Engineered Nanomaterials for Water Treatment and Remediation: Costs, Benefits, and Applicability
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UC Santa Barbara UC Santa Barbara Previously Published Works Title Engineered nanomaterials for water treatment and remediation: Costs, benefits, and applicability Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/50r1b9sg Authors Adeleye, AS Conway, JR Garner, K et al. Publication Date 2016-02-15 DOI 10.1016/j.cej.2015.10.105 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Chemical Engineering Journal 286 (2016) 640–662 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Chemical Engineering Journal journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cej Review Engineered nanomaterials for water treatment and remediation: Costs, benefits, and applicability ⇑ Adeyemi S. Adeleye, Jon R. Conway, Kendra Garner, Yuxiong Huang, Yiming Su 1, Arturo A. Keller Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, and University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131, USA highlights graphical abstract Nanotechnology is a promising alternative to traditional water treatment methods. Nanotechnology is more effective for removing emerging contaminants. Treatment cost of some nanotechnology is comparable to that of conventional methods. Risk assessment of nanotechnology is needed in order to advance the technology. article info abstract Article history: The application of nanotechnology in drinking water treatment and pollution cleanup is promising, as Received 21 April 2015 demonstrated by a number of field-based (pilot and full scale) and bench scale studies. A number of Received in revised form 17 September reviews exist for these nanotechnology-based applications; but to better illustrate its importance and 2015 guide its development, a direct comparison between traditional treatment technologies and emerging Accepted 21 October 2015 approaches using nanotechnology is needed. In this review, the performances of traditional technologies Available online 7 November 2015 and nanotechnology for water treatment and environmental remediation were compared with the goal of providing an up-to-date reference on the state of treatment techniques for researchers, industry, and pol- Keywords: icy makers. Pollutants were categorized into broad classes, and the most cost-effective techniques (tra- Nanotechnology Water treatment ditional and nanotechnology-based) in each category reported in the literature were compared. Where Pollution remediation information was available, cost and environmental implications of both technologies were also com- Removal capacity pared. Case studies were also provided where traditional technologies were directly compared with Sustainability nanotechnology-based technologies for the similar pollutants. Although nanotechnology-based methods Environmental implication are generally believed to be more expensive, we found instances where they offer cheaper and more effective alternatives to conventional techniques. In addition, nano-based techniques may become extre- mely important in meeting increasingly stringent water quality standards, especially for removal of emerging pollutants and low levels of contaminants. We also discuss challenges facing environmental application of nanotechnology and offer potential solutions. Ó 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 (805) 893 7548. E-mail address: [email protected] (A.A. Keller). 1 Present address: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.10.105 1385-8947/Ó 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. A.S. Adeleye et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 286 (2016) 640–662 641 Contents 1. Introduction . ...................................................................................................... 641 1.1. Classes of engineered nanomaterials . ......................................................................... 641 1.1.1. Carbonaceous nanomaterials . .............................................................................. 641 1.1.2. Metal and metal oxides . .............................................................................. 642 1.1.3. Magnetic-core composite nano/micro particles . ........................................................... 642 2. Methods . ...................................................................................................... 642 2.1. Data acquisition. ......................................................................................... 642 3. Results. ...................................................................................................... 642 3.1. Summary and challenges of current technologies. ...................................................... 642 3.1.1. Oxidation. .............................................................................................. 642 3.1.2. Photocatalysis . .............................................................................. 642 3.1.3. Fenton/photo-Fenton . .............................................................................. 643 3.1.4. Adsorption.............................................................................................. 643 3.1.5. Filtration . .............................................................................................. 643 3.1.6. Biological treatment . .............................................................................. 643 3.1.7. Coagulation/precipitation. .............................................................................. 643 3.2. Nanomaterial-based remediation techniques for organic pollutants . ...................................................... 644 3.2.1. Halogenated organics . .............................................................................. 644 3.2.2. Non-halogenated organics . .............................................................................. 645 3.2.3. Pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and endocrine disrupting chemicals . ..................... 645 3.3. Remediation techniques for inorganic pollutants . ...................................................... 646 3.3.1. Metals . .............................................................................................. 646 3.3.2. Non-metals . .............................................................................. 648 4. Broad overview of performance and cost . ................................................................ 648 5. Case studies . ...................................................................................................... 651 5.1. Emulsified zero-valent nano-scale iron for groundwater remediation . ................................... 651 5.2. Nanosized silver-enabled ceramic water filters for drinking water treatment . ................................... 651 5.3. Nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) for industrial wastewater treatment. ................................... 652 5.4. Nanosilver-enabled composite for water treatment . ...................................................... 652 6. Summary, conclusion and recommendations . ................................................................ 652 Acknowledgement . ................................................................................... 653 Appendix A. Supplementary data . ................................................................................... 653 References . ...................................................................................................... 653 1. Introduction been reported in the literature [17–19], the majority of other reme- diation and water purification studies with ENMs remain at a Water is one of the world’s most abundant resources, but less bench scale proof of concept stage [14]. Some roadblocks to than 1% of the global supply of water is available and safe for advancements in the use of nanomaterials for water treatment human consumption [1]. According to the World Health Organiza- and remediation include regulatory challenges, technical hurdles, tion, over 760 million people were without adequate drinking public perception, uncertainties about fate of nanomaterials in water supply in 2011 [2]. Where it is available, the cost of potable the environment, and the dearth of detailed cost–benefit analyses water is rising due to increasing energy costs, growing populations, compared to existing technologies [18,20–22]. and climatic or other environmental issues [1,3]. In addition, an In order to address this latter obstacle, several publications have increasing number of drinking water sources are showing evidence reviewed studies investigating the use of ENMs for water treat- of contamination, especially by emerging pollutants like pharma- ment and remediation [6,14,22–24] but there have been very few ceuticals and personal care products [4,5]. Many traditional water direct comparisons between current treatment technologies and and wastewater treatment methods do not effectively remove nanotechnology. In this review, the efficacies of conventional tech- these emerging contaminants, and/or are not capable of removing nologies and nanotechnology for water treatment and environ- enough to meet increasingly stringent water quality standards mental remediation were compared in order to provide an up-to- [5,6]. Contamination of surface waters also constitutes a risk to date reference on the state of water remediation techniques for water supplies because pollutants may penetrate into aquifers, researchers, industry, and policy makers.