National Alliance for Water Innovation (NAWI) Technology Roadmap: Power Sector
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POWER SECTOR TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP Amy Childress Jordan Macknick University of Southern California National Renewable Energy Laboratory Daniel Giammar Sophia Plata Washington University University of Southern California Sunny Jiang David Sedlak University of California- Irvine University of California-Berkeley Richard Breckenridge Jennifer Stokes-Draut Electric Power Research Institute Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Andrew Howell Electric Power Research Institute Acknowledgments This material is based upon work supported by the National Alliance for Water Innovation (NAWI), funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Advanced Manufacturing Office, under Funding Opportunity Announcement Number DE-FOA-0001905. NAWI would like to thank the Department of Energy Technical Monitor Melissa Klembara for guidance and support throughout the roadmapping process. This roadmap was developed under the guidance of the NAWI Desalination Hub executive team, cartographers, and technical staff as well as the NAWI’s Research Advisory Council (RAC). Those from industry, academia, national laboratories, and government who made crucial contributions through partic- ipation in workshops, surveys, phone interviews, and roadmap reviews are identified in Appendix F of this report. Nexight Group supported the overall roadmapping process. Suggested citation Amy Childress, Daniel Giammar, Sunny Jiang, Richard Breckenridge, Andrew Howell, Jordan Macknick, Sophia Plata, David Sedlak, Jennifer Stokes-Draut. 2021. National Alliance for Water Innovation (NAWI) Technology Roadmap: Power Sector. DOE/ GO-102021-5566. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy21osti/79894.pdf This report, originally published in May 2021, has been revised in August 2021 to: • Add author Sophia Plata • Correct grammatical errors • Add new and deleted unused acronyms (Appendix A) ii NAWI POWER SECTOR TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP 2021 CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................2 1.1. Introduction to NAWI and the NAWI Roadmap ............................................................................................2 1.2. Water User Sector Overview ..............................................................................................................................4 1.3. Water Treatment and Management Challenges ........................................................................................4 1.4. Research Priorities ..................................................................................................................................................6 1.5. Next Steps .................................................................................................................................................................10 1.6. Appendices ...............................................................................................................................................................11 2. INTRODUCTION ..............................................................12 2.1. Growing Challenges with Water ........................................................................................................................12 2.2. Establishing an Energy-Water Desalination Hub ........................................................................................13 2.3. Pipe Parity and Baseline Definitions ................................................................................................................14 2.4. Nontraditional Waters of Interest .......................................................................................................................16 2.5. A-PRIME ......................................................................................................................................................................19 2.6. Desalination Hub Topic Areas ............................................................................................................................21 3. POWER WATER USER SECTOR OVERVIEW ..........22 3.1. Background on the Power Sector and Water Utilization ..........................................................................23 3.2. Primary Uses of Water for Thermoelectric Power Generation ...............................................................25 3.3. Current State and Power Industry Trends .....................................................................................................27 3.4. Changes to Energy Sector Profile .....................................................................................................................28 3.5. Pipe Parity ..................................................................................................................................................................30 3.6. Water Treatment and Management Strategies ............................................................................................31 3.7. Traditional and Nontraditional Sources of Water for Power Generation ............................................36 3.8. Compounding Issues Affecting the Power Sector .....................................................................................42 4. TECHNICAL CHALLENGES .........................................46 4.1. Technical Challenges ............................................................................................................................................47 4.2. Non-Technical Challenges ..................................................................................................................................50 NAWI POWER SECTOR TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP 2021 iii 5. RESEARCH PRIORITIES ................................................52 5.1. Autonomous Sensors and Adaptive Process Controls for Efficient, Resilient, and Secure Systems .................54 5.2. Precise Targeted Removal of Trace Solutes for Enhanced Water Recovery, Resource Valorization, and Regulatory Compliance ..............................................................................................................................58 5.3. Resilient Reliable Treatment and Distribution Systems that Adapt to Variable Water Quality and Are Robust to Corrosive Conditions .........................................................................................................................61 5.4. Intensified Systems and Process Optimization to Maximize Brine Reuse, Improve Brine Concentration and Crystallization, and Manage Residuals ..................................................................................................67 5.5. Modular Materials, Manufacturing, and Operational Innovations to Expand the Range of Cost- competitive Treatment Components and Eliminate Intensive Pre/post-Treatment .......................71 5.6. Electrified Electrifying Water Treatment Processes and Facilitating Clean Grid Integration ...........................74 6. NEXT STEPS .....................................................................80 Appendix A: Acronyms .........................................................................................................................................82 Appendix B: NAWI A-PRIME Expanded Descriptions ...............................................................................85 Appendix C: DOE Water Hub Development Background .......................................................................89 Appendix D: Roadmap Teams............................................................................................................................90 Appendix E: Development of the NAWI Power Sector Technology Roadmap ..............................92 Appendix F: Contributors .....................................................................................................................................95 Appendix G: References ......................................................................................................................................101 iv NAWI POWER SECTOR TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP 2021 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1 .............................................................................................................................................................................17 Schematic of traditional and nontraditional sources of water, as defined by NAWI Figure 2 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 19 PRIMA and the industries covered in each area Figure 3 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 25 Simplified water flow path in an example thermoelectric power plant Figure 4 ..........................................................................................................................................................................26 Key water-saving opportunities at a power facility Figure 5 ...........................................................................................................................................................................27 Distribution and relative electricity production of U.S. power plants Figure 6 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 28 Net electricity generation by power source Figure 7 ..........................................................................................................................................................................29