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MUSICAL NARRATIVES: THEMATIC COMBINATION AND ALIGNMENT IN FANTASY AND SUPERHERO FILMS by MELINDA J. ESCHENFELDER A THESIS Presented to the School of Music and Dance and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts June 2019 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Melinda J. Eschenfelder Title: Musical Narratives: Thematic Combination and Alignment in Fantasy and Superhero Films This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in the School of Music and Dance by: Stephen Rodgers Chairperson Jack Boss Member David Riley Member and Janet Woodruff-Borden Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded June 2019 !ii © 2019 Melinda J. Eschenfelder !iii THESIS ABSTRACT Melinda J. Eschenfelder Master of Arts School of Music and Dance June 2019 Title: Musical Narratives: Thematic Combination and Alignment in Fantasy and Superhero Films Musical themes in film are often transformed in ways that reflect major plot developments. Film music scholars typically explore such transformations across an entire film. However, this broad analytical brush misses the intricate ways themes can reflect narrative development in a single scene. In this thesis, I provide two musical techniques that demonstrate this intricacy. I first examine how themes are used in superhero battle sequences to outline the battle’s internal development and its function in the film’s overall plot. Case studies include Captain America (2011) and Wonder Woman (2017). Second, I explore how preexisting themes are combined into a new theme using musical techniques that reflect the relationship between the themes’ subjects, looking closely at “Anakin’s Theme” from the Star Wars saga and “The Edge of Night” from the Lord of the Rings trilogy. These two techniques reveal the complexity with which themes and narrative development can be intertwined. !iv CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Melinda J. Eschenfelder GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon, Eugene University of California, Santa Barbara DEGREES AWARDED: Master of Arts, Music Theory, 2019, University of Oregon Bachelor of Arts, Music, 2015, University of California, Santa Barbara AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Film Studies Music of Superhero Films PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Private Piano, Clarinet, and Saxophone Instructor, Self-employed, San Jose, California, 2014 to 2017 Choral Accompanist, Andrew Hill High School, San Jose, California, 2015 to 2017 Graduate Employee, School of Music and Dance, University of Oregon, Eugene, 2017 to present GRANTS, AWARDS, AND HONORS: Presenter at the Pacific Northwest Graduate Music Conference, University of Oregon, 2018 !v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my advisor and committee chair, Professor Stephen Rodgers, for guiding me into a project that I sincerely love and for patiently reading through numerous drafts of the chapter in which Steve Rogers (a.k.a. Captain America) dies at the end. Thank you to my other committee members, Professors Jack Boss and David Riley, for their additional assistance in helping me complete this thesis. Thank you to my parents and to Jason Yi for their constant support, encouragement, and invaluable patience as I threw disorganized and disconnected film music ideas at them almost every phone call. Finally, thank you to my colleagues, students, professors, and family who unknowingly gave me light during my downward spirals. I could not have completed this project without you all. !vi My thesis is dedicated to Pinar Toprak, the first female composer for a live-action superhero film, and the other women of Wonder Woman, Legends of Tomorrow, and Captain Marvel for giving me my chance to feel like a superhero. !vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 A Preliminary Example .......................................................................................... 1 Definition of Project .............................................................................................. 3 The Benefits of Fantasy and Superhero Films ....................................................... 9 Significance of Project ........................................................................................... 14 Film vs. Scene .................................................................................................. 14 Genre .............................................................................................................. 16 Themes and Narrative ...................................................................................... 17 Time Period ...................................................................................................... 18 Chapter Outline ...................................................................................................... 20 II. THEMATIC ALIGNMENT IN SUPERHERO FILMS .......................................... 23 Thematic Alignment Introduction .......................................................................... 23 Case Study 1: Captain America: The First Avenger .............................................. 27 Plot Summary .................................................................................................. 28 Main Theme ..................................................................................................... 28 The Expositional Battle .................................................................................... 31 The Final Battle ................................................................................................ 39 The Closural Sequence .................................................................................... 47 Case Study 2: Wonder Woman ............................................................................... 53 !viii Chapter Page Introduction .... .................................................................................................. 53 Plot Summary .................................................................................................. 55 Three Themes . .................................................................................................. 56 The Expositional Battle .................................................................................... 62 Expositional Battle, Part 1: Diana’s Presentation ...................................... 62 Expositional Battle, Part 2: Saving the Town ............................................ 69 The Final Battle ................................................................................................ 76 The Final Battle, Part 1: Ludendorff .......................................................... 77 The Final Battle, Part 2: Ares ..................................................................... 83 Closural Sequence ............................................................................................ 92 Thematic Alignment Conclusion ........................................................................... 97 III. THEMATIC COMBINATION IN FANTASY FILMS .......................................... 100 Thematic Combination Introduction ...................................................................... 100 Case Study 1: “Anakin’s Theme” .......................................................................... 106 Two Themes: “The Imperial March” and “Anakin’s Theme” ......................... 108 In-Film Alignment ........................................................................................... 120 Case Study 2: “The Edge of Night” ....................................................................... 124 “The Edge of Night” Music ............................................................................. 126 Music and Text Alignment ............................................................................... 131 In-Film Alignment ........................................................................................... 134 !ix Chapter Page Thematic Combination Conclusion ...................................................................... 140 IV. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................... 142 REFERENCES CITED ................................................................................................ 147 !x LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2.1. Captain America March, A Section. ..................................................................... 29 2.2. Captain America Expositional Battle Fragment 1: Saving the Solders ................ 33 2.3. Captain America Expositional Battle Fragment 2: Reunited with Bucky ............ 34 2.4. Captain America Expositional Battle Fragment 3: Chasm Leap .......................... 36 2.5. Captain America Final Battle Part 1 Fragments: Motorcycle Fire Victory, Grenades Victory ................................................................................................... 42 2.6. Captain America Final Battle, Shield Fragment 1: “You Might Need This” ............................................................................................................. 44 2.7. Captain America Final Battle, Shield Fragment 2: Door Jam .............................. 45 2.8. Captain America Final Battle, Shield Fragment 3: Leap ...................................... 45 2.9.