditches around the base of both does

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Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No indicate that there may have been local tensions though it seems unlikely that two hostile groups would have erected such monuments of wealth and power in such close proximity as there would have been extensive conflict over resources. The asset provides the opportunity to compare architectural styles and construction techniques as well as comparing internal features and the material culture of the societies that occupied the space. The asset has historic value as one of a large number of brochs in the area and especially as there is another in close proximity. This may be the result of a poor construction of one broch leading to the construction of another? It has been established that the Camster Burn location adds to the understanding of the asset as the location of two brochs overlooking this watercourse indicates that it must have been a significant location. The views between the brochs and of the brochs add to the understanding of these monuments as symbols of wealth and power. The Development may be visible from this asset, however it will not detract or diminish the appreciation of views of the broch to the southwest nor will it reduce the ability to understand the contribution the setting makes. The historic and archaeological value will not change as a result of the Development. Therefore there will be no impact. Description – The monument consists of a green, flat-topped mound approx. 1.5m high and 10.7m in diameter. There are no traces of No impact wall faces but there is evidence of a surrounding wall around 25.9m around the base of the mound. The entrance appears to be on the east-northeast through the wall and a ditch surrounds the mound beyond the encircling wall.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the Camster Burn and is located at 110m AoD on the north facing slope of Balharn Hill. It is also possibly linked with the broch located approximately 250m to the northeast, on the southern bank of the burn. It is unknown if the proximity of these brochs was deliberate or was a case of the abandonment of on and occupation of the other by the same family or tribal grouping but the proximity and intervisibility of these brochs adds to their understanding by indicating that this was a significant location for brochs. This setting adds to the understanding of the importance of river valleys to the location of brochs but that higher ground and prominent positions were not necessarily of greatest importance. The ZTV indicates some visibility of the Development, though intervening commercial forestry means that no view is currently available. Views between the brochs are likely to add to the significance, as does views of the brochs when approaching along the valley of Camster Burn.

SM537 Camster broch south Scheduled monument Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its historic and archaeological value. The proximity of the broch to the southwest can provide information on landuse and the choice of location for brochs. The relationship between the two brochs is unknown, but the existence of possible ditches around the base of both does indicate that there may have been local tensions though it seems unlikely that two hostile groups would have erected such monuments of wealth and power in such close proximity as there would have been extensive conflict over resources. The asset provides the opportunity to compare architectural styles and construction techniques as well as comparing internal features and the material culture of the societies that occupied the space. The asset has historic value as one of a large number of brochs in the area and especially as there is another in close proximity. This may be the result of and a poor construction of one broch leading to the construction of another? It has been established that the Camster Burn location adds to the understanding of the asset as the location of two brochs overlooking this watercourse indicates that it must have been a significant location. The views between the brochs and of the brochs add to the understanding of these monuments as symbols of wealth and power. The Development may be visible from this asset, however it will not detract or diminish the appreciation of views of the broch to the northeast nor will it reduce the ability to understand the contribution the setting makes. The historic and archaeological value will not change as a result of the Development. Therefore there will be no impact. Description – Located on the east facing slope of the valley the monument survives as a large, grass covered stony mound with traces Potential of walling, an entrance with lintel and possible associated outbuildings. The mound survives to 18m in overall diameter impact – with the inner diameter at 10.7m. The broch is situated on the edge of a natural ridge at around 110m AoD. This consider in ES provides a natural defence on the east side and there are a number of possible banks enclosing the area which may Appnag Tulloch broch 550m N of have contained the outbuildings. SM519 Scheduled monument Forse House Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the Burn of Forse and the contemporary assets including the broch to the south (SM599) and the Golsary (SM550) and Rumster (SM573) broch to the north. All are located along the east facing slopes of Ben a chielt and the south facing slope of Airigh Hill. The setting is also formed by the sea, which the broch has good views of and is located overlooking the flatter, lower slopes to the east. There are further

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Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No brochs also in close proximity, all of which add to the setting of this asset. Whether the brochs were occupied simultaneously or whether they were built and occupied successively is uncertain. It may be that if one broch became unstable, another was constructed, with the occupier reinforcing their wealth and status in the community. None of the brochs are located in particularly defendable positions, but do form a visual focus within the landscape. The views towards this asset are pf significance. They help to reinforce the function and ideology of this asset as a symbol of wealth and power and there is the added aspect of the view containing other brochs and broadly contemporary assets. These views do add to the understanding of the asset.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its historic and archaeological value in the information it provides for Iron Age society and how they viewed and utilised the landscape. The asset also has potential to provide information on the architecture and construction of brochs and add to the understanding of the function of these assets. The location of a large number of other brochs in close proximity, including the broadly contemporary monuments around Forse to the south give this monument the potential to provide information on continuity of landscape and social stratification. It also provides the potential to compare broch architecture and construction methodology, as well as provide historic information as to the local agricultural economy and existence of a local elite who perhaps controlled access to resources. This broch is situated in an elevated position and was probably deliberately sited to be a prominent landmark. There is the potential that the views from the south, whilst moving through the prehistoric landscape around Forse will have views of the Development as a backdrop, which will also appear as a backdrop to views of the broch and Rumster broch to the north. This has the potential to reduce the visual dominance of the asset and reduce is appearance as a visual sign of power and wealth. It also has the potential to reduce the ability to appreciate the brochs in this landscape and reduce the understanding of how and why these brochs were located here. The turbines may draw the eye and diminish the presence of the broch within the landscape. There may be an impact which needs to be explored further. The archaeological value of the asset will not be impacted. Description Located on an elongated natural mound at around 125mAOD directly adjacent to the west bank of the Burn of Golsary. It is Potential a grassy mound around 20m in diameter and 3.5m high. On the north side is an outer rampart with an external ditch impact – which crosses the ridge. There are traces of a second rampart and ditch cut across the neck of the ridge indicating consider in ES possible defensive features or a demonstration of wealth and a show of power.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the Burn of Golsary which this broch is situated directly adjacent to and the valley along which the broch would have had good views. It is also the neighbouring watercourse to the west of Alltan Buaile Bige. This asset is currently situated in a clearing in commercial forestry and thus has current limited visibility however with the removal of the forestry, views from this asset in particular from the south could contribute to its importance. The setting of this asset is also formed by the contemporary brochs including in particular Rumster (SM573) located approximately 500m to the east and the other brochs of The Tulloch (SM599) and Appnag Tulloch (SM519) located to the south at a slightly lower altitude. All of the brochs are located along the east facing slopes of Ben a chielt and the south facing slope of Airigh Hill but Golsary occupies the highest location. The setting is also formed by the sea, which the broch has good views of and the sloping land to the east and south, the views west Golsary broch on W bank of Burn SM550 Scheduled monument are foreshortened by the steep slope of Ben a chielt and the views north are limited by the slope of Airigh Hill. Whether of Golsary the brochs were occupied simultaneously or whether they were built and occupied successively is uncertain. It may be that if one broch became unstable, another was constructed, with the occupier reinforcing their wealth and status in the community. None of the brochs are located in particularly defendable positions, but do form a visual focus within the landscape. The views towards this asset are of significance. They help to reinforce the function and ideology of this asset as a symbol of wealth and power and there is the added aspect of the view containing other brochs and broadly contemporary assets. The view towards Golsary from the south would have the Development as a backdrop. The view towards Rumster would not be affected and the view from the north or from the asset itself would not be affected. The view from the southern assets north adds to the understanding of how these assets were located.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its historic and archaeological value in the information it provides for Iron Age society and how they viewed and utilised the landscape. The asset also has potential to provide information on the architecture and construction of brochs and add to the understanding of the function of these assets. The location of a large number of other brochs in close proximity, including the broadly contemporary monuments around Forse to the south give this monument the potential to provide information on

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Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No continuity of landscape and social stratification. It also provides the potential to compare broch architecture and construction methodology, as well as provide historic information as to the local agricultural economy and existence of a local elite who perhaps controlled access to resources. This is also enhanced by the existence of ditches at most of the broch sites which may be for defensive purposes or may be yet another signifier of power and control, creating a separation from the lower social classes. This broch is situated in an elevated position and was probably deliberately sited to be a prominent landmark. There is the potential that the views from the south, whilst moving through the prehistoric landscape around Forse will have views of the Development as a backdrop, and views from the brochs to the south towards Golsary have the potential to contain the turbines in the distance. This has the potential to reduce the visual dominance of the asset and reduce is appearance as a visual sign of power and wealth. It also has the potential to reduce the ability to appreciate the brochs in this landscape and reduce the understanding of how and why these brochs were located here. The turbines may draw the eye and diminish the presence of the broch within the landscape. There may be an impact which needs to be explored further. The archaeological value of the asset will not be impacted. See Cultural Heritage Viewpoint B in ES Volume 2c for a visualisation. Description – Monument consists of a possible broch located at 120m AOD. The broch survives as a grassy mound 2.7m high with an Potential outer diameter if 15.86m. Some stonework survives and a curved wall face is visible in the southwestern arc. Unlike impact – others in this densely occupied area, this broch does not have any traces of an outer ditch or rampart. consider in ES

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is slightly unusual as it is not located too close to a watercourse or valley. It has visibility of the Burn of Golsary but is more associated with the expanse of flatter sloping ground to the southeast and south towards Moss of Forse. This asset is currently situated in a clearing in commercial forestry and thus has current limited visibility however with the removal of the forestry, views from this asset in particular from the south could contribute to its importance. The setting of this asset is also formed by the contemporary brochs including in particular Golsary (SM550) located approximately 500m to the west and the other brochs of The Tulloch (SM599) and Appnag Tulloch (SM519) located to the south at a slightly lower altitude. All of the brochs are located along the east facing slopes of Ben a chielt and the south facing slope of Airigh Hill. Rumster occupies an open location and would have been quite visible in this landscape. The setting is also formed by the sea, which the broch has good views of and the sloping land to the east and south, the views west are towards Golsary but are also foreshortened by the steep slope of Ben a chielt and the views north are limited by the slope of Airigh Hill. Whether the brochs were occupied simultaneously or whether they were built and occupied successively is uncertain. It may be that if one broch became unstable, another was constructed, with the occupier reinforcing their wealth and status in the community. None of the brochs are located in particularly defendable positions, but do form a visual focus within the landscape. The views towards this asset are of significance. They help to reinforce the function and ideology of this asset as a symbol of Rumster broch 200m WSW of SM573 Scheduled monument wealth and power and there is the added aspect of the view containing other brochs and broadly contemporary assets. Forse The view towards Rumster from the south would have the Development as a backdrop. The view towards and from Golsary would not be affected and the view from the north or from the asset itself would not be affected. The view from the southern assets north adds to the understanding of how these assets were located.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its historic and archaeological value in the information it provides for Iron Age society and how they viewed and utilised the landscape. The asset also has potential to provide information on the architecture and construction of brochs and add to the understanding of the function of these assets. The location of a large number of other brochs in close proximity, including the broadly contemporary monuments around Forse to the south give this monument the potential to provide information on continuity of landscape and social stratification. It also provides the potential to compare broch architecture and construction methodology, as well as provide historic information as to the local agricultural economy and existence of a local elite who perhaps controlled access to resources. This broch is situated in an elevated position and was probably deliberately sited to be a prominent landmark. There is the potential that the views from the south, whilst moving through the prehistoric landscape around Forse will have views of the Development as a backdrop in the distance. This has the potential to reduce the visual dominance of the asset and reduce is appearance as a visual sign of power and wealth. It also has the potential to reduce the ability to appreciate the brochs in this landscape and reduce the understanding of how and why these brochs were located here. The turbines may draw the eye and diminish the presence of the broch within the landscape. The archaeological value of the asset will not be impacted. There may be an impact which needs to be explored further. See Cultural Heritage Viewpoint C in ES Volume 2c for a wireline

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Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No visualisation Description – This possible broch is located on the southwest facing slope of Achow Hill at around 110m AOD. It overlooks the Burn of Potential Achsinegar. The monument survives as a grassy mound around 2.4m in height and 18m in diameter. No stone work is impact – visible but there are traces of a mound or bank encircling the mound around the base with traces of outbuildings consider in ES between the broch and the mound on the western side.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the view to the sea and the Burn of Achsinegar to the southwest. There are a number of other brochs located in close proximity around 2km to the west including Golsary, Rumster The Tulloch and Appnag Tulloch. In addition there are a number of prehistoric assets located around the Forse approximately 2.5km to the west. Whilst the broad setting of this broch encompasses these assets, and would have had visibility of these assets, there is a distinct separation – looking at the location of these brochs plotted onto maps shows that the Moss of Forse and the Burn of Achsinegar form a barrier with the Burn of Forse seemingly being the eastern extent of the dense prehistoric settlement. The setting of the broch is undoubtedly enhanced by the presence of these contemporary assets, however the setting of this asset does have a sense of separation. This could enhance the understanding of the asset by perhaps showing that this broch was constructed by an entirely separate social group in control of a different set of local resources. As a symbol of wealth and power, rather than an intrinsically defensive monument, views of the monument add to the understanding. There are no contemporary assets to the north of the broch but views from the south and when moving through the landscape would have the Development as a backdrop. In addition, views from the west from assets around Forse may also contain the Development, though this would not be a SM575 Rhianrivach broch Scheduled monument major component of the viewshed.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its historic and archaeological value in the information it provides for Iron Age society and how they viewed and utilised the landscape. The asset also has potential to provide information on the architecture and construction of brochs and add to the understanding of the function of these assets. The location of a large number of other brochs in close proximity, including the broadly contemporary monuments around Forse to the south give this monument the potential to provide information on continuity of landscape and social stratification. It also provides the potential to compare broch architecture and construction methodology, as well as provide historic information as to the local agricultural economy and existence of a local elite who perhaps controlled access to resources. The slight separation of this broch indicates that perhaps it formed part of a different social group, which provides historic value and the opportunity to compare differences in local material culture. This broch is situated in an elevated position and was probably deliberately sited to be a prominent landmark. There is the potential that the views from the south, will have the Development as a backdrop, This has the potential to reduce the visual dominance of the asset and reduce is appearance as a visual sign of power and wealth. It also has the potential to reduce the ability to appreciate the brochs in this landscape and reduce the understanding of how and why this broch was located here. The turbines may draw the eye and diminish the presence of the broch within the landscape. This is demonstrated in VP8 and VP8 SF in the Landscape and Visualisation Appendix 7.7. There may be an impact which needs to be explored further. The archaeological value of the asset will not be impacted. Description – This asset consists of a rubble mound around 2.4m high situated on a low outcropping rock at around 110m AOD. The Potential wall face is visible but not well-defined but indicates a diameter of 19.5m. There are traces of outbuildings around all impact – sides except the north. The broch is surrounded by a probably later field system consisting of rig and furrow with consider in ES lynchets and dry-stone walling, possibly created with stone sourced from the broch. The field system is bounded on its east side by boggy ground within which is the possible traces of a Bronze Age burnt mound. There is evidence therefore of continued occupation of this site and the association with the contemporary and earlier assets to the south. The Tulloch (Usshilly) broch and

SM599 field system WNW of Forse Scheduled monument Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the Burn of Forse and the contemporary assets including the House Appnag Tulloch broch to the northeast (SM599) and the Golsary (SM550) and Rumster (SM573) broch to the north. All are located along the east facing slopes of Ben a chielt and the south facing slope of Airigh Hill. The setting is also formed by the sea, which the broch has good views of and is located overlooking the flatter, lower slopes to the east. There are further brochs also in close proximity, all of which add to the setting of this asset. Whether the brochs were occupied simultaneously or whether they were built and occupied successively is uncertain. It may be that if one broch became unstable, another was constructed, with the occupier reinforcing their wealth and status in the community.

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Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No None of the brochs are located in particularly defendable positions, but do form a visual focus within the landscape. The views towards this asset are of significance. They help to reinforce the function and ideology of this asset as a symbol of wealth and power and there is the added aspect of the view containing other brochs and broadly contemporary assets. These views do add to the understanding of the asset. Views towards Appnag Tulloch, Golsary and Rumster have the potential to have the Development as a backdrop. The field system around this broch also links to the later utilisation of the Forse landscape to the south and therefore views from the south and the general agricultural aspect of this landscape also adds to the understanding of the asset.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its historic and archaeological value in the information it provides for Iron Age society and how they viewed and utilised the landscape. The asset also has potential to provide information on the architecture and construction of brochs and add to the understanding of the function of these assets. The location of a large number of other brochs in close proximity, including the broadly contemporary monuments around Forse to the south give this monument the potential to provide information on continuity of landscape and social stratification. It also provides the potential to compare broch architecture and construction methodology, as well as provide historic information as to the local agricultural economy and existence of a local elite who perhaps controlled access to resources. This broch is situated in an elevated position and was probably deliberately sited to be a prominent landmark. The existence of the later field system in close proximity which utilises the stone of the broch also adds to the archaeological and historic value by providing evidence of continuity of utilisation and occupation of the landscape. There is the potential that the views from the south, whilst moving through the prehistoric landscape around Forse will have views of the Development as a slightly distant backdrop, which will also appear as a backdrop to views of Golsary, Rumster and Tulloch broch to the north albeit at a distance of around 5km. This has the potential to reduce the visual dominance of the asset and reduce is appearance as a visual sign of power and wealth. It also has the potential to reduce the ability to appreciate the brochs in this landscape and reduce the understanding of how and why these brochs were located here. The turbines may draw the eye and diminish the presence of the broch within the landscape. There may be an impact which needs to be explored further. The archaeological value of the asset will not be impacted. Description – This asset consists of the remains of a possible broch represented by a mound on the northern end of a rocky ridge at Potential around 90m AOD. The mound is 1.8m high and 20.7m in diameter. No stone work is visible. The broch has views of impact – Clyth Burn to the east and the sea to the south. consider in ES

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the valley of the Clyth Burn which the broch would be visible from the north and south. There is also a possible visual relationship with Green Hill broch located to the north. Although the broch is located on slightly higher ground, it is not particularly defendable, however it is located in a prominent location and would have been visible from the surrounding landscape. This position helps to reinforce the idea and function of these assets as symbols of wealth and power and the views towards the asset add to the understanding and importance of the asset. The views from the asset towards contemporary brochs and landscapes may add to the importance but the surrounding landscape retains an agricultural economy which mirrors the economy of the broch occupiers. Achavar broch NNW of SM510 Scheduled monument Occumster Railway Station Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its historic and archaeological value. The asset provides information on the Iron Age society and culture including the utilisation and division of the land and possible evidence of social elites and hierarchy. The number of other brochs in the region offers the opportunity for comparison and evidence of the development of broch architecture and construction techniques. The asset has historic value as evidence of the occupation and narrative history of this area and with the other brochs indicates a landscape with social groupings controlling areas of local resource. The setting of the asset has been shown to contribute towards the understanding and the Development will be visible from this asset. However the view towards the turbines does not contribute a great deal to the understanding – there are no views towards other broch which the turbines will appear as a backdrop to. The views along the valley particularly from the south will have the turbines as an element. It is likely the broch was situated to be an imposing structure when viewed from the lower coastal fringes and thus the turbines may be visible in this view reducing the visual dominance of the asset. In addition, the sheer proximity of the turbines means that they will be a presence in this landscape which may have a detrimental effect on the aesthetics of the asset. This needs exploring further within the ES. The archaeological value of the asset will not be impacted.

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Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No

Description – This is a possible broch surviving as a grassy mound 2.4m high with surviving masonry curving wall face exposed in Potential some areas. The diameter of the mound is 19.5m with traces of outbuildings on the slope west of the mound. It is impact – located at 125m AOD. consider in ES

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the valley of the Clyth Burn but also the Burn of Roster located to the south. The valley location is important to the asset. It is located at around 125m AOD, on the west facing slope of the valley with rising ground to the east, up to the summit of Pigeon Hill and the Hill of Mid-Clyth to the east and southeast. There is rising ground to the west on the opposite side of the valley at Braedmarloch Hill, with the turbines situated beyond this. The broch would have been a prominent feature but focussed within the valley – the broch could have been constructed on higher ground to the east but this sloping location was deliberately chosen and the slightly enclosed valley must be an important facet of location choice. The setting may also be associated with the possibly contemporary Achavar broch to the south (SM510) which would have been visible from Green Hill, if contemporary.

SM552 Green Hill broch Scheduled monument Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its archaeological and historic importance. It provides information on Iron Age society and utilisation and division of the landscape as well as providing evidence of social hierarchy. The broch also has the ability to provide information on broch architecture and construction techniques as well as the historic evidence of the occupation of this landscape and adding to the general historic narrative of the area. The setting of this asset does contribute towards the understanding with the valley landscape and views to the south and the association with the numerous watercourses in this area. The views which contribute towards the understanding are from the south and north, with the clear association being with the valley – the broch could have been built at a higher altitude towards the summit of Pigeon Hill but it was built on the sloping ground. The nearest turbines will be approximately 2.2km directly west of the broch and will be a visible element in the general landscape views from the asset. Although it is not a view which contributes a great deal to the understanding of the asset, the sheer proximity of the turbines indicates they may have a detrimental effect on the aesthetic qualities and landscape associations of the asset. This needs to be explored further in the ES. The archaeological importance will not be impacted.

Description – Possible broch located at around 70m AOD. The remains of this broch consist of a conical grass mound surviving to a No impact height of 3.6m and a diameter of 24m. By 1967, a large trench had been dug into the west side of the mound to reveal the entrance passage, but no other masonry is visible.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this broch may be linked to the brochs located along the valley of the Clyth Burn which runs south, virtually parallel to the straight road to Camster. Although there is no evidence of brochs being inter-related in terms of use as beacons given the lack of access to the roof walkway, this valley, and the location of at least three brochs in a broadly straight line finishing at this Occumster broch, does add to the understanding by showing that this was an important location. The journey through this landscape may have been via the lower valley floors and thus these brochs would have been visible and dominant displays of wealth to anyone travelling through north to south. The setting of this asset is also closely linked with the sea. The broch would have been a clearly visible feature along the coast again, emphasising the dominance and power of the people who occupied the space. The views of this asset SM570 Bridge of Occumster broch Scheduled monument add to the understanding – the views that contribute are from the coast and from the north moving south. Views from the asset add a little to the importance especially towards contemporary assets. The view towards the Development is not towards any contemporary assets, nor will the turbines appear as a backdrop. The Views show the broader agricultural landscape and the commercial forestry, both of which add little to the understanding.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its archaeological and historic importance. It provides information on Iron Age society and utilisation and division of the landscape as well as providing evidence of social hierarchy. The archaeological importance is also contained in possible material culture and artefacts surviving which could provide information on the people that occupied this space. The broch also has the ability to provide information on broch architecture and construction techniques as well as the historic evidence of the occupation of this landscape and adding to the general historic narrative of the area. The setting of this asset does contribute towards the understanding. The asset will have visibility of the Development however the turbines will only be visible in views

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Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No northwest from the broch and at a distance of over 5km. It has been established that the setting of this asset is the coast and the valley of the Clyth Burn. The views to the northwest show the wider agricultural landscape but the commercial forestry of the Development adds nothing to the understanding of the asset, or it historic value.

Description – A Neolithic Orkney-Cromarty type round cairn located at 158m AOD in an area of heather moorland overlooking Loch No impact Stemster to the north with the later stone horseshoe also located north. The cairn is located on a minor ridge which slopes gently down from the south towards the loch. This ridge provides the cairn with extensive views north, west and southeast. The cairn has been disturbed but the dimensions are still legible. It measures 25m in diameter and survives to around 1.7m. The chamber is visible but has been subject to robbing and collapse. Three large stone slabs survive in situ and are suggestive of an inner portal stone, divisional compartment stone and back slab of a chamber entered from the east.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this cairn is Loch Stemster to the south with the later stone setting (SM420) also forming part of the setting, not an original part but one that now gives evidence of the continued use of this landscape for funerary and ritual purposes. The cairn also has good views of Loch Rangag to the west and there would have been good views of the cairn from this low-lying area. The location of the cairn on a small ridge means the asset is locally prominent and would have been visible from the north, when moving around the loch. However, long-distance Achkinloch chambered cairn SM419 Scheduled monument views of the cairn would not be possible as the asset is set into the slope of Stemster Hill and therefore would not be 800m SW of Loch Stemster distinguishable from the backdrop of the hill behind from long-distances in all directions. Views to the east and south east are blocked by Stemster Hill. The location of the cairn not at the highest point, but with commanding views of and from the loch and to and from Loch Rangag and the watercourses running south.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in historic and archaeological value in the information it provides for prehistoric society, land-use and funerary practise. The association with the standing stones (SM420) provides evidence of the reuse of ritual and funerary landscapes. There is also the potential for material culture to be present providing evidence of the society who occupied this area. This asset will not have any visibility of the Development. More importantly it has been demonstrated that views to the east, towards the Development do not contribute towards the understanding of the asset and there are no views towards the cairn which would have the Development as a backdrop or interrupting views. The setting and key characteristics of this asset will not be diminished or reduced and therefore there will be no impact.

Description – This horseshoe-shaped or truncated oval stone setting is thought to date from the Bronze Age. 41 stones can be No impact identified in total but only 35 are standing upright. The stones are set with the broad faces facing each other, the narrow edge facing into the centre of the setting. The opening to the oval or horseshoe is at the southeast end and the whole lies on a SE-NW axis. This setting is unusual with some comparisons to be found in Sutherland and at Broubster in Caithness. The ground falls away on the long sides of the setting and on the northwest the ground slopes away but at the southeast end there is a gradual rise on the western slope of Stemster Hill.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is formed by its position overlooking Loch Stemster with Loch Rangag located to the east. The opening of the horseshoe is orientated to open towards the cairn and towards the Achkinloch stone setting SW of slope of Stemster Hill and the watercourses running south. The rounded end of the setting is orientated towards the SM420 Scheduled monument Loch Stemster loch. The asset would be locally prominent, and visible in close quarters, however its position at the side of the hill and not in a prominent high spot means that it would not necessarily be visible over a long distance. The setting of this asset is also formed by the chambered cairn (SM419) situated to the southeast. The stones were erected here hundreds, if not over a thousand years after the cairn was built. This demonstrates some continuity of use within the landscape. The purpose of this asset is unknown but it could have astronomical connections and therefore lines of sight would contribute towards the importance of the asset. It has been indicated (Mackie Scotland An archaeological guide: from the earliest times to the twelfth century. 1975) that the summit of Morven is visible in good weather to the south meaning this asset could be an astronomical foresight. The views from this asset may contribute towards the understanding. There are no views east due to the summit of Stemster Hill and it is likely that views west, south and north are the ones that contribute towards the understanding.

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Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its historic and archaeological value. It is a rare survival of a horseshoe stone setting with a handful of contemporary examples. The asset has archaeological value in the information it provides for Bronze Age funerary and ritual practise and architecture. The association with the cairn may provide information on the utilisation of the landscape and how different generations viewed “ancient” monuments which may have been in that landscape for up to a thousand years before the stone setting was erected. There is potential for the asset to provide archaeological evidence in the form of artefacts indicating the function of this asset and the asset adds to the historic narrative of the development and use of this area. The ZTV indicates that there would be no visibility of the Development. See Cultural Heritage Viewpoint A in ES Volume 2c for a wireline visualisation from this asset demonstrating no visibility of the turbines and the general landscape context. The assessment here has demonstrated also that views to the east do not contribute towards the significance and understanding of the asset and there are no views available of the asset from the east due to Stemster Hill. There will there be no impact.

Description – Remains of a possible broch located at approximately 150m AOD on the east slope of Hill of Rangag and directly Potential adjacent to the Burn of Tacher. The monument consists of a grassy mound 3.97m high with a broad ditch noted around impact – the base. There are traces of outbuildings to the east and some stone work is visible. consider in ES

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the Burn of Tacher to the west and the Allt Buaile nan Gillean to the east. The broch is situated on a slight higher protrusion of land which offers extensive views on the arc from west, north and east. The asset is located in a very slight valley which adds a sense of isolation. The asset, though clearly a symbol of power and wealth, is situated in a location where the control of resources may have been significant as this is within the upper moorland area. It is prominent in views from the north but the views east and west are undulating and typical of this valley landscape. The views south and around the asset are of the moorland and agricultural landscape which contribute to the general understanding of the economy of the area. The Development is currently forestry and Ballachly broch 360m S of thus does not contribute to this understanding. Views from the north would have the turbines as a backdrop. SM520 Scheduled monument Stemster Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its archaeological and historic importance. It provides information on Iron Age society and utilisation and division of the landscape as well as providing evidence of social hierarchy. The archaeological importance is also contained in possible material culture and artefacts surviving which could provide information on the people that occupied this space. The broch also has the ability to provide information on broch architecture and construction techniques as well as the historic evidence of the occupation of this landscape and adding to the general historic narrative of the area. The setting of this asset does contribute towards the understanding. The asset will have visibility of the Development however it has been established that views to the south show the broader agricultural landscape to which the forestry of the Development contributes nothing. However the proximity of the turbines means they will be a feature in a proportion of the view south and would appear as a backdrop to views from the north of the broch. This needs to be assessed further in the ES.

Description – This monument is the remains of a possible broch. It survives as a prominent mound on a rock rising on the right back of No impact the River Thurso. This broch has aspects of defence. It is defended by the river and sheer rock face on one side and by a ditch elsewhere. On the northeast side is a terrace stretching to the base of the mound which was once surrounded by a wall or parapet, crowning the scarp possibly forming an enclosed area of outbuildings. The mound is 19m in diameter but the monument has been extensively robbed out and the terrace has been heavily quarried. Tulach Mor broch, E bank of River SM593 Scheduled monument Thurso Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the River Thurso and the number of other brochs also located on the shores of this river, particularly the broch located in very close proximity around 200m to the northwest. It is located on a prominent rock with very visible defences which would have been a sign of the wealth and power of the occupants. This setting adds to the understanding of the asset. There are a number of other prehistoric assets located in close proximity to the broch which also form part of the setting, indicating continuity of use of this landscape for both ritual and settlement purposes. To the east of the broch is a windfarm. This is located in an area which would have

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Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No been part of the setting of the broch, providing the immediate supporting hinterland. The views of the broch from the east are blocked by the turbines and this part of the setting no longer contributes to the understanding of the asset.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its archaeological and historic importance. It provides information on Iron Age society and utilisation and division of the landscape as well as providing evidence of social hierarchy. The archaeological importance is also contained in possible material culture and artefacts surviving which could provide information on the people that occupied this space. The broch also has the ability to provide information on broch architecture and construction techniques as well as the historic evidence of the occupation of this landscape and adding to the general historic narrative of the area. The setting of this asset does contribute towards the understanding. The asset will have visibility of the Development however this would be at a distance of 10km. In addition, the asset is located adjacent to the Bad a Cheo wind farm. This now forms part of the setting and the Development, though at a distance of 10km would not cause any further reduction of the setting. At this distance, the turbines would only form a very small part of the view and would be difficult to distinguish. They would certainly not be visible as a backdrop to views of other contemporary assets in particular those lining the banks of the River Thurso and would not for a barrier or interruption to views of the asset. It has been established the setting of this asset is the River Thurso and the contemporary brochs along the banks. This setting and the archaeological and historic value of this asset will not be impacted or reduced and therefore there will be no impact.

Description – The asset consists of a chambered cairn, a burial cist and a standing stone located on the west facing slope just off the No impact summit of Cnoc na Maranaich. The scheduled area also contains an area of quarrying which is thought to be contemporary with the chambered cairn. The cairn is 19m in diameter and 2m high now surmounted by 4 modern cairns. The central area has collapsed revealing the inner chamber. 7m to the east is a standing stone around 2.6m high. 75m south-southeast of the cairn is a burial cist, capping stone in place with the interior apparently untouched. The area of quarrying contains stones which match the capping stones of the cist. It is thought that the methods displayed in the quarry match similar prehistoric quarries.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the slopes of Cnoc na Maranaich and the assets together form part of a coherent grouping which forms the setting for one another. The assets are located on a ridge overlooking two valleys on the east and west with Dunbeath Water a prominent feature in the landscape. The assets also have a clear Cnoc na Maranaich chambered view to the sea. There may be a connection with the settlement and chambered cairns at Loedebest to the south. The SM443 cairn, burial cist and standing Scheduled monument cairn and cist are not located at the highest point of the hill, indicating that the view to and from the asset may not have stone been of primary significance, but rather the immediate landscape around the asset was important. Views to and from the asset do contribute towards the understanding as they would have been fairly prominent features within the landscape. The views towards the Development would probably have been focussed on the cairns within the valley of the Burn of Houstry, everything else being too distant to be coherent.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in historic and archaeological value in the information it provides for prehistoric society, land-use and funerary practise. It is located at the very edge of the 10km study area and any views of the Development would be distant and form only a very small part of any view, certainly not interrupting or distracting from views east. It has been shown that the understanding of this asset comes from its setting overlooking the valley of Dunbeath Water and the cairns to the south. The views towards the Development do not contribute towards the importance of the asset.

Description – The remains of a possible broch located at the 100m contour overlooking the sea. The possible broch survives as a No impact grassy mound and no structural features are visible. Part of an encircling bank is visible on the north side some 3.6m from the mound.

SM563 Knockinnon broch Scheduled monument Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the coast and the unnamed watercourse which runs directly adjacent. The broch is positioned in a fairly prominent position and would have been a prominent feature when moving up and down the coast and when possibly landing at possible safe landing spot at Knockninnon. The position of the broch means that it would be an imposing feature visible when approaching the shore and which would demonstrate the

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Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No power and wealth of the society who occupied the space. It may even have been situated here to indicate some form of ownership over the landing area. The setting of the asset therefore includes the views to and from it from along the coast and the sea. There would also be views from the north of this asset, given its low-lying location. All of these add to the understanding of the asset by reinforcing the visual power of the asset as a symbol of status.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its archaeological and historic importance. It provides information on Iron Age society and utilisation and division of the landscape as well as providing evidence of social hierarchy. The archaeological importance is also contained in possible material culture and artefacts surviving which could provide information on the people that occupied this space. The broch also has the ability to provide information on broch architecture and construction techniques as well as the historic evidence of the occupation of this landscape and adding to the general historic narrative of the area. The setting of this asset does contribute towards the understanding. The asset will have visibility of the Development however the turbines will be at a distance of over 8- 9km. There could be the potential of the turbines appearing as a backdrop to views of the brochs at Golsary and Rumster and around Forse however these brochs are at around the same contour, or slightly higher than the Knockinnon broch and are around 6km to the north. It is unlikely these brochs would be perceivable in the landscape at this distance. These views therefore do not add to the understanding of this broch which is more closely associated with the watercourse directly adjacent to it and the sea. The possible safe landing spot at Knockinnon indicates that this broch may have been position here to have a commanding view over this. The Development will not appear as a backdrop to views of this broch from the sea. There will therefore be no impact.

Description – The monument consist of a possible broch with a grassy mound 21m in diameter and 3m high. A central depression in No impact the mound has been interpreted as a central court and an encircling wall can be seen 3.6m from the base of the mound standing to a height of 1.8m.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this broch is the gradual east facing slope of the Hill of Lychrobbie upon which it is located at around 1155m AOD overlooking the valley of the Burn of Latheronwheel and possibly, if they were contemporary, the Latheronwheel broch located directly east but at a significantly lower level. The asset also has views of the sea to the south and east. The broch is not located on a valley edge or on a particularly prominent ridge but is fairly isolated. It would have been a prominent structure in the landscape, and would have been visible when travelling through the landscape. It is likely that this broch was situated to provide control over resources and to act as a symbol of the power and status of the people who controlled the construction and occupied the space. Views from the north, moving down the valley of the Burn of Latheronwheel and views from the east, on the opposite side of the valley would contribute most to eh understanding of the asset. SM566 Latheronwheel House broch Scheduled monument

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its archaeological and historic importance. It provides information on Iron Age society and utilisation and division of the landscape as well as providing evidence of social hierarchy. The archaeological importance is also contained in possible material culture and artefacts surviving which could provide information on the people that occupied this space. The broch also has the ability to provide information on broch architecture and construction techniques as well as the historic evidence of the occupation of this landscape and adding to the general historic narrative of the area. The setting of this asset does contribute towards the understanding. There are possibly views available of the Development from this asset, however given the topography, particularly the Hill of Leodebest, it is unlikely that the turbines will be prominent and may only be the blade tips, which would be screened by the intervening vegetation. It has been established that the understanding of the asset is enhanced by views from the north and east. The views towards the Development do not add any understanding to the asset and the turbines will not block or impede any views from or to the asset. There will therefore be no impact.

Description – The asset consists of a grassy mound 3m high and 14m in diameter. There is a central depression indicating the central No impact. chamber. The broch is located on an artificial platform with a surrounding ditch and bank with an elevated position SM529 Bruan broch, Ulbster Scheduled monument around 80m AOD and good views of the coast and the inlet. Some stonework is visible on the outer edge of the platform and there may be additional structures associated with the main tower. There are open views out to sea, to the south, southwest and southeast.

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Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the coast and the lower lying ground and sea located to the south. The location of this broch overlooking a coastal inlet and on a prominent artificial platform would make it a visible monument within the landscape and a focal point in views from the sea and when moving along the coast. The ability to see these towers as you move through the landscape, more overbearing in terms of scale and mass than anything else, including the roundhouses in the landscape would have instantly indicated the wealth, power and status of the occupier. The setting of the asset also provides understanding as to why this location was chosen, for its commanding views over the coast and low-lying ground. The views from the asset are not as significant and do not contribute towards the understanding of the broch.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its archaeological and historic importance. It provides information on Iron Age society and utilisation and division of the landscape as well as providing evidence of social hierarchy. The archaeological importance is also contained in possible material culture and artefacts surviving which could provide information on the people that occupied this space the broch has the potential to survive well with many of the identifying features of a broch intact. The broch also has the ability to provide information on broch architecture and construction techniques as well as the historic evidence of the occupation of this landscape and adding to the general historic narrative of the area. The surrounding outbuildings also contribute to the intrinsic value of the asset by providing information on social status and the possibility of good survival of material culture, including palaeoenvironmental remains. The setting of this asset does contribute towards the understanding. The asset will have visibility of the Development however it has been demonstrated that the key views of this asset are from the sea and when moving along the coast. The Development will not be visible as a backdrop to the broch from any of these locations and the archaeological and historic value of the asset will also remain unchanged. There will therefore be no impact.

Description – The remains of possible broch consisting of a mound 18m in diameter and 3m high. A stretch of wall face can be seen No impact on the south side with part of the outer casing wall also surviving. The entrance is on the SSW curve of the broch. The initial description of the broch by the RCAHMS in 1911 recorded that 40 human skulls had been found during excavations at the broch many years ago, but this cannot be substantiated.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the Burn of Latheronwheel and the valley. It is now located in thick woodland, but before this, would have been a prominent feature in the valley. It is located at a low level, around 45m AOD and within the dip of the valley. It would have been a prominent feature but only when moving down from the uplands, but even then with its precarious position would have been a dominant feature, displaying the wealth and power of the occupants. The views of the asset therefore contribute to the understanding of the asset.

SM565 Latheronwheel Bridge broch Scheduled monument Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its archaeological and historic importance. It provides information on Iron Age society and utilisation and division of the landscape as well as providing evidence of social hierarchy. The archaeological importance is also contained in possible material culture and artefacts surviving which could provide information on the people that occupied this space. The broch also has the ability to provide information on broch architecture and construction techniques as well as the historic evidence of the occupation of this landscape and adding to the general historic narrative of the area. The setting of this asset does contribute towards the understanding. The setting of this asset is the Burn of Latheronwheel and the steep valley though which it flows. The broch is situated at the crest of the valley slope, occupying a dramatic position almost overhanging the valley. There will be no views of the Development and more importantly, neither the setting nor the archaeological or historic value of the asset will change. Therefore there will be no impact.

Description – The monument consists of the remains of a possible broch and associated structures built on an east facing slope on the No impact low ground around 80m AOD. The mound is 3m high and 17m in diameter. It is located on a rock with the outside wall SM598 Upper Latheron broch Scheduled monument face visible in part. There are traces of outbuildings to the east with possible further remains on the northwest side.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the coast and the sea, including the safe landing harbour at

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Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No Latheronwheel, from which the broch would be visible, along with the Latheronwheel Bridge broch to the north- northeast. Due to its sloping location, the broch has limited views west and southwest, the main focus is east along the cost and from the sea. The broch is intended as a visible symbol of power and status and would have been a visual symbol of this to people approaching from the sea and moving south down the coast. The setting is also formed by the number of other brochs in the area, which are located along the Burn of Latheronwheel and if all contemporary, would have made an arresting site to people travelling through the landscape.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its archaeological and historic importance. It provides information on Iron Age society and utilisation and division of the landscape as well as providing evidence of social hierarchy. The archaeological importance is also contained in possible material culture and artefacts surviving which could provide information on the people that occupied this space. The evidence of associated structures adds importance archaeological value in the information it can provide for the adaptation and re-use of brochs as well as the social stratification with possibly family groupings occupying outlying buildings with the main branch of the family being in the broch tower. The broch also has the ability to provide information on broch architecture and construction techniques as well as the historic evidence of the occupation of this landscape and adding to the general historic narrative of the area. The setting of this asset does contribute towards the understanding. The asset will have visibility of the Development however it have been established that the setting that contributes to the understanding of the broch is the association with the other broch towers and the views from the coast and the sea. The turbines will not appear as a backdrop nor will they impede on any views of the broch or between the brochs. The archaeological and historic value will remain unchanged and therefore there will be no impact.

Description – The monument consists of a partially excavated broch located on a partly artificial peninsula on the east side of Loch No impact Rangag. It survives as a mound 20m in diameter and 4m in height. The entrance to the broch is to the east with a guard cell in the north side of the passage. A mural cell is visible in the north wall. Some of the outer face but more of the inner face of the stonework is visible. On the landward side of the peninsula, is a stone bank1m high and 3-4m wide extending north – south for 26m. There is a gap in the bank around 11m from the north end where a causeway extends across the isthmus to reach the broch. The causeway however does not meet the broch entrance. This, coupled with the possibility of a raised beach being located 0.5m above the present surface of the loch has been taken to imply that the isthmus was originally an island, possibly a crannog with the causeway serving this earlier feature which was reused by the broch. It is suggested that either the broch and causeway are contemporary and the outer stone bank is later, or the broch and outer bank are contemporary, utilising a pre-existing causeway.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is Loch Rangag, within the waters of which the broch was built. The location of the broch and the possibility that it was once entirely surrounded by water and only accessible by a causeway indicates that this water side location was important and access to the broch could be tightly controlled. Even if the causeway was from an earlier crannog, the reuse of the site for the broch indicates a display of wealth and power, SM555 Greysteil Castle broch Scheduled monument of a society displaying visible status in the form of the tower and controlling access. The defensive possibilities are obvious, however from a siege perspective, once inside the tower on the loch, you were effectively trapped until the threat went away. The broch would have been extremely visible from the shores of the loch and when moving through the landscape. It was intended to be seen and to be a focus of views. The views from the broch do not add to the understanding significantly. The views were blocked east and west due to the topography and the surrounding hill summits.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its archaeological and historic importance. It provides information on Iron Age society and utilisation and division of the landscape as well as providing evidence of social hierarchy. The archaeological importance is also contained in possible material culture and artefacts surviving which could provide information on the people that occupied this space. In particular, this broch being built on an artificial island projecting in to the loch offers opportunities for the recovery of palaeoenvironmental evidence with the possibility of waterlogged organic material. The potential that the broch was constructed on the site of a crannog also offers evidence of the reuse of sites and the repurposing of existing sites for the benefit of the broch builders. The broch is well preserved and has the ability to provide information on broch architecture and construction techniques as well as the historic evidence of the occupation of this landscape and adding to the general historic narrative of the area. The

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Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No setting of this asset does contribute towards the understanding. The ZTV demonstrates there will be visibility of the Development from this asset. More importantly, the setting of the asset and the ability to appreciate its relationship.

Description – The monument consists of a possible fort, in a very ruinous condition located on the south end of a plateau, northwest of Potential the scheduled Cairns of Warehouse. The possible fort is in a ruinous condition, but some features which identify it as a impact – defensive site area visible. The plateau measures 90 m north – south and 40 m east – west with the east and west side consider in ES edged with cliffs and the approach from the south side is guarded by a wall which curves onto the west side then disappears. There are traces of wall on the east side. The wall does appear too slight for a defensive feature, and there seems to be a lack of ditch or bank surrounding, but the plateau if flat and it occupies a fairly strong natural position so this definition could be accurate. It is likely to date from the Iron Age.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the Loch of Yarrows and Loch Watenan and Loch of Waterhouse over which the fort has commanding views. The setting of this asset is formed by the potentially earlier prehistoric asset within this landscape, particularly to the north, south and east. The location of this fort offer panoramic views which contribute to the understanding of the asset by providing rationale behind the choice of location of the fort. As a defensive asset, the views from the asset contribute towards the understanding by providing information on approaches of enemies, outlooks to possible markers and other forts including the view southeast towards the scheduled monument of Garrywhin Fort. Also situated overlooking a valley with panoramic views. The views west MHG2224 Fort at Yarrows Non-designated towards the Development are compromised by the extant Moss of Whilk Wind farm. The views to the west are not of such importance as the broader views south, west and north, but still contribute a little towards the understanding.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its archaeological and historic importance. It provides information on Iron Age society and utilisation and division of the landscape as well as providing evidence of social hierarchy. The importance of this asset as a possible defensive site adds to the historic value by providing information on the historic narrative of the area. The setting of the asset has been described as the views southeast towards Garrywhin fort and the views over Loch of Waterhouse, Loch Watenan and the Loch of Yarrows, The views are of importance to the asset, both to and from the fort. The view to the west is slightly foreshortened by the undulating ground and thus is of lesser importance when considering approaches to the fort and views of enemy attackers. This west view is also compromised by the existing Burn of Whilk Windfarm however the amount of view containing wind farms will increase with the Development. The ZTV demonstrates there will be visibility of the Development from this asset. More importantly, the setting of the asset and the ability to appreciate its relationship. This is demonstrated in VP12 and VP12 SF in the Landscape and Visualisation Appendix 7.7.

Description – The monument consists of a possible cairn which has been robbed out, reducing it to little more than a scatter of stones Potential now measuring 9 m by 6.9 m and up to 0.35 m in height. It is located approximately 40 m southwest of the scheduled impact – Cairns of Warehouse just off the summit of the hill. consider in ES

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the Loch of Yarrows and Loch Watenan over which the cairn has good views. The views from this asset are panoramic however views to the west are dominated by the wind turbines of the Moss of Whilk Wind farm. This has reduced the contribution this view makes to the understanding of the cairn. The setting is also linked with the better preserved, scheduled examples of the Cairns of Warehouse to the north. MHG48208 Cairn at Yarrows Non-designated This association provides the understanding of this area as a funerary landscape, linked to the monument located to the east and the east facing slope. The setting contributes towards the understanding by providing information on the location of assets in this landscape and the importance of the views towards the water bodies and along the valleys.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its archaeological and historic importance. It provides information on Iron Age society and utilisation and division of the landscape and of funerary customs and rituals. The setting contributes towards the understanding by providing a similar funerary landscape and context as well as the higher ground offering the panoramic views and an appreciation of the relationship between the prehistoric assets. The setting contributes towards the understanding of the asset however views to the west do not contribute as

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Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No much due to the presence of the Burn of Whilk Windfarm. In addition these views are across to an area with less prehistoric assets when the association is with the abundance of assets located north, south and east. The Development will introduce more turbines in views west and this will increase the number of turbines in the view and thus further decrease the understanding of the asset. This is demonstrated in VP12 and VP12 SF in the Landscape and Visualisation Appendix 7.7. This needs to be considered within the ES chapter.

Description – These assets have been grouped together as they all form part of the Forse Estate and their setting and importance is Potential closely linked so that an impact on one element would affect the other elements within this grouping as an impact on one impact – could diminish the whole. Forse House – early 18th century mansion built by the Sutherlands of Forse as the centre of consider in ES their estate. It is a 3-story 5-bay symmetrically fronted mansion with a later 19th century rear block. The main façade of the mansion is south facing. It is now a care home for the elderly. Walled garden and small house to rear – house in the grounds dates to 1801 on this site, but is actually an 18th century house moved to this spot with a plaque inscribed ‘removed from the other side of the burn. Rebuilt by JES of Forse 1801”. The walled garden is construction from large rubble with ashlar cope. Nottingham Mains Steading – built in 1842 by John Sutherland as the mains farm to Forse House. Interestingly on some early maps, Nottingham is marked on the maps, but Forse House is not. It is a large farm square with an internal court flanked by ranges of buildings with access through arched cart bays. Forse House Dovecot – Early 18th century double chamfered lectern style dovecot with lean-to roof and crowstepped gables surmounted by spherical finials. Interior contains 408 stone boxes with projecting alighting slabs.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The principal view from Forse House is south, with a channel cut through the woodland opening up distant views of the sea. The rear of the property, with the walled garden and service buildings is not a key view and there would be no views of the property when travelling north due to the woodland planting which was intentional. Views from within the house do add to the understanding and there is the potential that views from the upper LB7949, Forse House Dovecot Cat. A Listed floors would contain the turbines which would appear prominently in the view. As service buildings, and ancillary LB7946, Forse House Cat. B Listed structures, the views from the walled garden, the house and Nottingham Mains do not contribute towards their LB7947 Forse House Walled Garden and Cat. B Listed understanding. In addition, views from the dovecot do not contribute towards the understanding, however views of the - small house to rear - dovecot were of significance. This is a highly decorative building, a clear sign of the wealth of the owners and far more LB8000 Nottingham Mains Steading Cat. B Listed than is required for the function of the building. It was designed to be seen when walking around the estate, though not from afar or as a marker within the estate because of its low height and relatively small scale. The setting of all of the assets is one another. The survival of original elements and the retention of the farm buildings adds coherence and adds to the understanding of the development of this estate. The surrounding agricultural landscape adds to the setting as it provided the revenue for the estate. The Development lies within the setting of the assets, but does not contribute towards the understanding as it is currently commercial forestry, However as elements of this are returned to agriculture, the landscape will begin to seep back into the setting of the Forse Estate and this may cause an impact.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of these assets lie in their group value and their architectural and historic value. The survival of almost all of the original estate buildings adds to the understanding and provides information on the historical development and the architecture of the wealthy upper classes at this time. The historic value of the asset will not be impacted by the Propose Development however there is the potential that the turbines will be clearly visible in views north from the upper floors of Forse House and from Nottingham Mains farm. Though the main views from this asset are south, the agricultural landscape setting visible from the upper floors do contribute a little towards the understanding. The turbines will be close to this asset and as they will occupy the higher ground, there is the potential they could be seen to dominate the view. It is unlikely that this will detract to any significant degree from the understanding of the asset, but this needs to be assessed within the ES.

Description – Lodge constructed in 1853. Asymmetrical 2-storey lodge with elaborate decorative detailing. The plaque above the front Negligible – no door is carved with a Sutherland Cat, the badge of the clan and in 1841, the house was occupied by John Sutherland requirement for Forse House Gate Lodge and LB7948 Cat. C Listed Esq. The gate piers are a pair of square tooled ashlar piers with shallow moulded pyramidal caps with spearhead cast- further Gate Piers iron railings. assessment.

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.2 - 28

Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of the lodge is the Forse Estate and buildings within it, the carriage drive and the main coastal road from which access to the estate was granted. All of these elements add to the understanding of the asset, as does the ornamental woodland which surrounds the lodge and lines the carriage drive. This woodland is in stark contrast to the commercial forestry within the Development and provides a clear delineation from the surrounding agricultural land. The lodge faces the road and with the trees, there is unlikely to be any view of the turbines. The Development does not lie within the setting of the lodge.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its historic and architectural value and the association with the Forse Estate. The setting of the asset is the Forse Estate and the Thomas Telford road of 1819 which the gate lodge fronts onto. Despite the association with the grouping of buildings making up the Forse Estate, the setting of and importance of the Forse House Gate Lodge is sufficiently distinct to be able to say that there will be no impact on this asset. Any potential impact on the buildings of the Forse House estate would carry over to the gate lodge as an integral part of the estate, but the level is negligible and does not require further assessment. As stated, the Development does not lie within the setting of the asset. There will be no visibility but more importantly, none of the characteristics of this asset will change.

Description – Early 19th C traditional Caithness croft complex with 2 single storey L-shaped rubble ranges. Longhouse type dwelling Unlikely to be facing SW with byre in SE end bay. Dwelling has 2 doors, small windows, ridge and end stacks and rush thatched roof. impact – Remainder with corrugated iron or asbestos roofing. however is closest listed Setting & Contribution to Understanding - Set within the lower slopes of Ben a chielt on slightly marginal rough grazing land. Many of asset and is the surrounding crofts have disappeared, but there is still an easy appreciation of the agricultural way of life and much of category A so the surrounding landscape is still used for grazing. Settlement continues in the pattern of being isolated and located on include in the lower slopes. There are available views west, south and east with the primary views southwest. Not a dominant assessment for feature in this landscape, built to survive the coastal weather. This is a functional asset, built for a defined purpose and completeness LB7935 The Corr Cat. A listed not for ornament or intended to draw a view. Therefore views of or from the asset do not contribute towards the understanding. The Development lies within land which was once used for grazing, now forestry land. The setting contributes towards the understanding of the asset by providing the agricultural context.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its intrinsic architectural characteristics and is rarity as one of the few remaining traditional Caithness croft houses. Although the Development is now forestry land, it was once and at the time of construction of The Corr, part of the wider agricultural grazing land and therefore could be said to contribute to the understanding of the asset. See Cultural Heritage Viewpoint F in ES Volume 2c for a wireline visualisation of the turbines which shows their visibility, along with a general view of the landscape.

Description – Built in 1734 to a T-shaped plan with later additions, lies outside the ZTV. The interior has since been cleared and is used No impact as the Clan Gunn museum, though the pulpit and bench seating remains. The burial ground has 3 rubble gatepiers with planking pedestrian and carriage entrances. The burial ground contains a number of closely packed tombstones and is of high quality dating from the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. The ground beneath the church is excluded from the listing and is considered as a separate scheduled monument, however the setting of this aspect of the asset will not be impacted by the Development at all and has thus not been considered.

Latheron Old Parish Church and Cat. B Listed – LB7952 Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is its coastal location overlooking the sea and the proximity to the Burial Ground excluding SM3295 scheduled monument (SM3295) coastal settlements and communities it served. The setting of this asset is linked to the agricultural landscape as the Latheron Old Church and Aisle excluded from listing local crofters made up the congregation, however the agricultural landscape, whilst lending an aesthetic aspect to the church, does not add to the understanding. As with other contemporary churches in this area, although there is a tower at the north gable, it is small and stumpy and is not a dominant landscape feature. Indeed, the location of this church at a low level means it is difficult to see on any approach and does in fact lie outside the ZTV.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its historic and architectural value, with aesthetic value added by its dramatic coastal location with the sea framing the church when approaching from the north.

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.2 - 29

Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No There will be no views of the Development from this asset. More importantly, the characteristics of this asset will remain intact, with the appreciation of the burial ground and the architecture of the church and the knowledge it provides for the ecclesiastical history of Caithness undiminished.

Description – Rectangular tower dating from the end of the 17th / 18th century with a pyramidal roof and four oblong openings for the No impact bell. Solid square rubble tower 25 ft. high and 7 ft. square at the base. The bell was removed in 1822 when it was taken to the new Belfry in Latheron Parish Church. It is said that the tower was constructed as an amplifier for the bell of Latheron Parish Church built in the mid-16th century and located to the south, at a lower level near the coast. The bell of the church could not be heard ringing by many of the parishioners to the north, including at the settlement at Forse.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the Old Parish Church at Latheron and the surrounding settlements which it served. It was not meant to be a visible reminder of the church, but the aural setting of the asset is the key contributing factor. This setting is no longer intact due to the removal of the bell, but the key characteristic of this asset is not necessarily the visual scale, but that the height and location was necessary to achieve the volume and allow Cat. B the sound of the bell to be heard over the greatest distance possible. Assets of this type, tall and visible, are sometimes LB10950 Latheron Buldoo Bell Tower Listed/Scheduled known as being used as navigational guides from the sea. This could be the case with Latheron bell tower, however the Monument views would only be available some distance from the shore, with the contours of the land such that as you approach it disappears from view. The setting of the asset contributes towards the understanding by providing the agricultural context that the bell was intended to be heard over.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its historic and architectural value and the information it provides for religious worship in this area from the 17th century onwards. The turbines will be visible from this asset, but this will have no impact at all on the understanding. The aural setting of the asset will not change. There may be views of the turbines as a backdrop to the bell tower from the sea, however this was never a primary intended function of the asset and this will not diminish the understanding of its role to call people to worship. The link between the bell tower and the church will still be appreciated as well as the bell tower and the crofting settlements of the area.

Description – Mid-18th century 2-story, 5 bay house, a possible replacement of an earlier house. In 1841, it was in the ownership of No impact Colonel Gordon.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the coast and the landscape and estate within which it sits. The setting contributes to the understanding of the asset in that it provides aesthetic landscape surroundings, but it does not contribute towards the historic value or the understanding of the architectural value of the house. It is in stark contrast to the traditional Caithness crofting houses both in form and materials used. Views of the asset contribute towards the understanding as it would have been a visible marker of the wealth of the occupant, but views from the asset would have been focussed on the coast and the sea to the south, the rolling landscape to the north would provide an aesthetic LB8003 Swiney House Cat. B Listed backdrop.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its historic and architectural value and the information it provides for the development of higher status vernacular architecture. The asset also provides information on the wealthier residents, land owners and investors in the Caithness region. The house has little connection to the agricultural surroundings, though some of the initial wealth may have come from ownership of the agricultural land. The Development will be visible from the asset, however it has been established that views to the north do not contribute to the understanding of the asset. The views will also not affect the understanding of the architectural and historic aspects of the asset, all of which will remain intact.

Description – This 2 storey, 5 bay house was built in 1808 by Patrick MacDonald who established the fisheries at Achastle. It is now No impact known as Miss Lillies due to the occupation by Miss Mary Lillie and her sisters from 1930 – 1995. LB8004 Miss Lillies House Cat. C Listed Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of this asset is the surrounding landscape and the fishing village of Achastle. It was constructed with the profits from the herring fishery and the link with the coast and the sea is important and

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.2 - 30

Reference Assessment Outcome Name Designation No contributes towards the understanding. It is a large house, very distinct from the low, long Caithness croft houses to distinguish it from the surrounding agricultural economy. Although there may be views of the turbines, these will be seen within a broader agricultural and forestry landscape which contributes little to the understanding of this asset.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its architectural and historic value in the information it provides for the growth and value of the fishing industry and the key players in the 19th century. It also provides information on the development of higher status vernacular architecture. The setting of the asset contributes some understanding to the asset but the area of the Development does not contribute anything towards the understanding, nor do views of the turbines diminish or detract from the identified importance.

Description – Planned settlement created in 1902 by General Patrick Sinclair to provide a new fishing village utilising the excellent No impact harbour facilities which were already in place in Lybster. The settlement was laid out in building plots with a strong north-south linear emphasis along a street known as The Cross. The building plots were taken up quickly and by 1840 the settlement had filled out. The street widens at Grey’s Place to an unusually wide distance. This was actually part of a square created by General Sinclair’s son Temple Frederick Sinclair. The first phase of Lybster is characterised by buildings constructed by individuals on individual plots. The second phase around Grey’s Place was laid out specifically so that the houses would be built to a standardised plan and the use of blue slates was specified. The area is characterised by the uniformity of building materials and building heights with the architecture dictated by the vernacular style. The association with the harbour is strong with the road leading straight through the village. The conservation area contains 25 listed buildings: four category B and 21 category C. The setting of all of these buildings is formed by the conservation area, with no views out of the settlement which contribute to the understanding or key characteristics of the buildings.

Setting & Contribution to Understanding – The setting of the conservation area is formed by the harbour location at Lybster which was the reason for it being chosen for harbour investment in the 18th century, then later in 1802 as the site for General CA114 Lybster Conservation Area Conservation Area Sinclair’s planned settlement. The setting is also formed by the coastal road which once ran through the settlement but was changed in 1819 top run to the north, at Quatre Bras. Thus the coast and the communications routes form the parts of the setting of this asset which contribute towards the understanding. The creation of this town was a deliberate move to diversify away from an agricultural based economy thus the agricultural land to the north, although within the landscape does not form an important part of the setting. The strong linear form of this village is key to its setting and understanding. The significance and key characteristics of Lybster are the linear layout and the wider, more uniform plan of the Grey’s Place properties. Also the uniform use of materials such as blue slate is also a key feature. Its survival as a planned 19th century settlement and a key part of the narrative of the fishing industry of Caithness add to its historic significance.

Understanding the asset/potential impact of change – The importance of this asset lies in its intrinsic historic and architectural characteristics and the information Lybster can provide in the narrative of the development and decline of the fishing industry of Caithness. The Development is situated to the north. There may be visibility from the Conservation Area, but the views out, particularly to the north to the agricultural land add no understanding and are of no significance to the understanding of the conservation area at all.

This document has been prepared by AECOM for the sole use of our Client (the "Client") and in accordance with generally accepted consultancy principles, the budget for fees and terms of reference agreed between AECOM and the Client. Any information provided by third parties and referred to herein has not been checked or verified by AECOM, unless otherwise expressly stated in the document. No third party may rely upon this document without the prior and express written agreement of AECOM. Ü

SM5301 SM3520 SM3666

SM593 SM5301 SM586

SM10105 SM506 SM536 SM473 SM8520 SM611 SM435 SM537 SM8521 SM520 SM8533 SM467 SM90056 SM507 SM612 SM527 SM90056 SM508 SM505 SM463 SM610 KEY: SM466 SM436 Development Site SM420 SM8516 SM591 SM436 SM436 SM501 10km Survey Area SM605 SM595 ! Proposed Turbine Location ! ! SM5799 SM605 SM696 SM555 SM419 ! ! ! ! ! ! SM4289 ! Scheduled Monument ! SM664 SM607 ! ! ! ! ! Number of Turbine Tips Visible: ! ! SM433 SM504 ! ! SM548 SM4338 1 - 2 SM552 SM4255 3 - 4 SM529 SM90048 SM429 5 - 6 SM550 SM90162 SM573 SM510 7 - 8 SM5235 9 - 10 SM557 SM614 11 - 12 SM585 SM519 SM543 SM6015 13 - 14 SM2301 SM6015 SM575 15 - 16 SM568 SM457 SM599 SM624 SM613 SM570 17 - 18 SM6014 SM453 SM6015 SM7242 19 SM443 SM5224 SM581 SM461 SM617 SM10752 SM461 NOTE: SM445 SM5304 SM566 SM621 SM5152 SM3295 Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) has been generated using SM425 SM565 Ordnance Survey Terrain 5 digital terrain model, which does not take account of the screening effects of vegetation, SM5182 buildings or other structures. SM5089 SM438 SM5233 SM5186 SM462 ZTV generation has been generated based upon an observer SM574 SM5311 eye height of 2m above ground level. SM598 SM5088 ZTV is based upon a maximum layout of 19 turbines with a SM563 tip height of 130m.

0 5,000 Metres

Client: Title: Drawn: LC Checked: LG

FIGURE 12.1 Verified: CS Approved: NT Project: GOLTICLAY WIND FARM SCHEDULED MONUMENTS WITHIN 10KM One Trinity Gardens Tel +44 (0) 191 224 6500 Date: SEPTEMBER 2016 Scale at A3: 1:100,000 Quayside Fax +44 (0) 191 224 6599 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Newcastle, NE1 2HF www.aecom.com Drawing Number: G_160901_ES12.1_v1 A3 ©Crown copyright and database rights 2016. Ordnance Survey 0100031673 This document has been prepared by AECOM for the sole use of our Client (the "Client") and in accordance with generally accepted consultancy principles, the budget for fees and terms of reference agreed between AECOM and the Client. Any information provided by third parties and referred to herein has not been checked or verified by AECOM, unless otherwise expressly stated in the document. No third party may rely upon this document without the prior and express written agreement of AECOM. Ü

LB7997 LB7998 (! (! (! !(!( !(!!(( !( LB7999 LB7957 LB14977

!( LB14090 (! LB10951

LB7964 LB14064 LB7963 (! LB7965 LB7962 !( (! LB7966 (! (! (! (! (! LB50835 LB7961 (! (!(! (! LB7967 (!(!(!(! LB7960 (! LB7995 !( !( LB14065 LB7996 LB7959 !(

!( LB7958 (! (!

! ! !( ! ! LB14066 ! ! ! ! ! ! (! LB7956 ! ! ! ! LB14069 (!(! LB14067 ! ! !( ! ! ! (! LB14071 (! LB7955 LB7954 LB14070 LB44582 !( !( LB7954 LB19479 !( LB7930 LB7954 LB8000 0 500 Metres LB7947 !( 1:12,500 LB7949 LB8004 LB7935 !( !((! LB10950 (! KEY: !( LB7950 !(!(!( Development Site Number of Turbine Tips !((!(!(! !( !(!!(((! (! !( Visible: LB7953 (! 10km Survey Area (! (!(!(! 1 - 2 LB7946 Proposed Turbine !( ! LB7928 (! Location 3 - 4 (! LB7985 !((! (! LB7929 LB8003 Listed Building 5 - 6 LB7983 (! LB7981 (!!( !( Category A 7 - 8 (! LB7948 (! NOTE: !( LB7982 LB7952 !( Category B 9 - 10 LB7980 Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) has been generated using Ordnance Survey Terrain 5 digital terrain model, which does !( Category C 11 - 12 not take account of the screening effects of vegetation, Conservation Area buildings or other structures. 13 - 14 LB7986 !( 15 - 16 LB7984 ZTV generation has been generated based upon an observer LB7951 eye height of 2m above ground level. 17 - 18 19 ZTV is based upon a maximum layout of 19 turbines with a 0 5,000 Metres tip height of 130m.

Client: Title: Drawn: LC Checked: LG

FIGURE 12.2 Verified: CS Approved: NT Project: GOLTICLAY WIND FARM LISTED BUILDINGS AND CONSERVATION AREAS WITHIN 10KM One Trinity Gardens Tel +44 (0) 191 224 6500 Date: SEPTEMBER 2016 Scale at A3: 1:100,000 Quayside Fax +44 (0) 191 224 6599 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Newcastle, NE1 2HF www.aecom.com Drawing Number: G_160901_ES12.2_v1 A3 ©Crown copyright and database rights 2016. Ordnance Survey 0100031673 This document has been prepared by AECOM for the sole use of our Client (the "Client") and in accordance with generally accepted consultancy principles, the budget for fees and terms of reference agreed between AECOM and the Client. Any information provided by third parties and referred to herein has not been checked or verified by AECOM, unless otherwise expressly stated in the document. No third party may rely upon this document without the prior and express written agreement of AECOM.

MHG602 MHG2297 MHG20229 MHG605 !( !( Ü !( MHG19983 !( !( !( MHG2298 MHG2296 !( MHG2295 MHG13612 !(

!( MHG22634 !( MHG2294

MHG43745MHG43744MHG20230 MHG13691 !( MHG1820 !( !(

MHG13616 !( MHG22635 !( MHG1315 MHG19886 !( !( !( !( !( !( MHG13615 MHG53331 MHG1313 MHG2301 MHG41818MHG13694 !( ! ! ! MHG47968 MHG13614 MHG20227 !( ! ! !( !( !( ! ! ! !( !( MHG20228 ! !( ! MHG47969 MHG13692 MHG13696 MHG2293 !( MHG43699MHG20339 MHG13693 ! ! ! !( MHG13697 MHG19700 ! !( !( ! !( !( !( MHG27072 ! MHG19991 !( MHG45940 ! ! MHG27073 !( !( !( ! !( MHG20318 MHG20311 !( !( MHG13193 !(

MHG13192 !( MHG13660 MHG20317 MHG13671 !( !( MHG13659 MHG20298 MHG20316 MHG20325 !( MHG13194 !( !( MHG13526 !( !( MHG20284 MHG20189 MHG42179 !( !( !( !( MHG13661 !( MHG20300 MHG13672 !( MHG13528 !( MHG37160 MHG13527 MHG13662 !( !( MHG20313 !( KEY: MHG20234 MHG13530 !( !( !( !( Development Site !( !( !( !( MHG43700 MHG20315 2km Survey Area MHG56215 MHG13664 !( MHG20314 ! Proposed Turbine Location MHG18440 !( MHG20309 !( !( HER Monument Point MHG13663 MHG20323 HER Monument Polygon MHG659 MHG1846 0 1,000 Metres

Client: Title: Drawn: LC Checked: LG

FIGURE 12.3 Verified: CS Approved: NT Project: GOLTICLAY WIND FARM NON-DESIGNATED ASSETS WITHIN 2KM One Trinity Gardens Tel +44 (0) 191 224 6500 Date: JULY 2016 Scale at A3: 1:30,000 Quayside Fax +44 (0) 191 224 6599 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Newcastle, NE1 2HF www.aecom.com Drawing Number: G_160728_ES12.3_v1 A3 ©Crown copyright and database rights 2016. Ordnance Survey 0100031673 This document has been prepared by AECOM for the sole use of our Client (the "Client") and in accordance with generally accepted consultancy principles, the budget for fees and terms of reference agreed between AECOM and the Client. Any information provided by third parties and referred to herein has not been checked or verified by AECOM, unless otherwise expressly stated in the document. No third party may rely upon this document without the prior and express written agreement of AECOM. Ü

1 3 ! 2 ! ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 7 10 ! ! ! 8 ! 9 !

12 13 14 ! ! ! 15 11 ! ! 18 ! 19 17 ! 16 ! !

KEY: Development Site 2km Survey Boundary

! Proposed Turbine Location Historic Landuse Assessment Freshwater Area Industrial or Commercial Area Plantation Quarry Rectilinear Fields and Farms Rough Grazing Smallholdings Traditional Peat Cutting

0 1,000 Metres

Client: Title: Drawn: LC Checked: LG

FIGURE 12.4 Verified: CS Approved: NT Project: GOLTICLAY WIND FARM HISTORIC LAND-USE ASSESSMENT One Trinity Gardens Tel +44 (0) 191 224 6500 Date: JULY 2016 Scale at A3: 1:30,000 Quayside Fax +44 (0) 191 224 6599 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Newcastle, NE1 2HF www.aecom.com Drawing Number: G_160728_ES12.4_v1 A3 ©Crown copyright and database rights 2016. Ordnance Survey 0100031673 This document has been prepared by AECOM for the sole use of our Client (the "Client") and in accordance with generally accepted consultancy principles, the budget for fees and terms of reference agreed between AECOM and the Client. Any information provided by third parties and referred to herein has not been checked or verified by AECOM, unless otherwise expressly stated in the document. No third party may rely upon this document without the prior and express written agreement of AECOM. Ü SM520 SM90056 SM90056

MHG2301

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! SM552 ! ! ! ! ! ^_ MHG13693

MHG13692 KEY: Development Site 2km Survey Area ! Proposed Turbine Location SM550 Listed Building SM573 (! Category A (! Category B (! Category C Scheduled Monument SM510 SM599 SM519 HER Monument Polygon LB7935 ^_ Proposed Permanent Met Mast Location (! LB7947 Existing Access Track SM2301 !( LB8000 SM575 (!!(!( Proposed Access Track LB7947 Proposed Crane Pad and Laydown Area Proposed Construction Compound (135m x 75m) SM7242 Proposed Substation (100m x 50m) Proposed Temporary Quarry LB7949 LB7946

0 2,000 Metres

Client: Title: Drawn: LC Checked: LG

FIGURE 12.5 Verified: CS Approved: NT Project: GOLTICLAY WIND FARM ASSETS WITH THE POTENTIAL TO EXPERIENCE IMPACTS One Trinity Gardens Tel +44 (0) 191 224 6500 Date: SEPTEMBER 2016 Scale at A3: 1:50,000 Quayside Fax +44 (0) 191 224 6599 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Newcastle, NE1 2HF www.aecom.com Drawing Number: G_160915_ES12.5_v2 A3 ©Crown copyright and database rights 2016. Ordnance Survey 0100031673 Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.4 - 1

APPENDIX 12.4: PHOTOGRAPHS

Plate 1 General site conditions Plate 2 Dense commercial plantation where majority of turbines would be erected

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.4 - 2

Plate 3 General view of construction compound location looking north Plate 4 View towards proposed location of substation and T16, looking north

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.4 - 3

Plate 5 View of T1, looking northwest Plate 6 Location of T5, looking west

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.4 - 4

Plate 7 Location of T6 looking east southeast Plate 8 Location of T11, looking west

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Plate 9 Location of T12 looking southeast Plate 10 MHG2301 Cnoc Vigas and location of proposed temporary quarry (TQ)2

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Plate 11 MHG2301 – Cnoc Vigas and location of TQ2, view from east showing significant destruction Plate 12 View of location of T2, looking south

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Plate 13 View towards location of T7 looking south Plate 14 View towards T8, TQ3 and T4

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Plate 15 View towards T17 looking north Plate 16 View of proposed location of BP4

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Plate 17 View of T18, looking east southeast Plate 18 MHG20311 – Osclay Burn farmstead

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.4 - 10

Plate 19 MHG13692 – Clashcraggan crofting settlement Plate 20 SM573 Rumster Broch looking southeast

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Plate 21 View from SM575 Rumster Broch to SM550 Golsary Broch looking northwest Plate 22 View south to SM550 Golsary broch, also looking towards Rumster broch

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.4 - 12

Plate 23 View from SM420 Achkinloch stone setting looking southwest across SM419 the Achkinloch Chambered Plate 24 View from SM419 Achkinloch chambered cairn north to Loch Stemster with SM419 visible demonstrating Cairn towards the Development the setting that contributes to the understanding of the asset

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Plate 25 SM575 Rhianrivach broch looking southeast showing valley location Plate 26 SM575 Rhianrivach broch looking northwest towards the Development

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.4 - 14

Plate 27 SM436 Cairns of Warehouse looking west-southwest towards Burn of Whilk Wind Farm Plate 28 Looking north across SM90056 Grey Cairns of Camster showing valley location and Camster I windfarm to east

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Plate 29 Looking southwest towards Development from SM90056 Grey Cairns of Camster Plate 30 View south from long cairn to round chambered cairn at SM90056 Grey Cairns of Camster

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Plate 31 View north from round cairn to long cairn SM90056 Grey Cairns of Camster

Plate 32 Interior of round cairn SM90056 Grey Cairns of Camster

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Plate 33 Long cairn at SM90056 Grey Cairns of Camster

Plate 34 Northern interior passage of long cairn at SM90056 Grey Cairns of Camster

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.4 - 18

Plate 36 View northwest of SM510 Achavar broch towards Development

Plate 35 Interior of southern chamber of long cairn of SM90056 Grey Cairns of Camster

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.4 - 19

Plate 37 View east from SM510 Achavar broch Plate 38 SM519 Appnag Tulloch broch

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.4 - 20

Plate 39 View North from SM519 Appnag Tulloch broch towards SM550 and SM573 (Golsary and Rumster brochs) Plate 40 View south from SM519 Appnag Tulloch broch towards SM599 The Tulloch broch and Forse scheduled monument landscape

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.4 - 21

Plate 41 View north of SM522 Greenhill broch Plate 42 View west towards Development from SM522 Greenhill broch

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.4 - 22

Plate 43 View SW from SM522 Greenhill broch showing broad valley base running south Plate 44 View of The Tulloch broch SM599

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.4 - 23

Plate 45 View north-northeast from SM599 The Tulloch broch towards Appnag Tulloch broch SM519 (visible – Plate 46 View south from SM599 The Tulloch broch looking over prehistoric – post medieval landscape of Forse photo is slightly zoomed in) SM7242 and wag of Forse settlement SM2301

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.4 - 24

Plate 47 View southeast from SM599 The Tulloch broch towards the category A listed Forse Dovecot LB7949 Plate 48 View south from SM2301 wag of Forse settlement looking across SM7242Forse House settlement

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.4 - 25

Plate 49 View east from SM2301 and SM7242 across to buildings near Forse House Plate 50 View north towards Development from SM2301 Wag of Forse

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.4 - 26

Plate 52 View north from within SM7242 Forse House settlement prehistoric to post-medieval landscape

Plate 51 Interior view of Wag SM2301

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.4 - 27

Plate 53 Cairn of Get SM90048 Plate 54 Looking out of Cairn of Get SM90048, view is south

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.4 - 28

Plate 55 View west towards Development from SM90048 Cairn of Get demonstrating no view or associative Plate 56 Category B listed Forse House LB7946 looking west relationship

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.4 - 29

Plate 57 Category B listed Nottingham Mains farm LB8000 looking east Plate 58 Category A listed Forse House dovecot LB7949

Golticlay Wind Farm Environmental Statement Volume 3 Appendices to the Main Report 12.4 - 30

Plate 59 Side view of dovecot

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